Uncovering North Korea’s Energy Security Dilemma

7/31/2019 Uncovering North Koreas Energy Security Dilemma

1/23

141

unCovering north KoreAsenergy seCurity dilemmA:PAst PoliCies, Present ChoiCes,

future oPPortunities

V G

Arac: Over the past two decades, the Democratic Peoples Re-

public of Korea has allegedly developed nuclear energy while sueringnear collapse caused by catastrophic economic policies. This article

presents an evaluation of North Koreas contemporary energy policies

and suggests that despite retaining communist ideals and Chuchepolicies, North Korea has slowly started to modernise its energy sectorand recognises the necessity to start engaging with the internationalcommunity. While it is argued that Pyongyangs newfound concerns for

sustainable development, equity and the environment are a welcomeddeparture from its usual belligerent rhetoric and present a number of

exciting engagement opportunities, the regime has not abandoned itsnuclear energy programme.

Kor: Nth Ke, enegy seity, eni piy, en-egy seity die

Irouco

Nested est Chin nd sth Rssi, the Ken penins hspyed pinent e in histy de t its gegphi tin.

Lgey igned by westen pwes ny enties, it weth-

eed ny nqests by neighbing Jpn bee being niptnt sttegi stpve n j tde tes inking Epend the Aeis in the te 19th enty. Eventy, Ke bee

sty Wd W II nd divided int tw hves t iittethe ev Jpnese ni sttes. I Ke ws ges-

ttegi se, it ws neve ptiy sght te its nteses s st h its ndss is veed by ests nd

wdnds, whie nes ntins eve ny bt th

the teity s be nd. Nt eses inde , whih


2/23

j1/2012

142

bth the Deti Pepes Repbi Ke nd the Repbi Ke hve bndnty ined. Bth Nth nd Sth Ke hve

hsen vey dieent devepent pths, with Nth Ke t-tepting t sstin iing nist syste whie Sth Ke

ebed pitis. It is nw geney epted tht Se s-eeded in being wd eni pye, nd tht Pyngynghs tned st its ttentin twd deveping ne wep-

ns in bid t ense its wn seity in the egin, given the USsge iity es sti sttined in the Sth nd Jpn.

A gene ndestnding Nth Kes psitin egding en-egy nd enis, espeiy ing the Se-Pyngyngpetitin pttens tht wee seen ding the 1960s nd 1970s

ybe hvested Cings nd Obede s they pvide gd pite Nth Kes enegy set ding the Cd W

nd int the 1990s.1 Me eenty thgh, the Ntis Instittehs gtheed extensive dt n Nth Ken ines, pwe gids

nd enegy shtges, nd hs been be t pint pt Nth K-es enegy pite by eeting, n nes sins, with Nth

Ken is.2 A t ttentin hs been given t Nth Kespee nd iity ne enegy pges,3 bt titey,Nth Kes pph twd its wn enegy sittin, nd wht

its ptenti gs e within the syste hs gey been igned.

!

!

!

!

SOUTH

KOREA


3/23

VirginieGrzelczyk

143

This tie ses n hw the Nth Ken egie neives enegy nd enegy seity by de-inking enegy nd eqenty

ited intentin nens ve Nth Kes devepent ndpssessin wepns ss desttin (WMD). As sh, the

wk ges tht thgh Nth Ke ppes t be the n-ithi stte tht esists hnges nd des nt dpt we t new idesnd tehngies, Pyngyng hs stted t devep the n-

ned enegy disse. The wk theee ses n: 1. s-ising Nth Kes tditin enegy nens tht s n p-

dtin nd viding eni deine, 2. intding the ntintht Nth Ke hs begn t shit ets twd e eientnd geen tehngies, nd 3. sggesting tht Nth Ke ight

be seeking new pe within the intentin enegy nityby tking e tive e in sstinbe devepent.

The dt pesented in this tie hs been extted p-pxitey 1,200 enegy-eted news ites pbished by the K-

en Cent News Ageny (KCNA) between 1997 nti 2011. TheKCNA is the ny i pess gn in Nth Ke nd hs pb-iised news n beh the Nth Ken eite sine 1946 whie

pviding n essibe hive te 1997. Athgh the KCNA isknwn its nti-Aein heti nd gene Ki-iy--

sed ppgnd, it hs s wys pvided vey tehni in-tin n Nth Ke nd the est the wd. Hene, despite

the shtings tht shd be ntiipted the bsene tentive intin hnnes t bte ts, the dt pe-sented hee gives n npeedented ed Nth Kes evv-

ing stne n eni hnge nd denistin, its heti ndndestnding pst, pesent nd te enegy des with thes

nd its ve ndestnding enegy seity nd evving p-

phes twd deveping stbe nd sstinbe desti en-egy set.

Nor Kora Traoal Er Focu

The Ken W (1951) et the Kes tiiy septed by n

Aistie sine 1953. Nthing, hweve, is tii bt the di-eenes tht hve spted the septin, bth pitiy

nd eniy. Sth Ke ws eniy nd iitiy

bsteed by the US dedes, enbing Se t devep ight


4/23

j1/2012

144

indstiistin in the 1960s nd 1970s bee it bee n Asin

Tige nd tnsed int ne the st dvned tehngy-pding nties in the wd. Sth Kes piti syste

s tted ne-ttitinis in the 1960s nd 1970s int

fishing dey: the nty is nw egnised inten-tin pye, spnsing events sh s the FIFA Wd Cp, nd

hsting the 2010 G20 Sit. In the Nth the sty d nt bee dieent: nde Sviet nd Cnist Chinese infenes,

