Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle...

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Lecture Presentation by Steven Bassett Southeast Community College Chapter 7 The Skeletal System Appendicular Division © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Transcript of Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle...

Page 1: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

Lecture Presentation by

Steven Bassett

Southeast Community College

Chapter 7

The Skeletal

System

Appendicular Division

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Page 2: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

Introduction

• The appendicular skeleton includes:

• Pectoral girdle

• Shoulder bones

• Upper limbs

• Pelvic girdle

• Hip bones

• Lower limbs

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Page 3: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

Figure 7.1 The Appendicular Skeleton

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Pectoral

girdles

Upper

limbs

4

60

2

2

2

2

2

16

10

28

2 2

126

Clavicle

Scapula

Humerus

Radius

Ulna Ulna

Carpal

bones

Metacarpal

bones

Phalanges

APPENDICULAR SKELETON

206 SKELETAL SYSTEM

AXIAL SKELETON 80

(See Figure 6.1)

Clavicle

Scapula

Humerus

Radius

Ulna

Hip

bone

Femur Pelvic

girdle

Lower

limbs 60

2

2

2

2

14

10

28

Hip bones

Femur

Patella

Tibia

Fibula

Tarsal bones

Metatarsal

bones

Phalanges

Tibia

Fibula

Anterior view of the skeleton highlighting the appendicular components. The numbers in the boxes indicate the total number of bones of that type or category in the adult skeleton.

Posterior view of the skeleton. a

b

Page 4: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb

• Pectoral girdle consists of:

• Clavicle

• Scapula

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Page 5: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb

• Upper limb consists of:

• Humerus

• Radius

• Ulna

• Carpals

• Metacarpals

• Pollex and other digits

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Page 6: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

Figure 7.2 The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb

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Clavicle

Scapula

Humerus

Radius

Ulna

Carpal bones

Metacarpal bones (I to V)

Phalanges

Right upper limb, anterior view

X-ray of right pectoral girdle and upper limb, posterior view

b a

Page 7: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb

• The Clavicle

• Connects the scapula to the manubrium of the

sternum

• It extends from the manubrium of the sternum,

laterally to the acromion process of the scapula

• It is an S-shaped bone

• Structures

• Sternal end

• Acromial end

• Conoid tubercle

• Costal tuberosity

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Page 8: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

Figure 7.4a Mobility of the Pectoral Girdle

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Scapula

Clavicle

Acromioclavicular

joint

Sternoclavicular

joint

Manubrium

of sternum

Bones of the right pectoral girdle, superior view.

a

Page 9: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

Figure 7.4b Mobility of the Pectoral Girdle

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Retraction

Protraction

b Alterations in the position of the right shoulder that occur during protraction (movement anteriorly) and retraction (movement posteriorly).

Page 10: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

Figure 7.4c Mobility of the Pectoral Girdle

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Elevation

Depression

c Alterations in the position of the right shoulder that occur during

elevation (superior movement) and depression (inferior movement).

In each instance, note that the clavicle is responsible for limiting the range of motion (see Figure 8.5d,f ).

Page 11: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

Figure 7.3a The Clavicle

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Acromial end

Facet for articulation with acromion

LATERAL MEDIAL

Right clavicle, superior view

Sternal end

a

Page 12: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

Figure 7.3b The Clavicle

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LATERAL

MEDIAL

Acromial end Conoid

tubercle

Right clavicle, inferior view

Costal tuberosity

Sternal end

Sternal facet

b

Page 13: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb

• The Scapula

• Posterior structures

• Spine

• Supraspinous

fossa

• Infraspinous fossa

• Acromion

• Lateral border

• Axillary border

• Medial border

• Vertebral border

• Anterior structures

• Coracoid process

• Subscapular fossa

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Page 14: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

Figure 7.5d The Scapula

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Acromion Coracoid process

Superior angle

Superior border

Body

Lateral angle

Lateral border

Inferior angle

Medial border

Subscapular fossa

d Anterior view

Page 15: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

Figure 7.5f The Scapula

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Body

Posterior view

Medial border

Supraspinous fossa

Acromion Superior border

Coracoid process

Lateral border

Infraspinous fossa

Spine

Neck

Inferior angle

f

Page 16: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb

• The Scapula

• Medial / Lateral structures

• Lateral border (Axillary border)

