Project Facilitating

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“Developmental Stages from 0 months up to Death” Stages Physical development Cognitive/ language development Psychosocial development Infancy: 0–6 Months Old 0–4 Weeks Proceeds from head to foot and central part to Extremities. Sucks reflexively. Visually tracks to Midline. Lifts head when held Upright. 3–4 Months Prone: lifts head momentarily— rolls from Stomach to back. Pulls to sit without head Lag. Grasps rattle. 5–6 Months Reaches for objects. Inspects objects with Hands, eyes, and mouth. 0–4 Weeks Smiles selectively at Mother’s voice. Shows startle reflex to Sudden noise. 3–6 Months Babbles and coos, squeals and gurgles (by 3 Months). Anticipates food with Vocalization. Laughs. 0–8 Weeks Gazes at faces (birth). Smiles responsively. Uses vocalization to Interact socially. 3–4 Months Distinguishes primary caregivers from others and will react if removed from home. Smiles readily at most people. Plays alone with contentment. Infancy: 6–12 Months Old Gross Motor 6–9 Months Creeps. 6–9 Months Smiles and vocalizes to 6–9 Months Discriminates strangers

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Transcript of Project Facilitating

Developmental Stages from 0 months up to DeathStages

Physical developmentCognitive/language developmentPsychosocial development

Infancy: 06 Months Old

04 Weeks

Proceeds from head to

foot and central part to

Extremities.

Sucks reflexively.

Visually tracks to

Midline.

Lifts head when held

Upright.

34 Months

Prone: lifts head

momentarilyrolls from

Stomach to back.

Pulls to sit without head

Lag.

Grasps rattle.

56 Months

Reaches for objects.

Inspects objects with

Hands, eyes, and mouth.04 Weeks

Smiles selectively at

Mothers voice.

Shows startle reflex to

Sudden noise.

36 Months

Babbles and coos, squeals

and gurgles (by 3

Months).

Anticipates food with

Vocalization.

Laughs.08 Weeks

Gazes at faces (birth).

Smiles responsively.

Uses vocalization to

Interact socially.

34 Months

Distinguishes primary

caregivers from others

and will react if removed

from home.

Smiles readily at most

people.

Plays alone with contentment.

Infancy: 612 Months OldGross Motor

69 MonthsCreeps.

Sits without support.

Pulls to stand to cruise

Furniture.

912 Months

Crawls on all fours.

Attains sitting position

Unaided.

Stands momentarily.

Takes first steps.

Fine Motor

69 Months

Transfers objects hand to

hand.

Bangs with spoon.

Finger feeds part of meal.

Shakes bell.

912 Months

Holds, bites, and chews a

cracker.

Grasps string with thumb

and forefinger.

Beats two spoons

together.

Begins to use index finger

to point and poke.69 Months

Smiles and vocalizes to

own mirror image.

Says ma-ma, da-da

(nonspecific).

Shakes head no-no.

Imitates playful sounds.

Responds to name with

head turn, eye contact,

and smile.

912 Months

Recognizes voices of

favorite people.

Responds to verbal

request such as Wave

bye-bye.

Calls parent Mama or

Dada.

Repeats performances

that are laughed at.

Plays peekaboo.69 Months

Discriminates strangers

(e.g., frowns, stares,

cries).

Stranger/separation

anxiety begins.

Actively seeks adult

attention; wants to be

picked up and held.

Plays peekaboo.

Rarely lies down except

to sleep.

Pats own mirror image.

Chews and bites on toys.

Begins to respond to own

name.

912 Months

Social with family, shy

with strangers.

Begins to show sense of

humor.

Becomes aware of

emotions of others1215 Months

Shows strong dependence

on primary caregiver with

increasing difficulty

separating.

Shows difficulty quieting

and relaxing into sleep.

Wants to have caregiver

nearby all the time.

Gives toy to adult on

request.

Shows sense of me and

mine.

1518 Months

Begins to distinguish

you and me.

Imitates adult activities.

Interested in strangers,

but wary.

Does not respond well to

sharp discipline.

Does not respond to

verbal persuasion and

scolding.

Expressed autonomy

through defiance.

Plays alone or beside

other children.

Strongly claims mine.

Follows simple requests.

Toddler Years: 1218 Months OldGross Motor

1218 Months

Walks alone.

Stoops and stands up

again.Climbs up on furniture.

Walks up stairs with help.

Fine Motor

1218 Months

Builds tower of 2 cubes.