Gene Ki I Sng, the Deti Pepes Repbi Kesspiit nd piti the, tivted istin nd tky, p-

ting eni pns nd ve-indstiistin. Pyngyngintined snt ntts with the est the wd, with the ex-

eptin Beijing nd Msw: n ine with Ms Chin en-bed Nth Ke t eeive peeenti tetent nd enissistne whie seness with the USSR ent tht hd eny

ws nt wys needed when tding with the Sviet gint. By theey 1990s it ws e tht Nth Ke hd ied t devep nd

denise engh t pete with Sth Ke, nd with st the deveping nd deveped ntins in the wd. Ki sggeststht highy neisti eni pns bsed n is gwth

pjetins in the 1980s ed t sh debe, bt thse wee, n-

tntey, ny pede t wht ws t e: the end theUSSR hd devstting eets Nth Ke, s it sddeny st ge pt its de i sppy ng with ket t se its

nted pdts.4

Producing At Any Cost

Whie indstiistin ten eied n nd-the k expit-

tin bth pepe nd eses, iti nditins swept wyny the Nths hpes bst eny: dghts nd

fds ed t tgi ines in the 1990s with iins ives stwith stte teeteing n the vege eni pse.5 Sbseqent

ne ventes ied t keeping the US t by whie ptenti-y pviding eibe se h-needed enegy entenhed

Nth Ke even e s Pyngyng ws heviy sntins by theintentin nity nd d ey ny n ew sttes iited eni exhnges. Od ies sh s Rssi nd Chin

stted t eqest tht Nth Ke py teis nd gds in


5/23

North KoreasEnergySecurityDilemma

145

sh. Even intentin id ws exteey egted nd iited,nd ny ew gnistins enty pete n Nth Ken

si.6Given thse extee nditins, it is hdy spising tht

Nth Ke hs sed its ets n tw j tsks: pdings h enegy s pssibe nd tying t evite the devsttingeets tht its bing eny hd n its instte by t-

tepting t see id nd investents. Whie ny thght thtNth Ke ws n the bink pse pn the deth Ki I

Sng in 1994, his sn Ki Jng I nged t nsidte pwend ttepted t hieve se the piy gs ted byhis the.7 Enegy dietives eted by Ki I Sng ephsised hy-

d-eeti pwe nd wee sti being ipeented in 2009 whenPyngyng nnned tht Pesident Ki I Sngs desies hd

e te thgh the nsttin the Kngwn, Anbyn ndWnsn pwe sttins.8 In the te 1990s, Nth Kes enegy

disse ws sti ented n inesing tpts, bt with bdgettht wd bth sppt the nsttin new pwe sttins t

evite pwe shtges s we s investents in new tehn-gies sh s gsitin.9 Ephsis ws s pt n pbiisingthe nsttin nbe new hyd-eeti pns nd Ki

Jng Is ed visits wee sed t shwse Nth Kes dive t de-vep new tehngies: visit t the Hihn Mhine T F-

ty highighted new hydeeti genets,10 whie visit t theKen Pepes Ay Unit 614 in ey 2004 shwed tht pt-

neship with Ki Chek Univesity Tehngy hd devepedwind-pwe.11 On ny his ed gidne tings, Ki Jng Is

essge ws ey vied: piity ws given t inesing NthKes pwe tpt, ing deveping enegy innvtin

tehngies.12

The DPRKs fg is efetive this eni bi-tin, s it epesents Mt. Pekt, ne Nth Kes st ip-tnt ntins nd sppsed bithpe Ki I Sng ng with

the epesenttin hyd-eeti pwe sttin.13 This dive enegy n be seen in the pts Nth Ken ie s we: the

2005 Wkes Pty Cittees sgn hnted tht its desshd pde e nnes ines nd nn-ines t eines!14 whie new bks nd CDs pded in the pst ew yeseebte sty ed Sping in My Ntive Twn whih ds the

ets thse wh bit hyd-eeti pwe sttins.15


6/23

j1/2012

146

A System Reaching its Limits

In ndid nne, Nth Ke gey pbiised its enegyshtges nd hd t sve the eetiity pbe the n-

ty nd evitise the independent ntin eny.16 Peepting Ken speiist Oh, in te 1999, highighted this

shtge by desibing Nth Ke s nd whee wkes eide, ty hineys e d, pwe tges e eqent, -

tised tnspttin is sw nd inteittent.17 Me spising-y is the k ne enegy ppgnd piy thgh Nth

Kes tendeny t be Wshingtn nt hding its end the Ageed Fewk bgin,18 ney biding tw ight-w-

te ets nd pviding Pyngyng with hevy i shipentst penste enegy sses de t Nth Kes eezing its iviin ne pge ed t e vies tbsts

ginst the US thght 2003 when the Ageed Fewk wsiy bied nd Pyngyng withdew the Nn-Pi-

etin Tety.19 Ding this tie, Nth Ke ten insisted nhw Wshingtn hd ied t its bigtins, nd esed

the DPRK ne pge.20 Thee is evidene whih sggeststht Wshingtn did i t ense tht the ie enhned

dipy shd be denstby ttibtbe t Pyngyng21thgh Pyngyngs ni enihed pdtin ws key ee-ent in the Ken Penins Enegy Devepent Ognistin

pge pse.22 Nth Ke s tivey sght pen-stin sses eetiity KEDO whih hd been eted

t nge the 1994 Ageed Fewk, bt ws denied n sevesins.23

Seeing tht ssigning be d nt sienty extt enegy

thes, Nth Ke swity eised tht it hd t seek newptneships with bth Chin nd Rssi. Reg eetings wee

hed t ste petin thgh the 50-ye d Ke-ChinHydeeti Pwe Cpny.24 Yet despite evidene eetings

thght the yes,25 vey itte tnspies bt the ntent eetings, estins, nd geeents. Even thgh Chin hs

been invved in seve pjets t hep devep Nth Keseny, with yey investents e thn $15 iin (USD) epesenting se t 85% the tt eign investent in Nth

Ke it is ne whethe nt Pyngyng wi e t its


7/23

VirginieGrzelczyk

147

sed eni syste.26 At the se tie, Chins e in NthKen seity enegy is bigs, with Lee sggesting tht Bei-

jing d be depying enegy s eign piy evege t ensestbiity in the egin.27 As est, thee is se gded inteest

engging Pyngyng, bt se ttepts hve been de shs the Ten Rive Ae Devepent Pg: initiy nhedin 1991 by the UN, Chin, Rssi, Nth Ke nd Mngi, nd

iing t jinty devep tde nd investent, tnspt ndnitins, envinent, tis nd enegy.28 Bt sh

pges e vey iited in spe, nd hve nt yet etedent expnding ptneships t the nties. Hene,the pising ptin egin pening hs nt bee e-

ity, thgh it is the ptin st ved by enists.

