Cambodian Rice Export Promotion in WTO Post-Accession (Khmer Version)

CMrujkarnaMecjGgárkm<úCa eRkayeBl cUlCasmaCikGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmμ

BiPBelak

eRkamKMerag TARP ]btßmÖeday AusAid shRbtibtþiikar CamYyRksYgBaNiC¢kmμkm<úCa

GñkdwknaMRsavRCav ³ elak can; b‘unñivtþn_ GñkRsavRCav ³ elak kan; visidæ elak Ey:m supl GñkENnaM ³ elak ém:EXl y:ag

-2007-

matikarGtßbT k> esckþIepþIm

x> rcnasm<½n§bc©úb,nñénkarnaMecjGgárkm<úCa ¬elak can; b‘unñivtþn_ nig elak Ey:m supl¦

1> BaNiC¢km μGgárGnþrCati 2> KMrUGtItkalénBaNiC¢kmμGgárkm<úCa 3> KMrUbc©úb,nñénBaNiC¢kmμGgárkm<úCa ¬éf evotNam Gaemrik nigshKmn_GWr:ub¦ 4> cMnYnnaMecj nigTIpSarGgárenAkUer:xagt,Úg cin Cb:un nigshrdæm®nþI

K> PaBRbkYtRbECgrbs;km<úCacMeBaHBaNiC¢kmμGgár ¬elak can; b‘unñivtþn_¦ 1> FnFan nigktþaGMeNayplEdlBak;B½n§nwgBaNiC¢km μ 2> sUcnakrm:aRkUesdækic©Edlman\T§iBlelIBaNiC¢km μGgár ³ éfø nigGRtabþÚrR)ak; 3> neya)aysMrab;CMrujplitkrRsUv 4> neya)aysþIBIesrIkmμBaNiCkm μcMeBaHBaNiC¢km μGgár 5> neya)ayBaNiC¢km μGgárkm<úCaeRkamkic©RBmeRBogsþIBIksikm μrbs; WTO (AOA) 6> karsnüarbs;km<úCa cMeBaHKMeragBaNiC¢km μtMbn; nigkic©RBmeRBogeTVPaKI 7> karsMrYlBaNiC¢km μGgárkm<úCa

X> karebIkcMhrTIpSarénkarnaMecjGgárkm<úCa ¬elak kan; visidæ¦ 1> karsnüaBhuPaKIeRkamkic©RBmeRBogsþIBIksikm μén WTO 2> rebobvir³GPivDÆn_RkugdUha 3> karcrcarksikm μbc©úb,nñén WTO 4> karebIkcMhrTIpSarEdlGnueRKaH nigGas‘an÷KMeragnana 5> Bn§ nigr)aMgBaNiC¢kmμEdlBMuEmnCaBn§

g> karlM)akkñúgRsuk nigbNþajTIpSar ¬elak Ey:m supl¦ 1> rcnasm<½n§EdlTak;TgnwgplitkmμGgár 2> karEkrécñGgár nigbBaðaKuNPaB 3> bNþajksidæan-TIpSar 4> kardwkCBa¢Ún nigkarbg;tMélkEnøgsþúkTMnij 5> m:aXItTIgGgár

c> CMerIsCaneya)ay rWk¾viFankarN_sMrab;CMrujkarnaMecjGgár ¬elak can; b‘unñivtþn_/ elak Ey:m supl nig elak kan; visidæ¦

1> PaBRbkYtRbECgkñúgRsuk 2> karlM)akkñúgRsuk nigbNþajTIpSar 3> karebIkcMhrTIpSar

C> esckþIsnñidæan

bBa¢IGkSrkat;

ASEAN tMbn;BaNiC¢km μesrIGas‘an ACFTA tMbn;BaNiC¢km μesrIGas‘an-cin AMS viFankarN_KaMRTbBa©ÚlKña AOA kic©RBmeRBogsþIBIksikmμ AQSIQ rdæ)alTUeTAénGPi)alkic©KuNPaB GFikarkic© nigctþaLIs½k ASEAN smaKmRbCaCatiGasIuGaeKñX_ CARDI viTüasßanRsavRCav nigGPivDÆn_ksikm μkm<úCa CCC GgÁPaBGFikarkic©PaBsmRsbrbs;RbeTscin CDC RkumRbwkSaGPivDÆn_km<úCa CEDAC mCÄmNÐlsikSa nigGPivDÆn_ksikmμkm<úCa CEPT Bn§GnueRKaHd¾manRbsiT§iPaBrYm CIF karbg;tMél karFanar:ab;rg nigpÞúkTMnij CLMV km<úCa Lav PUma nigevotNam CSE karsniñdæanénkarKaMRTGñkeRbIR)as; CSQ kUtatamRbePTRbeTs DDR karRbCMukarGPivDÆn_RkugdUha DF & QF K μanBn§Ky nigKμankUta EPA kic©RBmeRBogédKUresdækic© EU shKmn_Gwur:ub FAO GgÁkares,ógGahar nigksikm μ FOB karbg;tMélTMnijrYcCaeRscmkdl;Rck;naMecjénRbeTsnaMecj GATT kic©RBmeRBogTUeTAsþIBIBaNiC¢km μ nigBn§Ky GDP plTunCatisarub GTC Rkumh‘unRKWneRtd

HS RbB½n§suxkþúmnIykm μ HYV RKab;BUCEdlmanTinñplx<s; ICC sPaBaNiC¢km μGnþrCati IMF mUlniFirUbIyvtßúGnþrCati IPM karRKb;RKgbBa©ÚlKñaénstVcéRg ITC mCÄmNÐlBaNiC¢km μGnþrCati JICA Pñak;garshRbtibtþikarGnþrCatiCb:un KIEP viTüasßankUer:sMrab;neya)ayGnþrCati MAFF RksYgksikm μ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT MFN RbCaCatiEdlRtUvGnueRKaHbMput MMA karebIkcMhrTIpSarGb,rima MOFCOM RksYgBaNiC¢kmμcin MOWRAM RksYgFnFanTwk nig]tuniym NFIDCs RbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_EdlnaMcUles,ógGaharsuT§ NDRC KNkmμaFikarEkrTMrg; nigGPivDÆn_Cati NGO GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al OECD GgÁkarsMrab;shRbtibtþikaresdækic© nigGPivDÆn_ PSE karsnñidæanénkarKaMRTplitkr RCB GgÁPaBcuHbBa¢IviBaØabnb½Rt RGC raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa ROCB GgÁPaBcuHbBa¢IviBaØabnb½RteRkARbeTs SAC rdæ)alsþg;danIykm μénRbeTscin S & D Biess nigedayELk SGS Rkumh‘unRtYtBinitüTUeTA SPS Gnam½y nigPUtþKamGnam½y

SRI RbB½n§énRsUvRbBlvb,kmμ TBT rnaMgbec©keTsénBaNiC¢km μ TIFA kic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢km μ nigRkbx½NðvinieyaK TRQs GrtaBn§kUta UNCTAD snñisiT§shRbCaCatisMrab;BaNiC¢km μ nigGPivDÆn_ URAA kic©RbCMuGUr:ahÁayGMBIkic©RBmeRBogsþIBIksikm μ USAID TIPñak;garGaemriksMrab;GPivDÆn_GnþrCati USDA RksYgksikm μshrdæGaemrik US shrdæGaemrik VAT Bn§tMélbEnßm WFP kmμviFIes,ógGaharBiPBelak WTO GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmμBiPBelak

bBa¢Itarag

taragTI 1 karnaMcUl nignaMecjGgár nigCI 1993-1999 taragTI 2 karnaMecjGgárRbcaMqñaMrbs;km<úCa taragTI 3 karnaMcUlGgárRbcaMqñaMrbs;km<úCa taragTI 4 épÞdIdaMduH Tinñpl nigplitkm μéndMNaMRsUv ³ 1993-2004 taragTI 5 plitPaBksikm μkm<úCa enAkñúgtMbn; ¬2003¦ taragTI 6 TMhMépÞdI nigcMeNj taragTI 7 karsnñidæanénkarbg;tMélplitkm μénRsUvnagmøiH taragTI 8 plitPaBkMlaMgBlkm μenAkñúgvis½yplitkm μRsUvrvagRbeTskm<úCa evotNam nigéf taragTI 9 plitplEdlCakm μvtßúeGaymanviBaØabnb½RtnaMcUl taragTI 10 kalviPaKénGRtaBn§rbs;smaCikGas‘anf μ I taragTI 11 Gas‘an nigkUer: tMbn;BaNiC¢kmμesrI ³ GRtaBn§GnueRKaHsMrab;Gas‘an 6 taragTI 12 Gas‘an nigkUer: tMMbn;BaNiC¢km μesrI ³GRtaBn§GnueRKaHsMrab;km<úCa Lav nigPUma taragTI 13 bBa¢IénplitplRsUvCamYynwgGRtaBn§enAkñúgRbeTscin Cb:un kUer:xagt,Úg nig shrdæ

Gaemrik taragTI 14 karEbEckénkarebIkcMhrTIpSarGb,rimasMrab;qñaM 2005-2014 ³ kalbriecäT RbePTkUta

tamRbeTs taragTI 15 GRtapøas;bþÚrBIRsUveTACaGgár

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

bBa¢IrUbPaB rUbPaBTI 1 BaNiC¢km μRsUvBiPBelak rUbPaBTI 2 karsnñidæanénkarKaMRTplitkr nigkarsnñidæanénkarKaMRTGñkeRbIR)as;cMeBaHRbeTskUer:xag

t,Úg

k> esckþIepþIm RsUvedIrtYnaTIya:gsMxan;enAkñúgesdækic©rbs;km<úCa. RbCaksikrRbmaNCag 80° EdleFVIkardaMduHRsUv KWCaBiesskareFVIERstamEbbbUraN. RsUvCaRbPBcMNUld¾sMxan;sMrab;ksikrPaKeRcIn CacMNIGarhar nigCamUldæankñúgkarbegáItnUvneya)aysMrab;vis½yksikmμRbePTepSgeTot. plitkm μRsUvenARbeTs km<úCakñúgeBlbc©úb,nñenHmankarekIneLIgy:agqab;rh½skñúgTsvtSknøgmkedaysar karbegáInnUv plitPaB nigkarBRgIknUvdIdaMduH. km<úCa )anGPivDÆn_cUlkñúgbNþajGñknaMGgárecj ehIyesÞIEtral; karnaMecjTaMgGs; CakareFVICMnYjeRkApøÚvkarCamYyRbeTsevotNam nigéf. bc©úb,nñenHkm<úCaCaGñk RbkYtRbECgmYyenAkñúgTIpSarGgárBiPBelaknwgeKEdr Etfakm<úCanaMecjRsUvrbs;xøÜneTARbeTs evotNam ehIykin b¤EkécñenATIenaH rYceTIbnaMecjbnþeTATIpSarBiPBelak. enAeBlEdlkgVl; xages,ógRtUv)anedaHRsay km<úCaepþatkarykcitþTukdak;eTAelIkareRCIs erIsBUC karGnuvtþn_eRkayeBlRcUtkat; edIm,IbegáInplitPaB nigkarpþl;eGaynUvKuNPaBCab;;lab; sMrab;eFVIkarsþúkTuk nigEkécñ. elIsBIenaHeTot km<úCamanskþanuBlkñúgkarbegáInplitplRsUv k¾dUcCa karnaMecjeRBaHkm<úCaenAmandITMenrCaeRcInEdlGaceFVICatMbn;daMduH nigenAman»kassMrab;begáInplitPaB nigkarnaMecjtamry³karbegáInnUvbec©kviTüasmRsb karbegáInRbB½n§eRsacRsB karEkTRmg; nigkar RKb;RKgKeRmagc,ab;kñúgRsuk nigkareFVIesrIPavUbnIykmμTIpSarCaedIm. Etya:gNa vis½yRsUv Ggár enAkm<úCa enARbQmnwgPaBlM)akmYycMnYnCasMxan;enAeLIy. plitPaBvis½yksikmμenATabebIeFobeTAnwgRbeTsepSg²enAkñúgtMbn; edayTinñplCamFümRbEhlEt 2etanbu:eNÑaHkñúgmYyhicta. kéRm)anmkBIplitplRsUv enATab¬ticCagBak;kNþal¦énkéRm Edl)anmkBIkareFVIbEnø sENþkesog sENþk)ay sVaycnÞI tMLÚg)araMg fñaMCk; nigkb,as CaedIm.l. kareRbIR)as;dICabBaðamYyd¾sMxan;sRmab;dMNaMRsUv nigdMNaMksikmμCaTUeTA. dIksikmμRbmaN1/2lan hicta RtUv)aneRbIR)as;kñúgeBlbc©úb,nñenH. c,ab;PUmi)alf μ IRtUv)anbegáItenA qñaM2001 edIm,IbBa¢ak; nUvkm μsiT§i edaHRsayCemøaH nigeFVICamUldæan sRmab;RbsiT§PaBTIpSardI nigsRmab;kareRbIR)as;dI CaKUrrYmnwgRbtibtþikarhirBaØvtßú. mankargarCaeRcInEdlRtUveFVI kñúgkardak;c,ab;enHeTAkñúgkarGnuvtþ RbcaMéf¶. vaRtUvkarpSBVpSayc,ab;enHTUlMTUlay TUTaMgRbeTsedIm,IeGaymankaryl;dwg kareRCamERCg nigGnuvtþedayRbCaCnRKb;rUb nigrdæ)alkñúgRsukpgEdr.

