Week 3

Structural Element

the design of a structural element is based on the loads to be carried, the material used and form and shape chosen for the element.

the elements from which a strcture is made or assembled have, in engineering or building terms, specific names which are used for convenience.

Strut: a slender element design to carry load parallel to its long axis. the load produces compression.

Tie: a slender element design to carry load parallel to its long axis. the load produces tension.

Beam: Generally a horizontal element designed to carry vertical load using its bending resistance.

Slab/plate: a wide horizontal element designed to carry vertical load in bending usually supported by beams

Support

Panel:a deep vertical element designed to carry vertical or horizontal load.

Footing & Foundations

Foundations: •found at the bottom of buildings where the building meets the ground. It is the substructure of the building are their function is to safety transfer all loads acting on the building strcture to the ground. the foundations must also resist the force of the soil pressing against the foundation (or retaining) walls•The lowest load-bearing part of a building, typically below ground level •A body or ground on which other parts rest or are overlaid he starts playing melody lines on the bass instead of laying the foundation down •An underlying basis or principle for something

Footing: •The basis on which something is established or operates attempts to establish the store on a firm financial footing •The position or status of a person in relation to others the suppliers are on an equal footing with the buyers •The bottommost part of a foundation wall, with a course of concrete wider than the base of the wall

Settlement:•Over time, buildings compress the earth beneath them and the buildings tend to sink a little into the earth.

Footings and Foundations should be designed to ensure that this settlement occurs evenly and that the bearing capacity of the soil is not exceeded.

Deep Foundations: are used where soil conditions are unstable or where the soil bearing capacity is inadequate. Loads transferred from the foundations, through the unsuitable soil and sown to levels where bed rock, stiff clay, dense sand / grave is located. 2.End bearing piles: extend the foundations down to rock or soil that will provide support for the building loads. 3.Friction piles: rely on the resistance of the surrounding earth to support the structure.

Shallow footing:are used where soil conditions are stable and where the required soil bearing capacity is adequate close to the surface of the ground. Load is transferred vertically from the foundation to the ground. 1.Pad footing: help tp spread a point load over a winder area of ground. 2.Strip footing:used when loads from a wall or a series of columns is spread in a linear manner. 3.Raft foundation: provides increased stability by joining the individual strips together as a single mat.

Retaining walls & Foundation walls: used when sites are eccavated to create basements or where changes in site levels need to be stabilised. The pressure load or the earth behind the wall needs to be considered to prevent the wal from overturning.

stone earth

clay

concrete

Mass materials:

strong in compression

weak in tension

Modular:-Clay brick-Mud brick(adobe)-Concrete block-Ashlar stone

Non-Modular:-Concrete-Rammed earth-Monolithic stone(columns and beams)

Brick: a standard size masonry unit made out of clay. Clay is a natural material so there is a wide variation in the colour of bricks. Main useds today include walls, arches and paving. Mortar joints are usually 10 mm.

·Hardness : medium-high·Fragility : medium·Ductility : very low ·Flexibility / plasticity : very low ·proroslty / permeability : medium low. becomes soaked only if placed in prolomged contact with water.·density : medium. 2-2.5 more than water·conductivity : poor conductors of heat and electriclty

advantage: -can be joined with water based mortar-if adequately ventilated so that any wetness can escape, they will not deteriorate.

disadvantage:-absorb moisture and expand overtime >> expansion joints required-Salt and lime from the soil can be drawn up through the bricks when in contact with the ground. This may cause serious pathologies and /or aesthetic problems such as efflorescence

concrete block: a standard size masonry unit made out of concrete. manufactured from cement(1), sand(2), gravel / crushed rock(4) and water(0.4-0.5) by mixing, moulding and curing

·Hardness : medium-high·Fragility : medium·Ductility : very low ·Flexibility / plasticity : very low ·proroslty / permeability : medium low. ·density : medium. 2-2.5 more than water·conductivity : poor conductors of heat and electriclty

disadvantage:- permeable: cannot prptect inside steel bar from moisture and oxidation.- ppor vibration

Studio

UNDERGROUND CAR PARK AND SOUTH LAWN

the loads from nearby structure are transfered through the column, the roof has a radian that makes loads transfering easier and leave a space for trees at ground can grow. the roof and column are made from concrete, a mass material that is good at compression.