29

One the in ts tht pevented nties the thn Chin

investing in Nth Ke is the pity intin vibe nhw t pen p ntts with Nth Ke, s we s wht itei

nd nditins investents e in the nty. As Ki sttes,Nth Ke sti ks bsi ewks needed dwing in

eign investent. Piies, ws nd egtins bt tx, in-stne, e nt in pe.30

Meve, iited dt is vibe n w pdtin tpts,

s Pyngyng tivtes the heti t being spei whieeining vge, with tpt ges ten given s peentge

enegy pded ped t pevis yes dt, whih geyeins nspeied (the ntextise). As sh, ineses in

eetiity pdtin in 1999 is isted s 45% e thn in 1998eding t iptnt qestins: given the iti disptinstht ye, ne nnt i t wnde i the 1999 pdtin ws nt,

in t, we thn tpts in 1995 1996.31 Figes gtheed

extpted by the expets stengthen this psitin, with sesggesting tht Nth Kes enegy pdtin hd, by 2000,en t qte its 1990 eve.32 Unde new ng te pn

thgh, ephsis stted t be ped n enegy enistinnd tinistin33 nd Nth Ke begn t devep nge

tehngies sh s s enegy, the tiistin tid pwe, swe s ethne-eed heting systes.34 Twds the end the

2000s, eve e ephsis ws pt n ipving iving stndds,espeiy in e es.35


8/23

j1/2012

148

Ca Pac a Ca Erom

By the id-2000s, eni indits stted t pint t veysw eni evey,36 ths sggesting gin sess with

Pyngyngs itent t diet big ets t peting pwepnts t pity, step p the nsttin ge hyd-pw-

e pnts nd bid new ge pwe pnts.37 This ws nted in theitete jst ew yes te Ki Jng I iy ssed pwe,

nd ws ndestd s hevy indsty nd gite enti th-e thn ight indsty nd gite enti.38 Eventy, pwe

sttin pjets, nsttin nd pgdes t existing pnts weewidey epted in the Nth Ken news.39 Indeed, hnges sh

s ipving dinking-wte eseves, pteting fd-pne -be nd s we s ensing sstined iigtin sggested highepdtivity in e enegy-seed envinent.40 In pe,

gs pwe pnts wee sti being bit bt devepent newpess t gsiy ws piitised thght the pst dede.41

Bt st the pdtin hs been hieved thnks t n ppentitent t gegi pspetin tht hs tken pe bth intes t seh new eses, s we s the devepent

new tehngies t pspet e eienty. As sh, ssive

gegi svey ws ndetken in the ey 2000s, eding t thedwing e thn 5,000 ps t id sveying eses.42New tehngi devepents by Ki Chek Univesity Teh-

ngy s ppeed t hve ided pspetin, with hines nnge eqiing bing. As sh, Nth Ke is t hve ex-

pted the tehngy t Chin, Rssi s we s Ls, Thindnd Nibi43 whie its steite iging ets ed t the disvey ny ndegnd wte eses s we s nd ppe

eseves.44

Se devepents in e spei es pd-tin s ppe t shw tht Nth Ke is swy denising

se its insttes: pte systes insted in 2003 tthe Snhn Ceent Cpex expe ed t ipveents in

ebiks enegy-geneting ength,45 whie eseh in e -te etegi eqipent d ede hyd-eeti pwe

nsttin sts signinty.46


9/23


149

Technological Changes

Sh investents sppt the gent tht Nth Ke hsstted t gdy shit its s pdtin t sts t

nsideing wys t sppt vis sets nd inese thei p-dtivity thgh denistin. This hnge is gey ntiebe

with Nth Kes eistin tht es st be deveped inde t stengthen the eny s whe.47 R viges stt-

ed t be ttted with ethne nits nd s pnes s hetingses48 nd s enegy ws s being sed t het geenhses

pting sh beeding nd vegetbe pdtin whie eyingethne by-pdts t het nd ight viges.49 The ipets

sh tehngi devepents d be ttibted, in pt, tthe Sienti nd Tehngi Pesenttin n Nt Enegieshed in 2006 nd whih sed n sienti nd tehngi e-

sehes nd expeienes eetivey deveping nd tiisingvis enegies nd sving the nd hieveents in the eseh

nd intdtin dieent kinds bstin devies ndhet-peseving ethds heting iities.50

Se tehngies sed n hw t se esid enegy het nes nd bies51 nd s shwsed tehngies sed

in the Tdn Dk F nd deveped in ptneship with KiChek Tehngi Univesity: it eses ethne gs pded bydks iving in ite-nted s eed by gethe het.

Ki Jng I pised the pess ding his 2009 visit,52 nd thegethei nd s enegies e being deveped t the Yngsng

Mhine Cpex nd t the S Eqipent Cente in Mngyng-de.53 It is qestinbe, hweve, whethe sh s pjets wdbe be t esve Nth Kes ssive enegy pbes, s they

pbby d ny be pviding pwe nd enegy sevies t es when ntin-eve sppy systes e neibe t best.54

Learning about the World

Tehngi weness nd innvtins e ny ne spet Nth

Kes hnging etinship with enegy s Pyngyng ppes thve deep inteest in desti enegy piies tht hve been ipe-ented by se its tding ptnes. F expe, Nth Ke e-

pts n Chins dive t sve enegy nd highights the newest Chinese


10/23

j1/2012

150

ve-ye pn (enegy-sving pnies inesed 80 in 2005 te thn 800 ve yes te55) nd ses n Rssis Sibei d-

enistin pph thgh i pipeine pjets.56 Meve, NthKe ppes inteested in hw Veneze hs hsen t tke its en-

egy pbes by sing edtin pges nd pbi etinpigns iing t ising its itizens weness enegy-wsting.57Pyngyng s highights Cbs w-enegy hses nd bths

nning n ny tw ites wte nd eying wstes iigtinppses nd bi-gs t genete ighting, n expe vey eevnt