• Medial border (Vertebral border)

• Glenoid cavity (lateral)

• Superior / Inferior structures

• Superior angle

• Inferior angle

• Suprascapular notch (superior)

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Page 17: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

Figure 7.5a The Scapula

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Acromion

Coracoid process

Suprascapular notch

Superior angle

Superior border

Subscapular fossa

Body

Rim of glenoid

cavity

Lateral angle

Lateral border (axillary border)

Inferior angle

Medial border (vertebral border)

Costal (anterior) view a

Page 18: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

Figure 7.5b The Scapula

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Spine

Infraglenoid tubercle

Acromion

Lateral view

Supraglenoid tubercle

Coracoid process

Glenoid cavity

Lateral border

Inferior angle

b

Page 19: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb

• The Humerus

• Proximal structures

• Head

• Greater tubercle

• Lesser tubercle

• Anatomical neck

• Intertubercular sulcus

• Deltoid tuberosity

• Distal structures

• Capitulum

• Trochlea

• Lateral epicondyle

• Medial epicondyle

• Coronoid fossa

• Olecranon fossa

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Page 20: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

Figure 7.6a The Humerus

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Greater tubercle

Lesser tubercle Head

Radial groove

Deltoid tuberosity

Radial groove

POSTERIOR

ANTERIOR

Intertubercular sulcus

Shaft (body)

Surgical neck

Intertubercular sulcus

Anatomical neck

Greater tubercle

Intertubercular sulcus Lesser

tubercle

Head

Anatomical neck

Intertubercular sulcus

Deltoid tuberosity

Coronoid fossa

Radial fossa

Lateral epicondyle Medial

epicondyle

Capitulum Trochlea

Condyle

Capitulum Trochlea

Condyle

Medial epicondyle

Radial fossa

Lateral epicondyle

Anterior views a

Page 21: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

Figure 7.6d The Humerus

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Posterior views d

Greater tubercle

Deltoid tuberosity

Radial groove

for radial nerve

Deltoid

tuberosity

ANTERIOR

POSTERIOR

Anatomical

neck

Head Greater

tubercle

Anatomical

neck

Head

Surgical neck

Olecranon fossa

Lateral epicondyle

Trochlea

Medial

epicondyle

Lateral

epicondyle

Olecranon

fossa

Medial

epicondyle

Trochlea

Page 22: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb

• The Radius and Ulna

• Radius is lateral to the ulna

• Proximal structures

• Head

• Radial tuberosity

• Neck

• Distal structures

• Radial styloid

process

• Ulnar notch

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• The head of the radius pivots on the capitulum

of the humerus

Page 23: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb

• The Radius and Ulna

• Ulna is medial to the radius

• Proximal structures

• Olecranon

• Trochlear notch

• Radial notch

• Coronoid process

• Ulnar tuberosity

• Distal structures

• Ulnar styloid process

• Head

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• The trochlear notch pivots on the trochlea of the

humerus

• The head of the radius pivots in the radial notch of

the ulna

Page 24: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

Figure 7.7a The Radius and Ulna

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Posterior view of the right radius and ulna a

Interosseous

membrane

Ulnar notch

of radius

Head of ulna

Ulnar styloid

process

Articular

cartilage Distal extremity

of radius

Ulnar notch

of radius

Radial

styloid

process

Head of ulna

Ulnar styloid

process

Distal extremity

of radius

Radial

styloid

process

Olecranon

Proximal radioulnar

joint

Head of

radius

Neck of

radius

RADIUS

ULNA

Page 25: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

Figure 7.7d The Radius and Ulna

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Olecranon

Trochlear notch

Coronoid process

Radial notch

of ulna

Head of radius

Neck of radius

Ulnar

tuberosity

Head of

radius

Radial

tuberosity

ULNA

RADIUS

Interosseous

membrane Attachment surfaces for

interosseous membrane

Ulnar notch of radius

Ulnar notch

of radius

Radial styloid

process Carpal articular surface

Distal radioulnar joint

Head of ulna

Ulnar styloid process

Radial styloid process

Carpal articular surface

Anterior view of the radius and ulna d

Page 26: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

Figure 7.7b The Radius and Ulna

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Posterior view of the elbow

joint showing the interlocking

of the participating bones

Humerus

Olecranon fossa

Medial epicondyle of humerus

Olecranon

Trochlea of humerus

Head of radius

Ulna

b

Page 27: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

Figure 7.7c The Radius and Ulna

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Anterior view of the elbow joint

