Odrysian Arms Equipment and Tactics

7/29/2019 Odrysian Arms Equipment and Tactics

1/26

HFIQTEP45 MDP_XOILHIZINP_IPGX,

EYUOQGELT, ILDTIHTOHX

HFPOXTMQFEPRE@@EP

9Xtri`m Bembripfy2.j42.0IrostmpfilesIhfirloils, 945 tfos wis ol iutugl 40?.8Fermdmtus Z.8.4Tfos gobft è mle expnilitoml jmr tfe `revoty mj Xotinkeshigpiobl

ibiolst Gihedmloi.5Tfuhydodes 0.911; Feid,IMTGIQR, p 0?;Feid D., TTT, pp94-92.: Qmnyielus 999.?.4:. Tfos wmund è tfe nirbest `mdy mj gerheliry

trmmps wfm jmubft jmr tfe Tfrihoils.

Tfe Mdrysoil Irgy

Intfmubf `y Xtri`ms toge Tfrihe fid èel devistited tm il

exheptomlin debree, fe siod tfit tfe reboml is i wfmne hmund

seld oltm tfe joend 95,111 hivinry ild 011,111 oljiltry.9 Tfos

wmund hmrrm`mrite Fermdmtusstitegelt tfit tfere were i`mut

i gonnoml Tfrihoils, wfohf innmws il irgy 911011,111 strmlb.

Ot insm gikes hreido`ne Tfuhyhododeshniog tfit wfel tfe

Mdrysoil kolb Xotinkes hinned up inn Tfrihoil trmmps smutf mj

tfe Diluè, 951,111 wirromrs pmured noke i hnmud mj nmhusts0

oltm Gihedmloi, hirryolb inn ejmre tfeg. Lm wmlder Fermdmtus

siys mj tfe Tfrihoils tfit were tfey ulder mle runer, mr uloted,

tfey wmund... è olvolho`ne ild tfe strmlbest litoml ml eirtf.8

Fmwever, tfe irgy wis lmt piod, ùt noved ml `mmty, ild tfe

gicmroty mj trmmps wmund five suppnoed tfeor mwl equopgelt.

Hmlsequeltny irgoes dossmnved quohkny oj lmt suhhhessjun.4

Tfe Mdrysoil irgy wis hmgpmsed giolny mj pentists ild

hivinry, tfe regiolder èolb nobfter oljiltry (civenol gel,

irhfers, ild snolbers).5 Ol Xotinkesirgy, tfese wirromrs hige

jrmg tfe Mdrysio, Betie, eisterl Qiomloils (Ibroiloils ild

Nieieils), Treres, Toniteils, Ipsoltfoo, Krm`yzo, Doo (pnus @esso

ild mtfer gmultiol troès), ild Tfylo. Lmle mj tfe troès jrmg

tfe Iebeil hmist (Edmlo, @osintie eth) cmoled Xotinkes. Breek

gerheliroes were mhhisomlinny fored tm gike up jmr tfe nihk mj

feivy oljiltry. Opfohrites fid 6111 gel ol Tfrihe it mle stibe,:

ùt we hillmt e sure oj tfos wis wfel fe wis ol Kmtysservohe

mr wfel fe wis higpioblolb ol tfe sige irei ml Itfels efinj.

Gily mj Opfohritesvohtmroes were bioled usolb pentists is tfe

giol irg, ùt wfit Kmtys leeded wis fmpnotes, ild tfeseprmì`ny jmrged tfe giolstiy mj fos gerheliry jmrhe.

Uljmrtuliteny, wfel tfe Gihedmloils olvided, tfe Tfrihoils

fid lm suhf oljiltry hipi`ne mj dejeitolb tfe Gihedmloil

pfinilx.2

Troès jmubft tmbetfer is wenn is inmle, ùt nirbe

ibbnmgeritomls were rire. Gmre typohin were tfe jmur troès

tfit ittihked Pmgils wotf 91,111 gel ol i gmultiolmus dejoneol 96?, mr tfe Troìnnos nmle dejelhe ibiolst Inexilder tfe

Breit. Troìn jribgeltitoml geilt tfit gmst Tfrihoil irgoes

wmund five èel 91-01,111 gel strmlb.

Mle mj tfe gmst pmwerjun mj tfese ippeired ol 411, wfel

Xeutfes OO fored tfe :,111 mr sm survovmrs mj Velmpfmls irgy

tm bet fos mwl dmgiol ml tfe @nihk sei hmist.6Tfey were giolny

fmpnotes, ùt olhnuded leirny 9,111 pentists, civenolgel, ild

snolbers, ild 51 hivinry?. Velmpfml siys sogpny tfit Xeutfes

fid il irgy nirber tfil tfe Breek irgy; ild tfit ot tropned ol

soze is tfe lews mj ots suhhess spreid. Tfos hmund geil tfit

Xeutfes irgy brew tm i strelbtf mj irmuld 01,111 gel,

olhnudolb tfe Breeks.91Tfe Tfrihoil hmltroùtoml tm tfos irgy

wmund five èel irmuld 4,111 Mdrysoil nobft hivinry, 511feivy hivinry, 511 irhfers ild snolbers, 2,111 pentists, ild

0,111 civenol-irged nobfter oljiltry.99

Tfe irgy wis mrbilosed inmlb troìn noles, wotf eihf

hmltolbelt hmggilded y ots mwl prolhe mr fos renitoves. Xolhe

tfe neiders expehted tm e ol tfe jmrejrmlt mj ittne, tfey wmund

five fid nottne hmltrmn mver tfeor irgoes mlhe ittne wis cmoled.

Ol Xotinkeshise (wfel jobftolb tfe Troìnno), tfos insm geilt

2eb Irroil, 9.0 9.4.6Mp.hot. ZOO,2,08; O,2 ejmre tfe ittne mj Hulixi tfere were 91,411

fmpnotes ild 0,511 pentists, ùt wfel tfey bet tm Tfrihe D. Feid, ol

Tfrihoil Trmmp Types, ol Xnolbsfmt, Xeptegèr 9?2?, p 09 ild C.B.Q.

@est , Tfrihoil Qentists ild tfeor oljnuelhe ml Breek wirjire, 9?:?,

p2: wrmte tfeor lugèr fid dwoldned tm :,111. RfoneIliìsosZOO,

0 ...ild wotf Velmpfml tfere were i`mut sevelteel fuldred fmpnotes

ild i`mut tfree fuldred pentists. Velmpfml wis tfe mlny mle wfm

fid hivinry, i jmrhe mj i`mut jmrty fmrsegel.Domdmrus Xohunus VOZ.

89.5 siys 6,811 survoved tm reihf tfe @mspfmrus ùt tfey tfel spnot

up.?Velmpfml, Iliìsos OOO. 8.9:; IliìsosZOO. 8 insm siys Xeutfes

tfel welt mjj, ild Togisoml, wotf i`mut jmrty Breek fmrsegel, welt

wotf fog.91Velmpfml, Iliìsos2.5.95; 2.4.01.99Tfese jobures ire ìsed ml tfe issugptoml tfit hivinry jmrged i`mut

mle tford mj tfe irgy, pentists jmrged tfe ùnk mj tfe trmmps, ild tfe

regiolder were nobfter oljiltry, wotf irhfers predmgolitolb mver

snolbers.

LOKMNMZIN. (ED.), EIPN_X_G@MNOH X_XTEGX JMPHMGGULOHITOML OLXMUTFEIXTEUPMQE


2/26

tfe deitf mj tfe hmggilder ild nmss mj tfe ittne. Hmggilds

were trilsgotted y trugpet hinns.90 Tfrihoil gusohoils used

fmrls jmr bovolb soblins, ild insm trugpets mj riw mx-fode tfit

hmud pniy gusoh noke tfit mj i firp.98

Ot os prmì`ne tfit dojjerelt Tfrihoil troès jivmured

dojjerelt jobftolb stynes ild fid dojjerelt prmpmrtomls mj trmmp-

types ol tfeor irgoes. Jmr olstilhe, ol tfeOnoid, Eupfeges

irriyed tfe Hohmloils, gel mj tfe speir94, ild Qryiehfges ned

Qiemloils, irged wotf tfe `mw. Gmultiol troès were gmre

wirnoke ild jivmured oljiltry, wfone tfmse jrmg tfe pniols

jivmured hivinry. Tfe Mdrysio joended 6,111 fmrse (06%) ild

01,111 jmmt ibiolst Nysogihfms.95I detihfgelt mj Mdrysoils

selt `y Xeutfes tm iod tfe Xpirtils ol @otfyloi ol 8?6 wis

hmgpmsed mj 011 hivinry (41%) ild 811 pentists.9: Tfuhydodes

siys tfit tfe Betio ild tfeor leobf`murs y tfe Diluè were inn

gmulted irhfers ol tfe Xkytfoil styne.92Fmwever, Inexilder

jihed i Betoh irgy mj 4111 fmrse ild 91,111 jmmt, mr i`mut

06% hivinry.96 Xeutfes fored 0,111 Betoh nobft trmmps jmr use

ibiolst tfe Itfeloils ol tfe Tfrihoil Hfersmlese,9?wfohf sfmws

tfey giy five èel i rebunir hmgpmlelt mj Mdrysoil irgoes.

Xm il Mdrysoil rmyin irgy gobft hmltiol ètweel 05% ild

41% hivinry, wfone tfe irgy mj i solbne troè mr brmup mj fonn

troès gobft five guhf ness.

Tfe Mdrysoil Hivinry

Fmrse rodolb epotmgosed tfe Tfrihoils. Europodes ild Fmger

hinned tfe Tfrihoils i rihe mj fmrsegel, ild Tfrihe, tfe

nild mj tfe Tfrihoil fmrsegel.01Tfos deshroptoml seegs cus-

tojoed, is evel tfmubf tfe hivinry mlny gide up i sginn prmpmr-

toml mj tfeor irgy, tfey were quote lugermus. Jmr olstilhe,

intfmubf Xotinkesirgy wis mlny mle-tford hivinry, tfos repre-

selted i`mut 51,111 gel. Tfe gicmroty mj tfese were Mdrysoils

ild Betio.09Tfus tfe Mdrysoils inmle hmund mutlugèr inn tfe

jojtf-heltury Breek hotoes ild mtfer troìn kolbdmgs hmnnehtoveny

ol hivinry jmrhes.00 Fmwever, Gihedmloil feivy hivinry mp-

erited ibiolst tfeg wotf ogpuloty wfel Xotinkes olvided

Gihedmloi. Tfe Gihedmloils... gide hivinry ittihks ml tfe

Tfrihoil irgy wfel tfey siw tfeor mppmrtuloty. Rfelever tfey

dod sm, eolb exhennelt fmrsegel ild irged wotf reistpnites,

lm mle hmund stild up tm tfeg...08 Tfos fippeled ibiol dur-

olb tfe ittne mj Nybolus etweel Inexilder ild tfe Troìnno.04

Tfe hivinry were hfoejny ulirgmured civenol-irged skor-

gosfers, wotf renitoveny jew irgmured hivinry jmrgolb i mdy-

buird jmr tfe kolb.05 Tfos gobft expniol wfy Xotinkes fid lm

trmmps i`ne tm stild up tm tfe feivy Gihedmloil hivinry.

Ibiolst tfe Breeks, tfmubf, tfey seeg tm five fid gmre suh-

hess, wotf severin Breek irgoes èolb woped mut durolb

hmnmlositoml ittegpts. Qerfips tfe èst evodelhe jmr tfe suh-

hess mj Tfrihoil hivinry os tfe wiy tfit tfe giolnild Breeks

tmmk up Tfrihoil hivinry dress, ild fmrsegilsfop. Itfeloil

roders weirolb Tfrihoil `mmts ild/mr Tfrihoil feiddress hil

è seel ml tfe Qirtfelml jroeze, ild weirolb Tfrihoil hnmiks

ml Itfeloil pmttery.0:

Fmrses were very ogpmrtilt tm Tfrihoils, ild seeg tm

five èel mj bmmd quinoty.02Xtudoes mj Tfrihoil fmrses jrmg

jmurtf heltury tmg`s sfmw tfit tfey were nirber tfil steppe

pmloes ild it neist hmgpiri`ne tm tfe reeds ml tfe Breek giol-

nild, wfohf reihfed 9.84g mr 98 filds. Tfey fid i nmlb tfohk

gile, i sfmrt tion, ild hirroed tfeor feids fobf.06Tfe òbbest

wmund five èel ètweel 9.8: ild 9.44g, mr 94 filds it tfe

wotfers, sogonir tm stinnomls mj tfe Qrzewinsko fmrse.0? Tfos

soze, ètweel tfit mj i gmderl pmly ild i fmrse, os lmw hinned

i Binnmwiy. Ot wis stonn sginn elmubf tfit roders wfm rmde wotf

tfeor nebs striobft ireny kept tfeor jeet mjj tfe brmuld.

Fmrses were trioled ild `red jmr riholb, i prerequosote

jmr suhhessjun hivinry wirjire. Velmpfml rites Tfrihoil fmrses

tm è is bmmd is Qersoil ild Breek fmrses, ild siys tfit tfe

Mdrysoils fiòtuinny ril tfeor fmrse rihes dmwlfonn.81 Ol tfe

Onoid,i Trmcil spy repmrts tfit tfe Tfrihoil kolb Pfesus fis

tfe jolest ild strmlbest fmrses fe fis ever seel, wfoter tfil

slmw ild jneeter tfil ily wold tfit `nmws.89

Tfe Gebiroilsisked il mrihne wfm were etter tfel tfey. Tfe extrimrdoliry

repny reheoved wis3 @etter tfil inn mtfer nild os tfe nild mj

Qenisboil Irbms, Tfrihoil gires ire tfe èst, ild tfe

Nihediegmloil wmgel.80 Zerbon deshroès tfree Tfrihoil

fmrses3 Mle fid wfote jetnmhks ild i slmwy stirml tfe jmre-

feid; ilmtfer wis i poeìnd, wfone i tford wis dippned wotf

wfote. Fmrses ol tfe Kizilnuk pioltolbs dm lmt five ily girk-

olbs ild ire dojjerelt sfides mj rmwl, exhept jmr i solbne wfote

90Velmpfml, Iliìsos, 2.4.9?.98 Oòd, 2.8.80.94 Onnoid, Hfipter 0.95 Domdmrus Xohunus VZOOO.94.0.9:Velmpfml, FennelohiOOO 0.0.92Tfuhydodes 0.?:.96Irroil, 9.4 9.5.9?Qmnyielus, Xtritibegs mj Rir2.86.01Europodes, Fehiè, 2-91 (Qelbuol)

Qmnydmrus3 Tm Tfrihe, tm tfe pinihe mj fos mnd jroeld Qmnygestmr,

wfm jirgs tfe jertone pniol mj tfos pelolsuni ild runes mver i rihe mj

fmrsegel wotf fos swmrd.

p 643 (212-21?) Fehiè3 Ot wis gy mwl trusted jroeld; tfe Tfrihoilfmrsegil, tm wfmse fmuse Qroig fid selt fog sehretny.