Nth Kes wk n its wn ing viges.58Lge-se pjets e s n Pyngyngs d bt whie Nth

Ke is sti ndent tht hydeeti pwe st be deveped

nd s sh tines Pns ets t bid tweve new hydpwepnts,59 its tk is estey sed n gs. Indeed, Ins nt

gs pdtin nd the nsttin the Q esevi t steIns eseves is nted by Nth Ke s being the send-gest

in the wd.60 This inteest in nt gs beies Pyngyngs hpes the devepent Rssin gs pipeine tht wd ss Nth

Ke nd d hep pen p the nty t the Asin kets,61nd pints t its wi t devte e tie nd eses twd itswn gs genetin pjets. Deveping new tehngy tets t

enhne its pdtin ppes t be nestne Nth Kesenegy piy: iting the expes Spin nd the Tes Enegy

Cpnys pns t devep s iities pbe deiveing ene-gy nd the k62 nd Indnesis pns t devep s e pwe

genets63 shws this shit in ttitde. Indeed, by 2011, Nth K-e ppes t be sing its ttentin twd nnting its enegy

shtge in e eient nne thn in the pst, espeiy by nnge eying n enegy eses pised by negtited within

the Ageed Fewk the Six-Pty Tks pess. In this sense,Nth Ke ppes t be etning t se its Chhe ves se-eine nd eni pide. This hnge hs s been nted

by seve esehes wh hve eenty et with the Nth Keneite.64

Environmental Protection

Cd this ppent etn t se-eine be nthing e thn

tin wy sing enegy whie peseving eses whih


11/23

VirginieGrzelczyk

151

wd eventy be needed in the te? Pyngyngs ptentiitent t gethe tehngy is ey stted when dis-

ssing Reykjviks pph t sing enegy whih is nt nyeient bt s des nt h the envinent: Nth Kes

e di devepent ve the pst tw yes is theee itsppent nen intentiny-geed tgets sh s p-tin eves nd the Mienni Devepent Gs. At the se

tie, Pyngyng is nened with infted nd ni enegy pi-es geney eting the deveping wd nd this d indite

tht Nth Ke is nened with the neessity t dpt pitistket sttes whie sti being idegiy ppsed t be-ing nn-siist syste. Pyngyng is s s etnt s eve

t depend n iited nt eses nted by extenket es, nd stesses this thgh the expe Cbdis

eent ppe t the UNGA the intentin nity twk n the d nd enegy isis.65 Aties s highight Ind-

nesis ets t ede its dependeny n ssi es nd its sn deveping enewbe enegy ses66 nd Sth Ain pi-

ies t ede dependeny n eses nd ghting geen-hse gs eissins edtin.67

Nor Kora a Gloal Er Commu

The disses e sphistited bt ed t qestins egdingKes te intentins when it es t sving the envinent

given the ntys pst envinent bses nd hevy deest-tin in the 1980s nd 1990s whih ed t nstbe sis nd ny

dedy dsides ding fds. The dt sggests, hweve, thtNth Kes newnd nen the envinent is ty

wy ying se-eine nd inesed eieny: Pyngynghs eegted d tehngies sh s ining t e ini- e nd hs hsen new enegy piies in the hpe gining

eieny nd stbiity whie t the se tie ntining t de-vep ne enegy. As sh, the ntys eent enegy piy

n be divided int tw bd ines: ne the ne hnd, Pyngyngis nsis tht new ptneships st be deveped, bt n thethe hnd, thee is stng desie t ein se-sient whih

eds t sstined heti n its ight t pde ne enegy.


12/23

j1/2012

152

Whethe nt Nth Ken ne enegy wi ny be sed in pee wy is e qestinbe, hweve.

A Reasonable Stakeholder?

Nth Kes etinship t the intentin nity is th-e pex ne: n the ne hnd, Pyngyng hs hd vey iited

ntts with the sttes nd its ptiiptin in intentin -gnistins nd in gb gvenne e geney is the snt,

bt n the the hnd eent yes hve shwn e nsistenyin nsideing ptneships. Nth Ke s stted t tke n e tive e in the gb nity by tivey ptiipting

in intentin eetings n enegy sh s the eent Wd Cn-gess n Wind Enegy tht tk pe in Ci in Nvebe 2011,

nd ding whih its deegtes tined the ntins wind stte-gies.68 Pi t this Cngess, Nth Ke hd hed seve inten-

tin wkshps n the envinent in Pyngyng sine the id-2000s, nd hs sed n eses t ipve nd stengthen the

envinent ptetin sh s egi envinent, tehn-gy sing eses, wte pitin tehngy, nd se enewbe enegy nd ptetin bids hbitts.69 Nth Kes

dptin vby sh s geenhse gs eissins i-te hnges in 2007 s sggests new Nth Ken e nd

pe within the intentin nity70 nd is s exepiedin its tive ptiiptin t the 65th eeting the Eni nd

Si Cissin Asi nd the Pi the UN hed in Thi-nd in 2008: these s w the nty t hve vie

n the gb sene witht, ne, being the tget sntinsnd itiiss.71 Nth Kes eg ewk even stted in 2011

t diy the devepent nd se enewbe enegy, the estb-ishent n envinent thentitin syste nd the int-dtin tehngies eying eses.72 This ve sense

espnsibiity nd need t be nened with its wn esesis s ied in new pspetin endevs we beynd Nth

Ken bdes, with Pyngyng highighting the t tht the A-ti egin is ikey t bee the tein stte new CdW ve wh n i the st.73 Sh stne is s pving thewy independene in deing with its wn ptentiy tive

bt yet nexpited ine eses: Nth Ke is sensitive t


13/23


153

Chins dvnes in seeking eg ights t expit deep se beds,74s we s the eent disvey new nt gs eds in the G