Scribbles spontaneously

or by imitation.

Holds cup.

Puts raisin or pellet in

bottle.

Turns book pages, 23 at

a time.

Holds spoon.

Self-Help

1215 Months

Feeds self with fingers.

Removes hat, shoes, and

socks.

Inhibits drooling.1518 Months

Chews most foods well.

Opens closed doors.

Holds cup and drinks

with some spilling.

Imitates housework.

Brings familiar object

upon request.1215 Months

Jabbers expressively.

Communicates by

gesture.

Vocalizes more than cries

for attention.Understands word no.

Shakes head to indicate no.

Says 23 words other

than ma-ma or da-da.

Looks in appropriate

place when asked (e.g.,

Where is the book?).

1518 Months

Vocalizes no.

Has vocabulary of 1015

words.

Fluently uses jargon.

Points and vocalizes to

indicate want1215 Months

Shows strong dependence

on primary caregiver with

increasing difficulty

separating.

Shows difficulty quieting

and relaxing into sleep.

Wants to have caregiver

nearby all the time.

Gives toy to adult on

request.

Shows sense of me and

mine.

1518 Months

Begins to distinguish

you and me.

Imitates adult activities.

Interested in strangers,

but wary.

Does not respond well to

sharp discipline.

Does not respond to

verbal persuasion and

scolding.

Expressed autonomy

through defiance.

Plays alone or beside

other children.

Strongly claims mine.

Follows simple requests.

Toddler Years: 1824 Months OldGross Motor

1824 MonthsRuns stiffly.

Pushes and pulls large

objects.

Carries large teddy bear

while walking.

Points to pictures in

books.

Points to one body part

on request.

Has vocabulary of 20

Wordsmostly nouns.

Moves about house

without constant

supervision.

Plays primarily alongside

children but not with

them.

Comes downstairs on

bottom or abdomen.

Seats self in small chair.

Builds tower of 46

cubes.

Tries to fold paper

imitatively.

Wiggles thumb.

Places rings on spindle

toy.

Turns pages singly.

Turns knobs (television).

Self-Help

Helps dress and undress

self.

May indicate wet or

soiled diapers.

Pulls person to show.

Asks for food and drink

by vocalizing and

gesturing.

Uses spoon with little

spilling.

Replaces some objects

where they belong1824 Months

Points to pictures in

books.

Points to one body part

on request.

Has vocabulary of 20

wordsmostly nouns Understands yours

versus mine.

Uses the words me and

mine.

Enjoys simple stories.

Speaks in 2-word

sentences (e.g., juice

gone).1824 Months

Moves about house

without constant

supervision.

Plays primarily alongside

children but not with

them. Has temper tantrums in

situations of frustration.

Is conscious of family as a

group.

Enjoys role playing.

Mimics real-life situations

during play.

Claims and defends

ownership of own things.

Begins to call self by

name.

Discriminates between

edible and inedible

substances

Toddler Years: 2430 Months OldGross Motor

2430 Months

Jumps in place.

Walks on tiptoe (imitation).

Walks up and down steps,

both feet on each step. Walks backward.

Runs headlong.

Fine Motor

Holds pencil with thumb

and forefingers.

Zips and unzips.

Builds tower of 68 cubes.

Self-Help

Learning to use buttons,

zippers, and buckles.

Pulls on socks.

Pulls on pants or shorts.

Drinks from cup without

spilling.

Helps put things away.

Toilet training in

progress. 2430 Months

Often calls self by first

name.

Speaks 50 or more words.

Has vocabulary of 300

words.

Uses phrases and 3- to

4-word sentences. Understands and asks for

another.

Points to 4 body parts.2430 Months

Initiates own play

activities.

Want routines just so.

Does not like change in

routine.

Cannot wait or delay

gratification. Does not share.

Knows identity in terms

of sex and place in the

family.

Observes other children

at play and joins in for a

few minutes.

Toddler Years: 3036 Months OldGross Motor

3036 Months

Builds tower of 68

cubes.

Completes 3-piece form

board.

Fine Motor

Turns book pages singly.

Holds pencil with thumb

and forefingers.

Can zip and unzip.

Self-Help

Toilet training in

progress.

Dresses with supervision.

Eats with fork and spoon.

Pours from one container

to another.

Gets drink unassisted.

Avoids simple hazards.3036 Months

Verbalizes toilet needs.

Uses plural.

Increases use of verbs.

Begins using adjectives

and prepositions.

Has vocabulary of 900

1,000 words (36 months).