éføénkardwkCBa¢Únx<s; edaysarKuNPaBénpøÚvfñl;Gn;. kgVHxatxagehdæarcnasm<½n§dwkCBa¢Ún eFVIeGaykarEbgEckes,ógenAkñúgRbeTsmin)anRKb;RCugeRCay dUcCatMbn;xøHsl;GgársMrab;eFVIkarnaMecj xN³eBlenAtMbn;xøHkMBugEtmankarxVHxates,óg. shB½n§eragma:suInkinRsUvRtUv)anbegáIteLIgkñúgeBlfI²enH edIm,IsagTMnak;TMngCamYyksikr kñúgkarpþl;eGayBYkeKnUvBt’man smtßPaB nigkarelIkTwkcitþepSg²edIm,ICMrujeGayBYkKat;Gacplit)an nUvRsUvEdlmanKuNPaBsßitesßr. mankarRsavRCav nigGPivDÆn_elIvis½yRsUvenHya:gTUlM TUlaytamry³ viTüasßanRsavRCavrbs;rdæaPi)al dUcCa viTüasßanRsavRCav nigGPivDÆn_ksikmμkm<úCa (CARDI) Edl plit)anBUCCaeRcInRbePT bu:EnþenAminTan;)anpSBVpSayEckcayeGay)anBaseBjRbeTsenAeLIyeT. \LÚvenH karRsavRCavRtUv)anbEgVrBIkarepþatelIkarbegáInTinñpl eTAelIkarRKb;RKg eRkayeBlRcUtkat; vij.

esvaRbBlvb,kmμEdlpþl;edayrdæaPi)al nigGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al (NGOs) mYycMnYndl;ksikr CakarmYysmehtuplbMputeRBaHRbeTseyIgxVHxatFnFan nigsmtßPaB ehIyk¾mankarecaTsYrd¾sMxan; mYyTak;TgeTAnwgkarrkmeFüa)ayd¾l¥mYykñúgkarepÞrBt’maneGay)andl;ksikr. GaCIvkmμenAtamCnbTmYycMnYn rYmnwgksikrpgEdrGacx©IluyBIRbPBpøÚvkar)an bu:Enþkarx©Itam RbB½n§FnaKar KWenAmanGRtakarR)ak;éføenAeLIy. dMeNIkarénkic©snüarbs;ksikrKWCamUldæanén suvtßiPaB\NTan. kar]btßmFnrbs;rdæaPi)aleTAelIkareRbIR)as;CIRtUv)andkecjtaMgBIqñaM1997 emø:H dUecñHbc©úb,nñenHral;vtßúFatuedImRtUv)anpÁt;pÁg;edayvis½yÉkCn. rdæaPi)alenACab;Bak;B½n§kñúgkarEckcay es,ógse®gÁaHenAeLIy Edlkic©karenHTTYlxusRtUvedayRkumh‘unRKIneRdD EdlCashRKasrdæ CaGñkRbmUlTij nigsþúkTukRsUvGgárTaMgGs;sMrab;FananUvsnþisuxes,óg. K μankarykBn§ nigkMNt; brimaNnaMecjenARsUvGgáreLIy b:uEnþral;GñknaMecjtMrUveGaymanlixitGnuBaØatinaMecjedayK μankar ykkMér:BIkarpþl;viBaØabnb½RtnaMecjenaHeLIy bu:EnþkMér:esvakm μsMrbsMrYlkargarGacnwgRtUvykEdlkMér: enaH eKKitfaCakarkRmitmYyd¾F¶n;eTAelIkarnaMecjGgárrbs;km<úCa. karEkécñ nigkarEckcayGgár RbQmnwgPaBlM)akCacMbgmYycMnYn. bec©kviTüaénkarkinRsUv vahYssm½yEdleFVIeGayGgármankMrit)ak;x<s;. müa:gvijeTotma©s;ma:suInkinRsUvK μanmUlFnRKb;RKan; EdleFVIeGayBYkKat;K μanlT§PaBRKb;RKan;kñúgkarRbmUlTijRsUvBIksikrsMrab;sþúkTuk nigeRKOgcRkTMenIb²

Tan;sm½yedIm,IeRbIR)as;eGay)anRKb;RKan;enAeLIy. kgVHxatenHehIyEdlCaktþaeFVIeGaymankarnaMecj RsUvCalkçN³eRkApøÚvkareTAkan;TIpSarevotNam nigéfCaedIm CaehtueFVIeGaykm<úCaxagbg;BIkarTTYl)an nUvtMélbEnßm nigkarbegáItkargarCUndl;Blkm μkñúgRsukBIkarEkécñCaedIm. \NTanEdlmanGRta karR)ak;x<s; eFVIeGayFøak;Twkcitþdl;karvinieyaKÉkCnBIksikr nigm©as;ma:suInRsUvnigCaehtuCMrujeGay ksikrsVHEsVgrk\NTan BIRbPBepSg²eTotCaBiessBIGñkcgkarR)ak;eRkApøÚvkar. ehdæarcnasm<½n§min RKb;RKan;eFVIeGayraMgsÞHplitkmμ nigkareRCotcUlTIpSar. témøeRkamtu tamkEnøgRtYtBinitü nigéføQñÜl kMBg;Epk¾CaktþamYyEdleFVIeGayéføGgárekIneLIg nigeFVIeGayPaBRbkYtRbECgfycuH enAelITIpSar naMecj. smaCikPaBrbs;kmú<Cakñúg WTO nwgman\T§iBlelIvis½yneya)ayBIrya:g ³ CMhanTImYy KWkarnaMykeRKagkarsßab½n nigc,ab;rbs;km<úCaeGayRsbeTAnwgbTbBaØtirbs; WTO. TIBIr³ km<úCaRtUveFVI karsnüaebIkRckTIpSarrbs;xøÜneTAelIvis½yBaNiC¢km μTMnij nigesvakm μ. tamBiteTA km<úCamanTIpSard¾ sMxan;mYy KWTIpSarGas‘anEdlCaRbeTsCitxagrbs;xøÜnEdlmanGñkeRbIR)as;rhUtdl;eTA550lannak; bu:EnþlkçxN½Ðesdækic© nigplitplksikmμRbhak;RbEhlKñaCaehtu eFVIeGaykm<úCamankarlM)akkñúgkar naMecjplitplrbs;xøÜneTAlk;kñúgTIpSarTaMgenaH. CagenHeTot km<úCacg;BRgIk nigbe®Ba¢ótesdækic© rbs;xøÜneTAkñúgRbB½n§esdækic©BiPBelak. dUecñHkm<úCacaM)ac;RtUvEtsMlwgemIlTIpSarrbs;smaCik WTO

TaMgmUlkñúgkarEsVgrkPaBeRbobQñHénplitplrbs;xøÜn CaBiessTIpSarshrdæGaemrik shKmn_GWr:ub RbeTsCb:un kUer:xagt,Úg nigRbeTscinCaedIm. kic©RBmeRBogelIvis½yksikm μ pþl;nUvGtßRbeyaCn_CaeRcIn dl;km<úCa. kic©RBmeRBogenaHtMrUveGayReTsCasmaCik lb;bM)at;ecalnUvr)aMgminEmnBn§KyTaMgGs;. kñúgzan³CaRbeTsRkIRk km<úCaGacrkSaBn§elIkarnaMcUlelIplitpl ksikmμTaMgGs;tamry³karcUlcrcar. ktþaTaMgenHpþl;eGaykm<úCanUvlT§PaBkñúgkarBRgIkkarnaMecjplitplksikmμrbs;xøÜn nigkar Tak;TajvinieyaKelIvis½yenHEdr. kic©RBmeRBog niglT§plénkarcrcarbs;GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmμBiPBelak kñúgeBlf μ I²enH )anpþl;nUvRbRBwtþkm μBiess nigedayELk ( Special & Differential Treatment) dl;RbeTsRkIRk nUveBlevlaRKb;RKan;edIm,IerobcMeFVIkarGnuvtþ nUvkic©RBmeRBogTaMgenaH nigTTYl)annUv CMnYybec©keTsedIm,IGPivDÆn_smtßPaB nigKMeragkarc,ab;elIvis½yBaNiC¢km μrbs;xøÜnk¾dUcCaTTYl)annUv

karnaMcUledayesrIedayK μankarbg;Bn§ (Duty Free & Quota Free) edIm,IsRmbsRmYlplitkmμ nigrcnasm<½n§BaNiC¢km μrbs;xøÜnpgEdr.

eTaHbICamankarRbQmCamYybBaðaCaeRcIndUc)anerobrab;CUnxagelIkþI km<úCaenAEtmankþIsgÇwm nwgedIrtYnaTIsMxan;EfmeTotkñúgTIpSarsklelakkñúgTsvtSxagmuxenH enAeBlEdlkm<úCa)anbegáInnUv Tinñplrbs;xøÜntamry³karBRgIktMbn;daMduH nigkareFVIeGayRbesIeLIgnUvEpñkepSg²eTot dUcCakar kat;bnßynUv]bsKÁénkarnaMecjCaedIm. GaRs½yedaykm<úCaCasmaCikrbs; WTO nigenAmanbBaða RbQmCaeRcIn dUecñHehIyEdleFVIeGaykarRsavRCavrbs;eyIgepþateTAelIkarGPivDÆn_eKalneya)ay nigCeRmIsnana edIm,ICMrujnUvBaNiC¢kmμrbs;xñÜneRkayeBlEdlkm<úCacUlCasmaCikrbs;GgÁkarBaNiC¢ km μBiPBelak. eKalbMNgénkarRsavRCavenH KWrkeGayeXIjnUvPaBRbKYtRbECgQñHénkar eFVICMnYj elIGgárrbs;km<úCa karcUlTIpSarrbs;Ggárkm<úCa PaBlM)akénkareFVICMnYjrbs;Ggárkm<úCa nigcugeRkaybMput EdlCacMnucsMxan;énKMeragRsavRCavenHKWkarrkeGayeXIjKeRmageKalneya)ay nigCeRmIskñúgkar GnuvtþedIm,ICMrujnUvkarnaMecjGgárkm<úCa.

edayeyageTAelIeKalbMNgrbs;eyIg KMeragRsavRCavenHnwgEckecjCa 5EpñkKW³ EpñkTI1 eyIgnwgBüayamrkeGayeXIjrcnasm<½n niglkçx½NÐénkareFVICMnYjelIGgárEdleFVIkarelIkykmkbgðaj nUvrUbPaBénkarnaMecj nignaMcUlGgárkñúgkm<úCabc©úb,nñ. EpñkTI2 KWCaEpñkd¾sMxan;énKMeragRsavRCav eRBaHvaTak;TgeTAnwgkarRsavRCavelIrcnasm<½n§énplitkmμ nigBaNiC¢kmμénvis½yGgárenAkñúgRbeTs km<úCa. müa:geToteyIgGacniyayfaeyIgnwgBüayameFVIkar)a:n;sñaneTAelIPaBRbkYtRbECgénBaNiC¢km μ Ggárrbs;km<úCa. EpñkTI3 KWeFVIkarRsavRCav )a:n;sμanelIkarcUleTAkñúgTIpSarrbs; shrdæGaemrik Cb:un cin nigkUer:xagt,ÚgEdlCaTIpSareKaledAEdleyIg)aneRCIserIssMrab;lk;plitplGgárrbs;km<úCaeyIgenAeBlGnaKt. EpñkTI4 nwgeFVIkarviPaKeTAelIPaBlM)aknana énkareFVIBaNiC¢kmμGgárEdlGacbgáeLIgeday Fm μCati edaykMhus nigbraC½ykñúgkarGnuvtþn_ nigkareFVIEpnkarCaedIm .l. nigEpñkTI5 EdledIrtYnaTI sMxan;enAkñúgKMeragRsavRCavenH KWkarrkeGayeXIj b¤kareFVIeGayRbesIeLIgnUvKeRmagneya)ay b¤k¾CeRmIsnanaedIm,ICRmuj nigBRgwgkarnaMecjGgárrbs;km<úCaenAeBlGnaKt.

x> rcnasm<½n§énkarnaMecjGgárrbs;km<úCanaeBlbc©úb,nñ 1-kareFVIBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCatielIGgár

karnaMecjGgárrbs;BiPBelak TIpSarGgárBiPBelakKWCaPaKcMENkmYyd¾tUcTak;TgeTAnwgplitkm μsrubTaMgGs;. eTaHbICa plitplRsUvmanRbEhl 400lanetan k¾edaymanEt 25lanetan b:ueNÑaHRtUv)aneFVIBaNiC¢kmμ CaGnþrCati ¬ 6°énplitplsrub¦ plitplGgárPaKeRcInkñúgBiPBelak)anmkBIRbeTskñúgtMbn;GasuI b:uEnþRbeTsenAtMbn;GasuIPaKeRcIn plitGgársMrab;EteRbIR)as;kñúgRsukEtb:ueNaÑaH. shrdæGaemrikCa RbeTsEtmYyKt;EdlnaMecjFMbMputeRkABIRbeTskñúgtMbn;GasuI.

RbeTsEdlCaGñkplitGgárFMbMput manKeRmagnaMecjGgáreGaykan;EteRcIneLIgedaysarEt mantRmUvkarekIneLIg nigtémøRtUv)anBRgwg. RbeTséfenAEtrkSaeFVICaGñknaMecjFMbMputkñúgBiPBelak ehIymanKeRmagbegáInkarnaMecjeGayekIneLIg 2°kñúgmYyqñaM bu:EnþenAEtticCagebIeFobnwgkarnaMecj kñúgTsvtS1980. RbeTs\NÐasgÇwmfa nwg)anerIberIeLIgvijBIkarFøak;cuHénkarnaMecjrbs;xøÜnEdl eRcInbMputrhUtdl; 4/2 lanetan kñúgqñaM1995 EdlkarnaMecjenH)anbegáInmþgeTotrhUtdl; 3/3lanetan kñúgqñaM1999. RbeTs\NÐanigQrkñúgsMdab;elx3kñúgzan³CaGñknaMecjFMbMput elI BiPBelakbnÞab;BIRbeTséf nigevotNamEdlmanlMdab;elx2taMgBIqñaM2004mk. RbeTsevotNam )anQrkñúgsMdab;elx2 cab;taMgBIqñaM1997 rhUtdl;qñaM2004 b:uEnþ)anFøak;cuHmk eRkam\NÐavij cab;taMgBIqñaM2004mk. RbeTsPUma manKeRmagBRgIkkarnaMecjrbs;xøÜn cab;taMg BIqñaM1997 b:uEnþminGac seRmc)aneLIytaMgBIqñaM2000rhUtdl;2005. RsedogKñaenHEdr RbeTs)a:KIsßanmanKeRmagbegáIn karnaMecjrbs;xçÜneRkayBIqñaM1998 edayekIneLIg1/5lanetan kñúgqñaM1999 nigCag 1/6lanetan kñúgqñaM2005. RbeTsGU®sþalI cin nigshrdæGaemrik TMngCaGacrkSa)ankarpÁt;pÁg;yUrGEgVgelIplitpl RsUveQ μaH Japonica dl;tRmUvkarrbs;RbeTs kUer: nigCb:unenAeRkamkic©RBmeRBogyUrU:hÁay (Uruguay

Round). kñúgeBlCamYyKñaenHEdrRbeTs GñknaMecjfμ IdUcCakm<úCa nigPUma Gacnwgcab;epþImedIrtYnaTImYy ya:gsMxan;kñúgTIpSarnaMecjGgárkñúgBiPBelak.

karnaMcUlGgárkñúgBiPBelak edaypÞúyBIGñknaMecjEdlmancMnYntictYc RbeTsnaMcUlGgármancMnYnya:geRcInenAray)a:y BaseBjBiPBelak b:uEnþRbeTsnimYy²eFVIkarnaMcUlmancMnYntictYcebIeFobeTAbrimaNEdleFVIkarnaMcUl srubkñúgBiPBelak. karnaMGgárcUlekIneLIgedaysarEtmantRmUvkarrbs;RbeTscin RbeTs\NÐÚensuI