Mexi.75

Nuclear Energy

Bt Nth Ke hs dnty kept n deending its ight t de-

vep ne enegy ve the yes nd hs denied ny sinwith the dnges ntins even thgh the United Sttes hs

eged tht ni hexfide hd been sd t In nd thtNth Ke hd sd ts ne iities t Liby withPkistns gisti hep.76 It is ths vey ikey tht Nth Ke

wi pse ne pwe s it hs engged in h bdepign t jstiy its wn ight t hve pee ne p-

ge by shwing tht the nties inding Sth Ke edeveping the tehngy witht being singed t. Pyngyng

hs been espeiy tive in this egd in 2011 by sing n C-bs itent t sing ne enegy pee ppses77

whie t the se iting dt the Intentin Ati EnegyAgenys Tehni Cpetin Divisin Ltin Aei tin-ing e thn seventy pee ne devepent pjets -

enty ndewy in pts Ltin Aein nd the Cibben.78Pyngyng s did nt i t ddess Ins ne pge

nd Tehens wiingness t intin its pee ne enegypge despite gwing nens the intentin -

nity.79 Meve, Nth Ke eied n hevy-weights stnesn ne enegy, sing n Rssi, Chin nd Fnes ntin-

ed itent t ne enegy.80Jstiying ne tehngy is intewven with wi t dw

ttentin n wdwide pbes enegy sppy, dependeny nddbiity, nd enegy sving. Nth Ke shws hee n tendestnding wd isses, spising ete given hw se-

eint nd ete the intentin nity it ten p-pes t be. Pbes piing nd eses e sy ddessed

by pesenting ts sh s the ising enegy pies in the US,81 theniting pie ineses in Geny by the se 2011,82

nd by pesenting Chins s t the eent G20 sit in Cnnest tke tins twd stbiising dity pies wdwide by

eting e stbe enegy ket.83 Nth Ke s ppes


14/23

j1/2012

154

nened with d eneies nd thee is n bvis gdge stihed twd Jpn nd its pndeing Ken eses ding its

ni peid (the Jpnese ipeiists pndeed Ke gd,sive nd the kinds ines, git pdts inding

ie nd ttn, ine, eign nd the eses ding theini e84). As sh, Nth Ke is wy Jpn tying t tkeve dispted isnds with view t expit eses85 whie s

being nened with Jpn ptentiy expiting se Kz-khstns ni nt eseves.86 Even thgh Nth Kes -

s ppes t be n eses, the essge is gey piti, s itwns ipeiisti tendenies nd peseted weke ntiesbbed thei nt ttibtes: expe, Pyngyng high-

ights the USs ppent design t se the Midde Esten teistene t gin nt i nd nt gs eses in sttegi

es sh s Cent Asi.87 Thee is s shp s n hw USies ight be wing n sii tends with Hezbhs is

tht Ise is ttepting t tke nt Lebnese gs nd i -she eses.88 Cnepts iness nd eqities e iptnt

t Nth Ke when nsideing Sdnese i pdtin, ndhw evene shd be divided between Nth Sdn nd SthSdn.89 In essene, Pyngyng is nened bt its wn p-

etin pttens with Sth Ke n hw new ines esevesshd be expited, nd is exepied thgh Lebnns dive t

expit its wn she gs eseves in de t bee n enegyexpte90 Zibbwes itent t pess its wn ines

by inding new ses in its egistin.91 Pyngyng s dispys sphistited sense jstie when nsideing US i ptin

steing t se its iity bses in Sth Ke, nd hwit ets the envinent,92 s we s s by Bzi Chev-

n t e en bt its eent i spige its sts.93

Cnseqenty, Nth Ke hs been tis in deveping ene-gy etinships with its neighbs bt hs s stted t nside

new pjets t the egin nd gb eve: jint detin be-tween Pyngyng nd Msw in Jy 2000 speks petin

tht wi tke pe in vis eds sh s et, pwe, tnspt,esty, i, gs nd ight indsties94 whie eent eetings hed s

te s Agst 2011 sggest tht gs pvisin s we s the inking iwy systes wee being wked n.95 An extensive jint en-

egy pge ws s bsteed by the te Ki Jng Is Agst


15/23

VirginieGrzelczyk

155

2011 visit t seve pts Rssi inding F Est egins ndpts Sibei.96 The x the tks invved Rssis newest gs

pipeine pjet nd whethe it shd be id ss Nth Ke,hene wing Pyngyng ess t gs whie enbing Rssi, ne

the wds gest nt gs pdes, t sppy the Asi-Pi-i egin.97 Hene, Pyngyng hs sggested tht wee the pipeinepjet t g hed, the Six-Pty Tks pess d be ikey psi-

tivey eted.98 I the Six-Pty Tks d estt thgh newnvestin n deneistin the Ken penins, it ight

s be pssibe t devep the Se-Pyngyng dige nd e-tinship t new heights. Indeed, inte-inistei tks hed in 2001pened p disssin n nbe enegy-eted tpis, with n

ephsis n e-inking the Sinij-Se iwys, sppying ee-tiity, s we s disssing the gs pipeine isse,99 nd eventy

sed with n geeent t psitivey pete with eh thet pt the pjet inking the tw pts Ke-Rssi iwys

int ptie nd exine the wk inking gs pipeine.100 Atthe se tie, Nth Ke ppes keen n stengthening Sth-

Sth petin, ing eni nd tehngi p-etin ng deveping nties thgh it is ne whethe nt Pyngyng nsides itse t be pt the deveping wd

t the ent ssistne: se its ent pjets s-pisingy inde the tining speiists in vis eds sh

s gite, siene nd tehngy, wte eses nd inhyd-pwe sttins deveping nties in Asi nd Ai.101

Thgh this intentin petin is pising, h eshd be dne Nth Ke t devep stbe enegy syste,

nd sh ehbiittin wi eqie j integvenent -petin, investent by intentin nni instittins nd

tehngy tnse, ding t Wiis.102

Cocluo: Em Wor or B oa N Kora

Whie it is ndenibe tht enegy is Nth Kes eny piynestne, Pyngyngs ets t edevep its enegy pdtinpities e vey iited when ped t the nt et,

investent, nd penness t intentin petin pete

ehbiittin the Nth Ken enegy syste wd enti.