Humerus

Medial

epicondyle

Trochlea

Capitulum

Head of radius

Coronoid

process of ulna

Radial notch

of ulna

c

Page 28: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

Figure 7.7e The Radius and Ulna

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Olecranon

Trochlear notch

Coronoid process

Radial notch

Ulnar tuberosity

Lateral view of the proximal end of the ulna

e

Page 29: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

Figure 7.7f The Radius and Ulna

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Head

of ulna

Distal

radioulnar

joint

Ulnar styloid

process

Anterior view of the distal

ends of the radius and ulna,

and the distal radioulnar joint

f

Page 30: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb

• The Wrist and Hand

• Carpal bones

• Eight bones of the wrist

• Metacarpal bones

• Five metacarpals (make up the “back of the hand”)

• Phalanges

• Pollex has two phalanges

• All other digits of the hand have three phalanges

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Page 31: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb

• The Wrist and Hand

• Carpal bones

• Proximal bones

• Scaphoid

• Lunate

• Triquetrum

• Pisiform

• Distal structures

• Trapezium

• Trapezoid

• Capitate

• Hamate

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Page 32: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

Figure 7.8a The Bones of the Wrist and Hand

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Radius

Lunate

Ulna Proximal

Carpal Bones

Distal

Carpal

Bones

Scaphoid

Triquetrum

Pisiform

Metacarpals

Trapezium

Hamate

Capitate

Trapezoid I

II III IV

V

Anterior (palmar) view of

the bones of the right wrist

a

Scaphoid

Capitate

Trapezium

Trapezoid

Radius Ulna

I II III IV

V

Lunate

Pisiform

Triquetrum

Hamate

Page 33: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

Figure 7.8b The Bones of the Wrist and Hand

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Radius Ulna

Anterior (palmar) view of the bones of the right wrist and hand

b

Radius Ulna

I

Lunate

Pisiform

Triquetrum

Hamate

Capitate

Trapezium

Trapezoid

Metacarpal bones

II III IV

V

Scaphoid

Scaphoid

Lunate

Capitate

Trapezium

Trapezoid

Metacarpal bones

Proximal phalanx

Distal phalanx

Pisiform

Triquetrum

Hamate

Proximal phalanx

Middle phalanx

Distal phalanx

I II III

IV V

Proximal

Middle

Distal

Phalanges

Page 34: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

Figure 7.8c The Bones of the Wrist and Hand

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Ulnar styloid process

Radius

Scaphoid

Trapezium

Trapezoid

Metacarpal bones

Lunate

Pisiform

Triquetrum

Hamate

Capitate V IV III

II

I

Ulnar styloid process

Lunate

Pisiform

Triquetrum

Hamate

Scaphoid

Trapezium

Trapezoid

Capitate

Metacarpal bones

Radial styloid process

Proximal phalanx

Middle phalanx

Distal phalanx

Proximal

Middle

Distal

Posterior (dorsal ) view of the bones of the right wrist and hand

c

Phalanges

V IV III II

I

Page 35: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb

• Pelvic Girdle consists of:

• Hip bones (three coxal bones)

• Ilium

• Pubis

• Ischium

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Page 36: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb

• The lower limb consists of:

• Femur

• Patella

• Tibia

• Fibula

• Tarsals

• Metatarsals

• Hallux and other digits

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Page 37: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

Figure 7.9 The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb

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Hip bone

(coxal or pelvic bone)

