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Transcript of Multilingual DRR
Disaster Risk Reductionin Multilingual Settings
David AlexanderUniversity College London
Definitions
Vol. 1 Vol. 2
"...to worry about what the term'disaster' means is not to dedicate oneselfto an academic exercise without meaning.Instead it is to focus in a fundamental
way on what should be consideredimportant and significant..."
(Quarantelli 1995)
"If scholars in the field cannot evenagree on the question of whether a'disaster' is fundamentally a social
construction or a physical event, thenclearly the discipline has problems."
(Quarantelli, 1998)
In disaster risk reductionwe have a definitional morass
The structure of the field
Recoveryand
reconstruction
Mitigationandresilience
Preparationandmobilisation
Emergencyintervention
Quiescence
Crisis
The disastercycle
Recoveryand
reconstruction
Mitigationandresilience
Preparationandmobilisation
Emergencyintervention
Crisis
Emergencyplanning andorganisation
ofsecuritysystems
Warning and
preparation;damage
limitationmeasuresactivated
Emergencyoperationsand damagelimitation
Recovery andrestoration
Safetymanage-ment of
emergencyoperations
Quiescence
Emergency Disaster Catastrophe
Scenarios for emergency planning- fundamental concepts -
(Hazard x Vulnerability x Exposure)Resilience= Risk
[ → Impact → Response]
Civil contingencies
Resilience
management
The risk environment
Businesscontinuity
Civildefence
Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)
Civilprotection
HumanitarianRelief
RiskCivil defence
Hazard
Vulnerability
Threat
Exposure
Response
Mitigation Protection
Civil protection
Armed aggressionon the part of states
Civil defence
Natural disasters
Civil protection
Armed aggressionon the part of
groups of dissidents
"Homeland security"(civil defence)
"Generic" disasters
"Civil contingencies"(resilience)
Civil DefenceCivil Protection
Instabilitythreats
Enhancednatural hazards
Complexhazards
Naturalhazards
Evolvingstrategicsituation
Largetechnological
hazards
Evolvingclimatechange
'Na-tech'(hybrid)hazards
Majorgeophysical
events
Top-down
Bottom-up
Locus ofcontrol
Locus ofcollaboration
(support)
Tension ofopposites
Commandfunctionprinciple
Supportfunctionprinciple
Spectrum ofalternatives
Co-locate
Communicate
Co-ordinate
Jointly understand risk
Share situational awareness
Commonoperating picture
JointEmergencyServicesInter-operability
Programme
Formerly the Monitoringand Information Centre
IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS(employing resources)
MONITORING AND FEEDBACK
ETHICALPRINCIPLES
& CORE VALUES
STRATEGICDECISIONS (finding
and committing resources)
TACTICAL DECISIONS(allocating resources)
FLOW OFDIRECTION AND
HARMONISATION
FLOW OFEXPERIENCEAND FIELDINFORMATION
'Top-down' and'bottom-up'
Command function principle:command and control
model
Support function principle:collaborative and cooperation
model
Informationtechnology
Managementdecisions
Emergency management:an evolutionary approach
Proxy Participatory
Civil defence...............Civil protection
Command and controlVertical chainof commandPopulation excludedLaw and orderSecrecy
CollaborationTask forces
Population consultedand included
Problem solvingOpenness
Organisationalsystems:management
Socialsystems:behaviour
Naturalsystems:function
Technicalsystems:
malfunction
VulnerabilityHazard
Resilienc
e
Politicalsystems:decisions
Culture
THE WAR ON HAZARDS AND DISASTERS
CULTURE
HISTORY
EVENTS
CONTEXT
RISKSINCREASING
MOREFREQUENTIMPACTS
LOSSES RISING
VULNERABILITY
HAZARDS
DisasterRisk
Reduction
Culture
Econom
ics
Access toknowledge
The w
eight
of h
isto
ry
CONSTRAINTS
Diffusion of information
Perceptual filter
Cultural filter
Emergency not decoded
Emergency decoded
Ignorance
Imagesof reality
Symbolicconstructions
Enlightenment
Filter
Perception
Culture
Decision
Action
Result
Positive Negative
Risk
Accurate Inaccurate
Technologyas risk
mitigation
Technologyas a source
of vulnerability
Research,development
and investmentin technology
individualfamilypeer grouporganisationcommunitysocietyinternational C
ultu
ral filter
Sociocentrism Technocentrism
Kenneth L. Pike1912-2000
Etic and emic
Long term
Short term
Emic components
Etic components
METAMORPHOSISOF CULTURE
Experiences of culture[mass-media and consumer culture]
Accumulated cultural traits and beliefs
Inherited cultural background
Ideological(non-scientific)interpretations
of disaster
Learned(scientific)
interpretationsof disaster
Valuesystem
Familyculture
Workculture
Peergroupculture
Personalculture
National culture
Regional culture
Etic elementsof culture
Emic elements
of culture
Areaof culturalinterpenetration
Retribution Judgement Portent
DISASTERMEANING ACCEPTANCE
Retrospectiveinterpretation
Predictiveinterpretation
Traditional view of disaster - modern parallels?
Symbolisminherent in
technologicalculture
Traditionalsymbolism
and portent
Event
Interpretation
Dynamic culturalmetamorphosis
Resilientculture
Culture ofresilience
INSTRUMENTS OFDISSEMINATION
• mass media• targeted campaign• social networks
• internet
Augmentation
MASSEDUCATIONPROGRAMME
HUMANCAPITAL
HABIT
CULTURE
The creation of a culture of civil protection
BENIGN (healthy)at the service of the people
MALIGN (corrupt)at the service of vested interests
interplay dialectic
Justification Development
[spiritual, cultural, political, economic]
IDEOLOGY CULTURE
Learning to work together
Basic concepts:hazard, vulnerability,
exposure, risk,impact, resilience, etc.
