time for everyonethe origins, evolution, and future of public time

7–9 November 2013

A conference to explore the many facets of time from its origins in the natural cycles of astronomy through the history of how we found it, measured it, and now keep it today.

7–9 November 2013

California Institute of Technology and Hilton Pasadena

Pasadena, California

Contents

symposium organizers 2

symposium sponsors 3

speakersWilliam J. H. Andrewes 4Chris Bailey 5Jonathan Betts 6Jed Z. Buchwald 7Sean Carroll 8Geoff Chester 9Jim Cipra 10Tracy Dennison 11David Eagleman 12Mostyn Gale 13E. C. Krupp 14

Program 15

Chris McKay 20James Nye 21Thomas O’Brian 22William D. Phillips 23David Rooney 24Lynn Rothschild 25Donald Saff 26Dava Sobel 27John C. Taylor 28Anthony Turner 29

Majestic time exhibition 30

Reception and Horological Information exchange 32

Map 33

The 2013 NAWCC Ward Francillon Time Symposium

time for everyonethe origins, evolution, and future of public time

and

majestic timeA special exhibition to commemorate the 300th anniversary of the death of the eminent and ingenious clockmaker Thomas Tompion (1639–1713)

Cover image: Detail of the dial of Big Ben

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syMPosIuM oRganIzeRs

executive CommitteeMostyn Gale, Symposium ChairmanJim Cipra, Chairman, NAWCC Symposium CommitteeWilliam J. H. Andrewes

FundraisingWilliam J. H. AndrewesJim CipraBob LinkenhokerJohn SymiczekJack Goldberg Frank Del Greco

ProgramWilliam J. H. AndrewesJim CipraMostyn GaleJed BuchwaldDava SobelBruce Chandler

speaker LiaisonKimberly Emswiler,

asst. to Dr. PhillipsSeán Judge, asst. to

Dr. Eagleman

treasurerMike SchmidtMostyn GaleJim Cipra

exhibitionWilliam J. H. AndrewesKaren MasseyJake SippyJeff JensonJim CipraMostyn GaleSteve PitkinJohn ShallcrossJon SudtellErnie Jenson

RegistrationBob LinkenhokerMostyn Gale

Information exchangeFortunat Mueller-Maerki

Publicity & articlesBob FrishmanBob McClellandJohn ReardonTom BenskyFortunat Mueller-MaerkiDiana De Lucca Steve HumphreyMeehna Goldsmith

transportationGene Goldstein

Hotel arrangementsJim CipraJim GilmoreEric ChungJanet BabbMargaret McVey ThomasMostyn GaleGeorge KozakarKrissy Wong

CateringAimee PerezShellie RodriguezScott Robbins

Design & WebsitePamela GeismarGeorge PleskoWilliam J. H. AndrewesMostyn GaleDon Saff Richard Stenning Stacy PermanCatherine Andrewes

editingPeggy LiversidgeWilliam J. H. AndrewesBruce ChandlerClare VincentCatherine Andrewes

syMPosIuM sPonsoRs

The kindness and generosity of the following individuals and organizations have made this symposium possible

FoundersAnonymous Private DonorJohn C. Taylor

sponsorsDavid P. Wheatland Charitable TrustThe Widgeon Point Charitable FoundationNational Association of Watch and Clock

Collectors (NAWCC)

PatronsBonhams Clocks and Watches DepartmentsCarter-Wright Ltd, UKChristie’s Watch DepartmentSkinner Inc. Boston, Dept. of Clocks, Watches

and Scientific InstrumentsSotheby’s Watches

BenefactorsR. O. Schmitt Fine Arts, LLC

DonorsAntiquarian Horological Society (AHS), USA SectionNAWCC Chapter 69, Orange County; Chapter 75,

San Fernando Valley

supportersTimesaversSharmila Bertin, The Watches MagazineBertram Kalisher, ChronosNAWCC Chapter 56, Los Angeles; Chapter 136,

Palomar; Chapter 159, British Horology; Chapter 81, Inland Counties; Chapter 190, Ventura and Santa Barbara County

Roger GendronDean Armentrout Antique ClocksBob Frishman, Bell-Time ClocksCharles Frodsham & Co. Victor KochaverMerritt’s

