10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids...
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Transcript of 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids...
10 m
1 m
0.1 m
1 cm
1 mm
100 µm
10 µm
1 µm
100 nm
10 nm
1 nm
0.1 nm Atoms
Small molecules
Lipids
Proteins
Ribosomes
Viruses
Smallest bacteria
Mitochondrion
Nucleus
Most bacteria
Most plant and animal cells
Frog egg
Chicken egg
Length of some nerve and muscle cells
Human height
Un
aid
ed e
ye
Lig
ht
mic
rosc
op
e
Ele
ctro
n m
icro
sco
pe
1
Fimbriae
Nucleoid
Ribosomes
Plasma membrane
Cell wall
Capsule
Flagella
Bacterialchromosome
(a) A typical rod-shaped bacterium
(b) A thin section through the bacterium Bacillus coagulans (TEM)
0.5 µm
2
TEM of a plasmamembrane
(a)
(b) Structure of the plasma membrane
Outside of cell
Inside ofcell 0.1 µm
Hydrophilicregion
Hydrophobicregion
Hydrophilicregion Phospholipid Proteins
Carbohydrate side chain
3
Surface area increases whiletotal volume remains constant
5
11
6 150 750
125 1251
6 61.2
Total surface area
[Sum of the surface areas
(height width) of all boxes
sides number of boxes]
Total volume
[height width length number of boxes]
Surface-to-volume
(S-to-V) ratio
[surface area ÷ volume]
4
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
Smooth ERRough ERFlagellum
Centrosome
CYTOSKELETON:
Microfilaments
Intermediatefilaments
Microtubules
Microvilli
Peroxisome
MitochondrionLysosome
Golgiapparatus
Ribosomes
Plasma membrane
Nuclearenvelope
Nucleolus
Chromatin
NUCLEUS
5
NUCLEUS
Nuclear envelopeNucleolus
Chromatin
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosomes
Central vacuole
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
CYTO-SKELETON
Chloroplast
PlasmodesmataWall of adjacent cell
Cell wall
Plasma membrane
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
Golgiapparatus
6
Central vacuole
Cytosol
Central vacuole
Nucleus
Cell wall
Chloroplast
5 µm
7
Smooth ER
Nucleus
Rough ER
Plasma membrane
cis Golgi
trans Golgi
8
Free ribosomesin the mitochondrial matrix
Intermembrane space
Outer membrane
Inner membraneCristae
Matrix
0.1 µm
9
Ribosomes
Thylakoid
Stroma
Granum
Inner and outer membranes
1 µm
10
5 µm
Direction of swimming
(a) Motion of flagella
Direction of organism’s movement
Power stroke Recovery stroke
(b) Motion of cilia15 µm
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