RbeTskñúgtMbn;mCÄwmbUBa’ RbeTstMbn;GaemrikkNþal nigtMbn;kara:b‘Ín. RbeTs\NÐÚensuI sgÇwmfa nwgenAEtCaRbeTsEdlnaMcUlGgárCarhUt bu:EnþkarnaMcUlrbs;xøÜnrMBwgfanwgmankarfycuHedayGñkeRbIR)as;; mankarekIneLIgtic nigTinñplRsUvrbs;xøÜnmankarekIneLIg. RbeTscinnwgrMBwgfanwgenACaGñknaMcUlGgár teTAeTot xN³EdlRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_mYycMnYnCaBiessRbeTskñúgtMbn;GasuIEdlcat;TukfaCaRbeTs EdlnwgmankarekIneLIgya:gx<s;kñúgkarnaMcUlGgár ¬rUbPaBTI1¦.

rUbPaBTI 1³ kareFVIBaNiC¢km μGgárelIBiPBelak ¬RbPB³ esvaRsavRCavesdækic©¼ USDA2005¦

2- kareFVIBaNiC¢km μGgárenARbeTskm<úCa kñúgGtItkal karnaMecjGgárBIRbeTskm<úCamankarekIneLIgkñúgqñaMfμI²enH. kñúgcenøaHBIqñaM1990eTAqñaM2000 karnaMecjCapøÚvkarnUvRsUv nigGgárBIkm<úCamanbrimaNticbMput ¬taragTI1¦. tYelxTaMgenHmin)an ra:yra:b;eGay)anlMGitenaHeT edaysarEtmanPaBxusKñaeTAelIsßitiEdlRbmUledaysßab½nepSg²Kñarbs; rdæaPi)alkm<úCaEdlCab;Bak;B½n§nwgniytkmμénkarnaMecj. GgÁkar JICA rbs;Cbu:n)anrkeXIj GñknaMecj cMnYnBIrenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCaEdl)aneFVIkarnaMecj nUvcMnYn54000etankñúgqñaM2001-2002 EdlkarnaMecj CapøÚvkarmaneXIjRtwmEt 6000etanEtb:ueNÑaH. xN³eBlEdlplitplRsUvmankarekIneLIgkñúgGMLúgeBlenH nigenAEtmankarnaMecjkñúg brimaNTab mann½yfa - TI1 ³ karBwgEp¥keTAelICMnYyes,ógGarharmankarkat;bnßy. TI2 ³ brimaNGgársRmab;kareRbIR)as;kñúgRsukRtUv)anekIneLIg EdleFVIeGayskþanuBléncMnYnkaLÚrIEdlRtUvkar mankarekIneLIg. TI3³ plitplelIs)anbBa¢ÚnecjeTAeRkARbeTstamry³karnaMecjRsUveRkApøÚvkar eTARbeTséf nigevotNam. mankar)a:n;RbmaNfamanEt10° ¬brimaNCit 60000 etan¦ énTIpSarGgárEdl)aneFVIkarnaMecjCapøÚvkar nigRbEhl 33 ° énRsUv ¬Cag 450000 etan¦ Edlksikrlk;eFVIkarnaMecjeRkAnaqñaM2001. GgárPaKeRcIneFVIkarnaMecjedayRkumh‘unÉkCn Edl pþl;nUvKuNPaBx<s; nigCaGgáreRCIsecjBIRsUvEtmYyRbePT naMecjeTATIpSarGWru:b GaemrikxageCIg mCÄwmbUBa’ swgðburI ma:eLsuI cin nigGU®sþalI. Ggárkm<úCamantémøx<s;Cagsþg;daénGgáréf rhUtdl;eTA 80-90 duløaGaemrikkñúgmYyetan. karnaMcUlGgárcUlkñúgRbeTskm<úCamancMnYntictYc b:uEnþmansar³sMxan;Nas;. karnaMcUlGgár CapøÚvkarPaKeRcIn KWsRmab;CMnYyCaes,ógGarharEdlkarnaMcUlenH KWeFVIeLIgeRkamCMnYyrbs;GgÁkar es,ógGarharBiPBelak. mankarnaMcUlRbEhl 44000etankñúgqñaM2001 EdlmankarekIneLIg elIsBIqñaMmun².bEnßmelIsBIenaHeTotmanGgárcMnYnBI 120000-135000etan rbs;GgársUma:lI éf RtUv)annaMcUleRkApøÚvkarsRmab;bMeBjkareRbIR)as;enAtamTIRkugmYycMnYn dUcCa esomrab PñMeBj CaedIm.

taragTIi1³ karnaMecj nignaMcUlRGgár nigCI qñaM1993 -1999 kMBg;Ep lMhUr muxTMnij 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

Ggár 18640 11622 6573 - - - - naMcUl

CI 10954 - 245 - - - - Rkug

PñMeBj naMecj RsUv - - - - - 16615 -

Ggár 10449 18867 36685 23540 6952 16615 10889 naMcUl

CI 23898 28438 29809 8839 - 24043 - RkugRBHsIhnu

naMecj RsUv - - - 2611 - - -

Ggár 29089 30489 43258 23540 6952 16615 10889 naMcUl

CI 34852 28438 30054 8839 - 24043 - srub naMecj RsUv - - - 2611 - - -

RbPB³ JICA q μaM 2001

3- karnaMecjGgárnaeBlbc©úb,nñrbs;km<úCa karnaMecjGgár cab;taMgBIkm<úCacUlCasmaCikGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmμBiPBelakenAéf¶TI13 Extula qñaM2003 mk rdæaPi)alRbwgERbgya:gxøaMgkñúgkarEkTRmg;skm μPaBBaNiC¢km μeRkApøÚvkarrbs;RbeTskm<úCa nwgRbwg ERbgbegáItnUvRbB½n§c,ab; nigeFVIkarEkTRmg;rcnasm<½n§rdæ)alEdlcaM)ac;edIm,IFanaeGaymankic©sRmYl BaNiC¢km μd¾l¥mYy. ktþaenHCYyeGayRbeTsmanlT§PaBnwgTTYlykGtßRbeyaCn_BIkarnaMecjeTA kan;TIpSarGnþrCati+rbs;xøÜn. brimaNplitplEdlkm<úCaGacnaMecj KWenAmankMNt;enAeLIy. bu:Enþ edIm,IBRgIkkarcUlrYmrbs;xøÜnenAkñúgBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati)an KWmanEttamry³énkarnaMecjGgárEtb:ueNÑaH ¬ pøÚvrbs;km<úCaeq<aHeTAkan;BaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati- www.aseanfocus.com¦. km<úCa)annaMecjGgár eRcIn Cag1lanetanerogral;qñaM ¬Rbsasn_rbs;naykrdæm®nþIkm<úCakñúg»kasEdlTTYl naykrdæm®nþIrbs; evotNam¦ CaBiess KWkarnaMecjtamRckRBMEdnCalkçN³eRkApøÚvkarCamYyRbeTséf nigevotNam xN³eBlEdlGñkplitRsUv nigGñkkinGgárrbs;km<úCaminGacRbKYtRbECg)anCamYynwgTIpSarGgár Edlmankar]btßmFnrbs;RbeTsCitxagrbs;xøÜn. kareFVIBaNiC¢km μGgárrbs;km<úCamanPaBbn;Ebn

mineTotTat; KWvaGaRs½yelIbrimaNplitplGgárEdlelIsBItRmUvkareRbIR)as;. km<úCa)anplitGgár elIstRmUvkarrhUtdl;eTA 500000etan erogral;qñaM cab;taMgBIqñaM1995mk. eTaHbICakm<úCaGacplitGgársRmab;pÁt;pÁg;xøÜnÉg)anRKb;RKan; cab;taMgBIqñaM1995¼1996 k¾eday k¾karnaMecjGgártampøÚvkarrbs;km<úCamanbrimaNtictYc. TIpSarsMxan;énkarnaMecjGgárrbs;km<úCaknøg mk KWRbeTsswgðburI nigRbeTsCasmaCikGas‘andéTeTot. TIpSareKaledAsRmab;km<úCa eFVIkarnaMecjna eBlbc©úb,nñmanrYmbBa©ÚledayTIRkughugkug nigRbeTskñúgshKmn_GWr:ubpgEdr ebIeTaHbICaK μansßiti c,as;las;kñúgeBlbc©úb,nñk¾eday ¬taragTI2¦.

taragTI2³ karnaMecjGgárRbcaMqñaMrbs;km<úCa ¬brimaN nigtémø¦ karnaMecj

qñaM brimaN ¬KitCa Ban;etan¦ témø ¬KitCa landuløaGaemrik¦

1995 - - 1996 5/6 0/93 1997 3/6 0/95 1998 0/6 0/15 1999 2/2 0/45 2000 0/6 0/18 2001 1/5 0/48 2002 3/8 1/69 2003 3/0 1/46

RbPB³ viTüasßanRsavRCavRsUvGnþrCati 2005

karnaMcUlGgár eTaHbIkm<úCaQandl;kMritEdlGacpÁt;pÁg;Ggár)anRKb;RKan;xøÜnÉg nigkøayCaRbeTsnaMGgárecj k¾eday k¾km<úCaenAEtmankarnaMcUlGgáredIm,IbMeBjtRmUvkareRbIR)as;kñúgRsukmYycMnYnEdr. GgárnaMcUl PaKeRcIn KWsRmab;CaCMnYyes,ógGarhaEdlmaneFVIkarnaMcUleday Pñak;garCMnYy nigGgÁkarGnþrCati

mYycMnYnsRmab;CaCMnYymnusSFm’nigKμankarbg;Bn§elIkarnaMcUleLIy. eRkABIenaHmankarnaMcUl Ca BiesssRmab;bMeBjtRmUvkarGñkeRbIR)as;EdlmancMNUlx<s;enAkñúgTIRkugmYycMnYndUcCa TIRkugPñMeBj nigshKmn_breTsmYycMnYnEdlcUlcitþbriePaKGgárBUCRsUvpáamøi³rbs;RbeTséf. CatwktageyIgeXIj enAkñúgpSarTMenIb nighagmYycMnYnenATIRkugPñMeBj nigesomrab Edlmandak;taMglk;nUvGgár Edlman pøaksBaØaEdlnaMcUlmkBIRbeTséf. eKdwgfaenAtamePaCnIydæanCaeRcInenAtamTIRkugsMxan;²mankar eRbIR)as;layKñanUvGgárkñúgRsuk nigGgárnaMcUlmkBIéfedIm,IegáInnUv KuNPaB nig køinRkGUbrbs;va. Etya:gNak¾K μansßitipøÚvkarNamYyEdlbBa¢ak;GMBIbrimaNnaMcUlCapøÚvkarsRmab;karlk;dUr nigkarnaMcUl sRmab;CaCMnYyes,ógeLIy.

taragTI3 ³ karnaMcUlGgárRbcaMqñaMrbs;km<úúCa ¬ brimaN nig témø¦ karnaMcUl

qñaM brimaN ¬KitCa Ban;etan témø ¬KitCa landuløaGaemrik¦

1995 81 24/50 1996 26 7/57 1997 27/6 2/80 1998 39/2 7/40 1999 36/4 7/90 2000 60/6 8/94 2001 53/3 7/51 2002 123/6 11/02 2003 77/1 6/20

RbPB³ viTüasßanRsavRCavRsUv GnþrCati 2005

4-brimaNnaMecj nigTIpSarGgárenARbeTskUer:xagt,Úg cin Cb:un nigshrdæGaemrik RbeTskUer:xagt,Úg³ RbeTskUer:xagt,Úg CaRbeTsEdlnaMcUlmðÚbGarharmYyya:gFM)anBüa yammkCag3TsvtSmkehIykñúgkarBRgwgplitplksikm μrbs;xøÜn edIm,IeCosvagkarnaMcUlBIxageRkA.

eKalbMNgsMxan;²BIr éneKalneya)ayksikm μrbs;RbeTskUer:xagt,ÚgKW karbMeBjtRmUvkarrbs;xøÜn eGay)anRKb;RKan; nigPaBesμ IKñaéncMNUlrvagGñkTIRkug nigksikr. rdæaPi)alkUer:)aneRbIyuT§sa®sþ éføx<s;CaeRKOgelIkTwkcitþ nigr)aMgénkarnaMcUledIm,IeFVIeGayseRmc)annUveKaledAenaH. plitpl RsUvkñúgRsuk rYmnwgeBat sENþk nigfñaMCk; EtgTTYl)ankar]btßmFnBIrdæaPi)altamkMritepSg²Kña. mankardak;r)aMgx<s; kñúgkarnaMcUlGgár eTAkñúgRbeTskUer: CagkarnaMcUlbEnø EpøeQI nigstVBahn³. ya:gNamuij karnaMcUlplitplmYycMnYndUcCaRsUvsalI RKab;FBaØCati RKab;rukçCati eFVIeRbg nigsMLIkb,as mankarebIkTUlayCag. bc©úb,nñRbeTskUer: )anplitGgárCitdl; 5lanetansRmab;eRbIR)as;RbcaMqñaM. ksiikreRbIR)as; BUCCag70RbePT ehIymanGgárRbmaN1900RbePTepSg²Kña manenAkñúgTIpSarkñúgRsukrbs;kUer:. kareRbIR)as;GgársRmab;mnusSmñak;²mankarekIneLIgya:gxøaMgenAkñúgTsvtS1960 nig1970 b:uEnþ)an Føak;cuHmkvijedaysarmankarpøas;bþÚrénkarhUbcuk. edayRbQmCamYynwgkarFøak;cuHénkareRbIR)as; Ggárrbs;RbCaCnxøÜnnaeBlbc©úb,nñenH rdæaPi)alkUer:BüayamesIerInUvneya)ayRsUvGgárkñúgRsukrbs; xøÜnedIm,IKaMRTelIcMNUlEpñkksikm μnigelIkTwkcitþeGayksikrkat;bnßyelIépÞdIdaMduHRsUvbnþicmþg².

eTaHbIenHCaTRmg;énkarGnuvtþrbs;rdæaPi)alkalBIGtItkal Etedaymansm<aFBIeRkA nigkñúg RbeTs CMrujeGayRbeTskUer:eFVIesrIkmμelITIpSarGgárrbs;xøÜn. enAkñúgqñaM1994 GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmμ BiPBelak)ankMNt;eGayRbeTskUer: nUvry³eBl10qñaMsRmab;eGaykUer:begáInnUvkarnaMcUlGgárrbs;xøÜn bnþicmþg². pÞúymkvij rdæaPi)alkUer: )ancab;epþImeFVIkarpøas;bþÚrnUveKalneya)aykñúgRsukrbs;xøÜn edIm,IerobcMkareFVIesrIkm μTIpSarGgárrbs;xøÜnedayCMrujeGayksikrkat;bnßyplitkm μ nigdaMduHEtBUCEdl manKuNPaBx<s;. enAqñaM 2004 RbeTskUer: )anTTYlkarGnuBaØatieGayBnüaeBl 10qñaM bEnßmeTot kñúgkarkMNt;kUtaénkarnaMcUlGgár ¬sUmemIlbEnßmeTotenAEpñkTI 3 énÉksarRsavRCavenH¦.

