11GURME Workshop October 2003GURME Workshop October 2003

Emission Inventories for Emission Inventories for Santiago, ChileSantiago, Chile

Héctor Jorquera, Jaime Escobar, Julio CastroHéctor Jorquera, Jaime Escobar, Julio Castro

Departamento de Ingeniería Química y BioprocesosDepartamento de Ingeniería Química y Bioprocesos

Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChilePontificia Universidad Católica de Chile

Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, ChileVicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, Chile

jorquera@ing.puc.cljorquera@ing.puc.cl, , jcastrom@puc.cljcastrom@puc.cl, , jescobar@ing.puc.cljescobar@ing.puc.cl

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ContentsContents

• Technical Description of SAIE System

• A glance at EDB DICTUC 2000

• Current resources and needs

• Current research cooperation

• Example using CAMx: January 2000

• Work in progress

• Conclusions

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Overview of SAIE SystemOverview of SAIE System

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STATIONARYSTATIONARY

POINTPOINT AREAAREA

COMBUSTIONIND. PROCESSESEVAPORATIVES

COMBUSTIONIND. PROCESSESEVAPORATIVES

RESIDENTIALCOMMERCIAL

OTHER

RESIDENTIALCOMMERCIAL

OTHER

MOBILEMOBILE

ON ROADON ROAD OFF ROADOFF ROAD

BUSESTRUCKS

LIGHT DUTYCOMMERCIAL

TAXISMOTORCYCLES

BUSESTRUCKS

LIGHT DUTYCOMMERCIAL

TAXISMOTORCYCLES

AIRPORTSAGRICULTURE

CONSTRUCTIONPORT

AIRPORTSAGRICULTURE

CONSTRUCTIONPORT

FUGITIVE SOURCESFUGITIVE SOURCES

CONSTRUCTIONCONSTRUCTION RESUSPENDED DUSTRESUSPENDED DUST AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE

BUILDINGSROADS

BUILDINGSROADS

PAVED ROADSUNPAVED ROADS

PAVED ROADSUNPAVED ROADS

SOURCESSOURCES

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Stationary source emissionsStationary source emissions

• Based on U.S. EPA AP-42 methodology

• Raw data: – SESMA annual listing of permitted stationary

sources, – Annual emission statement by industry

(mandatory)

– Measurements of PM10 and gases

– Census data for residential sources– Statistics of fuel consumption.

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Urban Transport System at SantiagoUrban Transport System at Santiago

Population:Population: 5.6 million5.6 millionEconomics:Economics: 47 % of the GDP47 % of the GDPPublic transport:Public transport: 8,000 buses 8,000 buses Bus routes:Bus routes: 327 lines327 linesMetro lines:Metro lines: 3 (40 Klms.)3 (40 Klms.)Cars:Cars: 95950,000 0,000

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?

Basic Tasks of the Strategic Transportation Model Basic Tasks of the Strategic Transportation Model

DistributionDistribution

AssignmentAssignment 123

Trip GenerationTrip GenerationAnd DemandAnd Demand

123Modal PartitioningModal Partitioning

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Outcomes of ESTRAUSS:Outcomes of ESTRAUSS:•Vehicle counts on each link of the road network•Fleet composition•Average speed on each link•Fluxes between city zones by type of modaltransport.

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A Glance at EDB DICTUC 2000A Glance at EDB DICTUC 2000

• MODEM emissions checked with fuel consumption by type of vehicle

• COV speciation was incorporated in point, area and mobile sources:– Mobile: from COPERT II– Point and area: using EPA’s SPECIATE

library– Fully bottom up approach

• Consistency check between Airviro’s EDB module, SAIE/MODEM output and CAMx input emission files. Discrepancy < 1%

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Summary of EDB DICTUC 2000 (ton/year)Summary of EDB DICTUC 2000 (ton/year)Pollutant Point Area Mobile Total

CO 11,267 5,139 192,053 208,459

NOX 12,608 1,190 42,592 56,390

SOX 4,838 129 2,026 6,994

COV 829 52,000 20,273 73,102

PM2.5 360 984 1,701 3,045

PM10 502 1,008 2,116 3,626

Fugitive PM2.5 &

Fugitive PM10

64

192

7,593

26,414

7,657

26,607

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Example: CO emissionsExample: CO emissions