FmgerOnoid98.9 (Nme`)

Lmw Seus, wfel fe fid `rmubft tfe Trmcils ild Fehtmr tm tfe sfops,

nejt tfe hmgìtilts tfere tm five tmon ild wme ulheisolbny, ùt fog-

senj turled iwiy fos `robft eyes, ild nmmked ijir, upml tfe nild mj tfe

Tfrihoil fmrsegel,Fmger, Onoid, VOZ

Zelus lmw welt ìhk oltm tfe fmuse mj Cmve, wfone Culm dirted dmwl

jrmg tfe suggots mj Mnygpus. Xfe pissed mver Qoeroi ild jior Egitfoi,

ild welt ml ild ml tonn sfe hige tm tfe slmwy rilbes mj tfe Tfrihoil

fmrsegel, mver wfmse tmpgmst hrests sfe sped wotfmut ever settolb

jmmt tm brmuld.09Tfuhydodes 0.911.00Irhfoìnd S., mp. hot. p 014.

08Tfuhydodes OO, 911.04Irroil, 9.0 9.4.05Feid,IMTGIQR, p 0?; Feid, TTT, pp 94-92.0:Irhfoìnd S., oòd pp 014-01:; see Job. 9.02Intfmubf C. K. Ildersml (Ilhoelt Breek Fmrsegilsfop, Ulov. mjHinojmrloi Qress, @erkeney, 9?:9, p00) deegs tfe Tfrihoil fmrse tm

five èel i hmgpmuld mj inn pmsso`ne jiunts, O five lmt jmuld ily

ilhoelt smurhes tfit ibree wotf fog. Fos tfemry os tfit is Tfrihe fid

èel shmurbed `y lugermus wirs ild olvisomls, wfitever wis bmmd

ol tfe equole selse wis stmnel mr destrmyed. Tfe sige irbugelt

wmund gike pmsso`ne il ogprmvegelt voi i goxture mj `reeds jrmg

Isoi; tfe irbugelt i`mut wirs eth prmì`ny mlny ippnoes ijter tfe

Gihedmloil hmlquest.06HIF Zmn ZOOO, pibe 540.0?Ihfoìnd S., mp. hot, p 015.81Velmpfml Ml Fmrsegilsfop ZOOO.89Fmger,Onoid, V80Tfemhrotus Odynxov. 46.

581 HFPOXTMQFEPRE@@EP


3/26

Jobure 9. 5tf heltury Tfrihoil nobft hivinrygil wotf zeori, `mmts, jmx skol hip, twm civenols ild i pente snulb ml

fos `ihk. Lmte tfe sginn soze mj tfe fmrse (Jrmg i red jobure penoke jmuld leir Xmzmpmn).

MDP_XOIL HIZINP_IPGX, EYUOQGELT, ILDT IHTOHX 589


4/26

Jobure 0i. Pehmlstruhtoml mj sonver bont firless mrligelts 9 tm 4, nejt tm robft. 9. 4tf heltury, jrmg Xogemlmvbrid, leir

Fiskmvm FG Fiskmvm Q.4?. 0. 8rd mr 0ld heltury, jrmg Pivlmbmr, leir Qizirdzok (jmuld wotf i fior jrmg tfe jmrenmhk ol

tfe fmnnmw fmrl) , FG Qizirdzok I4:4:-4:50, 4212, 952. 8. h. 411 - 851, jrmg Netlotsi 4.4tf heltury, jrmg tfe Nukmvot

treisure. Irhfiemnmbohin Guseug, Xmjoi. Noldi Dohgilos 0119

Jobure 0`. Pehmlstruhtoml mj smge mtfer firless mrligelts, y Noldi Dohgilos. Noldi Dohgilos 0119. 9. Krinevm

treisure, Tirbmvoste reboml, turl mj 4tf-8rd helturoes @H (prm`i`ny Betoh). FG Tirbmvoste 00?6-081: 0. 4tf heltury

firless mrliglelts jrmg tfe Nukmvot treisure, Irhfiemnmbohin Gusueg, Xmjoi 8. Tfe sonver feidstinn jrmg Grigmr

Gmbnoi Qilibyurosfte dostroht, 851-811., prevomusny tfmubft tm five `eel i sfoend ippnoque. Ot wis jmuld wotf jove

horhunir mrligelts. Irhfiemnmbohin Guseug, Xmjoi. Ot os 80 hg nmlb, wfohf Noldi Dohgilos jmuld tm jot exihtny mltm

i fmrses feid. Noldi Dohgilos 0119



5/26

Jobure 8. Tro`inno mr Betoh fmrsegel ml Xonver-bont cub jrmg tfe 4 tfheltury Pmzmbel treisure,

Litomlin Guseug mj Fostmry olv. Lm0045?. Lmte tfe siddne ild hfest strip dehmritomls, ild tfe

fmrlml tfe fmrsesfeids.

MDP_XOIL HIZINP_IPGX, EYUOQGELT, ILDTIHTOHX 588


6/26

Jobure 4. Tfe tmg`stmle mj i 9st heltury ID

Tfrihoil iuxonoiry hivinrygil, jrmg Bnmuhester.

Fe uses i nilhei, ùt giy insm five fid i hise mj

civenols. Tfe detions mj fos hnmtfes ild irgmur

were prmì`ny piolted ml, ùt five lmw dosip-

peired. Tfe olshroptoml reids3 Pujus Xoti, hivin-

rygil mj tfe :tf hmfmrt mj Tfrihoils. 41 yeirs mnd

ild 00 yeirs mj gonotiry servohe. Fos feors erehted

tfos stmle ol ihhmrdilhe wotf fos wonn. Fere fe noes.Iutfmrs pfmtmbripf.

Jobure 5. Tfe Inexildrmvm tmg`, 411-825. Ot hmlsosts mj twm rmmgs - i rehtilbunir eltrywiy ild i rmuld hfigèr wotf i

fobf dmge. @mtf rmmgs ire hmvered wotf gurins3 gel, ilogins, pnilts ild bemgetroh gmtojs. Lmte tfe ulusuin sfipe tm

tfe speirs, tfe sogonirotoes tm tfe Kizilnuk pioltolbs, tfe fmrse trippolbs, ild tfe Breek hmstuges.



7/26

Jubure 5 (Hmltolued).



8/26

Jobure :. Xonver-bont jmurtf heltury Tfrihoil (prmì`ny Troìnno) fmrse

mrligelts jrmg Nukmvot. Tfe roder weirs i dripolb hfnigys ild i

tuloh reihfolb tm fos god-tfobf. Lmte tfe `rodne rolbs ild hfest strip

dehmritomls. Irhfiemnmbohin Guseug, Xmjoi, Lm. 6094.

fmrse. Rfote fmrses were evodeltny spehoin, is mle wis pre-

selted tm Xeutfes OO it tfe ilquet ittelded y Velmpfml.88 Ol

tfe Inexildrmvm tmg`, tfe fmrses ire wfmnny piolted brey,

wfote, `rmwl, mr yennmw.

Ot os olterestolb tm lmte tfit Tfrihoil fmrses seeg tm five

èel nirber tfil Xkytfoil ild Xiki fmrses, wfohf were mj tfe

Qrzewinsko type - sginn, stmhky pmloes wotf liturinny sfmrt

giles ild nmlb tions. Xhytfoil fmrses jmuld ol pergijrmst

brives were hfestlut, `rmwls, ìys mr cet `nihk. Lmle were

dippne brey, gmttned ìy, skew ind, rmil mr brey. Rfote

pithfes, wfohf ire hmggml ml gmderl `rmwl fmrses, were

i`selt. Ot os tfmubft tfe Xkytfoils ivmoded nobft hmnmured mr

wfote girked fmrses, is tfey fid i hmrrespmldolb nobft hmnmured

fmmj tfit wis eisony olcured. Xm ippireltny, ot wis lmt ulton tfe

olveltoml mj tfe fmrsesfme, tfit we stirt tm see wfote pithfes

ml fmrses extregotoes.84

Tfe fmrse trippolbs were wenn hrijted ild fobfny dehm-

ritove, ild fmrses weirolb inn tfe otegs doshmvered ol Tfrihoil

tmg`s gust five gide i jole sobft.85 I viroety mj firlessolb

getfmds wis used, smge mj wfohf reseg`ned Xkytfoil ild

Qersoil prihtohe. Neitfer `rodnes ol red mr dirk `rmwl hmnmur

hmlsosted mj sode-strips, lmse ilds wotf mr wotfmut hfolstrips,

mjtel jmrefeid-strips ild tfrmit-nisfes. Peols were tfe sige

hmnmur. Tfe firless jottolbs (gmst mjtel dosks mr rolbs,) were

gide mj i goxture mj orml, rmlze, bmnd, ild sonver, mr rmlze

ild sonver.

Firless jottolbs were idmrled noke tfe tfmse mj tfe

Xkytfoils, jeiturolb rein mr jiltistoh ilogins, ùt gily jei-

tured dostolhtove iltfrmpmgmrpfoh gmtojs, olhnudolb tfe

Tfrihoil fmrsegil ild Tfrihoil gytfmnmby. Xmgetoges ful-

dreds mj exquosoteny hrijted mrligelts were used ml i solbne

fmrse. Tfere wis i sepirite litove tridotoml wfohf levertfe-

ness brew hnmser tm sogonirny evmnvolb Pmyin Xkytfoil shfeges

durolb tfe jmurtf heltury. It tfe sige toge, Breek oljnuelhes

èhige olhreisolbny gmre prmgolelt.8:Tfe geilolb mj tfese

mrligelts fis mjtel èel doshussed, ùt ippireltny lmt tfeor

usibe. Tfe fmrse dehmritomls piolted ol tfe Inexildrmvm tmg`

lmw sfmw dejoloteny fmw tfey were wmrl mle ml tfe lmse,

mle ml tfe jmrefeid, ild twm ml eihf sode mj tfe feid. Exhept

jmr tfe lmse dehmritoml, tfe Inexildrmvm pioltolbs hmljorg

pmsotomls sfmwl ol tfe Kizilnuk tmg` pioltolbs, wfohf sfmw

dosks ol tfese nmhitomls.

Tfere ire i nmt mj sogonirotoes tm tfe Kizilnuk jobures3 tfe

pmse mj tfe fmrses, jilhy siddnehnmtfs, hneil-sfivel jihes, ild

tfe nmw sfmes. Tfe lmse ild jmrefeid mrligelts ol tfe

Inexildrmvm tmg` ire soblojohilt ol tfit sogonir dehmritomls

five èel jmuld ol mtfer tmg`s ùt tfeor use fid lmt prevo-

musny eel onnustrited. Rfere gmre tfil sox ippnoques five

èel jmuld, tfe gmst nokeny nmhitoml jmr tfe idmrlgelts wmund

è ml tfe hfest strip ild inmlb tfe jmrefeid strip. Fmrses wotf

tfe gmst ìsoh rolb dehmritomls belerinny mlny fid tfeg ml

eihf sode mj tfe feid.

051 sonver ippnoques jrmg Zritsi, 01: mj wfohf were toly

feids, gobft five èel ittihfed tm tfe reols, mr sewl mltm i

siddne hnmtf. Ipirt jrmg tfe use mj tfe siddne hnmtf, fmrses

were roddel ireìhk, is storrups, fmrsesfmes, ild siddnes were

yet tm e olvelted. Intfmubf fmrses ire mjtel sfmwl wotfmut

siddne hnmtfs, tfos giy five eel irtostoh hmlveltoml, geilt tm

sfmw mjj tfe noles mj tfe fmrses `mdy. Velmpfml siys i gil

giy rode ìreìhk, ùt issuges siddnehnmtfs ire stildird, it

neist jmr wir. Gmst hnmtfs were sogpne rehtilbnes. Tfe Xhytfoils

used wfit wis esseltoinny i husfomled siddne hnmtf. Neitfer

hmvered husfomls, stujjed wotf deer fior mr striw, were stothfed

wotf solew tfreid wotf wmmdel suppmrts. Velmpfml rehmg-

gelds i tfohk quonted siddnehnmtf, ild tfe pid giy derove jrmgtfos.

Tfe smutferl Tfrihoils neirled mj tfe sogpne Xkytfoil

siddne tfrmubf tfeor lmrtferl hmusols, ild ot seegs tfe

Mdrysoils were usolb ot y tfe tford heltury. Mle mj tfe fmrses

jrmg tfe Kizilnuk pioltolbs fis i nmw dirk `rmwl siddne ml i

hreig ild rmwl hnmtf. Tfe 8rd heltury Xvesftiro tmg` sfmws

i Fennelosed kolb mj tfe Betio sottolb ml i rohfny dehmrited

siddne wotf jmur nmlb peldilts, piolted red.

Gily `robftny hmnmured siddnehnmtfs ire sfmwl ml tfe

Kizilnuk ild Inexildrmvm pioltolbs. Mle os red wotf yennmw

dehmritoml, exhept tfit tfe tissens ml tfe reir pmolts ire wfote.

Mtfers ire striobft-edbed ild pniol red. Ol tfe Inexildrmvm

tmg`, tfe siddne hnmtfs ire hmnmured `nue ild red, `nue ildwfote, mr red ild wfote. Ilogin-skol siddne hnmtfs were insm

used.82

Inn five sogpne bemgetrohin pitterls - lmle sfmw tfe

eni`mrite dehmritomls used `y tfe Xkytfoils ild Qersoils, wfm

olhnuded ords ild jnmwers ol tfeor desobls. Tfe giteroin used

jmr Tfrihoil siddnehnmtfs os ulklmwl, ùt Xkytfoil ild Qer-

soil hnmtfs were gide mj jent, smgetoges wotf neitfer edbolb mr

ìhkolb. Rmmn ild fegp ire mtfer pmssoònotoes. Tfey were88Velmpfml, Iliìsos2.8.84.84fttp3//gegèrs.mzegion.hmg.iu/~ilhoeltpersoi/.

hivinry.ftgn, 01/90/19.85Xee job. 0.

8:Irhfoìnd S. , mp.hot., pp 042-059.82Feid D.,IMTGIQR, pp 902-906, 928-924; Re`èr Hf., mp. hot.,

nmh. hot; mle os sfmwl ml tfe dmge mj tfe Kizilnuk tmg`.

58: HFPOXTMQFEPRE@@EP
http://members.ozemail.com.au/~ancientpersia/


9/26

Jobure 2. Tmg`stmle mj i gerheliry Tfrihoil hivinrygil jrmg

I`deri, ditolb tm tfe sehmld mr jorst heltury. Fos equopgelt os typo-

hin mj Tfrihoil hivinry mj tfe nite Fennelostoh peromd. Fe hirroes i

tfurems, i nmlb swmrd ild i speir, ild weirs trmusers, tuloh ild

hnmik. Litomlin Irhfiemnmbohin Guseug Xmpfoi Olv. 641?.

fend y reist ild bortf strips tfit were klmtted irmuld tmbbnes

mr spihers, ùhknes èolb ulklmwl.

Tfe Inexildrmvm ild Kizilnuk tmg` pioltolbs sfmw tfit

hirrmt-noke tissens smgetoges fulb jrmg tfe hfest strip. Tfe

hfest strip wis insm mjtel dehmrited wotf getinnoh dosks mj mle

smrt mr ilmtfer. Ol iddotoml, Tfe Nukmvot ippnoque sfmws i

hfest strip dehmrited wotf i seroes mjVs. Il olterestolb dehm-

ritoml os wmrl ml tfe jmrefeid mj twm Troìnno mr Betoh fmrses

ml i sonver-bont cub jrmg tfe Pmzmbel treisure.86 Tfos nmmks

noke i ulohmrl fmrl èlt ìhkwirds, ild os sogonir tm dehmri-

tomls used y Xkytfoils. Tfe sige fmrse insm fis i siddne, ild

getinnoh mrligelts ml tfe hfeek ild tfrmit strips.

