Post on 29-Dec-2015
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An Introduction toPOES Data and Products
An Introduction toPOES Data and Products
28 February 2002Last modified 13-Feb-02
by Stan Kidder (CSU/CIRA)by Stan Kidder (CSU/CIRA)andand
Patrick Dills (UCAR/COMET)Patrick Dills (UCAR/COMET)
Contributors and Reviewers:
Anthony Mostek (NWS/COMET)Sherwood Wang (COMET)Scott Bachmeier (UW-Madison/CIMSS)Brian Motta (CSU/CIRA/RAMM Team)Kevin Schrab (NWS-Western Region)
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I. Introduction
II. POES Orbits and Coverage
III. Examples of POES Products
IV.Real-time POES Data Access
V. Summary
VI.Questions
Outline
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I. Introduction
• What is POES ?
• Why use POES data ?
• What are the problems (from an operational forecasting standpoint) with POES data ?
– “At what time can I expect fresh data over my area of responsibility ?“
– “Why are there gaps in coverage over the Pacific during certain 3 to 4 hour time intervals ?”
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What Is POES?• GOES = Geostationary Operational Environmental
Satellite, so…
• POES = Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite – often shortened to Polar Operational Environmental Satellite
• Two main POES types:– NOAA
– DMSP
• Several semi-operational polar-orbiting satellites:– QuikSCAT
– TRMM
– Terra (current) and Aqua (2002) MODIS imager
I. Introduction
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I. Introduction
Why Use POES Data?
• Channels/products not available on GOES
– Microwave observations
– Active sensors (e.g., QuikSCAT)
– More visible/infrared channels, even UV
• Higher spatial resolution and less noise (because POES are a lot closer to the earth than GOES – 850 km vs. 35,000 km)
• Polar satellites view the poles/high latitudes
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What Are The Problems (operational considerations)
With POES Data?
I. Introduction
• Infrequent observations — two per satellite per day in the midlatitudes and tropics (but more near the poles)
• It’s hard to tell when an observation was made
• Data are sometimes delayed
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II. POES Orbits and Coverage
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Satellite orbits in a circle about the center of the earth Gets up to about 82° latitude – close, but not right over the poles Earth turns under the satellite The satellite always moves west Coverage:
• twice daily near equator (once ascending, once descending)• several times at lat >50 degrees
Complete animation at: http://www.comet.ucar.edu/class/POES_2001/poes_ani_link.htm
II. POES Orbits and Coverage
The Basic POES Orbit24-hr loop
Equator Crossings07:30 Local Time
(Descending)19:30 Local Time (Ascending)
Polar Crossings07:55 Local Time (Descending)19:55 Local Time (Ascending)
POES AM (NOAA-15) – 24 Hour Coverage POES AM (NOAA-15) – 24 Hour Coverage
North Pole View
33-FRAME LOOP
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Basic Image Loop
II. POES Orbits and Coverage
12-hr composite~13-hr (8 orbit) AMSU
composite loop
Equator Crossings07:30 Local Time
(Descending)19:30 Local Time (Ascending)
POES 12 Hour Coverage
Since the satellite always moves west, you can tell whether it is ascending (going north) or descending (going south).
Sometimes more than one orbit comes in at one time
Sometimes orbits are missing or delayed
~ 100 min/orbit
From AWIPS 12-FRAME LOOP
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Single POES (NOAA-16) – most recent pass only ~14 orbits in 24 hour period Coverage – at least twice daily, several times at lat >50 degrees 2 to 3 consecutive orbits twice daily at some higher latitude locations
II. POES Orbits and Coverage
24-hr AVHRR IR Loop Polar Coverage
First
14-FRAME LOOP
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Two POES (i.e. NOAA-15 and 16)
• Smaller scan angles narrower orbit swaths larger gaps between adjacent orbits
• Interactive animation at left: http://www.comet.ucar.edu/class/POES_2001/2poes_link.htm
Two orbiter coverage
II. POES Orbits and Coverage
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Time is sometimes carved into the image
Satellite makes one orbit (360°) in about 100 min; i.e., it goes about 3.6°/min, or about 10° in 3 minutes.
With a knowledge of which way the satellite is moving and how fast it is moving, one can estimate when it observed a particular point.
II. POES Orbits and Coverage
Time NOAA -15 and -16 AMSU TPW
A B C D E F G H I J K L
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II. POES Orbits and Coverage
Time NOAA -15 and -16 AMSU TPW Polar Stereo Composite
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II. POES Orbits and Coverage
Time
Satellite makes one orbit (360°) in about 100 min; i.e., it goes about 3.6°/min, or about 10° in 3 minutes.