ContributorsNAWCC Chapter 50, Puget Sound; Chapter 161,

Horological ScienceDana and Roberta McDownMostyn GaleDoug Cowan

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WILLIaM J. H. anDReWes

Will Andrewes was born in London and trained as a clockmaker, working under the guidance of George Daniels, Martin Burgess, and others, and as a designer, graduating in three-dimensional design from Kingston College of Art in 1972. He became one of the first recipients of the British Crafts Advisory Committee Award in 1973 and was elected a Freeman of the Worshipful Company of Clockmakers in 1977. Specializing in the field of time measurement for four decades, he worked at Eton College (1973–1977), the Old Royal Observatory, Greenwich (1974–1977), The Time Museum (1977–1987), and Harvard University, where he was the David P. Wheatland Curator of the Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments (1987–1999). He organized the Longitude Symposium (1993), edited The Quest for Longitude (1996), and was co-author with Dava Sobel of The Illustrated Longitude (1998). In 2001, he organized the exhibition The Art of the Timekeeper at the Frick Collection in New York. He was awarded the Clockmakers’ Company’s Harrison Gold Medal in 2007.

Andrewes lives in Concord, Massachusetts, where, in addition to consulting with museums and private collectors, he designs and makes a unique form of sundial called the Longitude Dial for which he has been granted three patents. Feature articles about this work have appeared in the Patek Philippe Magazine, Smithsonian Magazine, and other periodicals.

19:10 Thursday 7 November, James Arthur LectureThe Time of Our Lives

CHRIs BaILey

Chris H. Bailey has been a collector and student of clocks and watches since 1959. In 1972 he became Curator of the American Clock & Watch Museum in Bristol, Connecticut. During his career he documented many American clock and watch firm histories and lectured extensively on them. He has authored over 40 articles and the book Two Hundred Years of American Clocks & Watches (1975) and has co-authored American Clocks & Clockmakers (2000, 2nd edition 2011) and Fifty Years of Time: The First 50 Years of the American Clock & Watch Museum (2009). He has served as a National Association of Watch and Clock Collectors Director, authored two NAWCC supplements, and is a Fellow, Star Fellow, and recipient of their James W. Gibbs Literary Award. He has also been a consultant for many museums and collections. He retired in 2010 and now lives in central Florida.

10:45 Saturday 9 NovemberAffordable Time: America’s Contribution

Fragment of the Antikythera mechanism, c. 87 bc

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JeD z. BuCHWaLD

Jed Z. Buchwald received his B.A. at Princeton University in 1971 and his Ph.D. at Harvard in 1974. He then taught history of science at the University of Toronto until 1992, when he left for MIT, where he was Dibner Professor and Director of the Dibner Institute for the History of Science and Technology. In 2001 he joined Caltech as Dreyfuss Professor of History. He is the author of five books in the history of science and editor of eight others. He co-edits the journal Archive for History of Exact Sciences and edits three book series (Archimedes and Sources and Studies in Mathematics and the Physical Sciences for Springer Verlag; Transformations for MIT Press). His most recent book, co-authored with his Caltech colleague Mordechai Feingold, is Isaac Newton and the Origin of Civilization (2012). In 1995 Buchwald was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2011 and is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

14:00 Saturday 9 NovemberThe Taming of Time

JonatHan Betts

Jonathan Betts was born in Suffolk, England, in 1955 and studied for the British Horological Institute’s examinations in Technical Horol ogy at Hackney College, London between 1972 and 1974. He then spent five years in business on his own account as a freelance antique clock restorer, and in 1979 was appointed Senior Conservation Officer (Horology) at the National Maritime Museum (now Royal Museums Greenwich, RMG). He has been Senior Curator of Horology there since 2000.

In his own time he has, since 1980, been Horo-logical Adviser to the National Trust of Great Britain and several other notable horological collections. He is a Council Member of the Antiquarian Horological Society, a vice president of the BHI, and will be Master of the Clockmakers’ Company in 2014.

Apart from many articles in the horological press, publications include the small book Harrison (1993, new edition 2011) and Time Restored (2006), the biography of the great horologist and polymath Lt. Cdr. Rupert T. Gould (1890–1948). He has just completed a catalogue of the collection of marine chrono-meters at the RMG.

In 1989 he was awarded the National Maritime Museum’s Callender Award, in 2002 the Clockmakers’ Company’s Harrison Gold Medal, in 2008 the BHI Barrett Silver Medal, and in 2012 an MBE in the Queen’s Jubilee honours “For Services to Horology.” He lives in Greenwich.