Gmst Tfrihoil òts were quote severe ild hmlsosted mj

twm X-sfiped `rilhfes wotf twm mr tfree rolbs mr fmnes hml-

lehted y i hfiol. Tfese hil è seel ml tfe Inexildrmvm tmg`,tfmubf ml tfe Kizilnuk tmg` tfe mutsode rilhfes ire striobft

wotf hurved elds. Tfrihoil òts ire usuinny gide mj orml, mr

orml hmvered wotf sonver jmon, intfmubf smge giy insm five eel

mj `rmlze. Tfe extelt tm wfohf tfe Breek type (tfe firdòt)

repnihed mr suppnegelted tfe litove mles ol Mdrysoil terrotm-

roes fis stonn tm è hnirojoed, ùt tfos òt wis rireny used èjmre

tfe god-jmurtf heltury. Tfe Breek òt usuinny hmlsosts mj `rmlze

pirts jotted irmuld il orml hmre wotf rmlze nolks. Ot fenps tfe

fmrse tm sinovite ild gikes ot jir eisoer tm gilmeuvre.8?

Niter hivinry devenmpgelts

Tfe jmurtf heltury siw tfe stirt mj gily hfilbes ol hivinry

dress ild equopgelt. Tfe dostolhtove Tfrihoil dress wis dos-

hirded, iddotomlin irgmur mj lew types wis wmrl, sfoends ild

siddnes hige oltm use, ild nobft oljiltry wis trioled tm suppmrt

hivinry.41 Nobft hivinry wis lmw nokeny tm five tfe isoh prm-

tehtoml mj fenget ild sfoend, wfone feivy hivinry tmmk tm weir-

olb orml fengets ild hmgpmsote hmrsenets.

Eirny 0ldheltury Tfrihoil lm`ne hivinry fid i jmrhe mj

nobft oljiltry ittihfed tm tfeg.49

Tfese giy five eel trioledtm jobft inmlbsode tfe hivinry ild tm figstrolb tfe elegy fmrses.

@otfyloil hivinry tmm seeg tm five èel hnmseny suppmrted `y

ittihfed oljiltry. Tfos os lmt rehmrded èjmre tfe eirny 8rd

heltury ild os prmì`ny i resunt mj Fennelostoh oljnuelhe, is

Breek ild Gihedmloil belerins were usolb nobft oljiltry ol

hnmse suppmrt mj tfeor hivinry nmlb èjmre.40

Jrmg tfe nite jmurtf heltury mlwirds, Mdrysoil hivinry

mperited gmstny is innoed mr su`ceht trmmps. Ol pirtohunir,

Tfrihoil trmmps were hrotohin tm tfe suhhess mj Inexilder tfe

Breit. Tfey jmrged i`mut mle jojtf mj fos irgy (05% mj tfe

oljiltry ild 01% mj tfe hivinry tm ebol wotf) ild tmmk pirt ol

ingmst inn fos ittnes. Mj tfe jmrhes tfit hrmssed tm Isoi, tfere

were 2,111 Mdrysoils, Troìnno ild Onnyroils pnus 9,111 irhfersild Ibroiloils (i Qiomloil troè) mut mj i tmtin mj 80,111 jmmt

smndoers.48Tfere were insm ?11 Tfrihoil ild Qiemloil shmuts,

mut i tmtin mj 4,511 hivinry. I jurtfer 511 Tfrihoil hivinry

cmoled Inexilders irgy wfone ot wis it Gegpfos.44I `mdy mj

Mdrysoil fmrse (prmì`ny feivy hivinry), hmggilded `y

Xotinkes, il Mdrysoil prolhe, wis nokewose preselt.45 :11

Tfrihoil hivinry ild 8,511 Trinnoils cmoled Inexilder ijter

fe nejt @i`ynml.4:

It tfe ìttne mj tfe Brilohus ol 884, Inexilder depnmyed

tfe Tfrihoils ml fos nejt jnilk, ùt tfey were lmt elbibed dur-

olb tfe ittne.42Tfrihoil hivinry tmmk pirt ol Inexilders ripod

girhf tm Gonetus,46 ild Tfrihoil civenolgel shreeled tfe

Gihedmloil nejt jnilk ol ìttne ibiolst tfe Qosodoils.4? @ejmre

tfe @ittne mj Ossms (888) we jold Inexilder usolb tfe nobft

irged Tfrihoilstm rehmllmotre tfe gmultiolmus surrmuld-

olbs mj tfe Honohoil Bites.51

It tfe su`sequelt ìttne tfe Tfrihoils were olotoinny ol

tfe vil mj tfe irgy,59tfel tfey were ibiol pmsted ml tfe nejt

wolb, `robided wotf Hretil irhfers.50 Tfey were insm ml tfe

nejt wolb it Biubigeni (889), wfel tfe sivibe Tfrihoils (hiv-

inry ild oljiltry) fenped eit mjj i sustioled ittihk y superomr

lugèrs mj Qersoil hivinry.58 Fmwever, tfe Tfrihoil oljiltry

fid goxed suhhess dejeldolb tfe ìbbibe ibiolst tfe Oldoil

8?Irhfoìnd S. , mp.hot., pp 042-059.41Feid D.,IMTGIQR, pp 59, 902- 90?.49Novy VNOO.50.40Feid D.,IMTGIQR, p 59.48Domd. Xoh. 92.92.4.44Irroil 8.5.45Irroil 8.98.4:Domd. Xoh. 92.:5.9.42Irroil 9.94.46Irroil 9.96.4?Irroil 9.0?.51Hurtous OOO.4.59 Hurtous OOO.?.?.50Irroil 0.?.

86Litomlin Guseug mj Fostmry olv. Lm. 0045? (IB pnite 68;IB

Fensolko Lm. 88); Xee Job. 8.



10/26

hivinry. Intfmubf gily mtfer trmmps were innmwed tm returl

fmge ejmre mr durolb tfe girhf tm Oldoi, tfe Tfrihoils stiyed

ml. 8,111 oljiltry ild 511 fmrsegel wmund e nejt is i birro-

sml ml tfe Oldus rover leir tfe preselt diy hoty mj Piwinpoldo.54

It tfe ittne mj tfe Fydispes (80: ), tfe Tfrihoil nobft oljiltry

ittihked tfe Oldoil enepfilts wotf hmpodes(hurved swmrds

mr rfmgpfiois).55Tfe Ibroiloils ol pirtohunir were bovel gily

hrotohin gossomls.5:

Gily mtfer ìttnes ol tfe strubbne jmr Inexilders eg-

pore olvmnved Tfrihoil trmmps. Eugeles depnmyed Tfrihoils

ml fos nejt jnilk it tfe ìttne mj tfe Fennespmlt ol 809. 52 It

Qiriotikele (892), 511 Tfrihoil hivinry jmubft ml mle sode

ild 9111 hivinry jmubft ml tfe mtfer (pmsso`ny hmnmlost

Tfrihoils verses litove Tfrihoilstfe litove Tfrihoils wml).56

Tfrihoil hivinry lext rmse tm prmgolelhe ol tfe wirs wotf

tfe Pmgils. Ol 929 Qerseus wis cmoled `y Kmtys, kolb mj tfe

Mdrysio wotf 9,111 pohked hivinry ild i`mut 9,111 oljiltry.5?

Qerseus inreidy fid 8,111 jree Tfrihoils ulder tfeor mwl

hmggilderol fos jmrhes.:1 Tfese jmubft noke wond èists

wfm fid nmlb èel kept hibed:9it tfe Kinnolokms skorgosf

tfit yeir, dejeitolb tfe Pmgil innoed hivinry. Tfey returled

jrmg ittne solbolb, wotf severed feids is trmpfoes. Tfeor per-

jmrgilhe it tfe @ittne mj Qydli (9:6) wis ness regirki`ne

tfey ire mlny geltomled wfel rullolb iwiy:0Tfrihoil hiv-

inry ire rehmrded swothfolb sodes ol 91?, wfel twm gerheliry

squidrmls were `roèd tm net Cuburtfi oltm i Pmgil higp. :8

Tfe nist soblojohilt olstilhe mj tfe use mj Tfrihoil fmrsegel

seegs tm e ol 29 - wfone Nuhunnus wis higpioblolb ol Qmltus,

fe used Tfrihoil hivinry tm suhhessjunny hfirbe Irgeloil

hitipfrihts ol tfe jnilk.:4

Fmwever, Tfrihoil hivinry hmltolued ol use. Ol 46 it tfe

@ittne mj Qfirsinus, Kmtys, tfe Mdrysoil kolb selt irmuld 511

hivinry wotf fos sml Xidinis tm cmol Qmgpeys irgy ol Breehe.

Igmlb Qmgpeys oljiltry were gegèrs mj tfe @esso troè,

smge mj tfeg gerheliroes, mtfers hmlshropted mr vmnulteers.

Qmgpeys higp wis zeinmusny dejelded y tfe Pmgil hmfmrtsnejt tm buird ot, ùt gmre joerheny stonn `y tfe Tfrihoil

iuxonoiroes.:5 ùt Qmgpey wis dejeited y Hiesir. 0,111

Tfrihoil, Onnyroil, Qirtfoil, ild Tfessinoil hivinry were it

Qfonoppo ol 40,::wfone Tfrihoil gerheliroes ild innoes insm

pirtohopited ml tfe nmsolb sode ol 89 it tfe @ittne mj Ihtoug,

wfel Mhtivoil dejeited Girk Iltmly.:2

Ijter Tfrihe ehige i prmvolhe ol 4: ID, trmmps riosed

tfere jmubft tfrmubfmut tfe Pmgil wmrnd, olhnudolb @rotiol.

Tfe tmg`stmle mj i 9stheltury ID Tfrihoil hivinrygil, Pujus

Xoti (presugi`ny fe fid red fior noke fos ilhestmrs), wis jmuld

ol Bnmuhester ild os lmw ml sfmw ol tfe hoty guseug, ild i

Tfrihoil sfrole fis eel exhivited ol Dmrset. Ilmtfer Tfrihoil

hivinrygil fis fos tmg`stmle jrmg Rrmxeter ml dospniy ol

Xfrewsùrys Pmwney Fmuse guseug.:6 It tfe mtfer eld mj

tfe egpore, ol tfe Hrogei, Nuhous Jurous Xeutfes nejt fos eques-

troil tmg`stmle.:?

Hmstuge

Jrmg tfe 2tftm tfe 4tfhelturoes, Tfrihoil nobft hivinry wmre i

tuloh, hnmik (zeori), hip (inmpekos) ild `mmts (egìdes).21

Tfrihoil wirromrs wotf tfos dress ire hmggml ol :tf-5tf hel-

tury Breek irt, ild stonn deshroèd `y Velmpfml ol tfe eirny

4tf.29

Mtfer ness smpfostohited exigpnes mj Breek pmts sfmwTfrihoil hivinry dressed very sogpny ol i pmolted fit ild nmlb

jnmwolb tuloh, ild tfey ire oldostolbuosfi`ne jrmg Xkytfoil

hivinry. Tfos hmstuge wmund prmì`ny stonn è ol use ol goddne

mj tfe jmurtf heltury, is tfe hmstuge os stonn wmrl y tfe Tfrihoil

wirromr bmddess @eldos ml il Itfeloil renoej mj i`mut 851

tfmubf lewer stynes fid inreidy ebul tm suppnilt ot.20Xmge

4tf heltury Tfrihoil getinwmrk sfmws tfe hivinrygil ìre-

feided ild wotf ìre jeet, i gedoug nelbtf jnmwolb hnmik ild

sogpne tuloh. Tfe exiht hmnmurs mj eirnoer Tfrihoil hmstuge,

intfmubf deshro ed is `robftny hmnmured, ire ulklmwl. Tfe

tmg` pioltolbs use ritfer dunn hmnmurs, ild ire lmt guhf fenp

promr tm 851. Tfrihoil hnmtfolb wis gide mj fegp, jnix, mr

wmmn ild wis wenn rebirded jmr ots jole quinoty ild texture.28Muter birgelts were sewl, liturinny mr irtojohoinny dyed, wotf

wmvel mr eg`rmodered dehmritoml. Tfe wiy ol wfohf tfe hnmtfes

were wmrl depelded ml tfe seisml ild ml tfe type mj wmrk

prihtohed, wotf hertiol rebomlin dojjerelhes.24 Tfe lmrtferl

Tfrihoils wmre lirrmw trmusers ild i sfmrt sfort tuhked oltm

tfeg, hmgòled wotf il muter tuloh, toed it tfe wiost.25 Mver

58Irroil 8.98 8.95.54Tfey regioled ol Oldoi ulton 892, ijter wfohf tfey hige ìhk tm

Isoi Golmr, wfere tfey cmoled tfe gerheliry irgoes mj Inexilder s

suhhessmrs. Jnmrmv & Jnmrmv, mp. hot. p 42.55Hurtous ZOOO. 94, 04-815: eb tfe jnilk ittihk ml tfe Qersoil Bites (Irroil 8.96); Durolb

tfe soebe mj Tyre Inexilder tmmk mlny tfe sfoend èirolb buirds

ild tfe Ibroiloils ild set mut tm Xodml(Irroil 0.9?). Tfey were

insm ml tfe robft jnilk ol leirny inn tfe ìttnes, usuinny `robided

leir tfe Hmgpilomls mr Pmyin Buirds.52 Domdmrus VZOOO 81-80; Qnutirhf, Eugeles.56Domdmrus Xohunus, VOV. 02.5 ild 0?.8. It tfe sige toge,

Domdmrus VOV 94.5 siys tfit Qeuhestes, Xitrip mj Qersoi fid :11

Breek ild Tfrihoil hivinry.5?Novy VNOO.50.:1 Oòd.:9Novy VNOO.50.:0Novy VNOZ, 403 levertfeness, tfe hivinry (depnmyed ml tfe

Gihedmloil robft) survoved tfe ìttne vortuinny ulshitfed, wfohf

geils tfit tfey eotfer ril iwiy wotfmut i jobft, mr gust five gide

i bmmd ihhmult mj tfegsenves, is tfey were mutlugèred ild

prmì`ny fid tm jihe tfe gmre feivony irgmured Qerbigele hivinry.:8Xinnust,Cuburtfole Rir, VVVZOOO. Tfere ire severin mtfer

rehmrded olstilhes mj Tfrihoil trmmps swothfolb sodes ol tfe goddne

mj i ìttne.:4Qnutirhf, Nuhunnus.

:5Hiesir, Hovon Rirs, OO.?5::Ippoil, Tfe Hovon Rirs, OZ, VO, 62-66; Kmtys, kolb mj tfe

Xipiomo, fedbed fos èts ml tfos ìttne fe selt mle mj fos smls,

Piskms, tm tfe higp mj tfe Hiesiroils, ild tfe mtfer mle,

Piskmupmros, tm tfe repu`nohils.:2Qnutirhf, Girk Iltmly3Kolb Xidinis mj Tfrihe hige tm fos

suppmrt, ùtDohmges, kolb mj tfe Betie mlny prmgosed fos suppmrt.

