Early Buddhist Rock Cut Architecture
-
Upload
krisha-desai -
Category
Documents
-
view
265 -
download
4
Transcript of Early Buddhist Rock Cut Architecture
-
7/28/2019 Early Buddhist Rock Cut Architecture
1/15
EARLY BUDDHIST ROCKCUT ARCHITECTURE
ANURDDHA BADARAWANNINAYAKE
MA ARHCAEOLOGY
-
7/28/2019 Early Buddhist Rock Cut Architecture
2/15
INTRODUCTON The early rock cut caves of India excavated in to
the hills and valleys of western ghats, are allBuddhist monasteries. each sites consists of oneor more chaityas- chapels for congregational
worship and several viharas which wereresidential halls for the monks. Rock cutarchitecture developed in the India during theperiod of Maurya in Bihar( 250 BC).Number ofBuddhist complexes were excavated in this
period onward(2nd
C.BC). The main centre for the early rock cut caves
monuments were clustered in westernIndia(Maharashtra) in the numerical and stylisticbasis.
-
7/28/2019 Early Buddhist Rock Cut Architecture
3/15
CHRONOLOGYOn the basis of inscriptions , architectural style, style of sculpture these caves were put
in particular chronological period and these are as follows:
Kondivte100 C BC
Nansur...70 C BC
Bhaja..90 to 70 C BC
Kondane90 to 70 C BC
Pitalkhora III 90 to 70 C BC
Ajanta X ..90 to 70 C BC
Ajanta IX .70 to 50 C BC
Aurangabad IV 70 to 50 C BC
Nasik..70 to 45 C BC
Bedsa .50 to 30 C BC
Karla 50 to 70 C AD
Kuda 140 to 150 C ADJunnar(Tuljaleni) ....100 to 125 C AD
Junnar (Buddhaleni)50 to 70 C AD
Lenyadri90 to 100 C AD
Bhimasankar110 to 150 C AD
Kanheri150 to 180 C AD
Shivaneri.110 to 150 C AD
-
7/28/2019 Early Buddhist Rock Cut Architecture
4/15
DEVELOPMENT OF EARLY BUDDHIST ROCK CUT ARCHITECTURE
WESTERN INDIAN
ARCHITECTURE OF ROCKCUT CAVES ARE
INFLUENCED BY LOMAS RISI
AND SUDAMA CAVES PLANS
WHICH WAS EXCAVATED
AROUND 250 C.BC. INBARABARA HILLS IN BIHAR
DURING MAURYAN PERIOD.
THIS ROCK CUT CAITYA
CONSIST OF A
RECTANGULAR CHAMBERAND SMALLER CIRCULAR
ROOM BEYOND WITH A
DOMED ROOF. THE INNER
CHAMBER HAVING STHUPA
FOR WORSHIP. AT THE
ENTARENCE SEMI CIRCULAR
SUDAMA CAVE
PLAN
LOMAS RISI CAVE PLA
-
7/28/2019 Early Buddhist Rock Cut Architecture
5/15
FAADE OF LOMAS
RISI CAVE TEMPLE
SUDAMA AND LOMAS RISI CAVES ATBARABAR BIHAR
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CunninghamMauryan.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sudama_and_Lomas_Rishi_Caves_at_Barabar,_Bihar,_1870.jpg -
7/28/2019 Early Buddhist Rock Cut Architecture
6/15
2ND CENTURY B.C.COMMON ARCHITECTURAL AND STYLISTIC FEATURES
Kondivte Bhaja
Pitalkhora
Kondane
Ajanta cave NO.IX
Ajanta cave NO.X
Used minimal sculptural and decoration, typical of these
Buddhist architecture.
The caitya hall is apsidal in the plan. Faade is wooden.
Apsidal hall is consisted with vaulted roof with wooden ribs onroof.
Hall is dividing by slanted pillars the most dominant element of
the rock cut faade is horse shoe shaped caitya arch.
Pillars are plain octagonal without capital.
The raw of pillars divided hall into central hall and side aisles.