15:30 Friday 8 NovemberPrecision Crunching, 1650–1900: Measuring Time Accurately over 250 Years

Watch movement drawing by John Harrison, 1772

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sean CaRRoLL

Sean Carroll is a theoretical physicist at the California Institute of Technology. He received his Ph.D. in 1993 from Harvard University. His research focuses on theoretical physics and cosmology, especially the origin and constituents of the universe. He has made major contributions to the theory of interactions between dark matter, dark energy, and ordinary matter; alternative theories of gravity; and violations of fundamental symmetries. Carroll is the author of From Eternity to Here: The Quest for the Ultimate Theory of Time (2010) and Spacetime and Geometry: An Introduction to General Relativity (2003). He has been awarded fellowships by the Sloan Foundation, the Packard Foundation, and the American Physical Society.

09:15 Friday 8 NovemberThe Origin of the Universe and the Arrow of Time

geoFF CHesteR

Geoff Chester is the Public Affairs Officer for the United States Naval Observatory in Washington, D.C. As such he serves as the spokesperson for the Observatory and its complex mission, relating the institution’s work and 180-year heritage to the general public as well as government and military leaders. Prior to joining the Observatory in 1997 he worked for 19 years at the Smithsonian Institution’s Albert Einstein Planetarium in positions that ranged from Visual Effects Producer to Staff Astronomer. He has written numerous articles for popular astronomical magazines such as Astronomy, Sky & Telescope, and Star Date and has served as a consultant for Time-Life Books, the National Geographic Society, Addison-Wesley Publishers, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He has appeared on The Today Show, the NBC Nightly News, CNN, MSNBC, and Al-Jazeera and is a frequent guest on many of Washington’s broadcast news outlets.

11:30 Saturday 9 NovemberThe Standardizing of Civil Time

Instruments of time, French manuscript, c. 1485

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tRaCy DennIson

Tracy Dennison is Professor of Social Science History at the California Institute of Technology. Her research focuses on institutions and economic development in the past, especially in eastern Europe. Her book, The Institutional Framework of Russian Serfdom, was published in 2011 by Cambridge University Press.

09:15 Saturday 9 NovemberTime and the Early Modern Economy

JIM CIPRa

Jim Cipra discovered horology in his grandaunt’s basement at the advanced age of 14 years and has never looked back. He avidly pursued his horological odyssey after he graduated pharmacy school in 1966. In 1977 he left pharmacy to start a tool and die shop, which he co-owned and managed until 1999. Over those years, he continued to broaden his horological horizons, investigating mechanically unusual and technically elegant pieces worldwide. In 2000 Cipra began to catalog, consult, and advise for horological auction houses, insurance companies, museums, and private collections. He became a member of the National Association of Watch and Clock Collectors in 1968 and the Antiquarian Horological Society in 1973. Horological education became his passion, and he brought speakers from around the world to make presentations at local, regional, and national events. He personally has made several presentations on diverse horological subjects. He served as the AHS USA Section Vice-President in charge of programs and education for six years, President of the USA Section for the last 12 years, and co-leader of seven USA Section International Study Tours since 2000. He currently serves as the Chairman of the NAWCC Ward Francillon Time Symposium Committee.

19:00 Thursday 7 November History and Background of the James Arthur Lecture

Tycho Brahe in his observatory, 1587

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DavID eagLeMan

David Eagleman is a neuroscientist, New York Times bestselling author, and Guggenheim Fellow who holds joint appointments in the Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas. His areas of research include time perception, vision, synesthesia, and the intersection of neuroscience with the legal system. He directs the Laboratory for Perception and Action and is the Founder and Director of Baylor College of Medicine’s Initiative on Neuroscience and Law. Eagleman has written several neuroscience books, including Incognito: The Secret Lives of the Brain (2012), Wednesday is Indigo Blue: Discovering the Brain of Synesthesia (2009), and the upcoming Live-Wired: How the Brain Rewrites its own Circuitry. He has also written an internationally bestselling book of literary fiction, Sum (2010), which has been translated into 27 languages and was named a Best Book of the Year by Barnes and Noble, New Scientist, and the Chicago Tribune. He has written for The Atlantic, The New York Times, Discover Magazine, Slate, Wired, and New Scientist, appears regularly on National Public Radio and BBC to discuss both science and literature, and has been profiled in The New Yorker.