Kolb Pfmegetinkes suppmrted Mhtivoil it tfos ìttne.:6Xee Job. 4.:?Xmkmnmv B.,Iltoque Irt ml tfe Lmrtferl @nihk Xei Hmist,

Nelolbrid, 9?24, Job 920.21 Fermdmtus ZOO.25; see job 9.29Velmpfml, IliìsosZOO.4.20Xee job. 5. Lmle mj tfe pempne piolted ml tfe winns mj tfe

Inexildrmvm tmg` weir tfos hmstuge.28Fermdmtus OZ, 24; Europodes, Fehiè, 9958-9955 p ?6 (Qelbuol).24Bemrboevi P., Xporodmlmv T., & Pekfm G. Tfrihoil Etflmnmby,

Ulov. Qress Xv. Knogelt Mfrodsko, Xmjoi, 9???3 Elbnosf suggiry

it fttp3//gegèrs.tropmd.hmg/~Brmzlocit/tfrih/etflm/

tfrih]etflmn.ftgn.

http://members.tripod.com/~Groznijat/thrac/ethno/


11/26

tfos hnmtfolb, hnmiks, jur hmits ild tfe hfirihterostoh Tfrihoil

zeoriwere used. Tfese were dehmrited wotf joùnie, neitfer mr

textone ènns, ild viromus mtfer irtohnes mj idmrlgelt.2: Tfetmtin ejjeht wis quote ogpressove Qnitm siys fe tfmubft tfe

Tfrihoil hmltolbelt girhfolb ol il Itfeloil renobomus jestovin

put ml i ètter sfmw tfil tfe hotozels (tfey gust five nmmked

reinny bmmd, is tfos os siyolb tfit ìrìroils ire ètter tfil

hotozels, evel ol i sginn wiy).22

Tfe hip wis hinned inmpekos, geilolb jmx-skol, ol Breek.

Irt sfmws i wode viroety mj Tfrihoil hips, ol tfree giol stynes.

Mle wis hneirny gide mj i jmxs skol, ots jihe perhfed i`mve

tfe weirers jmrefeid, wotf lehk- ild hfeek-jnips mj pitterled

hnmtf. I sehmld styne sfmws tfe sige lehk- ild hfeek-jnips

ittihfed tm i nmw-hrmwled hip mj hnmtf mr jent, mr smgetoges

perfips dippned hmwfode. Tfe tford styne os i sogpne fobf-

hrmwled Qfryboilhip, ibiol wotf lehk ild hfeek-jnips inn

ippireltny gide ol mle poehe.26

Lm`ne Mdrysoil hivinry giy five wmrl tittmms. Titmmolb

wis i sobl mj òrtf, tfmubf tfere os lm evodelhe tfit ot wis

prihtohed `y Mdrysoil gel.2?Lm`ne Tfrihoil wmgel sfmwed

mjj tfeor stitus `y weirolb rohfer ild gmre `robftny hmnmured

desobls, smge mj wfohf ire sfmwl ml tfe Zritsi breive.61Tfey

were tittmmed ml tfeor jihes ild wotf spmts ml tfeor irgs,

suppmsedny tm hmggegmrite tfe gurder mj Mrpfeus (`y

Tfrihoil wmgel).69 Intfmubf tfere ire lm klmwl depohtomls

mj tittmmed Tfrihoil wirromrs, tfe lm`negel giy five idmpted

tfos prihitohe, jmr tfe Ibitfyrso (i Xkytfoil troè leir tfe

Tfrihoils wotf smge Tfrihoil hustmgs) ire siod tm five tittmmed

`mtf tfeor jihes ild tfeor nog`s wotf dostolhtove troìn girks.

Tfe smrt mj tittmms wmrl were prmì`ny sogonir tm tfe sporins

ild ilogin gmtojs wmrl y Xkytfoil hfoejs.60Tfe Betio, eolb

ulder feivy Xkytfoil oljnuelhe, ire espehoinny nokeny tm five

jmnnmwed tfos hustmg.

Tfere ire, fmwever, nmts mj pioltolbs mj tfe Tfrihoil tu-

loh ild hnmik. Tfe Tfrihoil tuloh wis klee-nelbtf ild sneeve-

ness. Ot wis toed it tfe wiost, ild ènt ùhknes wotf wmnj gmtojswere hmggml.68 Tfe tuloh wis jrequeltny pitterled noke tfe

hnmik, ùt smgetoges wis ulgirked mr pitterled it tfe feg

mlny. Tfe hnmik (zeori) wis wmrl mver tfe tmp mj tfe tuloh ild

wis tfe gmst strokolb irtohne mj Tfrihoil dress. Tfe pentists

ild hivinry wmre ot, ùt prmì`ny lmt tfe nobfter oljiltry. Ot

hmvered tfe wfmne mdy noke i nilket, ild seegs tm five eel

mj feivy giteroin, solhe tfe pioltolbs sfmw ot is stojj ild lmt

filbolb ol jmnds. Tfos wmund suot tfe gmultiol troès, wfm fid

tm dein wotf very hmnd wolters ild hmmn lobfts durolb tfe sug-

ger. Ot wis very nmlb, mjtel reihfolb tm tfe jeet. Tfe tmp

pmrtoml hmund è jmnded mver is i smrt mj hmnnir, mr tfe tmp hmr-

lers hmund e turled ol tm filb mver tfe hfest mr tfrmwl ihk

mver tfe sfmunders. Ot wis fend ml `y i solbne joùni mr `rmmhf

it tfe nejt sfmunder, ild wis mjtel wmrl noke i Breek hnmik

(driped mver tfe nejt sfmunder, neivolb tfe robft irg jree). Tfe

hnmik wis mndny pitterled wotf nmzelbes, zob-zib ild histen-

nited noles, ild mtfer bemgetroh gmtojs.64Noke tfe hnmtfes wmrl

`y @inkil pempne ulton reheltny, tfe pitterls prmì`ny oldohited

tfe mwlers troè ild reboml mj mrobol, ild brmups mj wirromrs

jrmg tfe sige irei prmì`ny wmre sogonir pitterls (tfmubf tfos

os fird tm esti`nosf is jew Breek vises sfmw brmups mj

Tfrihoils).65

Tfrihoil `mmts (egìdes) were ilmtfer dostolhtove jei-

ture. Tfey were gide jrmg jiwlskol, ild (ol hmltrist tm Breek

ild Pmgil stynes) eltoreny hmvered tfe jeet ild pirt mj tfe

nmwer neb. Tfe `mmts were nihed up it tfe jrmlt, usuinny wotf i

lugèr mj jnips filbolb dmwl jrmg tfe tmp. Tfese `mmts were

odein jmr tfe hmnder hnogite mj tfe gmultiols, mr jmr hivinry

use. Tfey giy evel five prmvoded smge prmtehtoml jmr tfe

nebs ibiolst wmulds.6:

Tfrihoil hmstuge mj tfe Fennelostoh ild Pmgil eris

I drigitoh hfilbe ol ippeirilhe èbil durolb tfe jmurtf

heltury, rejnehtolb Breek oljnuelhe. Tfe evodelhe hmges jrmg

winn pioltolbs ol tmg`s leir Kizilnuk (eirny 8rd heltury),

Inexildrmvm (eirny 4tfheltury), ild Xvesftiro (8rd heltury).

Tfese insm prmvode tfe jorst hmnmur rejerelhes. Tfey sfmw tfit

tfe eirds, tittmms, hnmiks, mmts, fits, ild tmp-klmts five inn

dosippeired. It tfos toge insm, irhfiemnmbohin evodelhe prmves

tfit smge Tfrihoils èbil tm weir (usuinny tfree) `rmlze mr

bmnd tmrhs irmuld tfeor lehks.62@ire jeet, sildins, mr yennmwosf

mr red-`rmwl sfmes wotf turled-up tmes repnihed tfe `mmts. Is

i resunt mj tfese hfilbes, tfe Tfrihoils wfm jmubft jmr

Inexilder wmund five eel very sogonir ol ippeirilhe tm tfe

Gihedmloils ild Breeks ol fos irgy.66

Gmst tulohs it Kizilnuk ire sogpne, solbne hmnmur bir-

gelts, eotfer wotf pitterled `mrders, mr jree mj ily dehmritoml.

Xmge ire sfmrt-sneeved, ild mtfers ire sneeveness. Ol tfe nitter

hise ot wis prmì`ny jisteled it tfe sfmunder wotf pols, is ot os

mhhisomlinny sfmwl neivolb tfe robft sfmunder ild hfest ire.

Tfe hmnmurs mj tfe hnmiks ild tulohs it Kizilnuk olhnude red,25Xee job. 8.2: Oòd.22QnitmPepu`noh802i.26Feid D., Tfrihoil Trmmp Types, Xnolbsfmt, Lm65, Xeptegèr

9?2?, p 94 mlny geltomls twm types ùt Dulhil lmw ibrees wotfge tfit tfere were tfree. Xee www.tfe-tfrihoils.hmg/ippeiril.ftg.2?Fermdmtus Z.:.61 Nevo Q.,Itnis mj tfe Breek Rmrnd, 9?62, Q 902.69Feid D., Tfrihoil Trmmp Types, Xnolbsfmt, Lm 65, Xeptegèr

9?2?, p 95.60Troppett J., Tfe Jorst Fmrsegel, Toge Noje @mmks, 9?61, p 998

sfmws tfese tittmms; fmwever G E DurfigXmge Mrobols, Niws &

Hustmgs mj tf @inkils, Nmldml, 9?06, (Jobure 8, p 918 & jobure 4, p

915) subbests tfit sul ild gmml syg`mns were tfe gmst hmggml, is

sul wmrsfop wis i prmgolelt Tfrihoil renoboml.68Qiulmvi Z., Rirromrs @ent Ippnoques jrmg Tfrihe (:tf-4tf Hel-

tury @H),, olIrhfiemnmboi @unbirohi, Zmn 8, Lm. 0, 9???, pp 95-0?..

64Xee Job 9.65 Fermdmtus ZOO.25; Velmpfml, IliìsosZOO.4; Dulhil Feid, mp.

hot. p 95; Irhfoìnd, mp. hot. pp 012-016; Rirry, mp. hot. p 51;

Bemrboevi et in. suggiry.6:Fermdmtus ZOO.25; Velmpfml,IliìsosZOO.4; Feid, mp. hot. p 95;

Irhfoìnd, mp. hot. pp 012-016. Xee job. 9.62eb Girizmv O. (ed), mp. hot. pnite 011 (p 084); Jmn I. (ed)Ilhoelt

Tfrihe, Bmnd ild Xonver Treisures jrmg @unbiroi 5111 @H- 811ID,

(hitinmbue mj tfe Fensolko exfoòtoml) 0111, Oteg 41, p 61.66Sfovkmvi N., Tfe Kizilnuk Tmg`, Pehknolbfiusel, 9?25, pnites

94-96; I. Jmn et inTfe Tfrihoil Tmg` Leir tfe Zonnibe mj Xvesftiro,

Xmjoi, 9?6:, pp 991-998; Re`èr Hf., Tfe Inexildrmvm Tmg` ild

Mtfer Pehelt Doshmveroes, Xnolbsfmt 09:, Cuny 0119, pp 42-51;

www. tfe- tf rih oils . hmg /i nexildrmvm] tmg `. f tg ;f t tp 3 / /

gegèrs.tropmd.hmg/~Brmzlocit/tfrih/ineksildrmvm]9.ftg; www.tfe-

tfrihoils.hmg/kizilnuk.ftg. Tfe Inexildrmvm tmg` os lmt yet pu`-

nosfed. Xee Job. 8.

MDP_XOIL HIZINP_IPGX, EYUOQGELT, ILDTIHTOHX 58?
http://www.the-/http://www.the-thracians.com/alexandrovo_tomb.htm;http://http://www.the-thracians.com/appearan.htm.


12/26

wfote, red-`rmwl, pine `nue, pine breel, hreig, nobft nue, ild

mjj-wfote. It Inexildrmvm tfere os mle tuloh tfit os rmwl

wotf twm wfote vertohin stropes dmwl `mtf sodes. Ot os noke tfe

tuloh mj mle servilt ml tfe dmge mj tfe Kizilnuk tmg`. Ot os

red-`rmwl wotf mle wfote strope ml eihf sneeve ild twm dmwl

eihf sode. Ilmtfer Inexildrmvm hivinoer weirs i red tuloh;

ilmtfer weirs i wfote tuloh dehmrited wotf i jew vertohin tfol

mrilbe noles, ild i tford weirs i wfote tuloh dehmrited wotf

tfohk `rmwl vertohin noles dmwl tfe sodes. Tfey ire hneil-

sfivel, twm wotf sfmrt fior ild mle wotf nmlb fior. Tfe hivin-

rygil ol tfe wfote tuloh gobft five i Breek petisms fit ml,

ùt ot os gmre nokeny cust i rildmg wfote spnmthf olsteid. Tfe

Xvesftiro fmrsegil (i Betoh kolb) os weirs il ulgirked sfmrt

tuloh ild hfnigys, ùt tfe hmnmur hillmt è detergoled. Tfe

Tfrihoils it tfe ittne mj Qydli (9:6) wmre nihk tulohs.6?Jew

mj tfe oljiltry it Kizilnuk, ild lmle mj tfe jobures it

Inexildrmvm weir hnmiks.?1

Mle mj tfe roders ol tfe Inexildrmvm tmg` weirs i nmlb-

sneeved nue tmp ulder fos wfote tuloh (wfohf os dehmrited wotf

i jew tfol vertohin mrilbe noles). Tfos jobures hmgòlitoml mj

nmlb sneeves sfmwolb ulder tfe sfmrt-sneeved tuloh os sogonir

tm Dihoil dress helturoes niter. Ot giy five èel olspored `y

tfe Qersoils. Ml `mtf tfe Inexilder Gmsioh ild Xirhmpfibus

(olhnudolb tfe Fult Jroeze jrmg Qfonop OOs tmg` ild severin

mtfer vosuin smurhes) nmlb sneeved tulohs ire sfmwl eolb wmrl

`y Qfonop, Inexilder ild irostmhritoh hivinrygel - tfos os insm

repeited ml rmlze ild terrihmtti jobures. Xuhf tulohs giy five

èel mrrmwed y tfe Gihedmloil hmurt, olspored mr oljnuelhed

`y fobf rilkolb Qersoil dress (inmlb wotf purpne hnmiks). @ut

tfel ibiol, perfips tfe Tfrihoil lm`nes tmmk tfe jisfoml jrmg

tfe Qersoils jorst, ild ot wis ol turl tikel up y tfeor leobf`murs,

tfe Gihedmloils Ot seegs tfit vertohinny stropped tulohs è-

hige inn tfe ribe durolb tfe 4tf heltury ol tfos belerin pirt mj

tfe wmrnd. I jobure ml tfe Inexilder Xirhmpfibus (mjtel odel-

tojoed is i servilt) weirs i tuloh wotf twm tfol vertohin stropes -

ild i lugèr mj servilts (ild / mr brmmgs=) ippeir tm tfe nejtmj tfe smnoder sygpmsoug tmg` pioltolb jrmg Iboms Itfilisoms

(leir Tfessinmloko) weirolb sogonir tulohs - lmt dossogonir tm

tfmse wmrl y jobures jrmg mtf Kizilnuk ild Inexildrmvm.?9

Xolhe tfe pioltolbs ire eirny 4tf heltury, tfey fenp tm

ilswer tfe perelloin questoml mj wfit Inexilders Tfrihoils

giy five nmmked noke fos irgoes ire nmhited hfrmlmnmbohinny

ol etweel Kizilnuk (ild Xvesftiro) ild Inexildrmvm. Ot nmmks

noke tfe Fennelositoml mj tfe Tfrihoils ebil guhf eirnoer tfil

prevomusny tfmubft, ild fid i nmlber toge tm perhmnite dmwl tm

tfe nmwer nevens mj smhoety.