Uses verbal commands.

Gives full name when

asked.

Asks Whats that?3036 Months

Begins playing with, as

opposed to next to,

others.

Names or points to self in

photos.

Joins in nursery rhymes

and songs.

Likes praise.

Dawdles.

Has auditory fears

(noises).

Shows sympathy, pity,

modesty, and shame.

Preschool Years: 3 Years OldGross Motor

Gallops.

Balances on one foot (15

seconds).

Catches large ball, arms

flexed.

Hops on one foot (3

times).

Turns somersaults.

Shows lack of coordination (3 years)

stumbling, falling.

Fine Motor

Copies circle.

Imitates cross.

Builds with Legos, bristle

blocks, etc.

Builds tower of 10 cubes.

Spontaneously draws.

Handedness may shift.

Imitates snipping with

scissors.Receptive Language

Follows two unrelated

commands.

Has concept of 2 or 3.

Identifies same versus

different with pictures.

Responds to verbal limits

and directions.

Identifies 23 colors.

Listens attentively to

short stories.

Chooses objects that are

hard/soft, heavy/light,

big/little.

Expressive Language

Converses in sentences.

Speaks intelligibly.

Answers simple yes/no

questions.

Rote counts to 5.

Repeats nursery rhymes.

Counts 23 items.

Has 5075% articulation

of consonants.

Has vocabulary of 1,500

words (age 4 years).

Tells age using fingers.Cognitive

Uses words for ordering

perceptions and

experiences.

Understands past versus

present.

Shows curiosity; asks

endless questions.

Matches colors (2 or 3).

Completes 6-piece

puzzles.

Answers sensibly to Why

do we have stoves? etc.

Tells a simple storyIs ready to conform to

spoken word.

Begins to take turns.

Plays simple group games.

Toilets self during the day.

Shows fear (visual fears,

heights, loss of parents,

nightmares).

Uses language to resist.

Is able to bargain with

adults.

Tries to please.

May masturbate openly.

May have imaginary

playmates.

Plays most often with,

as opposed to next to,

others.

Shares upon request.

Preschool Years: 4 Years OldGross Motor

Runs smoothly, varying

speeds.

Hops on one foot (49

times).

Balances on one foot (8

10 seconds).

Bounces ball with

beginning control.

Throws ball overhand.

Handles stairs with

alternating feet using rail.

Fine Motor

Copies cross and square.

Attempts to cut on

straight line.

Has established hand

dominance.

Writes on page at

random.

May try to print own

name.

Draws personarms and

legs directly from headUnderstands opposite

analogies.

Follows 3-stage commands.

Listens eagerly to stories.

Follows directions with

prepositions (e.g.,

above, under).

Expressive Language

Uses all parts of speech

correctly.

Has vocabulary of 2,000-

plus words.

Uses color names.

Defines words in terms of

use (e.g., car, pencil).

Asks many questions

(e.g., why, what, how).

Has 100% production

and use of consonants.

Corrects own errors in

pronunciation of new

words.

Has sense of humor and

self-laughing.

Loves silly songs, names.

Increasing use of

imagination.

Enjoys dress-up play.

Is interested in time

concepts (e.g., yesterday,

hour, minute).

Identifies several

capabilities.

Rote counts to 10.

Counts 4 items.

Categorizes animals,

food, toys.

Matches geometric forms.

Identifies missing part.Is dogmatic and dramatic.

Shows urge to conform/

please is diminished.

May have control issues.

May be physically

aggressive.

Is self-sufficient in own

home.

Has nightmares.

May argue, boast, and

make alibis.

Calls attention to own

performance.

Bosses and criticizes

others.

Rarely sleeps at nap time.

Separates from mother

easily.

Often has special

friend.

Prefers peers to adults.

Washes face, brushes

teeth, and dresses self.

Uses bathroom unassisted.

Preschool Years: 5 Years OldGross Motor

Balances on one foot.

Skips smoothly.

Uses roller skates.

Rides bicycle with

training wheels.

Balances on tiptoes.

Fine Motor

Handedness firmly

established.

Colors within lines.

Cuts on line.

Copies circle, square, and

triangle.

Is not adept at pasting or

gluing.

Draws within small areas.

Ties knot in string after

demonstration.Receptive Language

Listens briefly to what

others say.

Understands 6,000 words.

Categories words.

Guesses object by

attribute or use of clues

(e.g., What bounces?).

Points to first and last in

a line-up.

Expressive Language

Has vocabulary of 2,500-

plus words.