With a knowledge of which way the satellite is moving and how fast it is moving, one can estimate viewing time at a particular point.
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Satellite makes one orbit (360°) in about 100 min; i.e., it goes about 3.6°/min, or about 10° in 3 minutes.
With a knowledge of which way the satellite is moving and how fast it is moving, one can estimate viewing time at a particular point.
II. POES Orbits and Coverage
Time
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Data are recorded on tape, transmitted to a ground station, and then processed into products
We have two ground stations: one at Wallops Island, VA, and one at Fairbanks, AK
Uneven spacing of these stations causes data “blinds” and delayed data
II. POES Orbits and Coverage
Data Blinds
Most recent NOAA -15 & -16
orbits
First9-FRAME LOOP
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Two ground stations: one at Wallops Island, VA, and one at Fairbanks, AK (Lannion, France not operational)
All raw data are also made available via direct broadcast to local receivers (HRPT for imagery, DSB for sounding data, APT)
II. POES Orbits and Coverage
Data Broadcast – NOAA(recorded and direct)
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DMSP data are recorded and relayed to satellite ops centers in Suitland and Colorado Springs;
then relayed to AFWA, FNMOC, and shipboard and tactical terminals via communication satellites
for processing into environmental product records
II. POES Orbits and Coverage
Data Broadcast – DMSP
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About half of the AMSU data are received in 2 hours or less About three fourths of the AMSU data are received in 4 hours or
less Perhaps 5% of the AMSU data are 12 hours old when received
II. POES Orbits and Coverage
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Because the satellites are sunsynchrounous, the data blinds occur at the same times each day
Long delays between 0 and 6 UTC are NOAA–15 and –16 happen with ascending orbits past (west of) Fairbanks, AK
II. POES Orbits and Coverage
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Programs are available to track the satellites
• Sample output from WXtrack ‘freeware’ software - http://www.satsignal.net/
II. POES Orbits and Coverage
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Satellite #25338 : NOAA 15
Element Set Number: 356 (Orbit 17354)
Element Set Epoch : 14Sep01 19:35:42.443 UTC (2.4 days ago)
Orbit Geometry : 801.94 km x 818.45 km at 98.597 deg
Propagation Model : SGP4
Ground Location : Anchorage, AK, USA
Time is shown in : LOC (-8.00 h)
OVERPASS SUMMARY:
Date (LOC) Time (LOC) of Azimuth at Peak Height Vis Orbit
Rise Peak Set Ris Pk Set Elev at Pk
Sun 16Sep01 07:54:11 08:00:31 08:06:52 23 80 136 14.1 794 DDD 17382
09:34:07 09:41:40 09:49:22 19 103 184 54.6* 794 DDD 17383
11:14:19 11:21:36 11:29:01 18 302 228 42.5* 792 DDD 17384
12:54:07 13:00:28 13:06:48 22 325 269 16.4 789 DDD 17385
14:33:15 14:38:31 14:43:46 34 350 305 9.0 786 DDD 17386
16:10:54 16:16:17 16:21:41 61 15 329 9.8 784 DDD 17387
17:47:52 17:54:28 18:01:05 99 38 339 19.5 785 DDD 17388
19:26:03 19:33:28 19:41:01 141 63 342 54.8* 787 DDD 17389
21:06:15 21:13:40 21:21:13 186 263 341 40.5* 788 VVV 17390
22:49:33 22:55:05 23:00:53 237 285 335 10.0 787 VVV 17391
Satellite #25338 : NOAA 15
Element Set Number: 356 (Orbit 17354)
Element Set Epoch : 14Sep01 19:35:42.443 UTC (2.4 days ago)
Orbit Geometry : 801.94 km x 818.45 km at 98.597 deg
Propagation Model : SGP4
Ground Location : Anchorage, AK, USA
Time is shown in : LOC (-8.00 h)
OVERPASS SUMMARY:
Date (LOC) Time (LOC) of Azimuth at Peak Height Vis Orbit
Rise Peak Set Ris Pk Set Elev at Pk
Sun 16Sep01 07:54:11 08:00:31 08:06:52 23 80 136 14.1 794 DDD 17382
09:34:07 09:41:40 09:49:22 19 103 184 54.6* 794 DDD 17383
11:14:19 11:21:36 11:29:01 18 302 228 42.5* 792 DDD 17384
12:54:07 13:00:28 13:06:48 22 325 269 16.4 789 DDD 17385
14:33:15 14:38:31 14:43:46 34 350 305 9.0 786 DDD 17386
16:10:54 16:16:17 16:21:41 61 15 329 9.8 784 DDD 17387
17:47:52 17:54:28 18:01:05 99 38 339 19.5 785 DDD 17388
19:26:03 19:33:28 19:41:01 141 63 342 54.8* 787 DDD 17389