Femur

Patella

Tibia

Fibula

Tarsal bones

Metatarsal bones

Phalanges

Tarsal bone

Right lower limb, lateral view

a X-ray, pelvic girdle and lower limb, anterior/posterior projection

b

Page 38: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb

• Pelvic Girdle

• Supports and protects the lower viscera and

developing fetus in females

• The bones of the pelvic girdle and lower limb are

much more massive than their homologues of the

upper limb

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Page 39: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb

• Anterior structures

• Ant. sup. iliac spine

• Ant. inf. Iliac spine

• Pubic tubercle

• Posterior structures

• Post. sup. Iliac spine

• Post. inf. Iliac spine

• Ischial tuberosity

• Greater sciatic notch

• Ischial spine

• Lesser sciatic notch

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• The Hip Bones (Coxal Bones)

Page 40: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

Figure 7.10a The Pelvic Girdle (2 of 2)

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Lateral view a

Iliac crest

Anterior gluteal line

Anterior superior iliac spine

Inferior gluteal line

Anterior inferior iliac spine

Inferior iliac notch

Lunate surface of acetabulum

Acetabulum

Acetabular fossa

Superior pubic ramus

Pubic tubercle

Inferior pubic ramus

Ischial ramus

Posterior gluteal line

Posterior superior iliac spine

Posterior inferior iliac spine

Greater sciatic notch

Ischial spine

Lesser sciatic notch

Ischial tuberosity

Obturator foramen

POSTERIOR ANTERIOR

Ilium

Ischium Pubis

Lateral view

Page 41: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb

• Lateral structures

• Acetabulum

• Gluteal lines

• Medial structures

• Iliac fossa

• Arcuate line

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• The Hip Bones (Coxal Bones)

Page 42: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

Figure 7.10b The Pelvic Girdle (2 of 2)

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Iliac crest

Anterior superior

iliac spine

Anterior inferior

iliac spine

Obturator groove

Pubic tubercle

Pubic symphysis

(symphyseal surface)

Superior pubic ramus

Pectineal line

Iliac fossa

Iliac tuberosity

Posterior superior

iliac spine

Auricular surface for

articulation with sacrum

Posterior inferior

iliac spine

Greater sciatic notch

Arcuate line

Spine of ischium

Lesser sciatic notch

Obturator foramen

Ischial tuberosity

Ischial ramus

Inferior pubic ramus

Ilium

ANTERIOR POSTERIOR

Pubis Ischium

Medial view b

Page 43: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb

• The Pelvis

• Consists of:

• Two coxal bones / one sacrum / one coccyx

• Can be subdivided

• Greater pelvis

• Spans the distance from left iliac crest to right iliac

crest

• Lesser pelvis

• Area inferior to the iliopectineal line

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Page 44: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

Figure 7.11a The Pelvis (1 of 2)

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Arcuate line

Pectineal line

Acetabulum

Pubic tubercle

Pubic crest

Pubic

symphysis

Coccyx

Obturator

foramen

Sacro-iliac joint Sacrum

Iliac

fossa

Iliac crest

Hip Bone

Ilium

Pubis

Ischium

Anterior view a

Sacrum Ilium

Pubis

Coccyx

Ischium

Page 45: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

Figure 7.11b The Pelvis

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Sacrum

Sacral foramina

Posterior superior

iliac spine

Posterior inferior

iliac spine

Sacral hiatus

Coccyx Ischial spine

Ischial tuberosity

Sacral cornu

Median sacral crest

Greater sciatic notch

Iliac crest

Posterior superior

iliac spine

Sacral foramina

Posterior inferior

iliac spine

Sacrum

Sacral cornu

Coccyx

L5

Median sacral crest

Greater sciatic

notch

Sacral hiatus

Ischial spine

Ischial tuberosity

Posterior view b

Iliac crest

Page 46: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb

• The Pelvis

• Consists of two pelvic spaces

• Pelvic inlet (superior space between the brim of

each coxal bone)

• Pelvic outlet (inferior space between the ischial

spine of each coxal bone)

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Page 47: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

Figure 7.12a Divisions of the Pelvis and Anatomical Differences in the Male and Female Pelvis