Repeats days of the week

by rote.

Defines words and asks

for word meanings.

Acts out stories.

Gives rhyming word after

example.

Cognitive

Is often ready to enter

kindergarten.

Appreciates past, present,

and future.

Can count 6 objects when

asked, How many?

Begins to enjoy humorous stories and slapstick

humor.

States address, age, name,

and ages of siblings.

Acts out stories.

Learns left from right.

Matches 1012 colors.

Predicts what will happen

next.

School Milestones

Prints first name and

simple words.

Writing is mostly capital

letters.

Frequently copies left to

right.

Reversals are common

(e.g., writes b as d).

Reads letters in sequence.

Recognizes first name.

Recognizes several or all

numerals on clock,

phone, calendar.

Counts and points to 13

objects.

Writes 110 poorly

many reversals.

Adds and subtracts using

5 fingers.

Is capable of self-criticism.Enjoys small group

cooperative playoften

noisy.

Listens and participates in

20-minute group activity.

Knows when certain

events occur.

Accepts adult help and

supervision.

Is serious, businesslike,

and self-assured.

Wants to help and please

adults.

Enjoys competitive

exercise games.

Fears parental loss, thunder, and scary animals.

More conscious of body,

wants.

Respects peers and their

property.

Elementary School Years: 6 Years OldGross Motor

Is constantly active.

Shows smooth and

coordinated movement.

Stands on one foot, eyes

closed.

Has good balance and

rhythm.

Bounces ball with good

control.

Hops through hopscotch

course.

Fine Motor

Ties own shoes.

Makes simple, recognizable drawings.Receptive Language

Uses picture dictionary.

Knows category labels.

Defines and explains words.

Expressive Language

Identifies likeness and

differences between objects.

Identities consonant

sounds heard at beginning of words.

Gives category labels.

Likes to use big words.

Shows increasingly

symbolic language.

Cognitive Development

Names all colors.

Knows what number

comes after 8.

Understands quantity up

to 10.

Identifies similarities and

differences among pictures.

School Milestones

Begins to recognize words.

Matches words.

Identifies words by length

or beginning sound/letter.

Rereads books many times.

Prints first and last name.

Invents spelling.

Reverses two-digit

numbers (e.g., writes

13 as 31).

Rote counts to 30 or higher.

Adds amounts to 6.

Subtracts amounts within 5.

Uses simple measurement.

Names coins; states values of

a penny, dime, and nickel.

Writes slowly and with

effort with mixed capital

and lowercase letters.Has poor ability to

modulate feelings.

Enjoys performing for

others.

Has difficulty making

decisions.

Dawdles in daily routines

but will work beside adult

to complete tasks.

Shows jealousy of others;

very competitive.

Plays simple table games.

Often insists on having

own way.

Is easily excited and silly.

Persists with chosen

activities.

Goes to bed unassisted

but enjoys good-night

chat.

Frequently frustrated

may have tantrums.

May return to thumb

sucking, baby talk, etc.

Responds better to praise

of positive behaviors

versus focus on negative

behaviors.

Often takes small things

from others and claims

they found them.

Begins to distinguish

right and left on self.

Elementary School Years: 7 Years OldGross Motor

Shows variability in

activity level.

Rides bicycle.

Runs smoothly on balls

of feet.

Fine Motor

Has well-developed small

muscles.

Has well-developed

hand-eye coordination.

Draws triangle in good

proportion.

Copies vertical and

horizontal diamonds.Speaks fluently.

Uses slang and clichs.

Understands cause-effect

relationships.

Recites days of week and

months of year.

Talks about own feelings

in retrospect.

Often seems not to hear

when absorbed in own

activity.

Shows concrete problem

solving.

Organizes and classifies

information.

Learns best in concrete

terms.

Shows interest in issues of

luck and fairness.

Internal sense of time

emerging.

School Milestones

Shows increasing reading

vocabulary.

Shows greater speed with

writing.

Begins to self-monitor

reversal errors (e.g.,

writing b rather than d).

Learns to solve addition and

subtraction combinations.

Learns to tell time.Shows independence in

completion of routines.

Is learning to screen out

distractions and focus on

one task at a time.

Becomes quiet and sullen

when angry.

Has better control of

voice and temper.

Sets high expectations

for self; frequently

disappointed by own

performance.

Is anxious to please

others; sensitive to praise

and blame.

Has not learned to lose

games; will cheat or end

game abruptly.