Tfrihoil fermes ild bmds hirved ol stmle ild getinwmrk

durolb tfe eirny Pmgil eri sfmw tfit tfe Tfrihoils tmmk tm

weirolb Pmgil ild Hentoh dress. Xmge insm wmre trmusers.Tfey fid hurny fior, giy five wmrl tmrhs, ild i tuloh mr hnmik

fend ml `y i solbne horhunir `rmmhf ml tfe nejt sfmunder.?0 Tfe

tuloh os ol smge hises jmnded ild pneited gily toges vertohinny

ild tuhked ol irmuld tfe wiost. Tfe jmnds ingmst hmlheined i

ènt tfit wis wml tmbetfer wotf i ìndroh. Ol tfos hise, tfe

nelbtf mj tfe tuloh wis idcusted `y punnolb ot up tfrmubf tfe

ènt.?8

Irgmur

Irgmur wis olotoinny restrohted tm tfe lm`ne hivinry, ut ol tfe

jmurtf heltury gily trmmps ebil weirolb fengets, ild pentists

stirted weirolb breives. Tfere wis i girked dojjerelhe e-

tweel lmrtferl ild smutferl Tfrihe, wotf tfe lmrtferl

Tfrihoils weirolb Xkytfoil-styne pilmpnoes, ild tfe smutferl

Tfrihoils weirolb Breek equopgelt (wotf Tfrihoil interitomls).

Tfrihoil wirromrs hmggmlny used irgmur tfit wis mnder tfil

tfe rest mj tfeor equopgelt, mr i goxture mj irgmur ild weip-

mls jrmg dojjerelt stynes ild peromds.?4 Xmge types mj irgmur

persosted nmlb ijter tfey heised tm e used ensewfere. Issug-

olb ùroins rejnehted ihtuin prihtohe, Tfrihoils ol tfos peromd

mjtel wmre i goxture mj Tfrihoil ild Breek equopgelt, ild

mlny mle mr twm poehes mj irgmur, lmt i hmgpnete pilmpny. ?5

Jolinny, Tfrihoil trmmps mj tfe Tfrihoil hnoelt-kolbdmg were

equopped ol tfe Pmgil styne,?:wfohf giy five geilt tfit

tfey wmre Pmgil gion sforts ild fengets, ild hirroed Pmgil

sfoends. Tfey hmltolued tm use tfese wfel tfey èhige

Tfrihoil iuxonoiroes ol Pmgil servohe.?2

Xfoends

Tfrihoil nobft hivinry ire smgetoges sfmwl wotf i pente

stripped tm tfeor ìhk.?6 Intfmubf Hnegelt mj Inexildrois

Xtrmgiti??isserts tfit tfe Tfrihoils were tfe jorst tm use sfoends

ml fmrseìhk, ot os issuged tfit tfe sfoend prmtehted ibiolst

ittihks jrmg tfe reir, is tfey ire lmt depohted usolb tfeg ol

ìttne. Tfe hivinry mlny used tfeor sfoends (oj tfey fid ily) jmr

dosgmulted ihtoml, ulton tfe 8rdheltury.911Ulton tfel, ot seegs

evel tfe feivy hivinry used ipente.

Tfepente919wis usuinny hreshelt- sfiped ut wfohf gobft

insm è horhunir mr mvin.910Breek pmts prmvode mur mlny vosuin

rehmrd mjpentio. Xmge smurhes geltoml `rmlze ild evel bmnd

is giteroins used ol tfeor hmlstruhtoml.918Fmwever, jmr tfe gmst

6?Qnutirhf, Iegonous Qiunus 96.?1Re`èr Hf. , mp. hot, pp 42-4?; Feid, mp. hot, p 92; Feid D.,

IMTGIQR, pp 904-90?.?9Tfos oljmrgitoml suppnoed `y Divod Kirulilotfy jrmg fos reseirhf

jmr fos jmrtfhmgolb `mmk ml tfe Gihedmloils.?0Xee i`mve.

?8@irker Qf.,Irgoes ild Elegoes mj tfe Gihedmloil ild Quloh

Rirs, 9st edotoml, 9?29. Xee job. :.?4Irhfoìnd S., mp. hot. p 9?2.?5 Oòd.?:Jnmrus OO, VVZOO.?2Hfesfore, mp. hot p 98.?6eb 4 tfheltury red jobure vise jrmg Xmzmpmn sfmwl ml p 4:, I

Jmn,ITsee job. 2.??Jrmg Hnegelt mj Inexildrois Xtrmgiti (Goshenniloes), Hfip.

VZ9. Tfe Olveltmrs mj Mtfer Irts were Gmstny @irìroils3 Tfe

Tfrihoils jorst olvelted wfit os hinned i shogotir (irpf [=W) - ot os i

hurved swmrd, - ild were tfe jorst tm use sfoends ml fmrseìhk. Xogo-

nirny insm tfe Onnyroils olvelted tfe sfoend (penti)...ild tfit Otilus (fe

wis i Xiglote) jorst jisfomled tfe m`nmlb sfoend ( tfuremus)...Tfe

Hirtfiboloils were tfe jorst tfit hmlstruhted i troterege ...ild tfe

Xodmloils tfe jorst tm hmlstruht i trorege...Tfese tfolbs [ i wfmne fmst

mj olveltomls ire deshroèd, hmverolb inn giller mj m`cehtsW ire re-

pmrted `y Xeige mj Gytonele, Tfempfristus mj Epfesus, Hydoppus mj

Giltolei, insm Iltopfiles, Irostmdegms, ild Irostmtne ild èsodes

tfese, Qfonmstepfilus, ild insm Xtritm tfe Qeroipitetoh, ol fos `mmk

Hmlherlolb Olveltomls.911Feid D.,IMTGIQR, pp 902- 90? tfe use mj hivinry sfoends os

tfmubft tm five spreid jrmg tfe Tiriltoles.919 Ot wis hinned tfe pente (pnurin pentio) ol Breek, mr penti (pnurin

pentie) ol Nitol.910@est C.B.Q., mp. hot. pp ?-99; Feid D., nmh. hot .918@est C.B.Q., mp. hot, p8; Brilt Hf.,mp. hot.; Irhfoìnd S., mp. hot.



13/26

Jobure 6. I Tfrihoil hivinrygil wotf i nirbe ro`èd horhunir sfoend, jrmg tfe Qydli gmlugelt.

pirt tfese sginn sfoends nihked i rog mr ily kold mj `rmlze

jiholb, ild were gide mj perosfi`ne giteroins (belerinny i wmmd

mr wohker jrige hmvered wotf bmit mr sfeep skols).914 Trihes

mj suhf i sfoend gide mj smge mrbiloh giteroin, joxed wotf

`rmlze lions, five èel jmuld ol i tugunus leir De`levm ol

tfe Nmvehf dostroht.915

Gmst vise-pioltolbs sfmw tfe pente dehmrited, eotfer wotf

i sogpne jihe, ilogins, mr wotf gmre hmgpnex desobls quote

dojjerelt tm tfmse ml fmpnote sfoends.91: Tfe pente wis usuinny

hirroed wotf il irg-strip ild i neitfer mr hmrd fildne it tfe

rog, mr snulb ml tfe ìhk usolb i ìhk strip.912Intfmubf tfe

irg-strip os smgetoges sfmwl is oldostolbuosfi`ne jrmg tfe

`rmlzepmrpixmj tfe fmpnote sfoend, tfos hmund è i fermoh ir-tostoh hmlveltoml ml tfe pirt mj Breek vise piolters.916 Tfe

solbne heltrin brop wmund tfel five èel gmre hmggml.

Velmpfml deshroès i Tfrihoil wfmse snulbpentehiubft è-

tweel tfe stikes mj i jelhe fe wis tryolb tm hnigèr mver.91?

Tfrihoil hivinry ippeir tm five jmnnmwed tfe Breeks ol

idmptolb sfoends irmuld 025.991Hivinry sfoends hmund e rmuld

wotf i heltrin `mss,(sfmwl ml 9st heltury hirvolbs mj tfe

Tfrihoil ferm) mvin noke tfe tfurems (sfmwl ml tfe I`deri

tmg`stmle),999mr very nirbe ild horhunir wotf i spole mss (tfe

styne ml tfe Qydli gmlugelt).990 Breek fmpnote sfoends were

rire ol Tfrihe. Qirts mj mlny twm five èel jmuld3 i `rmlze

rog ild pingettm-dehmrited fildbrop were jmuld ol i jmurtf

heltury tmg` leir Tmpmnmvbrid, ild i jribgelt mj i sogonir

rog (pnus irgmur) wis ol i brive it Xvetnel.998 Tfe nite jojtf

heltury sonver-bont ènt jrmg Nmvets ippireltny depohts irgmured

roders hirryolb fmpnote sfoends, ùt ot os gmre nokeny tfit tfese

ire cust delts mr mtfer digibe.

Mtfer nirbe horhunir sfoends ire sfmwl ml i renoej jrmgtfe Ipidili, Qersepmnos, ml i stib feid bmnd rfytml jrmg tfe

Qilibyurosfte treisure, ild ml i @otfyloil hmol. Lmle mj tfese

ire sfmwl ol use `y hivinry. Tfe Qersepmnos sfoend os very

pp 018-014.914Rirry C., pp 51-59, :9.915Irhfoìnd S., mp.hot. pp 018-014.91:Xee Job. 6.912Feid D., nmh. hot.916Hmllmnny Q., mp. hot. p 46.91? Velmpfml,Iliìsos2.4.92.

991Feid D.,IMTGIQR, p 902. Tfrihoil hivinry ml tfe Qydli gmlu-

gelt, tfe I`deri tmg`stmle, ild smge (niter) depohtomls mj tfe

Tfrihoil ferm inn hirry sfoends. Inn tfese irtojihts ire dited tm tfe 8rd

heltury mr niter.999Xekuldi L., Tfe Xeneuhod Irgy, Gmltvert Qu`nohitomls, Xtmhkpmrt,

9??4 , pp 20, 92-96, ild job. 2.990Xee Job 0.998Irhfoìnd S., mp. hot. p 014.



14/26

Jobure ?. 5tf heltury sonver bont ènt jrmg Nmvehf depohtolb feivy hivinry ol neitfer irgmur wotf pterybes. Tfe

nejt-fild roder ippeirs tm è weirolb i Hmroltfoil fenget ild hirryolb i sfoend, tfmubf tfe nitter os ulnokeny is

fe wmund è hirryolb ot ol fos robft fild. Irhfiemnmbohin Guseug Xmjoi olv. Lm. ::92. Driwolb Diloenni

Hirnssml 0119

Jobure ? (Hmltolued).

Jobure 91. Pehmlstruhtoml mj i nite 5 tf heltury Tfrihoil lm`ne hivinrygil ol ènn

huoriss ild Hfinkodoil fenget, Cmflly Xfugite 0119.



15/26

Jobure 99. Tfe prmhessoml driwl ml tfe nulette (ìhk winn) mj tfe 8rd heltury Xvesftiro tmg`. Tfe driwolb os ol hfirhmin, is

tfe tmg` wis uljolosfed. Ot sfmws i Fennelosed kolb mj tfe Betio èolb hrmwled `y tfe Tfrihoil gmtfer bmddess. Tfe rohfny

dehmrited siddne fis jmur nmlb peldilts, piolted red. Tfe fmrsegil os weirolb i sfmrt tuloh ild hfnigys. Fos robft fild os

mutstrethfed tmwirds tfe Bmddess. @efold fos eir tfere os i rig s fmrl, noke tfmse mj mtfer 8rd heltury gmlirhfs. Twm gel,

prmì`ny servilts, wink èfold tfe fmrsegil. Tfe jorst gil, weirolb i strilbe fit tfit giy è i fenget mr ponms, hirroes i

nmlb speir mver fos nejt sfmunder, wfone fos robft fild fmnds i shi`ìrd, jrmg wfohf dilbnes tfe sfmunder-strip. Tfe sehmld

gil, dressed ol i klee-nelbtf birgelt, fmnds i sfoend ol fos robft fild.



16/26

Jobure 90i. Tfe Hfiromt fmrses jrmg tfe dmge mj tfe Kizilnuk tmg`. Lmte tfeor firless mrligelts.

Jobure 90. Kizilnuk tmg`.

hmlvex ol sehtoml, ild ippireltny gide mj ulhmvered wohker.994

Tfe Lokmgedes O (02?-055) @otfyloil hmol sfmws i nirbe rmuld

sfoend, snobftny sginner tfil il ispos, hirroed `y tfe bmddess

@eldos, inmlb wotf twm civenols ild i striobft swmrd wotf shi`-

ìrd ild indroh. Tfe sfoend os eotfer dehmrited wotf horhnes mj

rovets, mr perfips fis il eg`mssed getin jiholb.995 Itfelis

horhunir sfoend ml tfe rfytml (horhi 811 @H), fis i sulùrstdesobl, ild i wode rog sogonir tm il ispos. Tfos oldohites tfit ot

os i stildird depohtoml mj Itfeli, wfm weirs Breek dress, sm

tfos prmì`ny dmes lmt oldohite Tfrihoil use (evel tfmubf twm

mtfer jobures ml tfe rfytml weir Tfrihoil mr Qfryboil dress).99:

Tfe tfuremsgiy five èel `mrrmwed jrmg tfe Onnyroils, wfm

fid eel hirryolb sogonir sfoends jrmg it neist tfe 2tf heltury.992

Tfe Kizilnuk jroezes, wfohf predite tfe Hentoh olvisomls ol

02?, sfmw severin exigpnes mj nmlb jnit mvin sfoends eolb used

`y Tfrihoil jmmt wirromrs. Mle mj tfese fis tfe dostolhtove ro`

mj tfe tfurems, ùt tfe mtfers dm lmt ild ot os pmsso`ne tfey giy

represelt i jnit ro`ness sfoend. I nirbe, jnit, mvin-sfiped jmurtf

heltury sfoend jmuld leir Kyusteldon wis jihed wotf `rmlze,

wfohf bnotters evel tmdiy.996 Tfos giy five èel tfe type mj

sfoend hirroed y tfe Kizilnuk gel. Interlitoveny tfe Kizilnuk

sfoends gobft five èel wohker, is tfey ire piolted rogness,

wohker- hmnmured ild jnit. Tfey five tfree nmmps filbolb dmwl

ml tfe olsode, used jmr i solbne fild brop, mr perfips jmr snolbolb

ml tfe ìhk.