Hazardanalysis
Technical skills:telecomminications
computer, GIS, etc.Emergencyplanning
Emergencymanagement
Disastersociology andpsychology
Public informationmanagement
Recovery andreconstruction
planning
Methods ofrisk mitigation
Fieldexercises
Disaster and emergencymanagement training
HAZARD,
RISK &
DISASTER
STUDIES
SEVEN SCHOOLSOF THOUGHT
Criminal justice
and forensic
science
and perhapsan eighth...
Sociology
Psychology
& psychiatry
Economic &
financial studies
Development
studies
Disaster medicine
& epidemiology
Physical &
construction
sciences
Geography &
anthropology:
cultural (human)
anthropology
Ecology
Geology
(& Geomorphology)
Geophysics
(inc. Seismology)
VolcanologyClimatology
Hydraulics
Hydrology
Meteorology
Architecture
Civil engineering
Geotechnical engineering
Structural engineering
Mechanical &
electrical engineeringInformation &
communication
technology (ICT)
Computer technology
Remote sensing
Risk analysis (inc.
risk identification,
estimation,
management &
communication)
Cartography
Development studies
Economics
Geography, History
Jurisprudence & legal stds
Urban & regional planning
Mass media studies
Psychology
Sociology
Epidemiology
Nursing
Nutrition
Pharmacology
General medicine
Surgery &
emergency medicine
Public health, hygiene
& epidemiology
Veterinary sciences
Health sciencesSocial & spatial sciences
Computational
& analytical
sciences
Construction sciences
Atmospheric & water sciences
Earth & environmental sciences
HAZARD,
RISK &
DISASTER
CONSTITUENTDISCIPLINES
Broad professional training in emergency management
Professional experienceand training
Disciplinary training(e.g. bachelor's degree)
Commonculture
Commonlanguage
Commonobjectives
PractitionersEmergency services
Emergency managementagencies
Volunteer NGOs
ResearchersAcademicsConsultants
UsersThe general public
Businesses
Threeconstituencies
survivors andbeneficiaries
emergency managersand responders
policy makers andemergency planners
internationaldimension
marginalisedgroups
domesticdimension
tourists and visitorsTHE
TRANSLATOR
The international dimension
The international relief system
PUBLIC ANDCORPORATEDONORS
INTERNATIONALNGOs
DONOR COUNTRYGOVT. AGENCIES
RECIPIENT COUNTRYGOVERNMENT AGENCIES
RECIPIENT COUNTRYDONORS
LOCALNGOs
AFFECTED POPULATION AND VICTIMS
UNITED NATIONS AGENCIESUN Office for the Co-ordination of
Humanitarian Affairs (UN-OCHA)UN Disaster Assistance Team (UNDAC)International SAR Advisory Group (INSARAG)UN High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR)World Food Programme (WFP)Other UN Agencies
RAPID RESPONSE TEAMSInternational SAR teamsDisaster Assistance Response Teams (DARTs)
RED CROSS-RED CRESCENTInternational Committee of the RC (ICRC)International Federation of RC Socs. (IFRC)National societies - donor countriesNational societies - recipient countries
UN Resident Co-ordinator (UN-RC)UN Humanitarian Aid Co-ordinator (UN-HC)
Emergency Response Co-ordinator (UN-ERC)(Undersecretary General for Humanitarian Affairs)
Permanent Interagency Support Committee (UN-IASC)[UN humanitarian agencies; UNHCR,
Red Cross, World Bank, various NGOs]
Civil-Military Humanitarian Co-ordination (UN-CMCoord)
Department of Humanitarian Affairs (UN-DHA)Office for the Co-ordination
of Humanitarian Affairs (UN-OCHA)
In the assisted country:-
War andconflict
Pove
rty
Naturaldisasters
Inse
curity
Vulnerability andmarginalisation
Military
Humanitarian assistance
assistance
The "Military Cross"
What falls outof the sky?
Cluster bombs
Humanitarian rations
Justice Impartiality
Humanitarianism
Hijacking ofassistance
Relief
Robberyand rapeof victims
Totalwar
Politicisation ofrelief suppies
Whatfuture?
Justice system
Rights Responsibilities
Moral
Ethical
Legal
Constitution Disaster
Context of disaster
welfare mobility
sovereignty identity
entitlementproxy wars
?
• prevalence of myths and misassumptions
• migration and evacuation
• informal settlements
• precarious livelihoods
• crises of leadership.
Some parallels between disaster risk reduction (DRR) and human mobility
XenophobiaDistrust ofunfamiliar
people
CompassionDesireto helprefugees
RejectionismIt is not
our problemDistancingNot in myback yard
The role of mass cognitive dissonance
CharityWillingnessto donate
Conclusions
• disaster response is increasinglyinternationalised, with up to130 countries participating
• interoperability is vital: civilprotection needs a common culture
• beware of the clash between top-downand bottom-up approaches incivil defence and civil protection.
Take-away messages
• culture is facilitator or inhibitor of DRR:initiatives must be culturally compatible
• minorities should not be neglectedand marginalised (especially inhuman mobility and conflict situations)
• suppression of democracy, human rightsand people's cultures must be opposed.
Take-away messages
THANK YOU FOR [email protected]
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