May have little sense of

humor; thinks others are

laughing at him/her.

Is considerate of others.

Is concerned about right

and wrong.

Elementary School Years: 8 Years OldGross Motor

Shows rhythmical and

somewhat graceful

movement.

Has frequent accidents

due to misjudging abilities

(e.g., broken arm).Holds pencil, toothbrush,

and tools less tensely.

Enjoys exercise of both

large and small muscles.Easily expresses and

communicates.

Is often out of bounds

verbally (e.g., boasting,

exaggerating, sharing

private information).

Likes to use big words.Reading

Shows variable enjoyment of reading.

Likes humor in stories.

Reads new words through

context and phonics.

Stops and talks about

what he or she reads.

Omits words and reads

out of order.

Prefers silent reading.

Arithmetic

Knows addition and

subtraction combinationssome by heart.

Learning to carry in

addition.

Learning to borrow in

subtraction.

Knows a few multiplication facts.

Knows and .

Interested in money.

Written Language

Writes sentences.

Begins cursive writing.

Shows few reversal errors.

Uses capital and lowercase letter forms.

Tries to write neatlyMay be selfish and

demanding of attention.

May be cheerful.

Is curious about activity

of others.

Learning to lose at games.Is sensitive to criticism,

especially in front of

others.

Shows strong interest in

own past (e.g., stories,

baby books, life books).

Begins to have sense of

humor for own jokes or

riddles.

May be snippy and

impatient in talk with

family members.

Elementary School Years: 9 Years Old-10 Years OldGross Motor

Becomes interested in

competitive sports

social aspects of sports.

Apt to overdo physical

activities.

Shows poor posture (e.g.,

slouches, head close to

work).Works purposefully to

improve physical skills.

May have somatic

complaints (e.g.,

stomachache, dizziness,

leg pains)

Girls and boys tend to be

even in size and sexual

maturity (early in 10th

year).

Girls bodies undergo

slight softening and

rounding at 10.

Has decreasing somatic

complaints.

Is increasingly fidgety

more common for girls.

Shows little awareness of

fatigue.

Strongly refuses bathing.

Loves outdoor exercise

play (e.g., baseball,

skating, jumping rope,

running).Gains proficiency in

reading, writing.

Works and plays hard.

Frequently discusses

reproduction with friends.

Associates scary daytime

events with frightening

dreams.Enjoys school; wants to

operate at optimal level

and may relate fears and

failure more strongly to

subject than to teacher.

Can describe preferred

methods of learning.

Likes to read for facts and

information.

Enjoys keeping a diary

and making lists.

Prefers to read silently.

Usually prefers written to

mental computation.

Worries about doing well

in school.

Participates in discussion of

social and world problems.

Interest in reading varies

greatly by child.

Shows humor that is

broad, labored, and often

not funny to adults.

Repeats dirty jokes to

parent, but often does not

understand them.

Interested in his or her future as a parent and how he

or she will treat own child.

Rarely interested in

keeping a diary.

Mostly interested in

material possessions,

health and happiness for

self and others, and

personal improvement.

Enjoys memorizing.

Prefers oral to written

work in school.

Shows short interest

spanneeds frequent

shift of activity in school.

Is decreasingly interested

in movies and television.Appears emotionally

more stable.

Experiences quick, short-lived emotional extremes.

Mostly cooperative,

responsible, and

dependable.Capable of concentrating

for several hours.

Likes to plan ahead.

Is increasingly attentive

to peer pressure.

Begins to subordinate

own interests to group

purpose.

May take up collecting

hobbies.

Learns to lose at games.

Begins to be neater about

own room.

Chooses member of own

sex for special friend.

Overtly criticizes opposite

sex.

Makes decisions easily.

Responds relatively easily

to discipline.

Seems relaxed and casual;

describes self as real

happy.

Boys show friendship

with physical expression

(e.g., punch, shove,

wrestle).

Girls show friendship

with note writing, gossip,

and hand-holding.

Enjoys sharing secrets

and discussing mysteries

with friends.

Believes friends over

parents.

Does not respond well

when praised or reprimanded in front of friends.

Shows infrequent and

soon-resolved anger.

Yells and calls names.

Rarely cries except with

hurt feelings.

Tends to have sincere,

trusting, and physically

affectionate relationship

with mother.

Tends to have positive,

adoring, admiring

relationship with father.

Early Adolescence: Beginning Age, 1113 Years OldFemales

Pubic hair pigmented,

curled.

Auxiliary hair begins after

pubic hair.