10:45 Friday 8 NovemberTime and the Brain

Mostyn gaLe

Mostyn Gale earned his B.S.E.E. degree from University of California Santa Barbara. He practiced his engineering at Raytheon in Santa Barbara, developing infrared focal planes, but quickly learned that his best skills were in people and project management and spent the bulk of his career managing engineers. Gale retired from Raytheon in 2012 to spend his time in his horological pursuits. He has been the Courthouse Clock Master for Santa Barbara County since 2006 and completed a full restoration of the 1929 Seth Thomas tower (turret) clock in 2012. He is a member of Chapter 190 of the National Association of Watch and Clock Collectors and of other horological organizations, including the British Horological Institute, Antiquarian Horological Society, and Ameri-can Watchmakers-Clockmakers Insti tute. He earned a Certificate in Appraisal Studies from University of California Irvine in 2011.

09:05 Friday 8 NovemberIntroductory Remarks

Man using a nocturnal, Petrus Apianus, 1545

1514

Hilton Pasadena, International Ballroom

optional additional Programs

14:00 Antiquarian Horological Society, USA Section Annual MeetingChair: Jim Cipra, Chairman, Antiquarian Horological Society USA Section

14:15 “The Evolution of Tower Clock Movements and Their Design over the Past 800 Years”Mark Frank, horological researcher and collector, Chicago, Illinois

15:00 Break

15:30 National Association of Watch and Clock Collectors, Horological Science Chapter 161 MeetingChair: Bob Holmström, President, NAWCC Horological Science Chapter 161

15:35 “Extreme Amateur Timekeeping: From Harrison to Einstein”Tom Van Baak, physicist, mathematician, operating systems software engineer, and precision clock enthusiast, Bellevue, Washington

16:15 Meeting adjourned

syMPosIuM oPenIng

19:00 History and Background of the James Arthur LectureJim Cipra, Chairman, NAWCC Ward Francillon Time Symposium Committee

19:10 James Arthur Lecture: “The Time of Our Lives”William J. H. Andrewes, author, horological consultant, and sundial maker, Concord, Massachusetts

20:00 “Tompion in Context”John C. Taylor, inventor, clockmaker, and horologist, Isle of Man

20:40 Majestic time exhibit Reception Hilton Pasadena, Pasadena RoomSee page 30. Includes refreshments

tHuRsDay, noveMBeR 7

e. C. KRuPP

E. C. Krupp is an astronomer and Director of Griffith Observatory in Los Angeles. He attended Pomona College as an undergraduate majoring in physics/astronomy (B.A., 1966) and received his M.A. (1968) and Ph.D. (1972) in astronomy at UCLA, where he studied the properties of rich clusters of galaxies as a student of Professor George O. Abell. He has also been awarded two honorary Doctor of Science degrees (West Coast University, 1996, and Pomona College, 2011).

Krupp began working at Griffith Observatory in 1970 as a part-time Planetarium Lecturer when he was still in graduate school in astronomy at UCLA. He became a full-time Observatory staff member when he was hired as Curator in 1972, and he has been Director since 1974. He is the author and editor of five books on ancient, prehistoric, and traditional astronomy and has visited more than 1,900 ancient, historic, and prehistoric sites throughout the world. He has also written hundreds of articles for the general reader on astronomy and culture, dozens of research papers, and four children’s books on astronomy. On behalf of public astronomy, he led the recent $93-million restoration, renovation, and expansion of Griffith Observatory, a project he conceived and shepherded through design, fundraising, construction, reactivation, and return to space after a five-year close.