North Court Union House

the loads of this structure is actually is go upwards, the bottom do not bear much loads. the central open area is used to collect rain water.

The entire structure is upder tension

Week 4

SPAN is the distance measured between two structural supports. SPAN can be measured between vertical supports (for a horizontal member) or between horizontal supports (for a vertical member). SPAN is not necessarily the same as the length of a member.

SPACING of the supporting elements depends on the

SPANNING capabilities of the supported elements

SPACING is the repeating distance between a series of like or similar elements. SPACING is often associated with supporting elements (such as beams, columns etc.) and can be measured horizontally or vertically. SPACING is is generally measured centre-line to centre-line.

SPAN &SPACING

Floor & Framing systemsConcrete systems:Slabs of various types are used to span between structural supports

Steel framing: This kind of system take various forms, with some utilising heavy gauge Structural steel members and other using light gauge steel framing. sometimes combine with concrete slab systems to where the particular benefits of steel framing and shallow depth floor slab systems are desired.

Timber system: Traditional timber floor framing systems use a combination of bearers ( primary beams) are joists (secondary beams).

Failed to attend studio because of disease

A BEAM is a (mostly) horizontal structural element. The function of a BEAM is to carry loads along the length of the beam and transfer these loads to the vertical supports. A BEAM can be: -  supported at both ends of the beam -  supported at numerous points along the length of beam -  supported at points away from the ends of the beam (creating overhangs / cantilevers beyond the supports) -  supported at only one end of the beam (these beams are called cantilevers)

Beams

beam area includes support area.

CantileversA CANTILEVER is created when a structural element is supported at only one end (or the overhanging portions of a member are significant). The function of a CANTILEVER is to carry loads along the length of the member and transfer these loads to the support. A CANTILEVER can be: - horizontal -  vertical -  angled

Week 5

Columns

columns are vertical strctural members designed to transfer axial compressive loads

SHORT COLUMNS are shorter (length) and thicker (cross-section).

Columns are considered SHORT if the ratio of effective column length to the smallest cross section dimension is less than 12:1.

SHORT COLUMNS will be structurally adequate if the load applied to the column cross section does not exceed the compressive strength of the material. Compressive Strength (Pa) = Load (N) / area (mm2)

LONG COLUMNS are taller (length)

and slimmer (cross-section). Columns are considered LONG if the ratio of effective column length to the smallest cross section dimension is greater than 12:1.

LONG COLUMNS become unstable and fail by BUCKLING. The shape of the column cross-section determines the direction of the buckling.

long columns fails by bucking, this is a form failure

short columns fails by crushing, this is a material failure

Timber

Softwoods

Hardwoods

radiata pinecypress pinehoop pinedouglas fir

victorian ashbrown boxspotted gumjarrahtasmanian oakbalsa wood

Quarter sawnAdvantages:-best grain shows on face-good wearing surface for floors, furniture-radial face preferred for coatings-lower width shrinkage on dryingless cupping and warp than other cuts-can be successfully reconditioned

disadvantages:-slower seasoning-nailing on face more prone to splitting

Back sawnAdvantages:-season more rapidely-less prone to splitting when nailling-wide sections possible-few knots on edge

Disadvantages:-shrink more across width when drying-more likely to warp and cup-collapsed timber more difficult to recondition

Radial sawnAdvantages:-dimensional stability-less prone to warping, cupping-less wastage in milling

Disadvantages:-wedge shaped cross section-more difficoult to detail-more diffiicult to stack

Different ways to produce timber from wood

·Hardness : medium-low (can be reasonably easily marked)·Fragility : medium-low·Ductility : low·Flexibility / Plasticity : high ·Porosity / permeability : high·Density : extremely varied depemding on timber type·Conductivity : poor·Durability / life span : Varies depending on type, seasoning, finishing ( protection) and fixing.·Reusability / Recyclability : very highSustainability & Carbon footprint : very low·Cost : Generally cost effective

Knots: weak point of woodTimber are easily damaged from sunlight / heat and water

studio

most of basic structure of our modeling is triangle shape,which is one of basic form of truss, it is effective to translate load to entire frame.

the only material is softwood, which is easy to cut and enough strong for our current ,odel making.