RbeTscin³ CaRbeTsEdlmanedækic©Ep¥kelIvis½yksikmμFMCageKbMputelIBiPBelak. RbeTs cinCaRbeTsTI1EdlplitRsUveRcInCageKelIBiPBelak. minEtbu:eNÑaHRbeTscinCaGñkpliteRcInCageK pgEdrelIplitplksikm μmYycMnYndUcCa kb,as fñaMCk; RsUvsalI eBat RsUvmIey: Et edImRkecA edIméFμ CaedIm TaMgenHKWedaysarRbeTscinmantMbn;ksikmμeRcIn nigmanGakasFatuGMeNayplxusKñaBItMbn;

mYyeTAtMbn;mYyeTot. RbeTscinCaRbeTsEdleFVIkarnaMecjplitplksikm μeRcInCageK ehIyk¾naMcUl eRcInCageKEdr. tamtYelxBIsßab½nKyrbs;RbeTscinbgðajfakarnaMcUlGgárrbs;cinkñúgqñaM2002 mankarFøak; cuHCit 20°RbEhl 240etan . esÞIEtral;GgárnaMcUlTaMgGs;CaGgárRkGUbrbs;éf EdlGgárTaMgenaH PaKeRcIn RtUv)aneRbIR)as;enAcinPaKxagt,Úg. tRmUvkarGgárRkGUbenAkEnøgepSgeTot KIenAmankMrit enAeLIy. RsUvRkGUbBUCkñúgRsukCaeRcIneTotsRmab;eRbIR)as;elITIpSarkñúgRsukrbs;xøÜn. edaysar KuNPaBénGgárBUCRsUvkñúgRsukrbs;xøÜnRtU)anbegáIneLIg eFVIeGayGgárrbs;éf )at;bg;nUvPaBRbKYt RbECgrbs;xøÜn. dUecñHehIy GRtaBn§eBjeljelIbrimaNkUtaénkarnaMcUlGgár KWx<s;CagGVIEdl RbeTscin)ankMNt;enAqñaM2002. tamsßitiénkarnaMcUlkñúqñaM2002 bgðajeGayeXIjfa RbeTséf KWCaGñknaMcUleRcInCageKbMput EdlmanbrimaN 232>484 lanetan. GñknaMcUlFMTI2bnÞab; KWRbeTsétva:n; EdlmancMnYn 5>000 lanetan RbeTsLav 200 lanetan PUma 150 lanetan hugkug 28 lanetan hULg; 3 lanetan nigGaLWm:g; 2 lanetan edayELkRbeTsGaemrik hVIlIBIn nigevotNam min)anrab;bBa©ÚleLIgkñúgqñaM2002enaH. RbeTs\NÐÚensuI nigRbeTsCb:un k¾sßitenAkñúg bBa¢IbBa¢aTijGgárrbs;cinEdrnaqñaM2002. tamtYelxbgðajfa RbeTs K½rDIvr KWCaGñkeRbIR)as; GgárcineRcInCageKbMput EdlmanbrimaN739>676 lanetan nigbnÞab;mk KWRbeTs \NÐÚensuI 243>349 lanetan rusSI 217>775 lanetan Kuy)a 216>282 lanetan Cb:un 101>625 lanetan kUer:xageCIg 73>130 lanetan kUer:xagt,Úg 70>775 lanetan lIbg; 62>998 lanetan kahSaksßan 44>884 lanetan nignaMecjeTARbeTsepSg²eTot cMnYn 213>042 lanetan. CasrubRbeTscineFVIkarnaMecjcMnYn 1>983>109 lanetan.

RbeTsCb:un³ RbeTsCb:un )aneFVIkarkarBarbMputeTAelITIpSarGgárkñúgRsukrbs;xøÜntaMgBIedIm erogmk. karkMNt;twgrwgelIbrimaNnaMcUlTIpSar rYmnwgkardak;Bn§naMcUlx<s;nigkarKaMRTdl;ksikr tamry³ kar]btßmFn nigkarRtYtBinitüplitkmμ naMeGaymansßanPaBEdlGñkeRbIR)as;Cb:un RtUvcMNayx<s;CagGñkeRbIR)as;Gaemrik RbEhl12dgkñúgmYyKILÚRkamGgár. xN³eBlEdlman karri³Kn;Cajwkjab;faCabnÞúkmYyminyutþiFm’eTAelIGñkeRbIR)as;Cb:un eFVIeGaym®nþIrdæaPi)alcab;epþImdwg faRbeTsCb:un)aneFVIdMeNIrelIkarpSgsMNagelIneya)ayGgárrbs;xøÜn ehIyfardæaPi)alminGacbnþ

eFVIkarKaMRTdl;karK μansmtßPaBrbs;ksikr)anrhUtenaHeT. enAqñaM2004 rdæaPi)alCb:un)ancMNay 5>283 ekadey:n ¬47landuløaGaemrik¦ eTAelIkarKaMRTvis½yksidæan kñúgeBlEdlrdæaPi)alkMBug BuHBarkat;bnßynUvcMNaysaFarN³kñúgvis½yepSg²eTot nigeFVIkartemøIgBn§Gakr. r)aykarN_rbs; GgÁkarsRmab;kic©shRbtibtþikar (OECD) nigGPivDÆn_esdækic© )anbgðajeGayeXIjfaRbEhl 1/4°énplitplkñúgRsuksrub(GDP) pþl;dl;KaMRTvis½yksikmμenAkñúgRbeTsCb:un ehIyvik½yb½Rt nUvcMnYnTwkR)ak;d¾elIslb;rhUtdl; 80° )anmkBIcMNayrbs;rdæaPi)al. bc©úb,nñenHCb:unEp¥kxøaMgeTAelIkar]btßmFnkñúgRsuk ebIeTaHbICaneya)ayBn§naMcUl nigkarkMNt; kUtacUlCaFrmank¾eday ¬cUremIlbEnßmeTot enAEpñkTI 3 énÉksarRsavRCav KWkarcUlTIpSarén karnaMecjGgárrbs;km<úCa¦. tamBt’manfμ IenH)anbgðajfardæaPi)alCb:un)aneFVIkar]btßmFnedaypÞal;eTA elIplitkmμRsUvGgárEdlmanTwkR)ak;rhUtdl; 1/82 ekadduløaGaemrik ¬206 ekadey:nCb:un¦ (Fukuda,

Dyck & Stout qñaM2003) . kar]btßmFndl;RbCaCnCb:un eFVIeLIgtamry³km μviFI epSg²CaeRcInrbs;rdæaPi)al. kar]btßmFnedaypÞal;bMputenaHKWehAfa kmμviFIesßrPaBcMNUlelIvis½y ksikm μRsUvrbs;RbCaCnCb:un Edl)anGnuvtþenAqñaM1998. km μviFIesßrPaBcMNUl)anGnuBaØatieGay ksikreFVIRsUvTaMgGs;TamTarnUvkarbg;RtLb;EdlesμInwgpldkénéføkñúgRbeTs nigbTdæankMNt;TukCamun mYy kalNaéføTIpSarFøak;cuH. enAkñúgqñaM 1999 karbg;RtLb;rebobenH manCasarub 815 lanUS$ ¬92/7 ekadi eyn¦. enAelImUldæan 1hiktaéndIplitkmμ kar]btßmÖFn KWmanTMhMd¾sMebImEdleRcInCag 12 dg énkar]btßmÖFnrbs;Gaemrik nigGWur:ubcUlKña. shrdæGaemrik ³ CitmYystvtSn_ neya)aymYyenAkñúgeKalbMNgCacMbgénnya)ayksikmμ KWkarkarBarksikrTl;nwgéføTIpSard¾TabEdlBuMmancMeNj TnÞwmnwgkarrkSanUvkarpÁt;pÁg;es,ogGahar d¾eRcInéRkElg nigesßrPaBmYysMrab;GñkeRbIR)as;. cMeBaHTMnij dUcCaGgárEdl)anRtUvTTYl\T§iBleday karGnþraKmn_neya)ayBIrdæaPi)albreTsnana tMrUvkarsMrab;neya)ayrbs;shrdæGaemrikedIm,Ipþl;nUv esßrPaBtulüPaBTIpSar nigEpnkarEvgq¶ayd¾KYreGayTukcitþsMrab;Gñkplit KWCakic©sMxan;xøaMgNas;. naykdæanksikmμshrdæGaemrik )ancat;EcgnUvkmμviFIKaMRTR)ak;cMNUl nigéføepSg²CaeRcIncMeBaHksikr plitRsUvCagmYyTsvtSn_mkehIy nigc,ab;sþIBIsnþisuxksidæan nigkarvinieyaKCnbTqñaM 2002 (2002

Farm Act) )anbnþpþl;eGayksikrplitRsUvnUvsMNaj;esßrPaBEdlmanlkçN³Cakarbg;R)ak;edaypÞal; Etmþg b¤k¾Cakarbg;R)ak;tbtCavKÁ² b¤k¾CacMeNjBIkm©Im:aXItTIg. TIpSarkñúgRsuk KWCaRck;ecjTImYysMrab;plitplGgárrbs;shrdæGaemrik EdlmancMnYnRbEhlCa 60 PaKryékareRbIR)as;kúñgRsuksarub. dUcCaenAkñúgqñaM 1980 TMhMd¾FMénplitkmμGgárshrdæGaemrik RtUv)annaMecj ¬63 PaKry¦ k¾b:EnþenAkñúgqñaMfμ I²enH kareRbIR)as;kñúgRsuk )anekIneLIgy:agxøaMg ¬rhUtCiteTAdl; 36 PaKry cab;BIqñaM 1990¦ TnÞwmnwgkarekIneLIgenAkñúgkarnaMecj BMu)andl;kMrit ehIyCalT§plyWty:avmYy nig)anfycuHCalMdab;enAkñúgsmamaRténplitkmμsarubEdl)annaMecj. eTaHbI karnaMecjRtUv)anfycuH smamaRteTAnwgplitkm μGgársarubrbs;shrdæGaemrikk¾eday k¾kar naMecj sßitenAEtCaTIpSard¾sMxan;rbs;GgárshrdæGaemrik nig)anrYmviPaKTany:agsMxan;sMrab;tulüPaBd¾ viC¢manmYyénBaNiC¢km μshrdæGaemrik nigtMélasarubénkarnaMecjksikm μcMeBaHrdæEdlplitGgárTaMgGs; enAkñúgshrdæGaemrik. CamYynwgtMélnaMecjGgársarubTaMgGs;rbs;shrdæGaemrikelIsBI 1 ekadduløa enAkñúgqñaM 2003 ¬TabCag qñaM 1999 EdlmancMnYn 1/1 ekadduløa¦ cMnYnenH manRbEhlEtCit 3 PaKryéntMélnaMecjplitplksikm μsarubrbs;shrdæGaemrikEtb:ueNaÑH.

K> PaBRbkYtRbECgrbs;km<úCasMrab;BaNiC¢kmμGgár 1- FnFan nigktþaFm μCatipþl;eGayEdlTak;TgnwgBaNiC¢km μ

km<úCaRtUv)anFmμCatipþl;eGaysm,ÚreTAedayépÞdI k¾dUcCaFnFanFmμCatiCadMkMPYnCaeRcIn éRB eQI nigmcäaKYreGaykt;sMKal; nigRbePTEpøk²y:ageRcInénlMenAzan nigRbB½n§brisßanFmμCati Edlrab; bBa©Úl dUcCax<g;rab valTMnab éRBeQI Twksab dIesIm nigtMbn;mat;TenøepSg²Kña Edlpþl; KuNsm,tþi d¾FMeFgsMrab;GñkplitGgár k¾dUcCaGñkpÁt;pÁg;Ggárrbs;RbeTs. enAkñúgTsvtSr_cugeRkay viPaKTanén vis½yksikmμsMrab;karrIkcMerInesdækic©TaMgmUl )anTTYlpld¾FMeFgtamryHkarekIneLIgeRcInénktþa nanarbs;épÞdIplitkm μ nigkMlaMgBlkm μ EdlCaEpñkénkarrIkcMerInd¾suICMerA nigTUlMTUlayénskmμPaB ehIyCamYyEtnwgkareFVIeGayRbesIreLIgd¾tictYcenAkñúgplitPaBEdlecjBIkMritd¾TabbMputenaH.

plitkmμRsUv KWk¾Caksipld¾man\T§iBlelIslb; sMrab;esdækic©ksikmμrbs;RbeTs k¾b:uEnþPaB eFIV»ümanRbePTCaeRcIn nigCMnajnIykm μtMbn; GacRtUvpusecjeLIg eRBaHfaksikrcab;)annUvKuN

sm,tþiecjBIcariklkçN³ksibrisßanénRbB½n§ksikmμepSg²Kña nigBIkalanuvtþPaBénTIpSarTaMgLay enAkñúgRbeTs.

EbbbTénkarEbgEcképÞdI TMhMénRKYsarCnbTEdlkMBugxVHxatdIsMrab;kaeFVIksikmμ)anekIneLIgBI 13 PaKry enAkñúgqñaM

1997 dl; 16 PaKry enAkñúgqñaM 1999 nigeTAdl; 20 PaKry enAkñúgqñaM 2004. karekIneLIg enAPaBK μandIFøIenH RtUvbNþaly:agelOnKYrsmEdr edaysarfakarEbgEck KW)aneFIVIeRcIn rWticesμ IKña ¬eFobnwgkMlaMgBlkmμRKYsar¦enAeBlEdlépÞdIRtUv)anEbgEckCak;lak;eTAeGayRKYsarenAkñúgqñaM 1989. TMhMd¾sMxan;énPaBK μandIFøI KIbBaðaEdlBMumandIpÞal;xøÜnmþgNaTal;EtesaH eRBaHBYkKat;)an RtLb;BICMurM CnePosxøÜnenAkñúgqñaM 1993-94 nig)anbegáItRKYsarf μ IEdlmanRbmuxeTAedayédKUr erobkarek μg². karekIneLIgcMnYnRbCaCn k¾naMeTAeGaymanTMhMépÞdIkan;EttUcEdr enAkñúgtMbn;Edlman RbCaCnkuHkr nigTMhMénRKYsarxøHEdllk;dI edIm,ICayuT§saRsþEdl)anKitTukCamunsMrab;begáInnUvfvikar edIm,IeFVIkar vinieyaKenAkñúgskmμPaBminEmnCaksikmμ rWk¾manPaBviC¢mantictYc sMrab;eqøIytbnUv esckþIRtUvkareRbIR)as;sMxan;². cugbBa©b; smasPaBsMxan;d¾tUcmYyénPaBK μandIFøITaMgRsug KW edayehtukardeNþIm b¤k¾cab;ykdI. bBaðaenH RtUveFVIeGayF¶n;F¶reLIgedaybBaðpSaP¢ab;CaGnþrén km μsiT§dIFøIEdlminc,as;las; ¬eRcInCag 80 PaKry énRKYsarCnbTEdlCam©as;dI KWBMumanb½NÑ km μsiT§idIFøIenAkñúgqñaM 2004¦ nigzan³nitüanukUlEdlminc,as;las;énm©as;km μsiT§ienH KWk¾kMBugdUcKña TaMgGs;cMeBaHkarekIneLIgtMéldI enAkñúgEpñkCaeRcInénRbeTs.