Height growth spurt.

Breast development

continues.

Labia enlarged.

Increase in subcutaneous

fat.

Menstruation begins.

Males

Prepubescent physical

development.

Beginning growth of

testes, scrotum, and

penis.

Downy pubic hair.

Consistent height growthBegins to move from

concrete toward abstract

thinking (reasoning

based on hypotheses or

propositions rather than

only on concrete objects

or events).

Increasingly interested in

ideas, values, social

issues; often narrow in

understanding and

dogmatic.

Is very interested in

music and personal

appearanceespecially

common for females.

Has increasing conflict

with familyhowever,

most place strong value

on family and involved

parents.Is anxious about peer

acceptance.

Is concerned with selfidentity.

Depends on family but

increasingly tests limits.

Establishes independence

through conflicts with

peers and family.*

Is egocentric.

Has abrupt mood and

behavior swings.

Females highly concerned

with body image, physical

changes.

Increasingly interested in

peers and peer culture.

Changes in friends are

common.

Has same-sex relationships most often,

although has concerns,

anxiety, and experimentation with opposite sex.

Has strong needs for

achievement and

recognition of accomplishment, although may

be masked by feigned

indifference.

Midadolescence: Beginning Age, 1315 Years OldFemales

Pubic hair fully developed.

Auxiliary hair in

moderate quantity.

Continued breast growth.

Menstruation well

established.

Decelerating height

growth.

Ovulation (fertility).

Moderate muscle growth

and increase in motor

skills.

Males

Pubic hair pigmented,

curled.

Auxiliary hair begins after

pubic hair.

Penis, testes, and scrotum

continue to grow.

Height growth spurt.

Seminal emissions but

sterile.

Voice lowers as larynx

enlarges.

Mustache hair.Shows fully developed

abstract thought (usually

by age 15) and can apply

in more situations.

Anxiety, major distractions interfere with

abstract thinking

Has continued interest in

ideas, ideals, values,

social issues.Increasingly independent

from family; less overt

testing.*

Females somewhat more

comfortable with body

image and changes.

Males highly concerned

with body image and

changes as puberty

begins.

Shows increase in

relationships with

opposite sex; same-sex

relationship continues to

dominate.

Is reliant on and anxious

about peer relationships.

May experiment with

drugs.

Concerned with

achievement, experiences, feelings of

accomplishment,

receiving recognition.*

Continues to be interested in appearance,

music, and other

elements of peer culture.

Late Adolescence: Beginning Age, 1516 Years OldFemales

Full development of

breasts and auxiliary hair.

Decelerated height

growth (ceases at 16 years

13 months).

Males

Facial and body hair.

Pubic and auxiliary hair

denser.

Voice deepens.

Testes, penis, and

scrotum continue to

grow.

Emissions of motile

spermatozoa (fertility).

Graduated deceleration

of height growth (ceases

by 17 years 10

months).

Muscle growth and

increase in motor skills.Shows well-established

abstract thinking. Makes

applications to own

current and future

situations and to broader

issues (e.g., social

concerns, academic

studies).

May show increase in

anxiety and avoidance

behaviors as a major

emancipation step becomes

imminent (e.g., graduation,

moving out of the house,

going to college, partial or

total self-support).*

Increasingly concerned

and interested in movement towards independence; generally not

prepared emotionally or

logistically for complete

emancipation.Maintain more stable

relationships with peers

and adults.

Has reasonably well-established body image,

especially among girls.

Has more realistic and

stable view of self and

others and nature of

problems and is better at

problem solving.

Has continued need for

achievement and recognition for accomplishment.

Post adolescence: Beginning Age, 1718 Yesars OldFemales

Uterus develops fully by

age 1821.

Other physical maturation complete.

Males

Full development of

primary and secondary

sex characteristics; muscle

and hair development

may continue.Abilities for abstract

thinking and for practical

problem-solving skills are

increasingly tested by the

demands associated with

emancipation and/or

higher education.Is partially or fully

emancipated, although

often with difficulty.

Shows decreased

concerns about autonomy and increased

concerns about resources.

Often has less conflictuals

relationships with family;

existing conflict tends to

revolve around emancipation issues.

Still directs attention toward

peers and self-identity.

Early (Young) Adulthood 20s and lasts through the

40s Physical strength typically peaks in early adulthood

(the 20s and 30s)

Although physical changes are minimal during this

phase , the weight and muscle mass change as a

result of diet , exercise ,pregnancy and lactation.