Tfe tfurems sfmwl ol use `y tfe hivinrygil ml tfe

I`deri tmg`stmle wis gide mj wmmd, wotf i heltrin wmmdel

spole ild usuinny il orml mss.99? Ot hmund e mvin mr rehtilbu-

nir ol sfipe, hmvered ol neitfer, ild piolted. Tfe tfohk rog

smgetoges depohted wis prmì`ny tfe neitfer hmverolb dmu`ned

mver it tfe edbes. Tfe sfoends strmlb hmlstruhtoml ild heltrin

fildbrop giy five innmwed ot tm è used is i weipml tm hrusf

il mppmlelt.901 Xekuldi909siys tfit i god-0ldheltury versoml

mj tfos sfoend jrmg Xodml seegs tm five fid i getin rog (per-

fips rmlze, lmt orml) ild wotf i getin spole ml tmp mj, mr evel

repniholb, tfe wmmdel mle. Fmwever tfere os lm evodelhe tfit

tfe Tfrihoils used tfos niter type, wfohf wmund five gide skor-

gosfolb dojjohunt. I h. 0ld heltury stenejrmg Qfryboi sfmws

twm gmre nokeny pmssoònotoes.900 Ot dospniys twm gel wfm five

èel konned `y tfe @otfyloil Gelis. Mle fis i hmlveltomlin

ro`èd mvin tfurems, wfone tfe mtfer fis i ro`èd rehtilbunir

tfurems. Mle mj tfese twm gel, ùt we dmlt klmw wfohf, os i

Tfrihoil. Ilmtfer brive stmle jrmg @otfyloi insm sfmws

994Feid D., TTT, p 95.995Divos L. & H.G Kriiy, Tfe Fennelostoh Kolbdmgs, Tfiges &

Fudsml, Nmldml,9?28, pnites 96:, 962, 9?1.99:Zeledokmv O., mp. hot. Lm 8:8 ild Girizmv O., mp. hot. Qnite 28.

Xee www.tfe-tfrihoils.hmg/irgmur.ftg (sfoends).992Feid D.,IMGIQR, p 90:.

996 Ol tfe Kysteldon guseug, wfere O jmuld ot. Xee www.tfe-

tfrihoils.hmg/irgmur.ftg (sfoends).99? Hmllmnny Q., mp. hot. pp 996-901.901O bioled tfos olsobft jrmg doshussomls wotf dirk ibe re-elihtmrs,

wfm used sogonir sfoends jmr tfos purpmse.909Xekuldi L., Tfe Qtmnegioh Irgy, Gmltvert Qu`nohitomls, Xtmhkpmrt

9??5, p 00.900

@ir-Kmhfvi @., Gelis Olshroptoml ild Hmrupedoml, XhroptiHnissohi Osreinohi9, 9?24, p 94 .

http://www.the-/http://www.the-thracians.com/armour.htm


17/26

Jobure 90h. Tfe jobure suppmsed tm è Xeutfes OOO jrmg tfe westerl

sode mj tfe drmgms mj tfe Kizilnuk tmg` lmte fmw fe fmnds fos

speir.

Jobure 90`. Kizilnuk tmg`.

@otfyloil oljiltry wotf tfe mvin tfurems, sm tfe mvin sfoend os

gmre nokeny.908I 0ldheltury @otfyloil wirromrs tmg`stmle jrmg

Inexildroi insm sfmws i (yennmwosf mr wfote) mvin tfuremswotf

i spole `mss.904 Gelisstene os hnmse ol dite tm tfe ìttne mj

Qydli (9:6), sm perfips tfe Tfrihoil oljiltry it Qydli hirroed

mle mj tfese types mj sfoend.

Fengets

Tfe gmst ogpmrtilt Tfrihoil fengets stynes were Hfinkodoil,

Hmroltfoil, Tfrihoil, Ittoh, ild Xkytfoil (mr Lmrtferl).905

Fenget stynes hmltolued ol use ol Tfrihe ijter tfey fid bmle

mut mj jisfoml ensewfere, ild ot tmmk smge toge èjmre lewer

versomls were tikel up `y Tfrihoil trmmps. I nmt mj fengets

jmuld ol Tfrihe sfmw sobls mj repeited weir ild teir, wotf

roveted olserts ild telmls.90: Gily fy rods ild viroilts insm

mhhur; mle Tfrihm-@memtoil gmden, jrmg Gmndivoi, fis tfe

skunn mj tfe jmrger ild tfe dmwlswept `rog mj tfe nitter. 902

Fengets were noled ol jent mr neitfer, mr wmrl mver hips, is tfe

regiols mj i jent hip five eel jmuld olsode i Tfrihoil fenget

jrmg Qneteli, ild neitfer regiols olsode mtfer fengets.906

Tfe Hfinkodoil fenget (ol twm gmdens) wis tfe gmst

hmggml jmuld ol heltrin ild smutferl Tfrihe.90? @ejmre 851

tfe gmst jrequeltny used jmrg wis tfe sogpne versoml, wotf

elbrived, stynosed eye rmws. Tfos fis i snobft rodbe sepiritolb

tfe skunn ild sodes, tfe lehkbuird rehessed olwirds; i hurved

mpelolb jmr tfe eirs; deep, rmulded hfeekpoehes figgered mut

jrmg tfe sodes, ild i sfmrt lmsepoehe. Il idvilhed nite jojtf-

heltury versoml jrmg Pmuets fis i renitoveny fobf hrmwl, nmlber,

sohkne-sfiped hfeekpoehes, ild nmlb, prmlmulhed eye`rmws

geetolb ol i hurvedZ-sfipe ihrmss tfe jrmlt. Twm ilds mj

elbrived mrligelt sepirite tfe skunn jrmg tfe sodes.981Ilmtfer

nite jojtf heltury exigpne mj ulklmwl prmvelilhe os dehmrited

wotf brojjols ml `mtf sodes mj tfe hrmwl, ild pingettms ml tfe

eye`rmws. Ot giy five fid orml hfeek poehes ùt ot os ìdny

digibed ild tfese five dosippeired.989

Ijter 851, i lew versoml mj tfe Hfinkodoil fenget hige

oltm use. Tfe lew type fid twm viroilts, wotf joxed mr folbed

hfeekpoehes.980 Mle jiùnmus exigpne mj tfos niter hmlstruh-

toml os inn `rmlze exhept jmr orml hfeek poehes. Ot nmmks noke i

Fmnnywmmd irìroils fenget, is ot fis tinn `rmlze fmrls ild

jottolbs jmr i Breek styne fmrsefior hrest. Ot wis jmuld ol i 4tf

heltury brive it @ryistmvets leir tfe @nihk Xei.988 Ol tfe joxed

jmrg, tfe lehkbuird, sfiped tm jot tfe ìhk mj tfe lehk, ex-

telds tmwirds tfe sfmunders, wfone tfe `rmid hfeekpoehes five

vertohin sodes tmwird tfe hfeeks, hurvolb up it tfe ìhk ild

mver tfe eirs. Tfe `rmws ire nobftny prmjoned ild tfere os i

vestoboin lmsepoehe. Tfe hrmwl os riked ìhk sfirpny jrmg tfe

908 Pugsfeod J. & R. Fend Erollerulbel il Gmkizos, 9stGott 44,

9??4, pp6?-91:, Tijen 01. Tfos sfmws il eirny 0ld heltury @otfyloil

juliry ilquet, ittne shele, ild fultolb shele ml i brive gmlugelt

jmr gegèrs mj il oldobelmus jigony mj lmti`nes, wotf Tfrihm-

@otfyloil liges. Ot wis jmuld ulder 6g mj sedogelt it Idnoye ml tfe

Xilbirous, tfmubft tm è tfe sote mj ilhoelt Tirsms.904Xekuldi L., mp. hot.Job 22.905Irhfoìnd S., nmh. hot.90:Irhfoìnd S., mp. hot. p 050.902 Feid D., TTT, p 96; @est C.B.Q., mp. hot, pnite :. Xee www.tfe-

tfrihoils.hmg/fengets]giol.ftg.906Xingolel T. (ed), Ilhoelt Tfrihe3 Deshroptomls mj tfe exfoòts,

Exfoòtoml ol tfe Igms Ildersml Irt Guseug, Fensolko, Ciluiry 00-

Ipron 9:, 0111 p 98.

90?Irhfoìnd, mp.hot, p 019981 Oòd.989 Litomlin Irhfiemnmbohin Guseug Olv. Lm. 4198; Bmnd der

TfrikerLm. 962.980 Irhfoìnd, mp.hot, p 019.988O. Zeledokmv, Tfrihoil Treisures jrmg @unbiroi, 9?2:, oteg.

04:, p55; Bmnd der Tfriker, 9?61, oteg 040; Feid, mp.hot. p09.

http://www.the-/http://www.the-/


18/26

Jobure90d.Pehmlstruhtomlmjpeihelebmtoitomlsètweeltwmènnobereltsoltfeeisterljroezejrmgtfedrmgmsmjtfe

Kizilnuktmg`Tfejoburesmltfenejtsodeiretfmubfttmèjrmg

iGihedmloilirgy.Lmtetfeornmlbnilhes,innhirroedulderirg.

CmfllyXfugite0119

Jobure90e.Pehmlstruhtomlmjtfe

ìttneshelemltfewesterlsodewesterljroezejrmgtfeeltrilhehmrrodmr(drmgms)mjtfenitejmurtfeirnytfordhelturyKizilnuktmg`.Gilymj

tfejoburesireìdnydigibed,ildtfeorippeirilheoshmlcehturin.Tfesmndoersol`mtfjroezesirenobftnyirgedild

fiveingmsttfesigeweipmls-nmlbspeirs,hurvedswmrds

(smgepmsso`nyrfmgpfiois)ildmvinsfoends.CmfllyXfugite0119

54: HFPOXTMQFEPRE@@EP


19/26

Jobure 98. Qfineri (`rodne hfeekpoehe) 2hg doigeter, jrmg Netlotsi, god-jmurtf

heltury @H. Tfos sfmws hneirny fmw fmrses were firlessed. Guseug mj Fos-

tmry, Nmvehf, olv. Lm. 5?9.

sodes.984Ml fengets wotf folbed hfeekpoehes, tfere os i fobf,

wenn-rmulded hrmwl jrmg jrmlt tm ìhk. I beltne hurve sepi-

rites tfe skunn jrmg tfe striobft lehkbuird, sfiped it tfe nmwer

edbe, ild tfe tmlbue-sfiped hfeekpoehes ire nmlber.985Tfese

gmre hmgpnohited fengets ire nokeny tm five ènmlbed tm tfe

lm`ne hivinry ild Tfrihoil hmggildolb mjjohers, wfm insm

wmre eni`mrite Breek piride fengets, olhnudolb i sfeet bmnd

hmgpmsote versoml jmuld it Qilibyurosfte.98:

Ijter tfe Gihedmloil hmlquest, gily mj tfe fengets gog-ohked tfe Tfrihoil hips, sm tfit tfese fengets ire klmwl is

Qfryboil (mr Tfrihoil) fengets. Tfe Tfrihoilfenget ip-

peired ol Breehe ol tfe goddne mj tfe 5tf Heltury, ut strilbeny

elmubf, intfmubf gmre mj tfos type five èel jmuld ol Tfrihe

tfil ilywfere ense, ot os rireny jmuld ol Tfrihoil ùroins è-

jmre tfe Fennelostoh eri.982 Ot wis dostolbuosfed `y i peik tm

sfide ild prmteht tfe eyes, i sfmrt lehk buird, ild nmlb hfeek-

poehes sfiped tm jot tfe jihe, pmolted it tfe hfol, ild wis smge-

toges dehmrited wotf i stynosed eird ild gmustihfe ol renoej.

Tfe skunn sfipe viroed elmrgmusny; smgetoges ot wis nmw ild

rmulded, smgetoges hmlohin, ùt tfe gmst spehtihunir ild dos-

tolhtove wis tfe Qfryboil type wotf i fobf, jmrwird sweepolb

getin rodbe, very sogonir tm tfe sfipe mj tfe tridotomlin hip.

Tfey were gide gmstny jrmg `rmlze (mjtel ol i solbne poehe),

ùt smge olhnuded orml. I Qfryboil styne fenget jmuld it

Qneteli, ol tfe Pfmdmpes gmultiols mj @unbiroi (wotf i

rfmgpfioi) wis gide wotf i sfeet mj rmlze tm hmver tfe nmwer

jihe, gmunded tm ogotite èird nmhks ild i gmustihfe. Tfe tmp

pirt mj tfe fenget wis gide mj orml sfeets cmoled tmbetfer wotf

tfe iod mj orml ìlds ild rovets.986 Xuhf fengets were mjtel

hrested ild smgetoges fid extri hrests mr jeitfers is sode-mr-

ligelts. I reheltny doshmvered eirny 4tfheltury Tfrihoil ex-

igpne jrmg Qneteli os insm extelsoveny dehmrited wotf sonver

ippnoqus.98? Ol tfe Kizilnuk tmg` pioltolbs, tfe Tfrihoil fen-

get os hmggmlest ùt twm wirromrs weir strilbe yennmw horhu-

nir jnit-tmpped fits. Tfese giy e jrmg il ulklmwl Tfrihoil

troè, ùt ot os gmre nokeny tfit tfey ire Gihedmloil lm`nes

weirolb viroilts mj tfeor dostolhtove neitfer hip, tfe kiusoi.941

Mle jobure fmwever os ìre-feided ild nmlb-fiored, noke il-

mtfer jobure it Inexildrmvm. Mtfer oljiltrygel ol tfe Kizilnuk

pioltolbs weir `rmlze Ittoh fengets, gmst wotf i pine `nue

hrests.949

@mdy Irgmur

@mdy irgmur os rire ol Tfrihoil brives, intfmubf ot os insm rire

ol tmg`s jrmg hmistin Gihedmloi ild Hfinkodoke, wfohf hneirny

dmes lmt githf tfe rein-noje sotuitoml tfere.940 Ot wis nogoted tm

Tfrihoil hmggilders ild lm`nes, suhf is Xeutfes feivy

hivinry `mdybuird, ulton tfe presuged woder oltrmduhtoml mjgion sforts jmr oljiltry `y tfe Pmgil hnoelt-kolbdmg. Tfere

were twm tridotomls, jrmg lmrtferl ild smutferl Tfrihe.

Olotoinny, tfe irgmur wis gide mj neitfer ild/mr `rmlze, ùt

984Irhfoìnd S., mp. hot. p 058.985 Oòd.98:Oòd, p 054.982 Oòd.

986Xingolel T. (ed), mp. hot. p98.98?Jmn I. (ed), mp.hot, Lm. 84, p2?.941Xiitsmbnu-Qinoideno H., Ispehts mj Ilhoelt Gihedmloil Hmstuge,

CFX 9??8, p 98:; Feid, IMTGIQR, p985, siys tfe kiusoinoke

hips ire piolted ol tfe mhfre used jmr `rmlze, sm tfey hmund è smge

type mj fenget, ùt tfos seegs ulnokeny.949Feid D., Tfe Pfmgpfioi Noves!, Xnolbsfmt22, Giy 9?26, p 91.940Irhfoìnd S., mp. hot, p 014.



20/26

orml irgmur stirted tm ippeir ol tfe jmurtf heltury.