11:30 Friday 8 NovemberRecycling Time

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FRIDay, noveMBeR 8

Beckman Auditorium, California Institute of Technology

08:00 Registration desk opens

09:00 Welcome Address

09:05 Introductory RemarksMostyn Gale, Chairman, 2013 NAWCC Ward Francillon Time Symposium

sessIon I: FInDIng tIMe

Chair: Sean Carroll, Senior Research Associate in Physics, Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology

09:15 “The Origin of the Universe and the Arrow of Time”Sean Carroll, Senior Research Associate in Physics, Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology

09:30 “The Meaning of Time in Biology”Lynn Rothschild, Evolutionary Biologist/Astrobiologist, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California; Consulting Professor, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California; and Adjunct Professor, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island

10:15 Break and refreshments

10:45 “Time and the Brain”David Eagleman, Professor of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas

11:30 “Recycling Time”E. C. Krupp, Astronomer and Director, Griffith Observatory, Los Angeles, California

12:15 Panel discussion

12:30 Lunch (Sandwiches/soft drinks provided around the perimeter of the Beckman Auditorium)

sessIon II: KeePIng tIMe

Chair: Dava Sobel, author, East Hampton, New York

14:00 “The Bell and the Clock: The Need for Public Time”Dava Sobel, author, East Hampton, New York

14:15 “From Sun and Water to Weights: Public Time Devices from Antiquity to c. 1650”Anthony Turner, author and historian of scientific instruments, Le Mesnil-Le-Roy, France

15:00 Break and refreshments

15:30 “Precision Crunching, 1650–1900: Measuring Time Accurately over 250 Years”Jonathan Betts, Senior Curator of Horology, Royal Museums Greenwich, London, U.K.

16:15 “Bond Time: Pendulum, Spring, and Wire”Donald Saff, art historian, artist, and author, Oxford, Maryland

17:00 Panel discussion

17:15 Break for dinner

19:30– Reception and Horological Information 23:00 exchange Hilton Pasadena, International Ballroom See page 32. Includes refreshments

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satuRDay, noveMBeR 9

Beckman Auditorium, California Institute of Technology

sessIon III: CHangIng tIMe

Chair: Tracy Dennison, Professor of Social Science History, California Institute of Technology

09:15 “Time and the Early Modern Economy”Tracy Dennison, Professor of Social Science History, California Institute of Technology

09:30 “The Great Age of the Tower Clock”Chris McKay, author and specialist in turret clocks, Wimborne, Dorset, U.K.

10:15 Break and refreshments

10:45 “Affordable Time: America’s Contribution”Chris H. Bailey, former Curator, American Clock & Watch Museum, Bristol, Connecticut

11:30 “The Standardizing of Civil Time”Geoff Chester, Public Affairs Officer, U.S. Naval Observatory, Washington, D.C.

12:15 Panel discussion

12:30 Lunch (Sandwiches/soft drinks provided around the perimeter of the Beckman Auditorium)

sessIon Iv: usIng tIMe

Chair: Jed Z. Buchwald, Doris and Henry Dreyfuss Professor of History, California Institute of Technology

14:00 “The Taming of Time”Jed Z. Buchwald, Doris and Henry Dreyfuss Professor of History, California Institute of Technology

14:15 “From Bain to Shortt: Electrical Timekeeping, 1840–1940”James Nye, Visiting Fellow, Institute of Contemporary British History, King’s College London, and Council Member and Secretary, Electrical Timekeeping Group of the Antiquarian Horological Society, U.K.

15:00 Break and refreshments

15:30 “The Quartz Revolution: Quartz Clocks and the Public in Britain, 1930–60”David Rooney, Curator of Time, Navigation and Transport, Science Museum, London, and former Curator of Timekeeping, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, U.K.

16:15 “Atomic Clock: Does Anyone Really Know What Time It Is?”Thomas O’Brian, Chief, Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado

17:00 Panel discussion

19:15 Hors d’oeuvres and beverages (cash bar) Hilton Pasadena, International Ballroom

20:00 Banquet (black tie optional) Keynote address: “Time, Einstein, and the Coolest Stuff in the Universe”William D. Phillips, Nobel Laureate, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland

Santa Barbara County Courthouse, Santa Barbara, CA

optional additional Programs

12:00– Tours of the magnificent courthouse and the 16:00 recently completed Bisno Schall Clock Gallery

17:00 “Three Faces of Clockwork”David Bisno, lifelong learning educator, clock & watch enthusiast, retired ophthalmologist

17:15 “The Antikythera Mechanism”Len Berggren, Prof. Em. of Mathematics, Simon Fraser University, British Columbia, Canada

17:45 “Clocks on Canvas”Bob Frishman, founder and owner of Bell-Time Clocks, Andover, Massachusetts