rdUvdaMduH sabRBYs RbBlvb,km μ épÞdIRbmUlpl nigTinñpl RbePTd¾sMxan;énRbB½n§plitkm μRsUv KWRsUvvsSadITYl nigTMnab RsUvGENþttamtMbn;TwkeRCA

nigRsUvrdUvR)aMg. RsUvrdUvvsSaRtUv)andaMduH cab;BIEx]sPa rhUtdl;ExFñÚ TnÞwmnwgRsUvrdUvR)aMgRtUv)an daMduHcab;BIExFñÚ rhUtdl;Exmina. RsUvR)aMgCaFmμtaRtUv)aneFVIeGayRbesIreLIgnUvBUCrbs;va dUcCa IR66 nigRtv)andaMduHsMrab;EteKalbMNgR)ak;cMNUlEtb:ueNaÑaH. pÞúyeTAvij RsUvrdUvvsSa KWFm μtaCaBUC RbéBNIEdldMaduHsMrab;eKalbMNgciBa©wmCIvit nigsnþisuxes,ógEtb:ueNaÑH. EteTaHbIBUCRsUvrdUvvsSa CaRbéBNI manTinñplTabCagk¾eday RsUvenHnaMmknUvéføx<s;CagmYy eRBaHEtKuNPaB nigrsCati KWRbesIrCagRsUvrdUvR)aMgEdlBUCrbs;va)aneFVIeGayRbesIreLIgenaH.

enATIenaH KWmankareFVIeGayRbesIreLIg enAkñúgTinñplRsUvmYyhikta EdlCamYynwgTinñpl RsUvrdUvvsSa)anekIneLIg 14 PaKry elIBI 5 qñaMcugeRkay ¬CaBiess sMrab;karKitGMBIPaBERbRbYl GakasFatuRbcaMqñaM eyIgKNnaTinñplTMagGs;CamFüm sMrab;BIrkMlugeBl 1997¼98-1999¼00 nig2003¼04-2004¼05¦. eTaHbImankareFVIeGayRbesIreLIgk¾eday km<úCaenAEtCaRbeTsmYy kñúgcMeNamRbeTsenAGasuIbUBaN’ GasuIGaeKñX_ nigGasuIxagt,ÚgEdlmankMritTinñplRsUvnUvy:agTab enAeLIy ¬taragTI 4 nig 5¦.

tarag TI4 ³ épÞdIdaMduH Tinñpl nigplitkm μRsUv BIqñaM1993 dl; 2004 sarub

qñaM épÞdIdaMduH KitCa 1>000 hikta

épÞdIRbmUlpl KitCa 1>000 hikta

TinñplCamFüm etan¼hikta

plitkm μ KitCa 1>000 etan

1993 1>856/6 1>823/6 1/31 2>383/4 1994 1>924/0 1>494/6 1/49 2>223/5 1995 2>086/0 1>924/0 1/79 3>447/8 1996 2>170/9 1>864/0 1/83 3>404/0 1997 2>076/0 1>928/7 1/77 3>414/9 1998 2>094/7 1>962/6 1/79 3>509/9 1999 2>157/6 2>079/5 1/94 4>029/6 2000 2>157/5 2>079/4 1/94 4>049/9 2001 2>241/0 1>903/2 2/07 4>099/0 2002 2>137/1 1>994/7 1/92 3>822/1 2003 2>314/2 2>242/0 2/1 4>710/9 2004 2>346/9 2>108/8 2/0 4>170/3

RbPB ³ esovePAsßitiRbcaMqñaM 2005-TMB½r 223

taragTI 5 ³ plitPaBksikm μenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa enAkñúgtMbn; ¬2003¦ TinñplRsUv ¬Kk¼hikta¦ RbeTs RsUv eBat dMLÚgeQI km<úCa cin Lav evotNam \NÐÚeNsuI éfLg;d¾ m:aeLsuI

2>150 3>849 3>316 4>634 4>538 2>455 3>178

2>111 3>485 2>333 3>225 3>252 3>913 -

6>318 16>249 19>762 14>066 14>902 17>552 9>737

RbPB ³ FAO sUcnkrGPivDÆn_BiPBelak

cMNat;fñak; énRKYsarplitRsUv nigR)ak;cMNUl RsUv RKbdNþb;PaKeRcInenAelIépÞdIEdl)andMaduH ¬84 PaKry ¦ nigcUlrYmcMENky:ageRcIn

sMrab;plTunCatidulBIEpñkksikm μ ¬22 PaKry¦ nigsMrab;karnaMecjEpñkksikmμpgEdr. TMhMksidæan CamFümkñúgrgVg;GñkRkIRkCnbTenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa KW 1/5 hikta. eTaHbIy:agNak¾eday 40 PaKry énRbCaCnCnbTrs;enAmanépÞdIticCag 0/5 hikta EdlRKb;RKan;sMrab;eqøIytbEtBak;kNþalén tMrUvkarR)ak;cMNUlGgárkñúgmYynak; KW165 Kk¼qñaM Etb:ueNaÑH ¬taragTI 6¦.

taragTI 6 TMhMépÞdI nigkarcMeNjBIRsUv sUcnakr km<úCa TMhMépÞdIEdlkankab;CamFüm

TMhMCamFüménépÞdIEdldMaRsUv¬hikta¼RKYrsar¦

TMhMRKYsarKitCamFüm

TMhMCamFüménépÞdIEdldMaRsUvedayRKYsarRkIRk¬hikta¼RKYrsar¦

cMeNjdulénplitkmμRsUvkñúg 1kMlaMgBlkmμ¬duløa¼hikta¼¦

1/71 0/99 5/3 manticCag 1hikta 49

cMeNjdulénplitkmμRsUvrab;bBa©ÚlkMlaMgBlkm μmñak;¬duløa¼hikta¦ 147 RbPB ³ Goletti, Bhatta, Srey, 2002 nig ACI, 2002

cMNUlkñúgmYyhiktaBIplRsUv ERbRbYlBIcenøaH 100 duløarGaemrik nig250 duløarGaemrik sMrab;ksikr. cMeBaHksikrRkIRkvij RsUvpþl;eGaynUvcMENkd¾tUcéncMNUlsarub CagcMeBaHksikr plitRsUvFmμta. PaKeRcInénGñkRkIRkenAkñúgRbeTs daMduHnUvBUCRsUvRbéBNI Edl ¬BMudUcBUCTMenIb EdlmanTinñplx<s;¦ GaclUtlas;enAelIdId¾xSt;exSay CamYynwgTinñn½ybBa©ÚlEdlTMenIbtictYc rbs;Kat;. BUCTaMgenH Cajwkjab;naMmknUvéfød¾x<s;CagBUCRsUvEdlmanTinñplx<s; eRBaHKuNPaBrbs; vaKWl¥Cag nigGñkeRbIR)as;kñúgRsukk¾cUlcitþGgárTaMgenHEdr. RKYsarRkIRkTaMgGs; KWGaRs½yEteTAnwg RsUvsMrab; RtImasTaMgbIénR)ak;cMNUlRbcaMqñaMsarubrbs;Kat;BIksikm μenaH. k¾dUcCaenAkMritextþEdr TaMgGs;enHKWCa Psþútag EdlfaelIkElgEtenAkñúgextþkMBg;cam nigPñMeBjecj cMNUl BIRsUv)anpSMCa bIRtImas ¬ctuPaK¦ rWk¾eRcIgCagéncMNUlsarubBIksikmμenAkñúgextþnana.

FnFanbBa©ÚlsMrab;plitkmμRsUv nigkarbg;tMél plitkmμRsUv pSMeLIgRbmaNCa 50° BIskmμPaBTaMgLayEdlCatMélbEnßm. skm μPaB TaMgenH

RtUv)anEbgEckeTACa 6Epñk ³ karerobcMdI karsabeRBaH kardaMduH kardak;CI¼lamkstV CIKImIksikm μ nigkarRbmUlpl ¬taragTI7¦. dUctaragTI 7 )anbgðaj kareRbIR)as;CI nigCIlamkstV BicarNaCa karbg;tMéld¾x<s;CageK enAkñúgdMeNIrkarplitkmμ. cMeBaHCIelxmYy ksikrRtUvbg;luy RbmaNCa 1>000 erol¼KILRkam. mü:agvijeTot RbePTCIEdlefak KWk¾manpgEdrtamryH BaNiC¢krenAkñúgmUldæan EdlmantMélRKb;TIkEnøg BI 700-800 erol¼KILÚRkam. karsMPasn_Ca mYynwgksikrCaeRcIn maneyabl; EdlfaCIEdlefakmanTMenar eTArkPaBBuMmanRbsiT§iPaB nigRbEhlmankarcUlrYmenA RKb;TIkEnøgcMeBaHkarkat;bnßyBI 25 eTA 35 PaKry enAkñúgTinñpl énmYyhikta. kalNaksikrman Rck;eTArkCIEdlmanKuNPaBx<s; TaMgenHnwgcUlrYmkarsnSM RbEhl 15 duløarGaemrik kñúgmYyetan EdlnwgGacbkERbeTACa karekIneLIg 31 PaKry enAkñúg R)ak;cMeNjcMeBaHksikrEdlmanRTBüsm,tþi tictYc.

karbg;tMélplitkmμd¾x<s;d¾éTeTotEdlBak;B½n§ KWkarerobcMdI. eRBaHfaksikrxñattUc nig mFümPaKeRcIn BMumanRtak;T½rpÞal;xøÜneLIy BYkeKRtUvCYlRtakT½rBIGñkpÁt;pÁg;esv:akmμenAkñúgmUldæan. CamFüm ksikrRtUvbg;tMél 50>000 erol¼hikta ¬RbmaN 12/5 duløarGaemrik¦ eTAGñkpÁt;pÁg; esv:akmμkñúgmUldæanenaHsMrab;karerobcMdI. bEnßmBIelIenH karerobcMdIeGay)ansmrmüTamTaresv:akmμ énRtakT½rdl;eTABIr. edayehtuenH ksikrRtUv)anTamTar eGaybg;CamFümRbmaN 25 duløarGaemrik¼hikta eTAeGayGñkpÁt;pÁg;esv:akmμBIxageRkA edIm,ICMnYykñúgkarerobcMdI. bEnßmBI elIenHeTot karekIneLIgénéfø\n§nH k¾)anman\T§iBlCadMkMPYneTAelIkarbg;tMélénkarerobcMdIEdr. karbg;tMélénkarerobcMdI pSM)anCiteTAdl; 16 PaKryénkarbg;tMélsarubénplitkm μ. CMerIsEt mYyTuksMrab;ksikrcMeBaHkarerobcMdIeGaysmrmü KWkarTijeKasMrab;P¢ÜrdI. eTaHCay:agNak¾eday eyageTAtamksikrxøH)aneGaydwgfa karebIkcMhrehirBaØbTanedaysßab½n\NTan xñattUcCaeRcInk¾ RtUv)anGak;xanpgEdr. kardaMduH bnþeFVIedayeRbIéd eRBaHeRKOgma:suInsV½yRbvtþi KWsßitenAq¶ayelIsBIkarsMerc)an rbs;ksikrFm μta. bEnßmBIelIenHeTot TMhMdIERsrbs;ksikrCaeRcIn KWtUcNas; EdlfaTaMgGs;enH nwgminFananUvynþnIykm μeLIy. TaMgenH mann½yfaksikr KWGaRs½yeTAnwgkMlaMgBlkm μbeNaþH Gasnñ edIm,IeFVIeGaysMerc)annUvkardaMduHenaH. TaMgenH k¾RtUv)ansnñidæanfa kardaMduHenH RtUvkarkMlaMg Blkmμ 25 nak; sMrab;épÞdImYyhikta CamYynwgGRtaR)ak;kMérCamFümRbmaN 6>000 erol sMrab; mYynak; nigsMrab;mYyéf¶.

taragTI 7³ karsnñidæanénkarbg;tMélplitkmμ sMrab;RsUv nagmøi³ enAkMBg;s<W ¬kñúgmYy etan¦ kMlaMgBlkm μ FnFanbBa©Úl cMNaysarub

¬erol¦ cMNaysarub ¬duløaGaemrik¦

KitCa °

karerobcMdI karsabRBYs kardMaduH kardak;CI¼lamkstV CIKImIksikm μ

- - 80>343 9>641 -

56>776 16>604 - 94>339 -

56>776 16>604 80>343 103>980 -

14/19 4/15 20/09 26/00 -

16 ° 5 ° 22 ° 29 ° 0 °

karRcUtkat; karsMgYt karkinGgár karR)ak; cMNaysarub ° énFnFanbBa©Úl

32>137 13>390 3>320 - 138>832 39 °

- - 45>600 8>227 221>546 61 °

32>137 13>390 48>920 8>227 36>037 -

8/03 3/35 12/23 2/06 90/09 -

9 ° 4 ° 14 ° 2 ° 100 ° -

RbPB ³ Global Development Solutions, LLC.