21:06:15 21:13:40 21:21:13 186 263 341 40.5* 788 VVV 17390
22:49:33 22:55:05 23:00:53 237 285 335 10.0 787 VVV 17391
Text based tracking program
• Sample output from NASA’s Satellite Overpass Predictor - http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/MissionControl/overpass.html
II. POES Orbits and Coverage
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III. Examples of POES Products
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III. Examples of POES Products
A great place to start learning (or continue learning) about POES products are the COMET Modules, available on the Web at meted.ucar.edu/modules.htm
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III. Examples of POES Products
Vegetation
Visible (channels 1 and 2 – 0.6 and 0.9 microns)
Sensitivity to surface characteristics
• Vegetation, soil type, suspended silt (i.e. upper Chesapeake Bay)
Suspended silt as seen with visible ch. 1
Suspended silt as seen with visible ch. 1
Water appears dark/clear in
ch. 2
Water appears dark/clear in
ch. 2
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Infrared window channels – near IR (3.7 micron ch. 3a) and longwave IR (11 micron ch. 4) combined
‘Fog/stratus product’
III. Examples of POES Products
1 km Resolution Fog/Stratus
GOES-8 4km NOAA-14 1km
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III. Examples of POES Products
1.6 µm – AK Example
2-FRAME FADE with next
• 1.6 m (ch.3a)
1.6 micron channel (ch. 3b) compared with VIS• Enhanced land/water contrast, more reflection from land• Greater solar reflection by cloud water and ice, than by snow and ice
cover and bare ground• Enhanced ability to distinguish clouds from snow and ice cover
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III. Examples of POES Products
• Visible (ch1)
1.6 micron channel (ch. 3b) compared with VIS• Enhanced land/water contrast, more reflection from land• Greater solar reflection by cloud water and ice, than by snow and ice
cover and bare ground• Enhanced ability to distinguish clouds from snow and ice cover
1.6 µm – AK Example
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III. Examples of POES Products
• Can you separate clouds from snow and ice on the ground ?
1.6 µm Cloud, Snow & Ice Detection – Manitoba, CA
• Visible
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III. Examples of POES Products
• Enhanced discrimination of clouds (water and ice) over snow and ice cover
1.6 µm Cloud, Snow & Ice Detection – Manitoba, CA
• 1.6 m
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III. Examples of POES Products
• Beginning with NOAA-16, the 3.7 m channel is available nighttime only
and the 1.6 m channel takes its place during daytime.
1.6 µm Cloud, Snow & Ice Detection – Manitoba, CA
• 3.7 m
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III. Examples of POES Products
• 11 micron window channel assists with identifying high clouds
• 11 m
1.6 µm Cloud, Snow & Ice Detection – Manitoba, CA
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III. Examples of POES Products
• False-color composites can depict a range of detection capabilities in a single image
• Vis/1.6/11m R/G/B
1.6 µm Cloud, Snow & Ice Detection – Manitoba, CA
green – bare ground
dk blue – water
blue – forest/forest and snow mixed
pink – snow and ice cover
whiteish yellow – low clouds
light pink to light blue – ice clouds
green – bare ground
dk blue – water
blue – forest/forest and snow mixed
pink – snow and ice cover
whiteish yellow – low clouds
light pink to light blue – ice clouds
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III. Examples of POES Products
• Can you find the cloud boundaries ?
1.6 µm Cloud, Snow & Ice Detection – North Dakota
• Visible
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III. Examples of POES Products
• Enhanced discrimination of clouds (water and ice) over snow and ice cover
1.6 µm Cloud, Snow & Ice Detection – North Dakota
• 1.6 m
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III. Examples of POES Products
• Beginning with NOAA-16, the 3.7 m channel is available nighttime only
and the 1.6 m channel takes its place during daytime.