18:15 “A Grand Complication”Stacy Perman, award-winning journalist and bestselling author

sunDay, noveMBeR 10

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JaMes nye

James Nye first learned clock repair as a teenager at school in Sussex, England, and was put in charge of its Gent master clock system. With a first degree in theology from Balliol College, Oxford, he pursued a career in finance and commerce in the City of London. More recently, he completed a Ph.D. in financial history at King’s College London, to complement a long-term interest in the history and financing of technology, particularly in the field of timekeeping. He is a Council Member of the Antiquarian Horological Society and Secretary of its Electrical Timekeeping Group. Other clock-related affiliations include a life membership in the National Association of Watch and Clock Collectors and membership in the British Horological Institute in the U.K., the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Chronometrie in Germany, and Chronometrophilia in Switzerland. For publications, etc., see http://tinyurl.com/nye-pubs.

14:15 Saturday 9 NovemberFrom Bain to Shortt: Electrical Timekeeping, 1840–1940

CHRIs MCKay

Chris McKay was formerly a chartered electronic engineer who worked in many roles from field service through design and development to sales and marketing. After being made redundant he turned to teaching in secondary schools, where he took on a roving life teaching in all sorts of schools from one under special measures to a leading prep school.

When he was only nineteen McKay worked on his first tower clock and since then he has completed many restoration projects. He is often involved in advising churches and heritage buildings on tower clock maintenance, repair, restoration, and conservation.

As an author McKay has produced facsimilies and histories of various manufacturers. His book The Turret Clock Keeper’s Handbook (1998) is available on the Internet for free and gives practical advice to those who look after such clocks. In 2010 his book Big Ben: The Great Clock and Bells at the Palace of Westminster was published. Reviews have acclaimed this book as the definitive history of Britain’s iconic clock tower.

09:30 Saturday 9 NovemberThe Great Age of the Tower Clock

John Flamsteed’s specification drawing for his degree clock, 1691

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WILLIaM D. PHILLIPs

William D. Phillips was born in 1948 in Wilkes- Barre, Pennsylvania. He received a B.S. in physics from Juniata College in 1970 and a Ph.D. from MIT in 1976. After two years as a Chaim Weizmann postdoctoral fellow at MIT, he joined the staff of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST; then the National Bureau of Standards) in 1978. He is currently the leader of the Laser Cooling and Trapping Group of NIST’s Physical Measure-ment Laboratory, and a Distinguished Univer-sity Professor at the University of Maryland. He is a Fellow of the Joint Quantum Institute (JQI), a cooperative research venture of NIST and the University of Maryland that is devoted to the study of quantum coherent phenomena. At the JQI he is the co-director of an NSF-funded Physics Frontier Center focusing on quantum phenomena that span different subfields of physics.

The research group led by Phillips devel-oped some of the main techniques used for laser-cooling and cold-atom experiments in laboratories around the world. Today the group pursues research on a variety of topics related to ultracold atomic gases.

Phillips is a Fellow of the American Physical Society and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He is a Fellow and honorary member of the Optical Society of America and a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. In 1997, he shared the Nobel Prize in Physics “for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light.”

Banquet, Saturday 9 November, Keynote AddressTime, Einstein, and the Coolest Stuff in the Universe

tHoMas o’BRIan

Thomas O’Brian is Chief of the Time and Frequency Division of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in Boulder, Colorado, which serves as the nation’s official timekeeper, operates several of the world’s most accurate atomic clocks, and performs research to develop new atomic clocks and re-lated technologies. In addition to official U.S. time, NIST provides a broad range of mea-surement, standards, and research that enable innovation and technology development. NIST scientists have won three Nobel Physics prizes in areas closely related to research on atomic clocks. O’Brian received his Ph.D. in physics from the University of Wisconsin and has worked in various research and leadership positions at NIST since 1991.

16:15 Saturday 9 NovemberAtomic Clock: Does Anyone Really Know What Time It Is?