TnÞwmnwgkMlaMgBlkmμénEpñkksikm μbnþenAEtefakenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCaenaH plitPaBén kMlaMgBlkmμ)anbnSl;nUvTMhMy:agTablμm kalNaeRbobeFobeTAnwgGñkRbkYtRbECgkñúgtMbn; TaMgLay ¬taragTI 8¦. plitPaBkMlaMgBlkmμd¾TabenH KWGaccat;TukCalT§plmYyEpñk cMeBaHkar GvtþmanénkarbNþúHbNþal nigkarKaMRTBIsßab½nTaMgLay sMrab;CMnYydl;ksikr k¾dUcCakarmanRck; d¾xSt;exSayeTArkhirBaØbTanEdlGaceFVIeGayksikrmanRck;sMrab;karGnuvtþksidæand¾smrmü nigerob cMRbB½n§ FarasaRsþrbs;Kat;enaH.

taragTI 8 ³ plitPaBBlkmμenAkñúgvis½yplitRsUv rvagRbeTsskm<úCa nigéfLgd¾ km<úCa

extþkMBg;s<W éfLgd_ tMbn;kNþal

plitPaB xusKña

Tinñpl¼hikta ¬etan¦* kMlaMgBlkmμbBa©Úl plitPaBkMlaMgBlkm μ

1/87 43 43/49

2/91 47 62/35

- 43 °

* éfLgd¾ ³ kMlaMgBlkmμbBa©Úlsarub es μ IeTAnwg 155/5¼hikta EdleRbIR)as;GRtaR)ak;kMér 3/33 duløarGaemrik¼éf¶

ehdæarcnasm<½n§ bec©kviC¢aksikm μ nigesv:akm μbBa©Úl

tMbn;Edl)anTTYlsÁal;nUvkarTTYlénRbB½n§FarasaRsþ RtUv)ansnñidæan KWRbEhlCa 44/48° énépÞdIEdl)andaMduH ¬2>253>000 hikta¦ enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa ¬kaEstrsμIkm<úCa/ elx 4167/ 2007¦. TaMgGs;enH KWépÞdIEdl)aneRsacRsBenAkñúglkçN³énRbLay rWk¾sñb;bUmTwkburaNEdl Gac bBa¢ÚnTwkedaypÞal;BIRbPBeTAkñúgERs. RbB½n§FarasaRsþTaMgenH GacRtUvcMNat;fñak;CabIRbePT ³ ¬1¦RbB½n§FarasaRsþbEnßmnUvrdUvvsSa sMrab;RsUvrdUvvsSavalTMnab ¬2¦RbB½n§FarasaRsþbEnßmsMrab; RsUvrdUvR)aMgbeNþjTwk nig¬3¦ RbB½n§Farasa®sþ sMrab;RsUvrdUv R)aMgvalTMnab. manEt 3 PaKryén RKYsarRkIRkEtb:ueNaÑH Edlmanm:asuInbUmTwkxøÜnÉgEdl caM)ac;sMrab;EbgEckkarbeBa©jbBa©ÚlTwk enAkñúgqñaM 2004 ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwg 12°énRKYsar GñkmanFnFanEdlmanma:sIunbUmTwkenaH ¬FnaKarBiPBelak 2006¦. karRtYtBinitüeTAelIEpnTIdwkCBa¢Únrbs;RbeTskm<úCa pþl;nUvkarcab;Garm μénRbB½n§dwkCBa¢Ún d¾TUlM TUlayénpøÚvfñl; pøÚvreTHePøIg nigRbB½n§pøÚvTwkBaseBj EdlplitplCaeRcInRtUv)andwkCBa¢Ún. eTaHbI y:agNak¾eday CaeRcInTsvtSéns®gÁam nigkarxVHxaténkarvinieyaKTunenAkñúgehdæarcnasm<½n§ )aneFVIeGayRtLb;fyeRkaynUvRbB½n§dwkCBa¢ÚnTaMgenHCaeRcIn eGaykøayeTARKan;EtCaExSbnÞat;enA elIEpnTIEtbu:eNÑaH nigenAkñúgrdUvR)aMgRbB½n§dwkCBa¢ÚntamTenøswgEtTaMgGs; køayeTACamin manlT§PaB sMrab;kardwkCBa¢ÚnF¶n;²tampøÚvTwk. TnÞwmnwgTMhMénkardwkCBa¢Únqøgkat;tampøÚveKak kMBugEtekIneLIg CamYynwgkarCYyénkareFVIeGayRbesIreLIgénsßanPaBpøÚvfñl;enaH kardwkCBa¢Únedaynava k¾kMBugEt ekIneLIgEdr tamryHkarCYsCul nigsg;eLIgvijnUvkMBg;EpsMrab;naMcUl nignaMecj. reTHeKa RtUv)aneRbIR)as;enAkñúgtMbn;CnbT edIm,IdwkCBa¢ÚnRsUvsMrab;cMgaypøÚvCit² nigqøgkat;pøÚvTaMgLayEdl kñúgsPaBepSgnwgminGaceFVIdMeNIreTAekIt. kardwkCBa¢Ún BIpÞH¼valERsrbs;ksikr eTAGñkedIrRbmUl Tij rWk¾GñkkinRsUv KWCajwkjab;tamryH reTHeKa reTHynþ ¬Rtak;T½r CamYynwgreTH¦ rWk¾LandwkTMnijFuntUc². RsedogKñaenHEdr Rtak;T½r nigLandwkTMnijFuntUc RtUv)aneRbIR)as;qøgkat; BIcMgaypøÚvCit² eTAcMgaypøÚvmFümenAkñúgRsuk ¬PUmi eTATIRbCMuCnkñúgmUldæan¼ma:suInkinRsUv¦. enAkñúgtMbn;TIRkug kardwkCBa¢ÚnRsUv KWCajwkjab;PaKeRcIneday LandwkTMnij nigm:UtU. BaNiC¢kr nigGñkkinRsUvPaKeRcIn BuMMmanmeFüa)aydwkCBa¢ÚnpÞal;xøÜnrbs;eKeLIy. eKCYlGñkdwkCBa¢ÚnedIm,IeFVI kardwkGgár rWk¾RsUvrbs;eK.

\NTanPaKeRcInkñúgrgVg;ksikr RtUv)aneRbIR)as;enAkñúgkarpþl;eGayénTinñ½ybBa©Úl Cabzm KWCI. cMnYnd¾tUcén\NTan k¾RtUv)aneRbIR)as; edIm,ITijRsUvenAkñúgkMlugeBlxVHxatpgEdr. R)ak;km©IsMrab;Tinñn½y bBa©ÚlRtUv)anTTYlBIesv:akm μhirBaØvtßúxñattUc mitþPkþi nigGñkrksuIcgkarR)ak;. enAkñúgkarRsavRCav mYyeTAelIksikrplitRsUv JICA )anrkeXIjfa 18 PaKry)anx©IR)ak;BIRbPB sßab½nhirBaØvtßúxñattUc. TaMgGs;enH hak;dUcCaEdlfatMbn;CnbTénRbeTskm<úCa KWkMBugmankar xVHxaty:agxøaMgénRbPBhirBaØvtßú rWk¾Gñkpþl;\NTanenaH. enAkñúgkrNIxøH karCYléneRKOgsMParH sMrab;plitkm μ dUcCama:suIne)akEbnCaedIm nwgRtUveFVIenAkñúgkaredaHdUrsMrab;karbg;RtLb;CaRsUvenA rdUvRcUtkat; ¬FnaKarBiPBelak/ 2002¦. JICA k¾)anpþl;Bt’manpgEdr nUvkareRbIR)as;énFnaKar RsUvEdlRtUv)ancat;EcgedayGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al ¬NGOs¦ enAtamtMbn;CnbTTaMgenaH. FnaKarRsUv )anTTYlviPaKTanénRsUvEdlelIsBIksikr nigmankar TijBIGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al EdlbnÞab;mknwg eGaykm©IRsUveTAksikrvijenAkñúgkMlugeBlxVHxat edIm,IRtUvbg;RtLb;mkvijenArdUvRcUtkat;CamYynwg karR)ak;BI 10 eTA 20 PaKry. shB½n§GñkkinRsUv RtUv)anbegáIteLIgenAeBlfμI²enH CamYynwgkaryl;eXIjedIm,IbegáIt TMnak;TMngCamYynwgksikr kñúgkarpþl;eGayksikrnUvBt’man smtßPaB nigkarelIkTwkcitþedIm,I naMeGayKuNPaBGgár kan;EtmanPaBRtUvr:UveRcIneLIg. esv:akmμpSBVpSayksikmμ Edl)anpþl;eday rdæaPi)al nigGgÁkar eRkArdæaPi)alTaMgLay k¾enAEtxVHxatenAeLIy sMrab;bMeBjbMNgnUvtMrUvkar TaMgLayrbs;ksikr CaBiessGñkplitksiplsMrab;lk; nigenATIenaH KWk¾CasMNYrneya)ay d¾sMxan;mYyEdrsMrab;viFId¾l¥RbesIr énkarEckcayBt’manTIpSarbec©kviTüa .l. eTAdl; ksikr.

RsUvsrIragÁ nig RsUvEdleRbIR)as;CIFmμCati enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa karGnuvtþCajwkjab;énkardaMRsUv KWkarsabRBYstamxül; EdlenATI enaH ksikr)ansabRBYsRKab;BUCRsUvy:ageRcIneTAelIvalERs. RbB½n§énRsUvRbBlvb,km μ ¬System of Rice

Intensification¦ RtUv)anbgðajeTAksikrenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa kñúgqñaM 2000 edaymCÄ mNÐlsikSa nigGPivDÆn_ksikmμkm<úCa ¬CEDAC¦. KMnitCacMbg CamYynwgRbB½n§énRsUvRbBl vb,kmμenH KWfaksikrbNþúHmYyRKab; eTABIrRKab;kñúgmYyKum< enAkñúgGMBkERsEdldUcCasYndMNaMmYy. eRkayeBl 15éf¶ kUnsMNab RtUvykeTAdaMenAkñúgERs enAkñúgctuKMrUmUy rWk¾eTAtambnÞat;Rtg;. k¾b:uEnþRbB½n§énRsUvRbBlvb,km μenH ebIeRbobeFobnwgbec©keTsCaRbéBNI KWTamTarnUveBlevlaCa

eRcInedIm,IEfTaMdMNaMenH nigk¾RtUvkarKuNPaBdId¾l¥pgEdr. enAkñúgkrNIy:agenH TaMgGs;enH KWk¾Ca KuNvib,tþipgEdr sMrab;ksikrEdlkMBugeRbIR)as;bec©keTsenH eRBaHfaksikrTaMgenH nwgminGacEsVg rkkargarepSgd¾éTeTotedIm,Ib®gÁb;R)ak;cMNUlsMrab;CIvPaBrs;enArbs;Kat;eLIy. RbePTRsUvRkGUbnagmøiH RtUv)andaMduHedayBMumanfñaMsMlab;stVl¥it nigCIKImIenAkñúgtMbn;EdlRtUv eRCIserIsy:agRbugRby½tñmYyenAkNþalRbeTskm<úCa EdlenATIenaH dId¾manCIvCati)anpþl;eGaynUv brisßanlUtlas;EdlRKb;RKan;mYy. CiteTAdl; 80>000RKYsar kMBugmankic©snüaCamYyRkumh‘un GgÁrRsUv ¬2004¦ edIm,IdaMnUvRsUvnagmøiHenH. Rkumh‘unGgÁrRsUv )anEbgEckBUCnagmøiHEdlman KuNPaBx<s;eTA ksikrCab;kugRta EdlBYkKat;TaMgenaHBMuRtUv)anGnuBaØatieGaydManUvBUCRsUvrbs;xøÜnÉg pÞal;)aneLIy. kñúgrdUvdaMduH buKÁlikrbs;Rkumh‘unGgÁrRsUv cuHBinitüCaeTogTat;nUv valERsTaMgenaH edIm,Ipþl;nUvkarENnaM bEnßm nig]btßmÖKaMRTeTAksikrEdlCab;kic©snüaTaMgenH. manEtRkumRsUv EdleqøIytbeTAnwgbTdæan d¾x<s;rbs;Rkumh‘uneT nwgRtUvEkrécñenAÉma:suInkinRsUv enHmann½yfa manEtRsUvEdll¥bMputeTnwgRtUv bBa¢ÚneTATIpSar.

2- sUcnakrma:RkUesdækic©Edlman\T§iBlelIBaNiC¢kmμRsUv ³ éfø nigGRtabþÚrR)ak; éføEdlCH\T§iBlelIkarnaMecjRsUv neya)ayéføcMeBaHTMnij Edlrab;bBa©ÚlplitplRsUvpgEdr nigcMeBaHesv:akm μenAkñúgRbeTs km<úCa RtUvkMNt;edayesrIeTAtamTIpSar elIkElg cMeBaHEtGKÁisnI nigTwkecj. cMeBaHkareRbIR)as; eTAéf¶GnaKténkarRtYtBinitüéfø TaMgGs;enH KWenAEtCabBaðaEdlRtUvelIkeLIgedayRaCrdæaPi)al km<úCa. éføénGgármanTMenarbgðajCaKMrUEdleLIgcuHeTAtamrdUv ³ mankarFøak;cuH enAkñúgrdUvRcUtkat; CacMbg ¬BIExvicäika dl;Exmkra¦ nigmankarekIneLIg enArdUvvsSa eTaHbIKmøat nigKMrUénkareLIgcuH enaH ERbRbYlerogral;qñaMk¾eday. éføRsUv nigGgár k¾eLIgcuHRsbKañpgEdreTAtamtMbn;plitkmμ lT§PaBTaMgenH bgðajeGayeXIjfa GRtaERbRbYlenH KWedaysarktþabec©keTs ¬kardwkCBa¢Ún nigkarEkrécñ¦ CaseCog eyageTAtam\riyabTTIpSarCayuT§saRsþNamYyrbs;GñkcUlrYmTIpSar. PaBxusKñaénéførvagbNþaextþ nImYy² KWtUc nigEdlfakarTMnak;TMngrvagéføRsUvkm<úCa nigevotNam nigéføRsUvéf KWx<s;Nas;. éføRsUvevotNam RtUvmanTMnak;TMngy:agxøaMgCamYynwg éføRsUv IR enAkñúgextþtaEkv. éføRsUvsUm:alI

nigdYgma:lI enAextþPaKxageCIgRbeTs eLIgcuHeTAtaméføRsUvéf eRBaHenATIenaH KWmancMnYnCadMkMPYnmYyén karnaMecjénRsUvsUm:alI nigdYgm:alI eTAkan;RbeTséf. éføénRsUv nigGgárRtUv)aneGaydwgfamankarekIneLIgenAkñúgqñaMknøgmkfμ I²enH edaysarman karekIneLIgtMrUvkarkñúgRsuk nigmanTMenarekIneLIgenAkñúgéføRsUvBiPBelak. eyageTAtamkar RsavRCavfμ ImYy sMrab;qñaM 2005¼2006 éføRsUvEdll¥ KWenAcenøaHBI 500-600 erol¼KILÚRkam ¬RbmaNCa 150 duløarGaemrik¼etan¦ éfølk;duMcMeBaHGgárEdlkinsl¥ KWkñúgeBlbc©úb,nñBI 900-1>500 erol¼KILÚRkam ¬RbmaNCa 350 duløarGaemrik¼etan¦.

GRtabþÚrR)ak;EdlCH\T§iBlelIkarnaMecjRsUv enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa GRtapþÚrR)ak;pøÚvkar KWGRtapþÚrR)ak;bENþt nigKWBMumanneya)ayritt,itNa mYyeLIy. ehtuenH GRtabþÚrR)ak; KWminEmnCaRbPBénkarkarBareTAelIplitkmμRsUvenAkñúgRbeTs eLIy. bEnßmBIelIenHeTot éføRsUvtamRBMEdn RtUv)anKNnaCaFm μta edayGRtabþÚrR)ak; pøÚvkarenH eTaHbIkalNa TaMgGs;enH KWBuuMmanPaBlMnwgk¾eday. GRtabþÚrR)ak;RsemalmYyenAelITIpSar RtUv)aneRbIR)as;edIm,I cab;eGayCab;nUvlT§plTaMgLayBIGRtabþÚrR)ak;EdlekInelItMél b¤k¾fycuH eRkamtMéleTAelIplitkmμnanaEdlbgðajeGayBicarNaenAkñúgesdækic©. éfølk;raycMeBaH GgárenAkñúg TIRkugPñMeBj nigTIRbCMuCnnana )aneLIgcuHCamYynwgGRtabþÚrR)ak;duløar. éføRsUvenAtamRBMEdn k¾RtUv)anEkrsMrYlpgEdr edIm,IBicarNafaetIplRbeyaCn_plitplTaMgenaH KW)anmkBIBIkarnaMcUl b¤k¾CakarnaMecj. kalNaplitpl KWCaplitplnaMcUl éfønaMcUlEdlCa c.i.f. RtUv)anEkrsMrYl edaymankarbUkbBa©Úlénkarbg;tMélRbugeRboberobcM nigkarbg;tMéldwkCBa¢ÚnBIRBMEdneTATIpSar nigeFVIkardk ecjGRtamaXItTIg nigkarbg;tMéldwkCBa¢ÚnBIkMritksidæaneTATIpSar. kalNaplitpl KWCa plitplnaMecj éfønaMecj f.o.b. RtUv)anEkrsMrYledaykardkecjkarbg;tMélRbugeRboberobcM GRtam:aXItTIg nigkarbg;tMéldwkCBa¢ÚnBIkMBugEpeTAksidæan (Tsakok 1990). eTaHy:agNak¾eday cenøaHRbehagd¾sxan; ekIteLIgrvagéføRsUv enAkñúgRbeTs nigéføGnþrCatiedaysarkarbg;tMéld¾x<s; énplitkmμ ehdæarcnasm<½n§xSt;exSay nigTIpSarEdlKaMgsþÚk.