16/23

j1/2012

156

Despite this iptnt shting, nysing Nth Kes en-egy heti sine the te 1990s yieds spising ests bt the

degee sphistitin Nth Ke shws, espeiy in egdst Pyngyngs gwing ndestnding nd intetin with the

intentin syste. As sh, the nty hs ephsised its gen-e pph twd pdtin whie t the se tie devingint titde tpis eted t enegy devepent. Ove

heti is theee tited nd the Deti PepesRepbi Kes bd enegy piies nd devepent whih

indes its gene ppgnd n pdtin s we s its tetgets, nd the eebtin iestnes sh s ipveentsin enegy pdtin s we s new tehni pwess. Ove the

pst ew yes, new tends hve s deveped nd hve swystted t epe ppgnd nd hieveents: Nth Ke hs

stted t shwse its eses, pehps with the view t pvide stnge ige its pdtin s we s t ttt ptenti

bsinesses. Hene, ese-eted ties pbiise existing e-ni nd devepent es nd highight ent ndegndese pspetin pjets. Cnsttin new enegy pnts

hve s been shwsed espeiy eenty, with n ephsis nbth new issined nits s we s te investents. The

st tegy tht hs eenty stted t eege Nth Kesenggeent in vis pjets is the spising ne given the

ntys dit eni nditins nd iited enggeentwith the intentin nity: whie new heti n hw tdevep new wys pding enegy t hepe st is nde-

stndby nen t Pyngyng, its new itents t in-tentin envinent stndds nd its ppent wk twd

sstinbe devepent is the nexpeted.

Hw h edit n be given t this disse, espeiy giventhe t tht the Ken Cent News Ageny is ntis itsdiy nd sstined nti-Aein heti nd gene ggessivestnes tht e nything bt nsttive? The qestin hw

Pyngyng is t pty itse thgh its ny news tet isent, nd hs dieent ipitins dieent ts. Indeed,

when it es t the Nth Ken pptin, st the tiesi t nting nd infening Nth Ken itizens peep-

tin thei wn nty s we s the wd. As sh, desti

ets e ded, whie the intentin envinent is desibed


17/23


157

s pe whee Nth Ke hs hist etinships, nd wheeNth Kes tditin eneies e nt wys ing we. F

the intentin ede, be they yen expet, the KCNA ene-gy-sed ties e depte nnsttive heti

ented n d nisities between Nth Ke nd the UnitedSttes Jpn. It s highights the t tht Pyngyng is nt indeni bt the need t edevep its enegy syste, nd tht even

thgh se-eine is pised nd ved, the intentin envi-nent ight pvide n nswe t Nth Ken pights. I it is

t give eni dvntges, it n t est be sed s jstitin Nth Ke t pse spei piies, nd s wy t shw itspptin it is t the ent siene when deveping new

types enegy tht e s being ipeented nd the wd.Ove, the nysis shws tht Nth Ke is tying t pdte

its enegy netwk syste, nd hs s dne s in etivey inde-pendent wy, even thgh Chin hs been investing int Nth K-

en instte.103 Cd Nth Ke swy ehbiitte itsethgh its stne n enegy, nd its ptiiptin in seve inte-

ntin pjets? Cd Nth Ke even be seen s esnbestkehde? Se hve ged tht Nth Ke nw hs estb-ished i etins with ney gvenents in Epe nd

Asi, been ditted t the ARF, nd eeived sbstnti d ndenegy ssistne the KEDO ebes.104 In this sense, tking

bt the envinent nd the nept sstinbiity is n-vestin Nth Ke n tke pt in witht being stigted

nw inhn behvi, s ng s this des nt invve n-e enegy. Bt bese the nte the Nth Ken egie

nd hw the nty hs been ndestd s ge stte by nyin the itete, thee e vey ew venes et Pyngyng t

intet with the intentin syste.105

Theee, i Nth Kewnts t hd nvestin with in pwes sh s Jpn the US, it wi be ed t hnge se its behvis in ight

sntins nd intentin pesse. Eventy, Nth Kesinteest in enegy nd espeiy envinent isses sstin-

biity ight ed t e within the Nth Ke siety, with hybid syste in whih the stte pvides bsi sppy igds nd eves the distibtin the eining vibe tpt

t ee kets.106 In the entie thgh, Nth Kes s

n deveping new wys t bee enegy-sstinbe shd be


18/23

j1/2012

158

nted by the intentin nity, nd shd s bing bt e nsttive ndestnding Nth Ke nt jst s n

Axis Evi, bt s nty tht shd be heped t pen p stht investents n benet thse wh need it the st, nd wh

e tenties gtten: the Nth Ken ndepivieged pp-tin tht hs given its t sppt syste tht is nsstinbei it eins sed p. With Ki Jng Un eenty being the

new Nth Ke ede, it wi be i t nit Nth K-es ndestnding the enegy set even the ny sign

pening.

Vr Grlc is ited t the Deptent In-

tentin Retins t Nttingh Tent Univesity nd y beehed t: [email protected]

No o Pa 141-15 7

1 Be Cings (2003), North Korea: Another Country, New Yk: W.W.

Ntn; Dn Obede (2002), The Two Koreas, Bsi Bks.

2 See Ntis Institte t: (essed 10

Mh 2012).

3 See Vit nd Dvid C. Kng (2003), Nuclear North Korea: A Debate onEngagement Strategies, New Yk: Cbi UP; Jng-Hn Lee nd

Chng-In Mn (2003) , The Nth Ken Ne Cisis Revisited:

The Cse Negtited Setteent, Security Dialogue 34:22; Jegen

Keine (2005), The Bsh Adinisttin nd the Ne Chenges

by Nth Ke, Diplomacy & Statecraft16:2; Gibet Rzn (2007),

The Nth Ken Ne Cisis nd US Sttegy in Nthest Asi,

Asian Survey47:4; Viginie Gzezyk (2009), Six-Pty Tks nd Ne-

gtitin Sttegy: When D We Get Thee?, International Negotiation

14:1.4 See Sngw Ki (1993), Reent Eni Piies Nth Ke:

Anysis nd Reendtins,Asian survey33:9; Jes H Wiis,

Dvid Vn Hippe nd Pete Hyes (2000), Fuel and Famine: Rural En-

ergy Crisis in the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea, L J, CA: In-

stitte n Gb Cnfit nd Cpetin, Univesity Cini;

Dvid Vn Hippe (2011), Tnsing the DPRK thgh Enegy

Set Devepent, in 38 North: An Online Journal of North Korean

Aairs.