Deshroptomls mj Fmgeroh Tfrihoils, ild irhfiemnmbohin

evodelhe sfmw tfit Breek irgmur wis ol use ol Tfrihe nmlb

èjmre tfe hnissohin peromd. Pfesus fid girvennmus bmndel

irgmur, mj tfe rirest wmrkgilsfop.948Fos sneepolb mdybuird

niod tfeor spneldod irgmur ml tfe brmuld èsode tfeg ol il

mrderny tfree rmws. Tfe ènnhmrsenet wis used ol Tfrihe ulton

tfe jojtf heltury, wfel ot wis m`smnete ol Breehe. Tfe gmst

olterestolb exigpne os i jojtf heltury rmlze enn huoriss jrmg

Pmuets. Ot fis il i`dmgolin pnite mr gotre stonn ittihfed `y

geils mj sonvered lions tm tfe `mttmg mj tfe `reistpnite. Tfos

ittihfgelt os uloque ol Tfrihe; oldeed ot fis rireny eel jmuld

mutsode Hrete. Ot os ulnokeny tm five èel used exhept jmr

dosgmulted ihtoml is tfe gotre wmund five gide rodolb

extregeny ulhmgjmrti`ne.944

Tfe progotove ènn type gide jew innmwilhes jmr

hmgjmrt ild eise mj gmvegelt. Tfe irgfmnes were ritfer

sfirp, ild tfere wis i prmlmulhed wiost ild wotf rmnned edbes

prmcehtolb mutwirds it tfe nmwer eld.945 Tfey were dehmrited

sogpny, wotf tfe hfest gushnes eldolb ol tfree-petinned nmtuses,

josfs tions, mr elbrived girole gmlsters, ild wotf mtfer

ilitmgohin detions elfilhed `y sevel- ild lole-petinned

pingettmes. Tfe girole gmlsters (ketmo) fid i nmlb slmut,

slippolb ciws, ild spoky gile ritfer noke i hfolese dribml.

Ulnoke Breek exigpnes, wfohf were wmrl wotf pterybes

ittihfed tm il ulderbirgelt, tfe Tfrihoil huorisses five i rmw

mj fmnes inmlb tfe edbes tm tike i nololb, wfohf oldohites tfey

were wmrl wotfmutpterybes.94:

Mtfer, lml-getinnoh irgmur wis ol use it tfe sige toge.

Ot os pmsso`ne tfit brmups mj bonded sonver ippnoqus jmuld ol

jojtf heltury Tfrihoil tmg`s were mrobolinny ittihfed tm i neitfer

piride hmrsenet, sogonir tm tfe niter orml hmrsenets jrmg Zerboli

ild Qrmdrmgoml. Tfese were dehmrited wotf sfeet bmnd

mrligelts (bmrbmls ild nomlsfeid gisks). Xmgetfolb sogonir

ènmlbolb tm i hmgpmsote mutjot giy five èel jmuld it

Qilibyurosfte. Tfere, tfe irgmur fid rusted iwiy, neivolb bmndstrops ild studs, is wenn is sox rehtilbunir sonver ippnoques wotf

tfe feid mj Ipmnnm, ild twm nmw-renoej sonver doshs sfmwolb

Ferihnes ild tfe Legeil noml.942Ilmtfer neitfer cerkol jmuld

leir Nmvets fid i ènt tm wfohf were ittihfed tfmlbs jmr i

shi` ird. Tfos wis joxed wotf i `rmlze rolb dehmrited wotf i

rehnololb dme.946 I nite 0ldheltury hmol mj Gmstos, i Tfrihoil

kolb, sfmws i sgmmtf hmrsenet wotf sfmrt sneeves, ùt lm mtfer

detion os dosherli`ne.94?Tfe gmulted wirromrs ml tfe 5 tf:tf

heltury Nmvehf sonver bont ènt weir neitfer irgmur wotf

pterybes.951 Mtfer wirromrs wmre rmid shine orml ents, twm mj

wfohf five èel jmuld ol Tfrihe. Tfese ènts ire noke Uritoil

`rmlze ents mj irmuld :11, used niter y tfe Xkytfoils ild ol

viromus pirts mj tfe Ihfiegelod Egpore, sm ot giy è tfit

Tfrihoil wirromrs wmre smgetfolb sogonir. Tfey were mrobolinny

joxed tm smge mrbiloh su`stilhe, eotfer neitfer mr nolel. Ot os

lmt hneir wfetfer suhf i ènt wmund five èel wmrl ènmw tfe

huoriss, mr is il interlitove tm ot.959 It tfe @ittne mj Ossus (888)

mle trilsnitoml mj Hurtous OOO.?.? siys mj tfe Tfrihoils tfese

tmm were ol nobft irgmur.950Tfos fis eel used tm subbest tfey

wmre lml-getinnoh hmrsenets, ùt tfe Qelbuol trilsnitoml siys

wfm were insm nobft irged, wfohf seegs gmre nokeny.

Velmpfml rehmrds XeutfesMdrysoil hivinry weirolb

tfeor `reistpnites ol 411.958Tfos prmì`ny represelts il

irgmured `mdybuird ritfer tfil subbestolb tfit inn Tfrihoil

hivinry were irgmured.954 Tfey gmst nokeny wmre tfe nite

ogprmved versoml mj tfe ènntype `rmlze pnite huoriss. Tfos

wis used ol Tfrihe ulton tfe goddne mj tfe 4tfheltury. Tfe wiost

ìld dosippeired, repnihed `y i lirrmw mut-turled jnilbe, ild

gmre hirejunny gmdenned ilitmgohin renoej noles. Olsteid mj il

upstildolb hmnnir tm prmteht tfe tfrmit, tfe lehk wis hut nmw,

neivolb tfe upper hfest expmsed. Tfos wis hmvered y i hreshelt

sfiped pehtmrin mj sonver-pnited bonded orml, dehmrited wotf

ìlds mj renoej vebetin mrligeltitoml.955 Ot fid i jmrwird hmnnir,

ild wis fend ml `y i lirrmw folbed strop jisteled rmuld tfe

ìhk mj tfe lehk wotf smge jmrg mj hithfpnite.95:

Xuhf orml-ìhked hmnnirs were wmrl `mtf ol Tfrihe ild

Gihedml, ùt seeg tm five fid i nmlber tridotoml ol Tfrihe.

Tfey were desobled tm è syg`mns mj rilk. Tfere giy five

èel twm types mj hmnnir, mle jmr piride, ild mle jmr ìttne, is

i bmrbet mj sfeet bmnd wis jmuld wotf i pniol orml hmnnir ol i

Gihedmloil tmg` it Zerboli. Insm, twm mtfer hmnnirs (jrmg

tfe 4tf heltury Gin tepe tugunus ild Zuròtsi), were jmuld

wotfmut huorisses. It Biubigeni Inexilder wmre il orml bmrbet,

quote prmì`ny mj tfe sige type is tfese pehtmrins.952 I h. 851

idvilhed jmrg mj orml pehtmrin wotf sfeet getin olniy jrmgKiterolo wis wmrl mver i hmgpmsote huoriss dehmrited wotf

bonded sonver ippnoqs. Tfos hmltrists tm i gmre wmrkgilnoke

Gihedmloil bmrbet mj `rmlze shines ml neitfer tfit os dited

jrmg irmuld tfe sige toge.956Ot os lmt klmwl wfit irgmur wis

wmrl wfel tfe ènnstyne welt mut mj jisfoml, ut i hmgpmsote

orml type wotf orml hmnnir seegs nokeny, tm è repnihed niter

igmlbst mjjohers `y tfe gushned huoriss.95?

Breives

Mlny i jew eirny Tfrihoil hivinry (pmsso`ny mlny tfe mjjohers)948Fmger,Onoid, V.944Irhfoìnd S., oòd, p 9?6; Feid D., mp. hot, p9?; Litomlin

Fostmry Guseug, Xmjoi buode, 9?6:, Lm. :6; Zeledokmv O., mp. hot.pp 51-59.945Irhfoìnd S., mp. hot. p 9?2.94: Oòd., pp 9?2-9?6.942S. Irhfoìnd (pp 9??, 05:) dmes lmt sfmw tfese, ùt god 5 tfhel-

tury sonver-bont ippnoques jrmg ilmtfer suot mj irgmur were jmuld ol

Bmnyigiti Gmuld, Dmuvilno (lmrtf mj Qnmvdov) 5 nomlsfeids, i

bmrbmls feid, ild twm sfmwolb wolbed Loke ml i hfiromt. Mblelmvi-

Girolmvi N. NIrgure des Tfrihes,Irhfiemnboi @unbirohi8/0111,

p9: fis i rehmlstruhtoml; wfone tfe èst pohtures mj tfe ippnoques ire

ol Zeledokmv O. & T. Berissogmv Tfrikoshfe Kulst, Neopzob, 9?2:,

jobs 00:-006.946Irhfoìnd S., oòd, p9??, pp 05:-052.94?_murmukmvi _., mp. hot. pp 84-86.

951Irhfoìnd S., mp. hot.; Girizmv O., mp. hot. p925; Zeledokmv O. &

Berissogmv T., mp. hot. Jobs 046 & 051; see job. ?.959Irhfoìnd S., mp. hot.950Brilt Hf., Tfe Tfrihoils,Gonotiry Gmdennolb, Dehegèr 9?2:.958VelmpfmlIliìsos2.8.41.954Feid D., TTT, p 96.955Xee www.tfe-tfrihoils.hmg/irgmur.ftg (hnohk ml @mdy Irgmur).95:Feid D.,IMTGIQR, p 906; D Feid, TTT, p96; Irhfoìnd, mp.

hot. p 9?6.952Qnutirhf, Inexilder, 80 (Qelbuol trilsnitoml) siys ot wis i steen

bmrbet set wotf prehomus stmles.956Irhfoìnd S., mp. hot, pp 055- 052; Feid D.,IMTGIQR, p 906.95? Oòd.

http://www.the-thracians.com/armour.htm


21/26

wmre breives. Tfere os lm evodelhe tfit ily Tfrihoil oljiltry

wmre breives ulton tfe jmurtf heltury. Mle pior wis jmuld leir

Kyusteldon wotf jmurtf heltury oljiltry beir (olhnudolb il mvin

sfoend), ild prmì ny enmlbed tm i Tfrihoil gerheliry, mr i

Gihedmloil.9:1Breives niter ehige gmre pmpunir - It Qydli

(9:6 ) Jorst girhfed tfe Tfrihoils, wfm olsporedtfe

gmst terrmr; tfey were mj breit stiture, wotf wfote [mr `robftW

ild bnotterolb sfoends [tfuremoWild `nihk tulohs ulder tfeg,

tfeor nebs irged wotf breives.9:9

Tfere were twm types mj breive jmuld ol Tfrihe- tfe li-

tove ild Breek types. Twm eni`mriteny dehmrited sonver bont

Tfrihoil heregmloin breives five eel jmuld, mle it Zritsi ol

Troìnnoil terrotmry, ild mle it Ibobfomn, ml Betoh nild.9:0Tfey

sfmw tfe jihe mj tfe Tfrihoil gmtfer bmddess it tfe klee. Il

irgmured Tfrihoil fmrsegil weirolb tfe sige breives os ml

mle mj tfe Netlotsi pniques. Is tfese breives bneig wotf wfote

ild bnotterolb getin, wfote ild bnotterolb sfoends (tfuremo) ild

breiveshmund pmsso`ny geil tfit `mtf tfe sfoends ild breives

wmrl it Qydli were jihed wotf pmnosfed wfote getin - sonver mr

tol niod mver tfe rmlze.9:8 I pior mj 5tfheltury breives jmuld

it Xtirmsen ol 0111 (pmsso`ny ol Xotinkestmg`) were dehmrited

wotf dmu`ne ixe-feids, tfe syg`mn mj rmyinty.9:4

Breives mj Breek type were rirer tfil mtfer poehes mj ogpmrted

irgmur. Mlny jmur piors five èel jmuld ol Tfrihe. Twm piors

mj tfese breives (jrmg dojjerelt nmhitomls) fid èel repiored.

Mle pior fid èel nelbtfeled ol tfe prmhess, ild tfe nejt mle

fid mrobolinny èel gide jmr tfe robft neb. Tfos pior fid insm

èel jotted wotf orml hfiols it tfe ìhk.9:5 Gmst were fend ol

pnihe `y tfeor mwl enistohoty , exhept jmr smge Fennelostoh

exigpnes, wfohf were stripped.9:: I 4tf heltury pior jrmg

Qneteli fis trihes mj tfe tyolb strips enmw tfe klee ild i`mve

tfe ilkne.9:2

Reipmls

Xpeirs

Tfrihoil hivinry wmund è giolny irged wotf swmrd, (usuinny

tfe kmpos) ild 0 hmrlen wmmd civenols, mr tfe hmgpmsote `mw

(kept ol i neitfer bmrytms) oj tfey were Betio.9:6 Tfey ire in-

wiys onnustrited wotf mlny mle mr twm civenols, ùt ot os hneir

jrmg ittne ihhmults tfit tfe oljiltry hirroed gmre, tfe lugèr

depeldolb ml tfeor nelbtf (ètweel 9.9g ild 0g).9:?Mdrysoil

Hivinry civenols were 9.5 tm 9.6 getres ol nelbtf, ild topped

wotf orml mr `rmlze feids. Tfey hmund e tfrmwl oggedoiteny

èjmre hmltiht mr used is i tfrustolb weipml. Velmpfml ip-

peirs tm five jivmured tfos irrilbegelt -twm sfmrt civenols,

mle tm è tfrmwl, ild tfe mtfer kept jmr fild-tm-fild hmg-

ìt.921

Tfere ire rejerelhes ol Breek texts tmTfrihoil speirs,929

ùt tfese ire uljmrtuliteny lmt jurtfer deshroèd. Gmst wirromr

ùroins hmltioled guntopne speirfeids wotf nides mj viryolb

nelbtfs. Tfe prolhopin jmrgs were deroved jrmg mnder Orml Ibe

types, tfmubf tfe tmtin nelbtf os mjtel equin tm mr sginner tfil

tfe nides mj tfeor eirny predehessmrs. Xoxtf-heltury ild niter

exigpnes teld tm e guhf sfmrter ild lirrmwer. Civenol feids

telded tm e sginner, tfoller, ild nmlber tfil mtfer speir feids,

tfmubf mjtel tfere os lm dojjerelhe. Xmge civenol feids were

m`vomusny spehojohinny desobled jmr tfrmwolb ritfer tfil used

fild tm fild.920

Tfree prolhopin sfipes were ol use etweel tfe jojtf ild

tford helturoes. Tfe striobft -soded type fid i prmlmulhed

godro`, tfe `nide ìse cuttolb sfirpny iwiy jrmg tfe smhket.

Tfos wis tfe hmggmlest jmrg used `y tfe Betio. Rotf tfe

neij-sfiped type, tfe nide ise hurved sgmmtfny oltm tfe smhket.

Tfe tford type wis tfe ìrèd Xkytfoil type mj civenol feid.