3- neya)ayCMrujGñkplitRsUv c,ab;dIFøI

CaeRcInTsvtSn_mkehIy rdæaPi)al)anbegáItCapøÚvkarnUvRbB½n§esdækic©sm,Tan edaypþ;l;kar CYl 70 qñaMRKbdNþb;elIépÞdI 888>399 hikta eTAeGayRkumh‘unÉkCnCag 49 Rkumh‘un. karelIkTwkcitþEdl)anelcecjc,as;enH EdltamesckþIRtUvkarRtUv)ankt;sMKal;fasMrab;BaNiC¢km μ nIykmμksikm μtamryHsm,TanenH enAkñúgkarGnuvtþmanEttictYcb:ueNaÑH KW¬RbEhl 10¦ Gac Rbtibtþikar)an. k¾b:uEnþ\LÚvenH rdæaPi)al KWsßitenAkñúdMeNIrkarénkarlubecalnUvcMnYnmYyén sm,Tanesdækic©EdlminGacRbtibtþikar)an. TaMgGs;enH k¾RtUv)anesñIeLIgEdlfaépÞdITaMgGs;enH GacRtUvepÞreTAeGayRKYsarEdlKμandIFøI ¬nig dIxSt;exSay¦ enAeRkamRbB½n§mYyénsm,TandIsgÁmkic© ¬RtUv)anbegáIteLIgedayRkitüc,ab;enAkñúgqñaM 2003¦. eTaHbIy:agNak¾eday karelIkTwkcitþ TaMgLaysMrab;ne)ayenH KWCabfmdUcEdleQμaHEdl)anesñIeLIgenH mann½yfasgÁmkic© rWk¾kar EbgEck. TaMgenH KWk¾CasniñTankmμesdækic©d¾xøaMgkøamYypgEdr.

CaBiessRbeTskm<úCa )aneFVIeGaymankareCOnelOnd¾sMxan; enAkñúgkareqøIytbeTAnwgPaBTn; exSayenAkñúgnitiviFIEbgEckdIedaykarbegáIténRkbx½NÐkargar nigtYnaTICalkçN³c,ab; nigbTbBaØati epSg² nigkarTTYlxusRtUvsMrab;karRKb;RKg nigrdæ)aldIFøI kñúgeKalbMNgKaMRT nUvplitkrRsUvenAkñúg RbeTspgEdr. CaBiessPaBeCOnelOnenH RtUv)aneFVItamryH ³

1> karbegáIt enAkñúgqñaM 1998 énRksYgerobcMEdndI nKrrUbnIykm μ nigsMNg;edIm,IdwknaM karRbwgERbgrbs;rdæaPi)al eTAelIrebobvir³énkarEkrTMrg;dIFøI

2> karbegáItRkumRbwkSaneya)aydIFøI enAkñúgqñaM2000 CamYynwgsmaCik 13 RksYg edIm,I dwknaMkarerobcMénkarbegáItneya)aydIFøI

3> karTTYlykénnya)ayCatisþIBIdIFøI edayKN³rdæmRnþIenAkñúgEx ]sPa 2001 4> karGnum½ténc,ab;dIFøIfμ I enAkñúgEx sIha 2001 nig 5> karTTYlykénGnuRkitümYycMnYnenAeRkamc,ab;dIFøIf μIEdlrab;bBa©Úlkarecjb½NÑkmμsiT§idIFøICaR

bB½n§ nigmineTogTat; karcuHbBa¢IdIFøI KN³km μaFikarsMrab;edaHRsay TMnas;dIFøIeRkA RbB½n§tulakar nigsm,TansgÁmsMrab;karEbgEckdIFøI.

CabEnßmeTot GnuRkitüd¾éTeTotCaeRcIn KWkMBugEtsßitenAeRkamkarerobcM nigRtUvsgÇwmfa RtUvdak;eGayeRbIR)as;enAcugqñaM 2004¼2005 edayrab;bBa©ÚlkarRKb;RKgénsm,Tanesdækic©

karRKb;RKgdIFøIrdæ nigkarTTYlsÁal; nigkarcuHbBa¢IénsiT§idIFøIrbs;CnCatiedImPaKtic ¬FnaKarBiPBelak 2005¦.

kareFVIeGayRbesIreLIgnUvehdæarcnasm<½n§ bec©kviTüaksikm μ nigesv:akmμbBa©Úl RksYgFnFanTwk nig]tuniym )anbegáIteLIgenAkñúgqñaM 1998 KWTTYlxusRtUvsMrab;GPivDÆn_ FarasaRsþTaMgGs;enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa. RksYgFnFanTwkenARkugPñMeBj mankarTTYlxusRtUvsMrab; TidæPaBbec©keTsénRbB½n§EdlmanTMhMFM TnÞwmnwgKMeragEdlmanTMhMtUc nigmFümTaMgGs; KWTTYlxus RtUvedaymnÞIrextþénextþEdlCab;Bak;B½n§TaMgenaH. buKÁlikbec©keTstamextþ k¾RtUv)ancUlrYmcMENk pgEdrenAkñúgkarsikSa nigenAkñúgkarbegáIténRkum nigshKmn_ksikreRbIR)as;Twknana. karGPivDÆn_ FarasaRsþRtUv)ancMNat;fñak;eyageTAtamTMhMeTACa ³

- TMhMtUc - manépÞdItUcCag 200 hikta EdlCaépÞdIRtUv)aneRsacRsB - TMhMmFüm - cab;BI 200 eTA 5>000 hikta nig - TMhMFM - manépÞdIFMCag 5>000 hikta eKalbMNgénRksYgFnFanTwk nig]tuniym KW\LÚvenH eFVIeGaymankarekIneLIgépÞdIEdlRtUv

eRsacRsB cab;BI 20 eTA 24 PaKryénépÞdIEdlCadMNaMksiplTaMgGs; cab;BIqñaM 2002 eTA 2007. karvinieyaKRtUv)anvaytMélRbEhl 880 duløaGaemrik¼hikta sMrab;karksageLIgvijnUvRbB½n§ FarasaRsþ edayrab;bBa©Úlkarbg;tMélehdæarcnasm<½n§ nigGgÁkarshKmn_ksikrTaMgGs;. karvinieyaK sarubEdlRtUvTamTar nwgRtUvCa 52 landuløaGaemrik kñúg1qñaM ¬ edayrab;bBa©Úl karbeBa©jbBa©ÚlTwk nigkarRtYtBinitüTwkCMnn;¦. cMENkfvikarsMrab;KMeragFarasaRsþbc©úb,nñrbs; RksYgFnFanTwk nig]tuniym KWCasrubRbEhl 75 landuløaGaemrik sMrab;karvinieyaKryHeBlxøI nigmFüm ¬rhUtdl;qñaM 2006¦. TaMgenH KWMmancenøaHRbehaghirBaØbTanryHeBlxøI RbEhl 81 landuløaGaemrik. km<úCa nwgFanakñúgeBl\LÚvenHfa mCÄmNÐlRsavRCav nigRbB½n§pSBVpSay RtUvtMrg;TiseTArk ksikrkMrittUctacTaMgGs;. enAkñúgTMhMEdlfaFnFan KWGaceRbIR)as;)anmCÄmNÐlRsavRCav nwgRtUv begáItenAkñúgRbB½n§brisßanksikmμeTAtamRbePTnImYy² Edlrab;bBa©ÚldITMnablicTwkrdUvvsSa dIx<g;rab nigRbB½n§brisßanksikm μEdlrgCMnn;ral;qñaM. karRsavRCav nwgRtUvpSarP¢ab;CamYynwgRkumpSBVpSay shvimCÄkarmYyEdlmanmUldæanenAkñúgtMbn;CnbTTaMgLay. karbgðaj nigkarsikSaenA nwgERsEdl

cat;Ecgedayksikr nwgkøayeTACaskm μPaBpSBVpSaymYykñúgcMeNamskmμPaBpSBVpSaysMxan;². karRsavRCav nigRbB½n§pSBVpSayTaMgGs; nwgeFVIelIsBIkarekIneLIgnUvRbsiT§iPaBénkareRbIR)as;KImI ksikmμ nigBUCEdl)aneFVIeGayRbesIreLIg nignwgkt;sMKal;sar³sMxan; eTAelIkareRbIR)as;énsMPar³ Edl)an eFVIeGayRbesIreLIg nigkarGnuvtþénkarRKb;RKg ¬dUcCakarRKb;RKgdMNaM Twk dI nigCICati¦. CaGtßiPaB nwgeFVIeGaysMrab;manRbePTepSg² nigRbBlvb,kmμénplitkmμksikm μEdlGacman nirnþr_PaB CamYynwgTinñ½ybBa©ÚlBIxageRkAxøH² k¾dUcCasMrab;GnuvtþkarRKb;RKgeGaymanRbsiT§iPaB énkarbg;tMél. RksYgksikm μ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT nig CARDI )ankt;sMKal;nUvsar³sMxan;eTAelI karRsavRCav edIm,IplitnUvBUCRsUvEdlmanKuNPaB nigeTAelIkarRtYtBinitüKuNPaBBUCRsUv nigCamYyGgÁkareRkA rdæaPi)almYycMnYnEdleKk¾mankarTTYlxusRtUvpgEdr kñúgkarpþl;nUvesv:akmμ pSBVpSayeTAplitkrRsUv. km<úCaRtUv)anRBYy)armÖCamYynwgkarrIkraldalénkareRbIR)as;KImIksikm μ EdlGacCaviPaKTan sMrab;karekIneLIgnUvplitkmμ k¾b:uEnþCamYynwgkarbg;tMéld¾x<s;mYyeTAelITinñ½ybBa©ÚlEdlnaMcUlCa Biess CIKImI nigfñaMkm©at;stVl¥it. lT§pld¾TUlMTUlay nigryHeBlyUrénkareRbIR)as;KImI ksikmμ RtUvEtBicarNaenAkñúgkarRsavRCavénkarbg;tMél nigkarTTYlcMeNj. enATINaEdlsmRsb nigesdækic© RksYgksikm μ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT nwgCYyCMrujnUvviFIsaRsþd¾l¥RbesIrénplitkmμ TaMgenHdUcCa RbB½n§énRsUvRbBlvb,kmμ EdlGnuBaØateGayplitkm μekIneLIg CamYynwgkarkat;bnßykareRbIR)as; énKImIksikm μ. rdæaPi)alRtUv)anRBYy)armÖ EdlfafñaMkm©at;stVl¥itd¾maneRKaHfñak; RtUv)aneRbIR)as;enA eLIyenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa. dUcCaksikrxøH enAEtbnþeRbIR)as;fñaMkm©at;stVl¥it TaMgLayEdlmanCatiBul y:agxøaMg nigEdlRtUv)anhamXat; Edlrab;bBa©ÚldUcCa DDT CaedIm. CabEnßmeTot edIm,Idak; eGayeRbIR)as;énGnuRkitsþIBIbTdæansMParHksikm μ raCrdæaPi)al CamYynwgéd KUrGPivDÆn_ KWkMBugEtGnuvtþ nUvkm μviFIsikSasaFarN³ ¬dUcCa karRKb;RKgRbePTstVcéRgcMruH IPM¦ nigFanafa ksikrTaMgGs; nigGñkeRbIR)as; RtUvEtdwgnUveRKaHfñak;BIfñaMkm©at;stVl¥it nigCIKimIksikmμ.

4- neya)aysþIBIBaNiC¢km μesrIkmμ sMrab;BaNiC¢km μRsUv kardkecjénkardak;kMhitRsUvenAkñúgRbeTs neya)ayBaNiC¢km μRsUvkm<úCa )anRtUvkMBugpøas;bþÚrBIKMrUesdækic©Epnkar eTACaKMrUTIpSarebIk cMhrcab;taMgBIRbeTskm<úCa)ancUlrYmCamYysmaKmRbCaCatiGasuIGaeKñX_ ¬ASEAN¦ kñúgqñaM 1999

nigGgákarBaNiC¢kmμBiPBelak ¬WTO¦ kñúgqñaM 2004. km<úCa CayUrNas;mkehIyBMuGnuvtþ nUvkardak; kMhitNamYyeTAelIkarnaMcUl nignaMecjRsUveLIy. Bn§naMcUlbc©úb,nñ eTAelIGgár KW 7PaKry bUkCamYynwg 10PaKry énBn§tMélbEnßm ¬VAT¦. kaeelIkElgBn§tMélbEnßmeTAelITinñn½y bBa©ÚlksikmμTaMgLay KWCaTUeTAGacCaRbeyaCn_sMrab;ksikrTaMgGs; eTaHbIkarvaytMéléncMNUlBI mun²edayrdæaPi)al KWBMuGacrk)anedaysarEtkarxVHxaténTUrelxsßitik¾eday. karelIkElgBn§dI nigBn§eTAelI R)ak;cMNUlrbs;ksikr nigkarelIkElgBn§eTAelITMnijEdllk;)an nigBn§tMélbEnßmeTA elIplitkmμpÞal;xøÜnenAkMritcMnucdMbUg KWCasmasFatud¾sMxan;énBaNiC¢kmμesrIkmμrbs;km<úCaenAkñúgvis½y RsUvenH. k¾b:uEnþGgÁPaBksikm μEdlCaRbePTcMkarFM²TaMgGs; KWRtUvenAEtCakm μvtßúsMrab;Bn§tMél bEnßmenAeLIy. eTaHbIy:agNak¾eday eTAelIEpñkma:XItTIg km<úCaBMumanpþl;eGaykarKaMRTéfø rWk¾km μviFI GnþraKmn_NamYy cMeBaHBaNiC¢kmμrRsUv rWk¾GgáreLIy. km<úCa manviFankarN_ rWk¾neya)aysnþisuxes,ogmYy edIm,IbegáItnUvkarTukbMrugRsUvCa lkçN³CatimYy rWk¾CaCMnYsvij)ansMerckarEbgEcksMrab;RbCaCnRkIRk rWk¾RbCaCnEdl)anTTYlrgnUv eRKaHFmμCati. k¾b:uEnþraCrdaæPi)al k¾)ansßitenACab;Tak;TgenAkñúgkarEbgEckCMnYyes,ógEdr. cMENk kgT½Bvij)anTijGgárkñúgRsuk nigGgárnaMcUlsMrab;Tah‘an nigRKYsarrbs;eKpgEdr. shRKas rdæmYy/ Green Trade Company (GTC)/ mankarTTYlxusRtUvsMrab;karTijRsUvkñúgnamrdæ edayrab; bBa©ÚlkarTij nigkarsþúkTukénGgárTukbMrugEdl)antMrUvenAeRkamkic©RBmeRBogénkarbMrugsnþisuxes,og Gas‘an ASEAN