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Greater pelvis

Pelvic outlet

Pelvic

brim

Pelvic

inlet

Superior view showing

the pelvic brim and

pelvic inlet of a male.

a

Page 48: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb

• Male and Female Pelvis

• The main anatomical difference is in regard to

childbearing

• Pelvic outlet

• Larger in females than in males

• Sacrum curve

• Less curvature in females than in males

• Pelvic inlet

• Wider in females than in males

• Pubic angle

• Greater than 100 in females and less than 90) in

males

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Page 49: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

Figure 7.12d Divisions of the Pelvis and Anatomical Differences in the Male and Female Pelvis

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Male Female

Ischial spine

90 °

or less

100 ° or more

Ischial spine

d Many of the anatomical differences in the male and female pelvis are adaptations for childbearing. These adaptations support the weight of the developing fetus and uterus, and ease the passage of the newborn through the pelvic outlet at the time of delivery. Other differences are the result of variations in body size and muscle mass.

Relatively broad, low pelvis

Adaptations for

Childbearing in

the Female Pelvis

Ilia that project farther laterally

Less curvature on the sacrum and coccyx

Enlarged pelvic outlet

Broader pubic angle

Wider, more circular pelvic inlet

Page 50: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb

• The Femur

• Proximal structures

• Head

• Fovea

• Neck

• Greater trochanter

• Lesser trochanter

• Intertrochanteric line

• Intertrochanteric

crest

• Distal structures

• Medial condyle

• Lateral condyle

• Medial epicondyle

• Lateral epicondyle

• Intercondylar fossa

• Popliteal surface

• Patellar surface

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Page 51: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

Figure 7.13a The Femur

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Neck

Greater

trochanter

Lesser trochanter

Intertrochanteric

line

Articular surface

of head

Neck

Greater

trochanter

Lesser

trochanter

Fovea for ligament

of head

Shaft

of femur Shaft (body)

of femur

Lateral epicondyle

Patellar surface

Lateral condyle

Patellar surface

Lateral epicondyle

Medial

epicondyle

Lateral condyle

Medial condyle

Medial condyle

Medial epicondyle

Landmarks on the anterior surface of the right femur a

Page 52: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

Figure 7.13d The Femur

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Neck Head

Lesser

trochanter

Greater

trochanter

Intertrochanteric

crest

Gluteal

tuberosity

Lesser

trochanter

Greater

trochanter

Neck Articular surface

of head

Intertrochanteric

crest

Gluteal

tuberosity

Pectineal

line

Linea

aspera

Lateral

supracondylar

ridge

Lateral epicondyle

Lateral condyle

Intercondylar

fossa

Intercondylar

fossa

Lateral

epicondyle Lateral

condyle

Medial

supracondylar

ridge

Popliteal

surface

Adductor

tubercle

Medial

epicondyle

Medial

condyle

Lateral

supracondylar

ridge

Medial

supracondylar

ridge

Popliteal surface

Adductor tubercle

Medial epicondyle

Medial condyle

Landmarks on the posterior surface of the right femur d

Page 53: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb

• The Femur

• Posterior view

• Linea aspera

• Lateral supracondylar ridge

• Medial supracondylar ridge

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Page 54: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

Figure 7.13d The Femur

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Neck Head

Lesser

trochanter

Greater

trochanter

Intertrochanteric

crest

Gluteal

tuberosity

Lesser

trochanter

Greater

trochanter

Neck Articular surface

of head

Intertrochanteric

crest

Gluteal

tuberosity

Pectineal

line

Linea

aspera

Lateral

supracondylar

ridge

Lateral epicondyle

Lateral condyle

Intercondylar

fossa

Intercondylar

fossa

Lateral

epicondyle Lateral

condyle

Medial

supracondylar

ridge

Popliteal

surface

Adductor

tubercle

Medial

epicondyle

Medial

condyle

Lateral

supracondylar

ridge

Medial

supracondylar

ridge

Popliteal surface

Adductor tubercle

Medial epicondyle

Medial condyle

Landmarks on the posterior surface of the right femur d

Page 55: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb

• The Patella

• This is a large sesamoid bone

• Protects the knee joint

• Anterior surface is rough for strong tendon

attachment

• Posterior surface has concave facets for the

femoral condyles

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Page 56: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