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Example: NOExample: NOXX emissions emissions

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Example: SOExample: SO22 emissions emissions

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Example: Isoprene emissionsExample: Isoprene emissions

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Example: PMExample: PM1010 emissions emissions

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Current Resources: StaffCurrent Resources: Staff• H. Jorquera: expertise on air quality

modeling, air quality forecast• J. Escobar: expertise on EDB

management, USA training on EDB development

• J. Castro: expertise on CALMET, AIRVIRO, CAMx;

• Students: many talented students, but poor incentives to pursue MSc/PhD programs….

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Current Funding and NeedsCurrent Funding and Needs• Funding from:

– CONAMA: development of a photochemical model for Santiago.

– Other public institutions– Modest funding from abroad (BC-UK)

• Critical needs:– Adequate space in campus– Support for graduate students– Staff training in ESL, EWS, Meteorology,

MM5, Integrated Analyses, EDSS

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Current Research Cooperation:Current Research Cooperation:• UC/Statistics: W. Palma, J. Tapia (U. Valparaiso)

– AQ Intervention analyses (AE, 2000)– Statistical ozone forecasting (JOF, 2002)– Long memory estimation (CS&DA, 2003)– Influence analysis (Jose’s PhD Thesis, 2003)– No external funding whatsoever…

• Imperial College: V. Vesovic, Earth Science & Engineering:– Trends in air quality and population exposure 1989-2001

( IJEP, 2003)– A Neural Network Supervised Performance of CAMx

(work in progress)– Modest funding (LINK BC, ends 2004)

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Application of CAMxApplication of CAMx• Model handles gas phase

photochemistry, primary and secondary aerosols, EC, OC, PM10, PM2.5 and selected tracers

• Meteorological fields: CALMET+MM5 and CALMET + HIRLAM

• EDB DICTUC 2000

• Preliminary results for CO, NOx, O3

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Modeling DomainModeling Domain

Grid settings:

60 E-W, 40 N-S

2 x 2 km cells

8 vertical levels, up to 3 km a.g.l.

Origin: 270 km (E), 6250 km (N)

Grid settings:

60 E-W, 40 N-S

2 x 2 km cells

8 vertical levels, up to 3 km a.g.l.

Origin: 270 km (E), 6250 km (N)

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CO January 2000: Station BCO January 2000: Station BCO estación B

0.00

0.50

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1.502.00

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20000116 20000117 20000118 20000119 20000120 20000121 20000122 20000123

Hora

Co

nc

(mg

/m3)

Obs

sim

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CO January 2000: Station QCO January 2000: Station QCO estación Q

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CO January 2000: Station GCO January 2000: Station GCO estación G

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CO January 2000: Station JCO January 2000: Station JCO estación J

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NONO22 January 2000: Station N January 2000: Station NNO2 estación N

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NONO22 January 2000: Station P January 2000: Station PNO2 estación P

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NO January 2000: Station PNO January 2000: Station PNO estación P

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OO33 January 2000: Station M January 2000: Station MO3 estación M

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Obs 1996 Campaign SAIE EPA

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OO33 January 2000: Station Q January 2000: Station QO3 estación Q

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Obs 1996 Campaign SAIE EPA

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OO33 January 2000: Station J January 2000: Station JO3 estación J

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obs 1996 Campaign SAIE EPA

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Work in progressWork in progress

• Improving VOC speciation using ambient VOC campaigns and further information.

• Projecting EDB for the 2004 scenario, including the TRANSANTIAGO initiative.

• Estimation of emission reductions for the 1997-2004 span of the PPDA initiative.

• Estimation of AQ benefits from PPDA.

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ConclusionsConclusions• EDB DICTUC 2000 updated and completed,

including point, area, mobile and biogenic sources.

• EDB available in the AIRVIRO system for different statistical reports.

• EDB DICTUC 2000 with spatial and temporal resolution for modeling purposes.

• SAIE modules developed for generating inputs to UAM-IV, CAMx, CADM (CBM-IV and RADM2).

• There are problems with the VOC emissions and speciation, particularly from area sources.

• These pitfalls require further efforts to be resolved.