-
7/28/2019 Early Buddhist Rock Cut Architecture
7/15
KondivteAjanta no. X
Ajanta IX
Pitalkhora
-
7/28/2019 Early Buddhist Rock Cut Architecture
8/15
BHAJA In western India early
Buddhist caves foundat Bhaja, which istypical early phase ofBuddhist architectureand it provides the
closest copy ofwooden prototype inthe detailing of thefacade and interior.The chitya hall is
apsidal in the plane.Same plane found atAjanta cave No. 10,Pitalkhora this apsidalhall is consisted with
vaulted roof with
-
7/28/2019 Early Buddhist Rock Cut Architecture
9/15
HALL IS DIVIDED BY SLANTEDPILLARS THE MOST DOMINANTELEMENT OF THE ROCK CUTFACADE IS HORSE SHOESHAPED CHAITYA ARCH.THE FACADE IS CARVEDMAINLY WITH SIMPLE MOTIF OFA RAILING, PLAIN CUT OUTBRACKETS, YAKSHI AND ACOUPLE. FACADE IS WOODEN.THE NUMEROUS PINHALES INTHE FRONT PORTION OF THECAVE INDICATES A LAND OFWOODEN ADDITION.THE PILLARS ARE PLAINOCTAGONAL WITHOUT CAPITAL.THE STUPA IS CONSISTED ASIMPLE DRUM AND ANDA.
-
7/28/2019 Early Buddhist Rock Cut Architecture
10/15
FIRST CENYURY B.C Kondane At Kondane chaitya caves
have same plane of earlycaves as apsidal hall atBhaja. Only difference
found in the faade. Belowthe chaitya arch sculpture isdepicted, which indicatescharacteristic of 1st C BC. Itis a figure of yaksha , alsohave the panels of dancing
men and women. Gracefullfigures reveal the artistsmastery over his craft andemphasis on the essentialplan of the body suggest a
phase as advance as theSanchi gate ways. Chaitya
http://images.vam.ac.uk/item/O175905/photograph-kondane-caves/ -
7/28/2019 Early Buddhist Rock Cut Architecture
11/15
BEDSA
Two large caves
Both caves has apsidal plans
One is caitya hall and other
one is vihara griha Caitya hall has been
elaborated by the addition of
the verandah and cells.
Verandah is wider than the
interior of the cave.
The pillar retain octagonal,
topped by bell shaped
capitals with animal horse,
bull, elephant with human
riders. The upper half consist of a
large horse shoe shaped
caitya arch.
The two side walls of the
verandah are carved with
-
7/28/2019 Early Buddhist Rock Cut Architecture
12/15
1ST CENTURY A.D.
Karla cave
Around start of 1st
century A.D.subsequent development found
at Karla.
The cave itself is one of the
largest Buddhist excavation.
Here a stone screen is added toenclosed verandah with lion
capital pillar as carved as
Mauryan.
Verandah is parallel to the
Bedsa. But greater symmetryfound here than Bedsa.
In Karla there are three doors in
verandah. Bedsa walls un
sculptured but at Karla large
mithun couples flank thedoorways.
-
7/28/2019 Early Buddhist Rock Cut Architecture
13/15
In contrast to the Bedsa verandah a row of approximately
life size elephant is carved as it supporting the entire super
structure on the two end walls in a manner reminiscent of
the elephant plinth at Pitalkhora.
The sculptures of highly advanced characters and some of
the finest examples of the sculptures craft.
pillars have base with three tier pedestal and octagonal
shaft capped bell with amalaka within a square frame
above. The top most carries the capital.
The top most carries the capital. The capital is two pare of
elephant with male and female riders on them.In these
figures there is an amazing sense of propotion.
The stupa has a drum in two terraces both crowned by arailing. Over the stupa is seen an original wooden
umbrella(chatra).
-
7/28/2019 Early Buddhist Rock Cut Architecture
14/15
2nd 3rd CENTURY A.D.Next important phase of development is plan of caitya is
that the flat roof rectangular quadrangular caitya hall. This
became most prominent and standared designed in periodof 2nd -3rd C.A.D. According to the Dr. Dhavalikars
interpretation this is development phase of late hinayana
period.
Th l t d i ibl d i th i d f th
-
7/28/2019 Early Buddhist Rock Cut Architecture
15/15
The general trend visible during the period of theearly Buddhist caves is a development from shallowrelief sculpture with an emphasis on surfacedecoration to a truly sculptural style of deeper relief
with simplified details. These rock cut caitya cavesdeveloped from simple architectural style tocompound or complicated and decorative largevihara complex. Developed from apsidal caitya hall
with slanting pillars, wooden ribs and woodenfaade; to the apsidal hall with verandah and stonefaade; to the quadrangular flat roof caitya hall. Intime space 500 to 600 years i.e. IInd century B.C. to
II
nd
-III
rd
centuries A.D.
THANK YOU