1.6 µm Cloud, Snow & Ice Detection – North Dakota
• 3.7 m
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III. Examples of POES Products
• 11 micron window channel assists with identifying high clouds
• 11 m
1.6 µm Cloud, Snow & Ice Detection – North Dakota
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III. Examples of POES Products
• False-color composites can depict a range of detection capabilities in a single image
• Vis/1.6/11m R/G/B
1.6 µm Cloud, Snow & Ice Detection – North Dakota
green – bare ground
dk blue – water
blue – forest/forest and snow mixed
pink – snow and ice cover
whiteish yellow – low clouds
light pink to light blue – ice clouds
green – bare ground
dk blue – water
blue – forest/forest and snow mixed
pink – snow and ice cover
whiteish yellow – low clouds
light pink to light blue – ice clouds
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III. Examples of POES Products
• Can you distinguish any clouds from the recent snowfall ?
1.6 µm Cloud, Snow & Ice Detection – Northeast U.S.
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III. Examples of POES Products
• Enhanced discrimination of clouds (water and ice) over snow and ice cover
• 1.6 m
1.6 µm Cloud, Snow & Ice Detection – Northeast U.S.
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III. Examples of POES Products
• Beginning with NOAA-16, the 3.7 m channel is available nighttime only
and the 1.6 m channel takes its place during daytime.
• 3.7 m
1.6 µm Cloud, Snow & Ice Detection – Northeast U.S.
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III. Examples of POES Products
• 11 micron window channel assists with identifying high clouds
• 11 m
1.6 µm Cloud, Snow & Ice Detection – Northeast U.S.
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III. Examples of POES Products
• False-color composites can depict a range of detection capabilities in a single image
• Vis/1.6/11m R/G/B
1.6 µm Cloud, Snow & Ice Detection – Northeast U.S.
green – bare ground
dk blue – water
blue – forest/forest and snow mixed
pink – snow and ice cover
yellow – low clouds
light pink to light blue – ice clouds
green – bare ground
dk blue – water
blue – forest/forest and snow mixed
pink – snow and ice cover
yellow – low clouds
light pink to light blue – ice clouds
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Infrared channels – near and longwave IR• Nighttime 3.7 (ch3) compared to 11micron (ch4)• Thin cirrus clouds warmer/more transparent in 3.7 micron channel• Water clouds appear colder in 3.7 micron channel
III. Examples of POES Products
3.7 µm Cloud Phase
• 3.7 m (ch3)
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Infrared channels – near and longwave IR• Nighttime 3.7 (ch3) compared to 11micron (ch4)• Thin cirrus clouds warmer/more transparent in 3.7 micron channel• Water clouds appear colder in 3.7 micron channel
III. Examples of POES Products
3.7 µm Cloud Phase
• 11 m (ch4)“clean” IR window
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Infrared channels – near and longwave IR• Nighttime 3.7 (ch3) compared to 11micron (ch4)• Thin cirrus clouds warmer/more transparent in 3.7 micron channel• Water clouds appear colder in 3.7 micron channel
III. Examples of POES Products
3.7 µm Cloud Phase
• 3.7/11 mbrightness temp.
difference product
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Infrared channels – near IR and IR window• Infrared channel difference (ch3 & 4) – “fog/stratus product”• Good for nighttime water vs. ice cloud discrimination
III. Examples of POES Products
Cloud Phase Loop
• “fog/stratus product”• clouds in motion
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Infrared channels – near IR and IR window• Infrared channel difference (ch3 & 4) – “fog/stratus product”• Good for nighttime water vs. ice cloud discrimination
III. Examples of POES Products
• “fog/stratus product”• clouds in motion
Cloud Phase Loop
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III. Examples of POES Products
Fire Detection
Infrared channels 3 and 4 (3.7 and 11micron) in combination 3.7 micron channel sensitive to ‘sub-pixel’ hot spots Fire detection (natural and man-made)
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III. Examples of POES Products
Fire Detection
Infrared channels 3 and 4 (3.7 and 11micron) in combination 3.7 micron channel sensitive to ‘sub-pixel’ hot spots Fire detection (natural and man-made)
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III. Examples of POES Products
Fire Detection
Infrared channels 3 and 4 (3.7 and 11micron) in combination 3.7 micron channel sensitive to ‘sub-pixel’ hot spots Fire detection (natural and man-made)
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Infrared window channels
Used for ash plume detection
Color enhancement (ch 4 image) improves detection of cold ash plume
Channel 4 minus 5 difference product helps discriminate the ash plume from high level clouds when ash plume extends above tropopause and is semi-transparent (optically thin).