Detail of strontium optical atomic clock

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Lynn RotHsCHILD

Lynn Rothschild is an evolutionary biologist/astrobiologist at NASA Ames and professor at Stanford University and Brown University, where she teaches astrobiology and space exploration. She has broad training in biology, with degrees from Yale and Indiana University, a Ph.D. from Brown University in molecular and cell biology, and a love for protistan evolution. Since arriving at Ames in 1987, her research has focused on how life, particularly microbial life, has evolved in the context of the physical environment, both here and potentially elsewhere, and how we might tap into “nature’s toolbox” to advance the field of synthetic biology. Field sites range from Australia to Africa to the Andes, from the ocean to 100,000 feet on a balloon. In the last few years Rothschild has brought her expertise in extremophiles and evolutionary biology to the field of synthetic biology, addressing how synthetic biology can enhance NASA’s missions. For the last two years she has been the faculty advisor of the award-winning Brown-Stanford International Genetically Engineered Machines (iGEM) Competition team. Rothschild is a Fellow of the Linnean Society of London, the California Academy of Sciences, and the Explorers Club.

09:30 Friday 8 NovemberThe Meaning of Time in Biology

DavID Rooney

David Rooney is a writer, historian of technology, and Curator of Transport at the Science Museum, London. He was formerly Curator of Timekeeping at the Royal Observatory Greenwich, part of the U.K.’s National Maritime Museum, where he co-curated the award-winning Time Galleries and wrote his first book, Ruth Belville: The Greenwich Time Lady (2008). At the Science Museum, he was an associate curator of the landmark millennium gallery, Making the Modern World, and more recently curated the museum’s retrospective exhibition, Alan Turing’s Life and Legacy. He is a Member of the Institute of Physics, a Council Member of the Antiquarian Horological Society, and a Liveryman and former Steward of the Worshipful Company of Clockmakers.

15:30 Saturday 9 NovemberThe Quartz Revolution: Quartz Clocks and the Public in Britain, 1930–60

Galileian clockwork model, drawing detail, 1659

26 27

Dava soBeL

Science writer Dava Sobel once spent a month in a laboratory, on assignment for The New York Times, without any means of telling time. Her experience in this chronophysiology experiment gave her a solid appreciation of the human plight: We are 25-hour creatures on a 24-hour planet. In 1993 she attended the Longitude Symposium in Cambridge, Massachusetts, as a reporter for Harvard Magazine. The article she wrote led to a book-length treatment, Longitude (1995), and later to The Illustrated Longitude (1998), co-authored with William J. H. Andrewes. Although the clockmakers pitted themselves against the astronomers in that story, Sobel has since devoted her time to several books that count astronomers as heroes, including Galileo’s Daughter (1999), The Planets (2005), and A More Perfect Heaven (2011).

14:00 Friday 8 NovemberThe Bell and the Clock: The Need for Public Time

DonaLD saFF

Donald Saff holds degrees from Queens College, Pratt Institute, and Columbia University. He is Emeritus Dean and Distinguished Professor at the University of South Florida and was a curator at the Guggenheim Museum in New York. Saff has taught and authored books and numerous articles in the field of art history. His own work has been documented in a recently published book titled Donald Saff: Art In Collaboration (2010). Saff’s art is in the permanent collection of many major museums including the Metropolitan Museum and the Museum of Modern Art in New York and the National Gallery in Washington, D.C.

For many years he has focused his research on the technology and history of clocks of the 19th century, which has yielded many publications including articles about the first public clock of Edward Howard and W. R. Smallwood’s standard time clock. He has also written the chapter on American precision clocks in Derek Roberts’ comprehensive Precision Pendulum Clocks (2003). Saff has lectured on the clocks, watches, microscopes, and micrometric rulings of Charles Fasoldt.

16:15 Friday 8 NovemberBond Time: Pendulum, Spring, and Wire

26 27Movement detail of Bond clock 396, 1868

28 29

antHony tuRneR

An independent historian, Anthony Turner works on the social history of ideas during the Ancien Régime (in which field he has recently published, with Sylvie Taussig, Mémoire de Gassendi: vies et célébrations écrites avant 1700 [2008]) and on the history of scientific instruments, clocks, watches, and sun-dials. He is currently working on a bio-bibliography of French scientific instrument-makers, a catalogue of the instruments contained in the collections of the Bibliothèque Nationale de France, and a study of practical mathematics and natural philosophy in the provincial culture of early modern France and Britain.

14:15 Friday 8 NovemberFrom Sun and Water to Weights: Public Time Devices from Antiquity to c. 1650

JoHn C. tayLoR

John Taylor, OBE, FREng, was born in Buxton, Derbyshire, England, but now lives on the Isle of Man. He graduated in Natural Sciences from Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, in 1959.