Growth and strength in early adulthood, then slow

process of decline afterwards

Speed and endurance

Vision and ability to see in weak lighting

Hearing and detection of tones

Taste intact until later in life; men tend to lose hearing and

taste earlier than women

Decline affected by health and lifestylesPiaget believed that the formal operational stage (ages 11 to 15) is the

highest stage of thinking

Adults gain knowledge, but ways of thinking are the same as those of

adolescents

Some researchers disagree with Piaget and believe that thinking in

early adulthood becomes more realistic and pragmatic

Post-formal thought - thought that is

reflective, relativistic, and contextual

provisional

Realistic, their idealism decreases

Emotion & subjective factors can influence thinking

Late adolescence to early adulthood is the main age window for

wisdom (expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life that

permits excellent judgment about important matters).In his theory of psychosocial development, Erikson

described two fundamental themes that dominate

adulthood: love and work

During early adulthood, individuals enter Erikson's intimacy

versus isolation stage (developmental task of forming

intimate relationships with others or becoming socially

isolated)

Independence : separation from family of origin

Learn to function without using parents as major source

of comfort, security, direction

Establish sense of equality with parents

Develop adult friendships

Becoming a Parent

Advantages of Having Children Early:

Parents are likely to have more physical energy

Mother is likely to have fewer medical problems with

pregnancy and childbirth

Parents may be less likely to build up expectations for

their children

Advantages of Having Children Later:

Parents will have had more time to consider life goals

Parents will be more mature and will benefit from their life

experiences

Parents will be better established in their careers and

typically have more incomer.

Friendships

The focus of adult friendships is somewhat

different for men and women

Female friends tend to:

confide in one another about their feelings,

problems, and interpersonal relationships

Male friends typically:

minimize discussions about relationships or personal

feelings or problems;

Instead, male friends tend to do things together

that they find mutually interesting,

such as activities related to sports or hobbies

Middle Adulthood 40 years of age to about 65Height reaches a maximum during the 20s for most

people, and remains stable till about age 55.

After age 55, bones become less dense and ultimately

women lose 2 inches and men lose 1 inch in height.

People get shorter with aging due to bone loss in their

vertebrae

Weight typically drops after we reach age 50; likely

because we lose muscle

Joint stiffness and difficulty of movement usually

accompany a progressive loss of bone in middle ageVision:

Decline in vision becomes more pronounced

Adaptation to dark and driving at night becomes

especially difficult

Color vision may decline as a result of the

yellowing of the lens of the eye

Eye lenses become hard and cannot

accommodate for near vision; result is

farsightedness in many people by age 45

(presbyopia or old eye)

Hearing in Middle Age

Hearing undergoes a gradual decline beginning

in middle adulthood.

The primary sort of loss is for sounds of high

pitched, a problem called Presbyopia.

Men are more prone to hearing loss than women.

Because the two ears are not always equally

affected by hearing loss, sound localization, the

ability to detect the origin of a sound, is

diminished.

Some (but not all) hearing problems can be

corrected by hearing aids

The Female Climacteric & Menopause

Starting about age 45, women enter a period known as

the FEMALE CLIMACTERIC, the transition from being

able to bear children to being unable to do so.

This period lasts about 15 to 20 years.

The most notable sign is MENOPAUSE, the

cessation of menstruation.

The production of estrogen and progesterone drop.

Symptoms such as "hot flashes", headaches, feeling

dizzy, heart palpitations, and aching joints are

common during menopause.

Half of women report no symptoms at all.

Men in Middle Age

(Andropause), the period of physical and psychological

change relating to the male reproductive system that occurs

during late middle age.

The most common is the enlargement of the prostate gland.

Symptoms are problems with urination, including difficulty

starting to urinate and frequent need to urinate during the night.

Men still produce sperm and can father children through middle

age.

Mortality Rates

Chronic diseases are the main cause of

death during middle adulthood

Leading cause of death is heart disease

Second leading cause is cancer

Cerebrovascular disease is the third leading

cause

In the 1st half of middle age, cancer claims

more lives than heart disease; trend is

reversed during the 2nd half of middle age

Men have higher mortality rates than

womenSome intellectual abilities decline in middle age, but

others increase

Crystallized intelligence [acquired store of information,

skills, strategies] increases in middle adulthood

Fluid intelligence [ability to deal with new situations]))

begins to decline in middle adulthoodGenerativity versus stagnation - Eriksons

seventh stage, in which individuals leave a legacy

of themselves to the next generation (generativity)

Active involvement in teaching/guiding the next

generation

Stagnation involves not seeking outlets for

involvement / being self-centered.