5 Me Gtv (2002), Cn Seity in Nth Ke: Qest

New Pdig in Inte-Ken Retins,Asian Survey42:3.


19/23

VirginieGrzelczyk

159

6 Gdn L. Fke nd Stt Snyde (eds) (2003), Paved with Good Inten-

tions: The NGO Experience in North Korea, Westpt, CT: Pege Pb-

ishes.

7 Rihd Lee Aitge (1999),A Comprehensive Approach to North Korea,

Institte Ntin Sttegi Stdies: Ntin Deense Univesity.8 KCNA, Pesident Ki I Sngs Desie Ces Te, 26 Mh 2009.

9 KCNA, Stte bdget 1998 nd n stte bdget 1999, 07 Api

1999.

10 KCNA, Mhine-Biding Indsty Ke, 21 Feby 2003.

11 KCNA, Spee Cnde Ki Jng I Inspets KPA Unit, 04 Feb-

y 2004.

12 KCNA, Ki Jng I Visits Thehn Gene Hyd-Eeti Pwe

Pnt, 19 Jny 1999.

13 KCNA, Ntin Ebe nd Fg DPRK, 07 Septebe 1998.

14 KCNA, Jint Sgns CC nd CMC WPK Issed, 02 Jy 2005.

15 KCNA, New Bks nd CDs Pded, 06 Mh 2009.

16 KCNA, Ki Jng I Sends Atgph t Ministy Ois, 19 Feby

1999.

17 Kngdn Oh nd Rph Hssig (1999), Nth Ke between Cpse

nd Re,Asian Survey39:2, p.297.

18 KCNA, KCNA Hds US Fy Antbe Lss Eetiity in

DPRK, 19 Agst 2002.

19 KCNA, KCNA Detied Rept n Cistnes DPRKs With-

dw NPT, 30 Jny 2003.

20 KCNA, US Shd Tke Pti Steps As Sn As Pssibe, 08 My

1995.

21 Aitge (1999), p. 6.

22 Mk E. Mnyin nd My Beth Nikitin (2012), Feign Assistne t

Nth Ke, Cngessin Reseh Sevie, Liby Cngess,

vibe t: (essed

10 Mh 2012).

23 KCNA, Spkesn DPRK Feign Ministy n Cpenstin

Lss Eetiity, 01 Jy 2000.24 KCNA, 50th Annivesy Ke-Chin Hyd-Eeti Pwe C-

pny Obseved, 16 Septebe 2005.

25 F expe, the 51st eeting the bd diets in 1998, es-

tin signed ding the 52nd eeting in Beijing in 1999, nd the hding

bnqet t the Mnsde Asseby H in 2005 t eebte the

pnys 50th nnivesy.

26 Je Che Ki (2006), The Piti Eny Chinese Investent

in Nth Ke: A Peiiny Assessent,Asian Survey46:6.


20/23

j1/2012

160

27 Ji J- A. Lee (2009), T Fe Nt t Fe: Chins Enegy Assist-

ne t Nth Ke,Asian Security5:1.

28 Gete Ten Inititive, vibe t (essed 10 Mh 2012).

29 Ming Li (2003), Chin nd the Nth Ken Cisis: Fing Test ndTnsitin, Pacic Aairs 76.

30 Ki (2006), p. 915.

31 KCNA, Sesses Ahieved t Beginning this Ye, 20 Jny 1999.

32 Vn Hippe (2011).

33 KCNA, Cpign Enising Eeti Pwe Stepped Up, 02 De-

ebe 2006.

34 KCNA, Enegy Deveped nde Lng-te Pn, 06 Feby 2007.

35 KCNA, Sientists Big She in Updting Eny, 10 Mh 2007.

36 Meedith Jng-en W (2006), Nth Ke in 2005: Mxiising P-

it t Sve Siis,Asian Survey46:1.

37 KCNA, Investent in Eeti Pwe Indsty Anny Ineses,

24 My 1999.

38 Ihk-Py Hng (2002), A Shit Twd Cpitis? Reent Eni

Res in Nth Ke, East Asian Review14:4.

39 KCNA, 130 Hyd-Pwe Sttins Cnstted, Me Min Pwe

Sttins Cpeted in Ke, Cnsttin Min Pwe Sttins,

Mny Hydeeti Pwe Sttins Bit, 09 Api 1998.

40 KCNA, Cnsttin Hydeeti Pwe Sttins Chnges Lks

Cnty, 06 Mh 2009.

41 KCNA, C Gs Pwe Pnt Cissined, 08 Septebe 1999.

42 KCNA, Sesses in Gegi Svey, 25 Jny 2002.

43 KCNA, New Gegi Pspeting Tehngy Deveped, 29 My

2006.

44 KCNA, Steite Dt Pessing Tehngy Peeted in Ke,

01 Mh 2000.

45 KCNA, Sienti nd Tehni Innvtins Intded in Pd-

tin, 25 Septebe 2003.

46 KCNA, Hyd-etegi Reseh Wk Ative, 24 Mh 2010.47 Wiis (et ) (2000).

48 KCNA, R Viges Chnge Lks, 04 Nvebe 2011.

49 KCNA, Mti-Fntin S Geenhses Bit in Vis Pes,

24 Feby 2011.

50 KCNA, Sienti nd Tehngi Pesenttin n Nt Enegies

Hed, 22 Septebe 2006.

51 KCNA, Wste Het Resing Tehngy Deveped, 07 Nvebe

2009.


21/23


161

52 KCNA, Ki Jng Is Ledeship Ges in Sessin A Ye Lng,

24 Deebe 2009.

53 KCNA, Ki Jng I Pvides Fied Gidne t S, 25 Septebe

2011.

54 Vn Hippe (2011), p. 4.55 KCNA, Chins Dive t Sve Enegy Beijing, 22 Mh 2010.

56 KCNA, Rssi Speeds Up Devepent nd Mdenistin F Est

Regin, 26 Agst 2011.