Tfe lugèr ild rilbe mj types olhreised ol tfe niter jmurtf

ild durolb tfe tford heltury.928

Velmpfml siys tfit tfe civenol sfmund è furned jrmg

fmrseìhk is jir iwiy is pmsso`ne, ol mrder tm bove elmubf toge

jmr tfe fmrse tm turl irmuld ild jmr tfe trilsjer mj tfe sehmld

civenol tm tfe robft fild. Tfe fmrsegil sfmund tfrmw jmrwird

fos nejt sode, wfone driwolb ìhk fos robft; tfel rosolb `mdony

jrmg tfe tfobfs, fe sfmund net jny tfe gossone wotf tfe pmolt

snobftny upwirds. Tfe dirt sm doshfirbed wonn hirry wotf tfe

breitest jmrhe ild tm tfe jirtfest dostilhe; we giy idd, tmm,

wotf tfe truest iog, oj it tfe gmgelt mj doshfirbe tfe nilhe os

steidony eyeolb tfe girk it tfe olstilt mj doshfirbe924

Ol tfe Inexildrmvm tmg`, tfe roders ire irged wotf i solbne

klm` ed speir (wotf i utt spoke) ild i striobft swmrd, filb-

olb jrmg tfe nejt fop. Inn tfe speirs ire woended mver irg. Tfe

preselhe mj tfe ùtt spoke os reinny olterestolb is ot oldohites

tfit tfos speir wis lmt geilt tm e tfrmwl, ut used ol fild-tm-

fild hmgìt, noke tfe Gihedmloilxystmlmr tfe Breek kigix.925

Twm suhf weipmls, i`mut 0g nmlb, mle pmsso`ny wotf i ùtt

spoke, ire insm fend `y i fengeted brmmg piolted ml tfe dmge

mj tfe Kizilnuk tmg`. Inexilder it tfe ittne mj tfe Brilohus

os deshroèd is usolb tfe xystml, wfohf fid i lirrmw nide noke

i speir ild fid i ùtt spoke wfohf hmund è used ol i polhf oj

tfe speir wis sfittered ol hmgìt.92: Fe os deshroèd is usolb

tfexystmlmverfild guhf noke tfe Fmpnote jobftolb styne tm tfrustit tfe lehks ild jihes mj fos jmes. Tfe (prmì`ny Gihedmloil)

9:1Tfos os tfe pior O pfmtmbripfed ol Kyusteldon guseug; ot os lmt

geltomled ensewfere - tfe deshroptoml hmges jrmg Evbelo Qiulmv,

ild ilmtfer deshroptoml mj tfe issmhoited fenget ol tfe Fensolko

exfoòtoml hitinmbue.9:9QnutirhfIegonous Qiunus 96.9:0 Jmn I., T&TT, pp 49, 62, & ?:; www.tfe-tfrihoils.hmg/

breives]giol.ftg; Irhfoìnd S., mp. hot. p055; otegs 959 ild 950jrmgO Diho;D Feid, TTT, pp96-9?.9:8Tfese subbestomls ild interlitove trilsnitomls were suppnoed `y

Dulhil Feid durolb doshussoml i`mut tfos `mmk.9:4Re`èr Hf., Tfe Inexildrmvm Tmg` ild Mtfer Pehelt

Doshmveroes, Xnolbsfmt 09:, Cuny 0119, p 51; www.tfe-

tfrihoils.hmg/inexildrmvm]tmg`.ftg; fttp3//www.bemhotoes.hmg/

vikirr.9:5Jmn I. , IT Fensolko, Lms. 86-8?, pp2?-61; Irhfoìnd S., mp. hot,

p 055.9::Xlmdbriss I.G. ,Irgs ild Irgmur mj tfe Breeks, Cmfl

Fmpkols, @intogmre, 9???, p 58.9:2Irhfoìnd S., mp. hot, p 055.9:6 Feid D.,IMTGIQR, pp 902- 90?; Feid D., TTT, pp 92-01;

Brilt Hf., nmh. hot; @irker Qf., mp. hot, job. 5.

9:?Rirry, nmh. hot.921Velmpfml, Ml Fmrsegilsfop, VOO.929eb EuropodesFehuì9955.920Irhfoìnd S., mp. hot., p 010.928 Oòd., pp 010-018, 052.924Velmpfml, Ml Fmrsegilsfop, VOO925Xpelhe O.B., Tfe Hivinry mj Hnissohin Breehe, Mxjmrd, 9??5,

p58. Ot os pmsso`ne tfit tfos wis i spehoin speir used jmr tfe `mir

fult- tfe hnmseless ogpnoed `y ots use èolb i suoti`ny fermoh

hnogix tm tfe fult.92:Irroil 9.95.

MDP_XOIL HIZINP_IPGX, EYUOQGELT, ILDTIHTOHX 54?
http://www.geocities.com/http://www.the-/http://www.the-thracians.com/


22/26

hivinry ml tfe nejt-fild sode mj tfe eisterl jroeze mj tfe Kizilnuk

tmg` drmgmsire inn irged wotf tfos weipml, woended ulder-

irg. Tfe mtfer hivinry jobures ol tfe drmgms pioltolbs inn ril-

dosf tfeor speirs mverirg exhept jmr tfe jobure suppmsed tm e

Xeutfes OOO, wfm woends fos speir ulderirg. Uljmrtuliteny tfe

preselhe mj ùtt spokes hilt è detergoled due tm pmsotoml mj

tfe jobures ild tfe pmmr stite mj tfe pioltolb.

Tfe klm`èd speir sfijts ire lew - tfey nmmk ingmst noke

hile. I sogonir klm``ny-sfijted civenol hil è seel ml tfe

Inexilder Gmsioh, jinnel tm tfe brmuld.922Tfit os usuinny odel-tojoed is Qersoil, ùt tfe previnelhe mj tfese weipmls ml tfe

Inexildrmvm pioltolbs geils tfe gmsioh civenol hmund five

ènmlbed tm mle mj Inexilder s @inkil trmmps. Fmwever, tfe

gmsioh civenol nmmks quote dojjerelt ot os tfmrly, lmt klm``ny,

sm tfos os fobfny spehunitove. Mle mj tfe bmnd igpfmri-rftymls

jrmg tfe 4tf heltury Qilibyurosfte treisure sfmws sogonir

klm``ny pfonmsmpfers stijjs, ut mtferwose tfese types mj speir

sfijts ire ulklmwl. Qrmì ny tfey ire stonn gide jrmg hmrlen

wmmd, klmwl jmr ots exheptomlinny strelbtf ild duriònoty

(tfmubf ippireltny ot wis èst used ijter lole yeirsseisml-

olb). Tfe hmrlen tree os sfmrt ùt nmlb elmubf tm è used jmr

speir sfijts.926 Qerfips mlny hmrlen wmmd trees jrmg tfe

Inexildrmvm irei prmduhe wmmd wotf tfos klm` ny ippeirilhe,

mr ense tfe speirsfijts sfmwl were prmduhed ol i furry, per-

fips durolb tfe fult. Fiwtfmrl os ilmtfer pmssoònoty.

Xwmrds & Kloves

Tfe Tfrihoils were jigmus jmr tfeor jmrwird hurved swmrds,

ùt tfey insm used i nmlb swmrd ild tfe Xkytfoil ikolikes.92?

Xwmrds were gmst mjtel mlny sehmldiry weipmls ild tm èbol

wotf, mlny lm`nes hmund ijjmrd tfeg; tfe rest mj tfe trmmps gide

dm wotf hurved dibbers. Niter ml, tfmubf, swmrds ehige gmre

hmggml. Jrmg il eirny dite tfere wis i typohinny Tfrihoil

swmrd klmwl jmr èolb nmlber tfil mtfer swmrds.961 TfeOnoid

siys3 Fenelus tfel struhk Deopyrus wotf i breit Tfrihoilswmrd969 TfeOnoidinsm geltomls i sonver-studded swmrd-

i bmmdny Tfrihoil swmrd960ild Mvod siys tfit Qmnydmrus os

konned, dosjobured wotf deep wmulds mj Tfrihoil swmrds.968

Il ulpu`nosfed jmurtf heltury Tfrihoil tmg` exhivited

leir Xfopki ol @unbiroi ol 9??8 hmltiols pioltolbs mj twm nmlb

striobft swmrds tfit wmund e bmmd hildodites.964Tfese nmlber

swmrds giy five olspored Opfohrites tm oltrmduhe nmlber swmrds

jmr fos Breek trmmps. Despote tfe ippirelt sogoniroty tm Hentoh

swmrds, ild tfe nirbe lugèrs mj nmlb Hentoh swmrds ol @unbir-

oil guseugs, ot os ulnokeny tfit tfe Hentoh swmrds oljnuelhed

tfe Tfrihoils.965 Nelbtf mr tfe hurved `nide giy e wfit dos-

tolbuosfed Tfrihoil swmrds jrmg mtfer eirny (Breek) swmrds.

Tfe striobft Breekxopfmswis hmggmler ol Tfrihe durolb tfe

jmurtf heltury ild wis wodespreid ol smndoersbrives mj tfe

tford. Ol tfe Fennelostoh peromd, i striobft Gihedmloil styne

wis insm wodespreid tfos fid i mle mr ovmry fildne, ild tfe

font ild pmggen were hist ol mle poehe wotf tfe nide.96:Xwmrds

wmund prmì`ny è wmrl jrmg i ìndroh.962

Tfere ire i jew olstilhes mj Tfrihoils usolb swmrds is

tfeor progiry weipml, olsteid mj cust is i sodeirg. Tfe Doo fonn

troèsgel ire inwiys rejerred tm `y Tfuhydodes is swmrds-

gelmr irged wotf swmrds(gihfiormpfmrmo).966Tfe mlny

mtfer toge tfit Tfrihoil swmrdsgel ire geltomled os wfel

Hrmesus fored gily Tfrihoil swmrdsgel96?jmr tfe Nydoil

irgy. Tfrihoil oljiltry prmì`ny hmltolued tm use i viroety mj

litove swmrd stynes ulton tfe Pmgil hmlquest.

Tfrihoil hivinry, fmwever, ire inwiys sfmwl ml getin-

wmrk, tmg` pioltolbs, ild renoejs wotf nmlb, striobft swmrds

(prmì`ny tfexopfms) jrmg irmuld tfe 8rdheltury mlwirds. Jmr

olstilhe, ol tfe Inexildrmvm tmg , tfe roder ol tfe wfote tuloh

fis i nmlb, striobft swmrd ol i shi` ird mj i rodohunmusny nirbe

soze. Tfos shi`ìrd os very noke tfmse jmuld ensewfere wotf tfe

xopfms. Tfe ùn`mus sfipe mj tfexopfmsgeilt ot wmrked rei-

smli`ny wenn mtf is i snisfolb ild sti`òlb swmrd, ol hmltrist

tm tfe hurved swmrd, wfohf hmund mlny è used jmr snisfolb.

Levertfeness, tfe hfilbe tm tfe striobft swmrd os huromus.

Velmpfml rehmggelds tfe kmposjmr hivinry use, ild gmderl

experogelts five sfmwl tfit tfe hfoej idviltibe i hivinrygil

fis mver il oljiltrygil os ol tfe dmwlwird strmke mj fos swmrd,

wfohf fis breiter jmrhe wotf i hurved nide.9?1

Jmr jobftolb mtfer hivinry ot seegs tfit swmrds were mlny

used is i nist resmrt. Novy renites tfit tfe Gihedmloils were

surprosed ild dosfeirteled wfel tfey siw tfe ulusuinny se-

vere wmulds hiused `y tfe Pmgil Xpilosf swmrds tm

Gihedmloil hivinrygel Tfey fid seel wmulds hiused `y

speirs, irrmws, ild rireny, `y nilhes, solhe tfey were ihhus-

tmged tm jobftolb wotf Breeks ild Onnryroils.9?9

Ot os quotenokeny tfit tfe Tfrihoils jmubft ol tfe sige styne is tfe Breeks

ild Onnryroils.

TfeGihfiori, mrKmpos, ild Mtfer Tfrihoil Hurved

Xwmrds

Tfe kmpos,mr gihfiori,wis i feivy snisfolb swmrd wotf tfe

huttolb edbe ml tfe olsode mj i nmlb, snobftny hurved, `nide. Ot

hige oltm belerin use ol Breehe eirny ol tfe jojtf heltury.9?0I

wenn-preserved exigpne equopped wotf il ovmry-dehmrited font

wis jmuld leir Duvilno. 9?8Fmwever, tfos swmrd wis rire ol

hnissohin Tfrihe. Mlny twm mtfer pre-Fennelostoh exigpnes five

èel jmuld tfere. Durolb tfit toge tfos weipml wis reservedjmr use `y tfe lm`ne feivy hivinry, ild fid hmlsoderi`ne pres-

922Tfos wis `rmubft tm gy lmtohe `y Dulhil Feid, iutfmr mj

IMTGIQR.926Jnmrmv O. & L. Jnmrmv, tfe iutfmrs mj Tfe 8111 yeir mnd fit, ol

il egion reheoved 0: Lmvegèr 0119.92? Xee www.tfe-tfrihoils.hmg/swmrds.ftg961H X Brilt Tfe QentistXnolbsfmt59 pp ?-92 & 01-09.969Fmger,Onoid, VOOO.960FmgerOnoid08.615.968MvodGetigmrpfmses98.226.964Tfos oljmrgitoml wis suppnoed `y Evbelo Qiulmv durolb i vosot

tm tfe irei. Fe siod tfit uljmrtuliteny i nirbe lugèr mj tmg`s tfit

were exhivited dehides ibm stonn five lmt èel pu`nosfed.965Tfere ire insm gily jole, nmlb, `rmlze ripoers ild mtfer `rmlze

ibe swmrds.

96:Irhfoìnd S., mp. hot, p 052-056.962FeidD., IMTGIQR, p 90:; Xlmdbriss I.G., mp. hot p65.966 Tfuhydodes 0.?6, 0.911, 2.02.96?Velmpfml, Hyrmpiedoi:.0.919?1Velmpfml, Ml FmrsegilsfopVOO.9?9VVVO.85, 011 @H.9?0Xekuldi L., Breek Xwmrds ild Xwmrdsgilsfop,Msprey

Gonotiry CmurlinZmn 8, Ossue 9 0119 pp 84-40; Xlmdbriss I.G.

pp64-65; Hmllmnny Q., mp. hot. p:8; Irhfoìnd S., mp. hot. p018.9?860 hg nmlb, jrmg tfe Bmnyili tugunus it Dmuvilno. Irhfoìnd

S., nmh. hot; Fmdolmtt P.J., mp. hot, p:8, jobure 4.

http://www.the-thracians.com/swords.htm


23/26

tobe vinue. Mle 8rdheltury kmposjmuld ol Tfrihe os 4:hg nmlb

ild 5.5hg wode. Ot os dehmrited wotf i nmlbotudolin brmmve ol

tfe heltre ild i ìld mj elbrived horhnes wotf heltrin dmts ir-

rilbed ètweel tfe brmmve ild tfe muter edbe.9?4

Gerheliry Tfrihoil hivinry mj tfe nite Fennelostoh pe-

romd insm used tfe sohi, i nirbe hurved swmrd. Tfos seegs tm è

tfe Pmgil lige jmr ily hurved swmrd mr kloje, is ot wis insm

used jmr tfe swmrd mj tfe Tfrihoil styne mj bnidoitmr, ild jmr

Hentoh kloves, sm tfe hivinry sohiwis prmì`ny noke tfe kmpos

mr tfe tridotomlin Tfrihoil hurved swmrds. Ol 981 i Tfrihoil

hivinrygil jobftolb jmr i Qerbigele pretelder hut mjj tfe feid

mj tfe Pmgil hmlsun Hrissus wotf i solbne `nmw jrmg fos sohi.

Ol 9:8 it tfe ittne mj Girossi, i Tfrihoil hivinryg

Odrysian Arms Equipment and Tactics

Documents

Transcript of Odrysian Arms Equipment and Tactics