Guiding the next generation, or improving society in

general or may be self- centered, isolated and

unable to participate meaningfully in the world.Grand parenting

Many adults become grandparents during

middle age

Three prominent meanings:

Source of biological reward & continuity

Source of emotional self-fulfillment

Three Grand parenting styles:

Fun-seeking style

Distant-figure style

Formal style

Late (Old) Adulthood to deathThe Heart

The arteries harden; The blood vessels shrink

Reduction in the capacity of the heart to pump blood

throughout the circulatory system

A 75-year-olds heart pumps less than three-quarters of

the blood it pumped during early adulthood

Digestive System

Produces less digestive juice

Is less efficient in pushing food through the system

The result is constipation

Physical Appearance

Wrinkles and age spots become more

noticeable, skin loses its elasticity & collagen

Hair becomes thinner and grayer

Nails become thicker and more brittle with

ridges

Yellowing of teeth

Sleep has more wakeful periods, with more

time spent lying in bed more tiredness in the

mornings

Diseases of the Eye:

Cataracts: a thickening of the

lens of the eye that causes vision

to become cloudy, opaque, and

distorted

Glaucoma: damage to the optic

nerve because of the pressure

created by a buildup of fluid in

the eye

Depth perception declines.

Smell and Taste:

Smell and taste losses typically begin about

age 60

Touch and Pain:

Slight decline in touch sensitivity with age

Older adults are less sensitive to pain

Arthritis: an inflammation of the joints accompanied by pain, stiffness,

and movement problems

Common in older adults

Symptoms can be reduced with:

Use of some drugs like aspirin

Range-of-motion exercises

Weight reduction

Osteoporosis: extensive loss of bone tissue lead to became brittle & fragile

Affects women more often than men

Can be prevented by:

Eating calcium-rich foods and vegetables

Having a regular exercise program

Medication

Speed of Processing:

Speed of processing information declines in late adulthood

Often due to a decline in brain and CNS functioning

Attention:

Selective attention: focusing on a specific aspect of experience

that is relevant while ignoring others that are irrelevant

Divided attention: concentrating on more than one activity at the

same time

The more difficult the tasks, the less effectively older adults

divide attention

Sustained attention: readiness to detect and respond to small

changes occurring at random times in the environment

Older adults perform just as well on simple tasks; but

performance drops on complex tasks

Psychological & Mental

Disorders

Depression is one of the more common

problems characterized by intense sadness and

hopelessness.

May be a result of cumulative losses in life.

Some psychological problems such as anxiety

may be caused by inappropriate drug doses

Women show more depression at 50 and 60

years of age, but depression in men increases

from 60 to 80

Dementia: a progressive loss of

intellectual functioning caused by

repeated temporary obstruction of

blood flow in cerebral arteries

More common among men with a

history of high blood pressure

Recovery is possible

Parkinson Disease: a chronic,

progressive disease characterized

by muscle tremors, slowing of

movement, and facial paralysis

Several treatments are available

Alzheimer Disease

Progressive irreversible & brain disorder. A

common form of dementia that is

characterized by a gradual deterioration of

memory, reasoning, language, and

eventually, physical functionIncludes achieving what Erikson called Ego

Integrity :The feeling that ones life has been

meaningful, vs. Despair feelings of regrets or

bitterness about past mistakes, missed

opportunities, or bad decisions; a sense of

disappointment in life

Life review - involves looking back on ones life

experiences and evaluating them

Integrity versus despair individuals engage in a

life review that is either positive (integrity) or

negative (despair)Empty Nest Syndrome: a decline

in marital satisfaction after the

children leave the home

For most parents, marital

satisfaction actually increases

during the years after child rearing

Refilling of empty nest is becoming

a common occurrence

Adult children are returning to live

at home for financial reasons

Loss of privacy is a common

complaint for both parents and

adult children

A woman become depressed after

her last child leaves home

Friendship

Friendships have been found to be

more important than family

relationships in predicting mental

health

Unmarried older adults with a strong

network of friends fared better

physically and psychologically than

other unmarried older adults

Positive Psychology and Aging:

The more active and involved older

adults are, the more satisfied they

are and the more likely they are to

stay healthy.

Project InFacilitating learningSubmitted to:

Ms. Myrna O. Carpio

Submitted by:

Joeana U. Velasco

BSED Physical Science 2C