LOADS

However this model is not finihsed be cause as the image shows at right, there are five complex beams joints on a single point, it is very difficult to fixed all five non-accuract beams together

Week 6Truss roofs are framed roofs constructed from a series of OPEN WED type stell or timber elements.

Trusses are manufactured from steel or timber components, fixed together to form efficient elements able to span long distances.

Light framed roofs:Gable roofs are characterised by a vertical, triangular section of wall at one or both ends of the roof.

Material: timber, cold-formed steel sections

Hip roofs are characterised by a vertical, triangular section of wall at one or both ends of the roof.

Materials: Timber, cold-formed steel sections.

Metal·Sourcing : Pure metal can be found in nature although it is much more common to find them as part of minerals.

·Hardness : varied, depending on type·Fragility : low, generally will not shatter or break·Ductility : high·Flexibility / Plasticity : medium - high·Porosity / Permeability Generally impermeable·Density : high·Conductivity : very good conductors of heat electricity ( this properties can be an advantage or disadvantage depending on the location and purpose of the metal )·Durability / life span : varies depending on type, treatemnt , finishing and fixing·Reusability / Recyclability high·sustainability & Carbon footprint : very high embodied energy.·Cost : Generally cost effective

water related DamageOxidation and Corrosion

Protect against water to reduce corrosion

different metal·Aluminium : common for window frames and other glazed structures such as balustrades / handrails

·Copper : Traditional used as Roofing material, natural weathering causes copper to develops as green coloured patina over time (H2O+CO2+O2)

·Zinc : Plating thin layers of zinc on to iron or steel is known as galvanising and helps tp protect the iron from corrosion . Particulary useful in the production of roofing material. also used on its own as a cladding material for bpth roofs and walls

·Lead : used frequently for roofs, cornices, tank linings and flashing strips for waterproofing. ( toxic to human )

·Tin : very rare today. Tin was used in building for lining lead pipes ( TOXIC )

·Titanium : used in strong light-weight alloys, making an attractive and durable cladding material, though it is often prohibitively expensive

·Bronze ( copper +tin) : tough and typically used for bearing, clips, electrical connectors and springs

·Brass (copper + zinc) : tough and typically used in elements where friction is required such as locks, gears, screws, valves. It is also commonly found in fittings

tension

compression compression

Week 7

Rubber:

·Natural Rubber was first used by the Mayas and Aztecs in south America ( 13 th century)

·Synthetic Rubber was first made in the beginning of the 20th Century

Source:· Naturally shouced from Rubber Tree or synthesised in a laboratory generating a range of variations

·Hardness : harder rubbers resist abraision, softer rubbers provide better seals·Frigility : low·Ductility : high·Flexibility / Plasticity : high ·Porosity / Permeability : all rubber are considered waterproof·Density : Approx 1.5 * density of water·Conductivity : very poor conductors of heat and electricity·Durability / Life span : can very durable·Resuability / Recyclability :embodied energy varies greatly between natural rubber (very low) and synthetic rubber (medium).·Cost : generally cost effective

some of most common used are:·seals·gaskets & control joint·flooring·insulation·hosting & piping

·Epdm·Neoprene·Silicone

Plastics:made from carbon, silicon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and chloride combined by chemical reactions into monomers.

types1.Thermoplastics2.Thermosetting plastics3.Synthetic rubbers (Elastomers)

Properties·Hardness : medium-low. Depnding on type·Frigility : medium-low·Ductility : high·Flexibility / Plasticity : high ·Porosity / Permeability : many plastics are waterproof·Density : low (0.65 * density of water for polypropylene to 1.5x for PVC)·Conductivity : very poor conductors of heat and electricity·Durability / Life span : can very durable. Varies depending on type, finidhing (protecyion) and fixing·Resuability / Recyclability :high for Thermoplastics and Elastomers / very limited for Thermosetting plastics·Cost : generally cost effective

no studio this week ( Good Friday)

Paints:main purpose is to protect ( and colour a particular element

Week 8Glass:Formers are the ingredient to produce glass. Any chemical comppund that can be melted and cooled into a glass is a former

Fluxes help Formers to melt a lower and more practical temperature.