He is an inventor, holding hundreds of pat-ents for thermal controls. His most famous invention, for cordless kettle components, is patented and used throughout the world. The Manx company founded by Dr. Taylor holds four Queen’s Awards, three for Export and one for Innovation, conferred for his 360-degrees control and cordless kettle connector; over a billion kettle controls have been sold to date.

Dr. Taylor’s interests include moun taineering, sailing, and flying. He still pilots himself, hav-ing first soloed in 1953. He has been immersed in the study of early pendulum clocks, inspir-ing the exhibitions Masterworks at Oxford and Huygens’ Legacy at Het Loo Palace in Holland. He has a special interest in the works of Ahasuerus Fromanteel (c. 1607–1693) and John Harrison (1693–1776) and organized the Harrison exhibition in Westminster Abbey, which later moved to the Royal Society and lastly to Buckingham Palace.

His invention activities extend to the design and building of Chronophage clocks. The first took seven years to perfect and was presented to his old college, Corpus Christi, Cambridge. After its unveiling by Professor Stephen Hawking in 2008, this timekeeper has become a major visitor attraction.

20:00 Thursday 7 NovemberTompion in Context

Detail of a balance spring, Huygens manuscript, 1675

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MaJestIC tIMe

Twenty clocks, watches, and sundials by Thomas Tompion, the acknowledged father of English clockmaking, will be displayed in Majestic Time, an exhibition commemorating the 300th anniversary of the death of one of England’s most remarkable horologists. Single examples of Tompion’s work may be seen in the world’s finest museums, but probably never before have so many diverse examples of his work been assembled in a public exhibition. From English private collections, these rare and elegant masterpieces include an ingenious month-going regulator that indicates mean solar and sidereal time; the “Spanish Tompion,” a magnificent grande sonnerie clock in a turtleshell case with gilt bronze mounts; and a gold quarter-repeating pocket watch made about 1697.

Thomas Tompion was commissioned to construct the first clocks for the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, and he made the first deadbeat escapement, an innovation that greatly influenced the design of precision clocks for the next 200 years. At the time of his death on 20 November 1713, he had been responsible for making over 500 clocks and 10 times that number of watches, as well as several scientific instruments. His burial in Westminster Abbey — an honor bestowed only on him and his successor George Graham — reveals how highly he was regarded by his contemporaries.

Opening Reception: 20:40 Thursday 7 NovemberExhibition on view: 10:00–22:00 Friday and Saturday 8–9 NovemberHilton Pasadena, Pasadena Room

Grande sonnerie and quarter-repeating table clock in a red turtleshell case with gilt bronze mounts, No. 381, made by Thomas Tompion about 1705

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ReCePtIon anD HoRoLogICaL InFoRMatIon exCHange

The Information Exchange is an evening reception, with drinks and hors d’oeuvres, where attendees have an opportunity to meet experts from museums, libraries, schools, publications, and auction houses and other horological organizations from around the world. Participants will have tables, each staffed by a representative, to provide information on their organizations and the services they offer. All symposium attendees and their guests may attend. This is an informal networking event where you have a chance to meet in person the people who shape the world’s horological community of makers, collectors, scholars, and those involved in the buying and selling of masterpieces.

19:30–23:00 Friday 8 NovemberHilton Pasadena, International Ballroom

500 FT

a Beckman auditorium 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena

B Hilton Pasadena 168 S. Los Robles Avenue, Pasadena Places of interest in (and around) Pasadena: (in order of distance from the Hilton Hotel)

Pasadena City Hall (0.5 mile) 100 N. Garfield Avenue, Pasadena

Norton Simon Museum of Art (1.2 miles) 411 W. Colorado Boulevard, Pasadena

The Wrigley Mansion & Gardens (1.5 miles) 391 S. Orange Grove Boulevard, Pasadena

Pasadena Museum of History (1.6 miles) 470 W. Walnut Street, Pasadena

The Gamble House (1.8 miles) 4 Westmoreland Place, Pasadena

The Huntington Library (3 miles) 1151 Oxford Road, San Marino

The Rose Bowl Stadium (3 miles) 1001 Rose Bowl Drive, Pasadena

The Griffith Observatory (15 miles) 2800 E. Observatory Road, Los Angeles

The J. Paul Getty Museum (30 miles) 1200 Getty Center Drive, Los Angeles

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Die Urhmacher, Jost Amman, 1568