57 KCNA, Venezen Gvt t Pte Rtin Use Eetiity,

17 Mh 2011.

58 KCNA, Fist Enegy Sving Hse Bit in Cb, 31 My 2011.

59 KCNA, Pn Bids Me Hydpwe Pnts, 02 Jy 2011.

60 KCNA, In Lnhes Fist Nt Gs Resevi, 19 My 2011.

61 E Chnett-Avey (2005), Rising Enegy Cpetitin nd Enegy

Seity in Nthest Asi: Isses US Piy, Cngessin In-

tin Sevie, Liby Cngess, vibe t (essed 10 Mh 2012).

62 KCNA, S Pwe Pnt Bit in Spin, 24 Agst 2011.

63 KCNA, Indnesi Pns t Bid S Ce Pwe Genets, 16 My

2011.

64 Vn Hippe (2011).

65 KCNA, Cbdi Cs Cping with Fd nd Enegy, 29 Septe-

be 2011.

66 KCNA, Indnesi t Bst Renewbe Enegy Sppy, 17 Jy 2011.

67 KCNA, Sth Ai t Reve New Cite Chnge Pn, 15 Otbe

2011.

68 KCNA, DPRK Deegte n Devepent Renewbe Enegy, 10 N-

vebe 2011.

69 KCNA, Intentin Wkshp n Envinent Hed, 26 Nvebe

2005.

70 KCNA, DPRK Stives t Rede Leves Geenhse Gses, 23 Api

2007.

71 KCNA, Hed DPRK Deegtin n Sstinbe Eni nd SiDevepent in Asi-Pi, 05 My 2005.

72 KCNA, DPRKs Envinent Lw Sppeented with New Aties,

18 Agst 2011.

73 KCNA, Rivy Ati Sebed Reses, 10 Jne 2008.

74 KCNA, Chins Sebed Exptin Appved: FM Spkesn, 09 A-

gst 2011.

75 KCNA, New Nt Gs Fied Disveed in Mexi, 01 Jne 2011.

76 KCNA, Mend DPRK Feign Ministy, 04 Mh 2005.


22/23

j1/2012

162

77 KCNA, Cbn Expets Reitete Use Ne Enegy Pee

Ppses, 18 Mh 2011.

78 KCNA, Pee Ne Pjets ndewy in Ltin Aei, 27 My

2011.

79 KCNA, In Nt t Stp Ne Pge, 23 Nvebe 2011.80 KCNA, Rssi Cies Its Stnd t Cntine Using Ne Enegy,

31 My 2011; Wd Tend Deveping Ne Enegy, 09 Otbe

2011.

81 KCNA, US Enegy Pies p 2.3 pt in Septebe, 21 Feby 2011.

82 KCNA, Enegy Pies Up in Geny 14 Agst 2011.

83 KCNA, Chinese Pesident Cs Stbiising Wd Cdity

Pies, 07 Nvebe 2011.

84 KCNA, Jpns Enegy Dipy Debnked, 17 My 2005.

85 KCNA, Jpns Abitin t Gb Tk Iset Bsted, 12 Mh 2005.

86 KCNA, Jpns Enegy Dipy Debnked, 17 My 2007.

87 KCNA, Intentin Sittin te Septebe 11 Inident Reviewed,

19 Septebe 2002.

88 KCNA, Hezbh Chie Ases Ise ginst Expiting Lebnns

Oshe Reses, 31 Jy 2011.

89 KCNA, Reent Sittin in Sdn Ases Cnen, 30 Agst 2011.

90 KCNA, Lebnese Pesident Lnhes Anti-Pvety Pge,

20 Otbe 2011.

91 KCNA, Zibbwe Res Its Citent t Mine Pessing,

15 Nvebe 2011.

92 KCNA, Oi Otfw US Miity Bse in S. Ke, 13 Mh 2003.

93 KCNA, Bzi Pesses US Enegy Cpny t Expin bt Oi Spi,

23 Nvebe 2011.

94 KCNA, DPRK-Rssi Jint Detin Reesed, 20 Jy 2000.

95 KCNA, Tks Hed between Tp Ledes DPRK nd Rssi, 24 A-

gst 2011.

96 KCNA, Ki Jng I Visits A Regin Rssin Fedetin, 21 A-

gst 2011.

97 KCNA, Rssi-DPRK Jint Enegy Pg, 31 Agst 2011.98 KCNA, Rssi-DPRK Cpetin Bids Bidge Tst in Nthest

Asi: Rdi, 18 Otbe 2011.

99 KCNA, Inte-Ken Ministei Tks Open, 16 Septebe 2001.

100 KCNA, 5th Nth-Sth Ministei Tks Cse, 18 Septebe 2001.

101 KCNA, DPRK Cs Bsting Sth-Sth Cpetin, 16 N-

vebe 2005.

102 Wiis (et ) (2000), p. 2.

103 Lee (2009).

104 Gtv (2002), p. 413.


23/23

VirginieGrzelczyk

163

105 See Stt Snyde (1999), Negotiating on The Edge: North Korean Ne-

gotiating Behavior, United Sttes Insitte Pee Pess; Ths H.

Heniksen (1999), Using Pwe nd Dipy T De With Rge

Sttes, Wshingtn DC: Hve Instittin; Chk Dwns (1999),

Over The Line: North Koreas Negotiating Strategy,Wshingtn DC: AEIPess; Rbet S. Litwk (2000), Rogue States and US Foreign Policy: Con-

tainment After the Cold War,Wshingtn DC: Wdw Wisn Cente

Pess; Wii C. Tipett (2004), Rogue State: How a Nuclear North Ko-

rea Threatens America,Wshingtn DC: Regney Pbishing.

106 Redige Fnk (2005), Eni Res in Nth Ke (1998-

2004): Systei Restitins, Qntittive Anysis, Idegi Bk-

gnd,Journal of the Asia Pacic Economy10:3, p. 305.

Uncovering North Korea’s Energy Security Dilemma

Documents

Transcript of Uncovering North Korea’s Energy Security Dilemma