Stabilizers combine with Formers & Fluxes to keep the finsihed glass from dissolving or crumbling

·Hardness : high·Frigility : high·Ductility : very low·Flexibility / Plasticity : very high ·Porosity / Permeability : non-porous / water proof·Density : medium-high ( 2.7 * more dense than water)·Conductivity : transmits heat and light but not electricity·Durability / Life span : typically very durable·Resuability / Recyclability :very high·sustainability & carbon footprint : typically high ·Cost : generally expensive tp produce and transport

2 main types of glass

1. Clear float glass: the simplest and cheapest glass. Ideal in low risk / low cost / small size glazing scenarios. Breaks in to very sharp and dangerous shards.

2.Laminated glass： a tough plastic interlayer ( PVB) is bonded together between two glass panes. improves security and safety

door structure window and nearby wall structure

WorkshopMay 2 8:30am -10:00am

After the disscusion of our group, we decided to make a beam as figure 1,2,3,4

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

the first group nailed all their 3 thick timber together. In test, their beam were under a full comression. it break under the 451 kg load.

the second grounp made a trianglar structure with two matched thick timber and two thin wooden board, the strucrure is strong in the first step of test, it beared 615 kg load, by reinforcing side B, the result is weird that the indication shows that the data decreased. Because all load were transfer to side A once beyond the limit, and side A finally break with data 75 kg.

our design for this beam aimed to transfer loads to the entire structure, however, there is a kot on one of timber, it break with loads of 672 kg, but a structure is still hold. A material failure, not structuial failure.

All data from 3 groups have one in common that, the data slowly decreasced if we stop pushing beacuse of malleability of timber

Studio

annotated drawing

sketch of actucal building, my part is at the end of roof

Week 9

Composite material : put two or more different material's advantage / benefit together that individual cannot offer them all.

Concete is NOT a composite material but reinforced-concete does!!!

Composite Material

MonolithicMaterial

A single material, or materials combined so that components are indistinguishable (e.g. metal alloys, concrete

Two or more materials are combined in such a way that individual materials remain easily distinguishable

formed from1.combination of materials which differ in composition or form2. remainbonded together3.retain their identities and properties4. act together to provide improved specific or synergistic characteristics not obtainable by any of the original components acting along

Composite material

fibre reinforced cement ( FRC): made from cellulose ( or glass) fibres, portand cement, sand & water. common forms sheet & board products (FC sheet) and shaped products such as pipes, roof tiles etc. Common uses: Cladding for exterior or interior (wet area) walls, floor panels. Benefit: fireproof, resistant to permanent water and termite damage, and resistant to rotting and warping. It is a reasonably inexpensive material.

Fibreglass: made from a mixture of fibres and expoxy resins ( glass fibres often used in a facbric or tape form). Common forms flat and profiled sheet products and formed / shaped products. Common uses transparent or translucent roof / wall clading and for preformed shaped products such as water tanks, baths, swimming pools etc. Benefit : fire resistant, weatherproof, relatively light weight and strong

Aluminium sheet composite

Timber composite

Fibre reinforced polymers

studio

This construction uses plenty of timber as frame ro form the strucrure of the building, most of them are pin joints

the loads from upper level are transfered through each of these timbers from their joints

this concrete structure is not made for lift, its just a wall structure to transfer loads from upper floor , it is located at nearly central of the building so it is more effective than column.

The loads transfer from roof to timber beams on ceiliing, then through steel support column to the ground.

Week 10Lateral force: A force acting in a horizontal direction, such as wind, earthquake, or soil. it cause a pressure against a foundation or a retaining wall.

Although wind and earthquake forces are dynamici loads, in order to predict their effect and magnitude on structures and simplity the analysis procedure, they can generally be treated as static loads for the purpose of preliminary design.

Wind and earthquake have diferent influences on building.·Wind: a function of the exposed surface area. minimum value at the basement but maximum value at the highest elevation.·Earthquake: a function of the amount of building mass above the foundation. earthquake forces act at the base of a building structure and can abruptly reverse direction