Figure 7.14a The Patella

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Base of patella

Attachment

area for

quadriceps

tendon

Attachment

area for

patellar

ligament

Apex of patella

Anterior surface of the right patella a

Page 57: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

Figure 7.14b The Patella

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Medial facet for medial condyle

of femur

Lateral facet for lateral condyle of femur

Articular surface of patella

Posterior surface b

Page 58: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb

• The Tibia and Fibula

• Tibia is medial to the

fibula

• Proximal structures

• Tibial tuberosity

• Intercondylar eminence

• Medial and lateral

tubercles of the

intercondylar eminence

• Articular surfaces

• Soleal line

• Distal structures

• Medial malleolus

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Page 59: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb

• The Tibia and Fibula

• Fibula is lateral to the

tibia

• Proximal structures

• Head

• Distal structures

• Lateral malleolus

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Page 60: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

Figure 7.15a The Tibia and Fibula

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Lateral tibial condyle

Medial

condyle

Head of fibula

Superior

tibiofibular joint

Tibial tuberosity

Head of fibula

Interosseous

border of fibula

Anterior margin

Shaft of fibula

Interosseous

border of tibia

Shaft of tibia

Interosseous

membrane

of the leg

Inferior

tibiofibular joint

Medial

malleolus (tibia)

Inferior articular surface

Lateral

malleolus (fibula)

Lateral

malleolus

(fibula)

Anterior views of the right tibia and fibula a

Page 61: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

Figure 7.15d The Tibia and Fibula

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Articular surface

of medial

tibial condyle

Medial tibial

condyle

Soleal line

Interosseous

membrane

of the leg

Tubercles of

intercondylar

eminence

Articular surface

of lateral tibial

condyle

TIBIA

FIBULA

Medial

malleolus (tibia)

Articular surfaces

of tibia and fibula

Lateral malleolus

(fibula) Articular surfaces

of tibia and fibula

Medial malleolus

(tibia)

Lateral malleolus

(fibula)

TIBIA FIBULA

Posterior views of the right tibia and fibula d

Medial tibial

condyle

Soleal

line

Articular surface of

medial tibial condyle

Medial tubercle

of intercondylar eminence

Lateral tubercle

of intercondylar eminence

Intercondylar eminence

Lateral tibial condyle

Head of fibula

Page 62: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb

• The Ankle and Foot

• Tarsal bones

• Seven bones of the ankle

• Metatarsal bones

• Five metatarsals (make up the “arch of the foot”)

• Phalanges

• Hallux has two phalanges

• All other digits of the foot have three phalanges

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Page 63: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb

• The Ankle and Foot

• Tarsal bones

• Calcaneus

• Talus

• Navicular

• Cuboid

• Medial cuneiform

• Intermediate cuneiform

• Lateral cuneiform

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Page 64: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

Figure 7.16a Bones of the Ankle and Foot

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Calcaneus

Talus

Navicular

Cuboid

Cuneiform bones

Lateral

Intermediate

Medial V

IV III II I

Trochlea of talus

Base of 1st metatarsal bone

Shaft of 1st metatarsal bone

Head of 1st metatarsal bone

Tarsal Bones

Metatarsal Bones

Phalanges

Proximal

Middle

Distal

Superior (dorsal) view of the

bones of the right foot.

a

Page 65: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

Individual Variation in the Skeletal System

• The skeleton can reveal important information

about an individual

• Information such as:

• Racial differences

• Medical history

• Body size

• Muscle mass

• Age

• Sex

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Page 66: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

Table 7.1 Sexual Differences in the Adult Human Skeleton (1 of 2)

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Page 67: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

Table 7.1 Sexual Differences in the Adult Human Skeleton (2 of 2)

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Page 68: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

Table 7.2 Age-Related Changes in the Skeleton (1 of 2)

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Page 69: Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

Table 7.2 Age-Related Changes in the Skeleton (2 of 2)

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