III. Examples of POES Products
Volcanic Ash• AVHRR ch.4
• ch. 4-5 (11-12m) difference products
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Channel 4 minus 5 (11 – 12 micron) difference product
Product will become more important as (12 micron) channel is discontinued on GOES after GOES-12.
• 4-day composite
III. Examples of POES Products
Volcanic Ash
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Infrared windowchannels –11 and 12 micron
Sea surfacetemperatures
Real-time products at:http://www.osdpd.noaa.gov/PSB/PSB.html#LIST
III. Examples of POES Products
Sea Surface Temperature
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III. Examples of POES Products
QuikSCAT Winds (quasi - operational)
Available on AWIPS and the Internet Becomes “operational” product with NPOESS (~2008) For data and training resources, see entries on the “Internet
Links Page” at: http://www.comet.ucar.edu/class/POES_2001/ref_links.htm
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III. Examples of POES Products
SSM/I Wind Speed
SSM/I ocean wind speed is combined with wind direction information from model pressure analysis/forecast to derive wind vectors (at right).
Wind speed valid between 0 and 50 m/s
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III. Examples of POES Products
Precipitable Water (TPW)
Microwave – AMSU and SSM/I• Similarities and differences related to:
– swath coverage, scan geometry, polarization
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III. Examples of POES Products
Cloud Liquid Water
Microwave
• CLW – useful for assessing aviation hazards and precipitation production
First7-FRAME LOOP
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III. Examples of POES Products
Rain Rate
Microwave• RR for AMSU is based on ice water path and RR relation derived from MM5
cloud model data• Valid between 0 and 30 mm/hour
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• TPW • CLW
• Rain rate
• WV 6.7m
III. Examples of POES Products
POES Compliments GOES
Microwave – multiple product views
• TPW, CLW, RR, & GOES Water Vapor (AWIPS view)
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Snow cover is displayed as “yes” or “no”
Ice cover is displayed as % coverage between 30-100%
III. Examples of POES Products
AMSU Snow Cover and Sea Ice
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NESDIS SAB (Synoptic Analysis Branch) combines all available GOES (GOES, GMS, Meteosat), POES, and surface obs snow and ice data to generate daily 25km Northern Hemisphere snow and ice map.
Snow and ice analysis used by NWS as operational input to NWP models
Microwave observations of snow and ice provide useful information through clouds, particularly during winter season darkness.
III. Examples of POES Products
Multi-Sensor Snow Cover & Sea Ice http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/PS/SNOW/index.html
7-FRAME LOOP
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Adding water to dry land lowers brightness temperatures, particularly at lower microwave frequencies
Lower and higher frequency channel brightness temperature information is combined to assess soil moisture
III. Examples of POES Products
Soil Wetness
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POES profiles the atmosphere where GOES can not• for cloudy field of views• higher latitudes and regions not covered by GOES
Blue dots = clear, gray and white dots = cloudy
III. Examples of POES Products
Soundings Through Clouds
http://poes.nesdis.noaa.gov/posse/
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IV. Real-time POES Data Access
• AWIPS and LDAD
• Servers (McIDAS)
• Web-sites
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IV. Real-time POES Data Access
POES data and AWIPS LDAD• Menu snapshot & product examples – “SSM/I Rain Rate”
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POES data and AWIPS LDAD• Menu snapshot & product examples – “Global SST”
IV. Real-time POES Data Access
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POES data and AWIPS LDAD• Menu snapshot & product examples – “AMSU TWP”
IV. Real-time POES Data Access
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IV. Real-time POES Data Access
Servers and Internet Links
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Internet links page• http://www.comet.ucar.edu/class/POES_2001/ref_links.htm
Sea ice
AMSU-B 89GHz
Snow cover
SSM/I TPW
Ocean Winds
AVHRR Imagery
Fires
IV. Real-time POES Data Access
Servers and Internet Links
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V. Summary• POES are not geostationary, so their data take
some getting used to – where is spacecraft now and when will it be overhead ?
• POES offer channels/products/perspectives not available from GOES
– Microwave observations
– Active sensors (e.g., QuikSCAT)
– More visible/infrared channels
– Higher spatial resolution
– Polar satellites view the poles/high latitudes
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Future Teletraining Sessions
• Emphasis on product applications
– Include imaging, sounding, and derived product based applications
– Regional focus (i.e. Northern Pacific, Alaska, Canada, tropical latitudes)
May 2002 – “Using POES Microwave Data to Assess Rainfall Potential for Coastal Storms”
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VI. Questions?
The ugly guy you’re asking questions of
kidder@cira.colostate.edu