Food Security Reserve Agreement. GTC k¾CMrujpgEdr enAkñúgskmμPaBEsVg rkcMeNjnana rYmTaMgskm μPaBBaNiCkm μTaMgLay. kmμviFIes,ogGaharBiPBelak nigm©as;CMnYy d¾éTeTot )anTijGgár kñúgRsuk k¾dUcCaGgárnaMcUl sMrab;kmμviFIes,ógBlkmμrbs;xøÜn. Gñkneya)ay nigRKYsarGñkmanCaeRcIn k¾)anTijGgárpgEdrsMrab;karEbgEckeTAeGayGñkRkIRk CaBiessenAeBl maneRKaHGasnñ nigenAeBl eXasnae)aHeqñatpgEdr.

karCMrujkarnaMecjRsUv nigkarbn§Úrbn§y nigkardkecjénkUtanaMecjRsUv munqñaM 1995 raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa )ancgP¢ab;nUvkarGnuBaØatinaMecjGgár edIm,IFananUvsnþisux es,ógCati nigedIm,IeFVIeGayR)akdfakartMrUvkares,ógrbs;RbCaCn RtUv)aneqøIytbedayRKb;RKan;. cab;BIqñaM 1995 km<úCa)anGnuBaØatiedayesrInUvkarnaMecjGgár CamYynwgkarkMhity:agGtibrmabMput.

k¾b;uEnþkartMrUveGaymankarGnuBaØatinaMecjEdl)ancgP¢ab;BImun RtUv)andkecjvij enAkñúgExkkáda 2001. eTaHbIy:agNak¾eday GñknaMecjTaMgGs;RtUvtMrUvCalkçN³c,ab;eGaymankarGnuBaØatimYy muneBlkar naMecjGgárrbs;eK. eKalbMNgEdl)anBnül;enAkñúgGCJab½NÑenH KWedIm,IFanasnþisux es,ógkñúgRbeTs Etb:ueNÑaH. kareFVIGFikarkic©muneBlbBa¢ÚnplitplRsUvnaMecj RtUv)anGnuvtþeday CAMCONTROL EdlCaGgÁPaBmYyeRkamRksYgBaNiC¢km μ. CAMCONTROL eFVIGFikarkic©eTAelIkarnaMecjTaMgGs; edayminmankarelIkElg. kartMrUveGaycuHbBa¢IsMrab;karnaMecjTaMgLay KWdUcnwgsMrab;karnaMcUlEdr nigEdlfa 15>000 erolCaéføTwkEt )anGnuvtþeTAelIRKb;RbtievTn_naMcUl nignaMecjTaMgGs;. müa:geTot karykéføTwkEtcMnYn 4 duløaGaemrik kñúgRbtievTn_naMecj nignaMcUlmYy KWRtUvkMBugTTYl r:ab;rgedayxagnaykdæanKy nigrdæakr. BMumanBn§naMecj RtUv)andak;bnÞúkeTAelIGgárenaHeLIy. k¾b:uEnþsmaKmm:asuIn kinRsUvkm<úCa )anrkeXIjpgEdrnUvPaBminRbRktIEdlCa]bsKÁd¾cMbgsMrab;kar naMecjGgárBIkm<úCa. karbg;tMélénkarnaMecjRsUvminpøÚvkarenaH RtUv)anvaytMélRbEhl BI 10 eTA 15 duløaGaemrik kñúg1etanénRsUv ¬Sik 2000 nig tamkarcuHRsavRCav¦.

karlb;ecalénkardak;kMhitnaMcUlénCIKImI nig fñaMkm©at;stVl¥it cab;BIéf¶ TI 1 mifuna qñaM2005 km<úCa)anlb;ecalnUvkardak;kMhitcMnYnénkarnaMcUlCIKImI fñaMkm©at; stVl¥it nigTinñn½ybBa©Úlksikmμd¾éTeTot dUc)anerobrab;xagelI nig)anbegáItnUvviFIsaRsþ WTO-Cab;lab; mYyénkarcuHbBa¢I nigkarBinitüeLIgvijnUvtMrUvkarKImIksikmμEdlnaMcUlTaMgGs;Edl Bak;B½n§eTAnwgsuvtßiPaB XøaMgsþúkTuk nigkarEbgEckkñúgRbeTsénplitplTaMgenH nwgRtUvGnuvtþEt eTAelIGñkEckcaykñúgRbeTs rWk¾GñknaMcUlTaMgLayEdleRbIR)as;XøaMgsþúkTukmuneBlkarEckcay kñúgRbeTs. cab;BIEx mkra qñaM 2007 km<úCa nwgeCOTukcitþeTAelIbTbBaØatiénkic©RBmeRBog TBT edIm,Idak;kMrit nUvBaNiC¢km μkñúgRbeTs nigGnþrCati enAkñúgerOgr:avTaMgenH. rhUtmkdl;eBlenH km<úCaBMu)anplit rWk¾naMecjnUvfñaMkm©at;stVl¥iteLIy k¾b:uEnþ)annaMcUl y:agRkas;ERklBIbreTsCamYynwgkarGnuBaØatiCapøÚvkar nigminpøÚvkarBI evotNam éf cin m:aeLsuI )araMg swgðbUrI nigétv:an;.l. nig.l. eTaHbIy:agNak¾eday RbB½n§mYy k¾RtUv)anbegáIt eLIgpgEdr edIm,IcuHbBa¢IfñaMkm©at;stVl¥itTaMgGs;enARbeTskm<úCa k¾dUcCaedIm,IRbmUl rWkt;RtanUvTUrelxénkarnaMcUl

fñaMkm©at;stVl¥it. enATIenH TUrelxxøH² RtUv)ankt;RtaenAkñúgsßab½nrdæaPi)almYycMnYn. sßitiCapøÚvkar EdlRtUv)ankt;RtaedayRksYgksikm μ rukçaRbmaj nigensaT KWenAkñúgtaragxag eRkam ³

fñaMkm©at;stVl¥itEdlnaMcUl 2005 2004 2003 srub plitplCaBaNiC¢kmμTaMgGs; ¬etan¦ 84 42/274 47/500 173/774 5- neya)ayBaNiC¢km μRsUvkm<úCa eRkamkic©RBmeRBogksikmμénGgÁkarBaNiC¢km μBiPBelak neya)ayBn§ Bn§Kykm<úCa RtUvCatYrelxCak;lak;cMnYn 8 xÞg;. bBa¢IrayeQ μaHBn§ EdlpSMeLIgedaybnÞat;Bn§ 6>823 enAkñúgqñaM 2006 )anGnuelameTAtamskbrivtþn_ 1996 énRbB½n§suxkþúmÖnIykmμEdlman kMrittYrelxEt 6 b:ueNÑaH. GRtaBn§TMagGs; KWKitCa Ad Valorem. bc©úb,nñenH manEtGRtaBn§ MFN Et b:ueNÑaHEdlmansßitenA elIkElgEtsMrab;plitpl CEPT (Common Effective Preferential Tariff

RbsiT§iPaBGRtaBn§GnueRKaHrYm¦ TaMgGs; EdlmanedImkMeNItenAkñúgRbeTssmaCikGas‘an. enAkñúgkar EkrTMrg;rcnasm<½n§Bn§rbs;xøÜn km<úCa)ankat;bnßynUvcMnYnRkumBn§TaMgGs;BI 12 rhUtenA sl;Et 4 Rkumb:ueNÑaH enAkñúgeBlbc©Úb,nñenH ¬0/ 7/ 15/ nig 35 PaKry¦. GRtaBn§Edlx<s; TaMgGs; dUcCa 40/ 50/ 90 nig 120 PaKry RtUv)anlb;ecjTaMgGs;. GRtaEdlGnuvtþFmμta CamFüménBn§enaH )anmancMnYn 16/4 PaKryenA KitkñúgqñaM 2001 nigtameKalbMNg KWcg;sMerceGay)annUv kMritBn§CamFümmYyeRkam 15 PaKry enAkñúgqñaM 2003¼2004. plitplRsUvTaMgGs; RtUv)ankarBartamryHGRtaBn§Edlx<s;Cagplitplksikm μd¾éTeTot. elIkElgEtRsUvBUC manGRtaBn§ 5 PaKry nigGRtaBn§CamFüménplitplRsUvd¾éTeTot KW 40 PaKry TnÞwmnwgBn§BaNiC¢km μCamFümeTAelIplitplksikmμd¾éTeTot KWRbmaNEtCa 17 PaKry Etb:ueNaÑaH k¾b:uEnþebIeRbobeFobCamYynwgRbeTsGPivDÆn_ GRtaTaMgGs;enH KWBMumansar³sMxan;eLIy. enAeBlkm<úCa KWkMBugkat;bnßyBn§naMcUlrbs;xøÜn Bn§elIkarplit RtUvkMBugEtekIneLIg edIm,IFanafa karEkrTMrg;Bn§ KWnwgeFVI eGaymancMNUlGBüaRkitmYy.

viFankarN_minEmnBn§Ky

GRtaBn§kUta ³ km<úCaBMu)anGnuvtþGRtaBn§kUtakñúgeBlbc©Úb,nñ sMrab;pliplnaMcUlNamYy eLIy edayrab;bBa©ÚlTMagkarnaMcUlGgár. k¾b:uEnþeTaHbI km<úCa BuM)aneRbIR)as;GRtaBn§kUtamkdl;eBl enHy:agNak¾eday km<úCanwgTukbMrugsiT§irbs;xøÜn sMrab;karGnuvtþn_nUvkUtaenH edayGaRs½yeTAelI lT§plénkarcrcar nignWgeKarBeTAtamvin½yrbs;GgÁkarBaNiC¢km μBiPBelaksþIBIGRtaBn§kUtaEdr.

kUta ³ kmú<Ca k¾BMu)anGnuvtþpgEdr nUvkardak;kMhitCalkçN³cMnYn ¬kUta¦ eTAelIkarnaMcUl plitplTaMgGs;. eTaHbICay:agNa RbB½n§énGCJab½NÑEdlmankMNt;mYy RtUv)anbegáIteLIg sMrab;karBar énsuxPaBmnusS plRbeyaCn_GñkeRbIR)as; snþisuxCati nigedIm,IkarBarbrisßan. plitpl TaMgLayEdltMrUveGaymanGCJab½NÑnaMcUl RtUv)andak;eQ μaH enAkñúgtaragTI 9. RbB½n§enH BuMRtUv)an erobcMeLIg edIm,Idak;kMhitnUvcMnYn rWk¾tMélénkarnaMcUlplitplksikm μenaHeT elIkElgEtfñaM km©at;stVl¥itEdlRtUv)anBN’narYcehIyenAkñúgkfax½NÐxagelI.

taragTI 9 ³ plitplEdltMrUveGaymanGCJab½NÑnaMcUl BN’na GgÁPaBrdæEdlTTYlxusRtUvsMrab;GCJab½NÑnaMcUl

sMPar³evC¢saRsþ nig»sfsaRsþ RksYgsuxaPi)al/ naykdæan»sf nigcMNIGahar Tinñ½ybBa©Úlksikmμ RksYgksikm μ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT/ naykdæanc,ab;ksikmμ sBVavuF eRKOgpÞúH nigRKab;kaMePøIg RksYgkarBarCati mas R)ak; fμmantMél nigeRKOgénvtßú TaMgenH

FnaKarCatiénkm<úCa

yanþ ynþehaH nigeRKOgbnøas; k)a:l; nigkaNUt nigeRKOgm:asuInd¾éTeTot sMrab;ectnaeyaFa

RksYgkarBarCati

RbPB ³ WT/ACC/KHM/21

karRbqaMgkarlk;bgçÚcéfø Bn§tbt nigviFankarN_suvtßiPaB ³ eyageTAtamrebobvir³c,ab;rbs; RbeTskm<úCa c,ab;sþIBIkarRbqaMgkarlk;bgçÚcéfø nigviFankarN_Bn§tbt nigc,ab;sþIBIviFankarN_ suvtißPaB KWbc©úb,nñsßitenAkñúgdMeNIrkarenAeLIy. km<úCa nwgBMuGnuvtþnUvkarRbqaMgkarlk;bgçÚcéfø viFankarN_Bn§tbt

rWk¾viFankarN_suvtßiPaBNamYyeT cMeBaHplitplnaMcUlNamYy rhUtdl;km<úCa)anCUndMNwg nig)anGnuvtþ nUvc,ab; nigbTbBaØatid¾smrmüenAkñúgkarGnuelamCamYynwgbT bBaØatiénkic©RBmeRBog WTO sþIBIkarGnuvtþ énmaRtaTI VI sþIBIkar]btßmFn nigviFankarN_Bn§tbt nigsþIGMBIviFankarN_suvtßiPaB. eRkayBIc,ab;enH RtUv)anGnuvtþ km<úCanwgGnuvtþEtBn§RbqaMgkarlk;bgçÚcéfø Bn§tbt nigviFankarN_ suvtßiPaBNamYy EdlGnuelameBjeljCamYynwgbTbBaaØti WTO sMxan;Etb:ueNÑaH.

rnaMgbec©keTsBaNiC¢km μ (TBT) ³ RbB½n§sþg;danIykmμrbs;km<úCa KWkMBugsßitenAkñúgdMNak; kardMbUgénkarGPivDÆn_. RbB½n§bc©úb,nñ KWPaKeRcInedaysμ ½RKcitþ k¾b:uEnþsþg;daEdlCabTbBa¢ak¾RtUv)an GnuvtþsMrab;plitplCaeRcInEdr kalNaRtUvyl;facaM)ac;sMrab;karBarsnþisuxCati sMrab;raraMgkar GnuvtþEkøgbnøM rWk¾sMrab;karBarCivitmnusS stV nigrukçCati rWk¾suxPaB. km<úCa )anpþl;sc©ab½nnUvkic© RBmeRBogKMragkargarGas‘ansþIBIkarsMruHsMrYlTTYlsÁal;KñaeTAvijeTAmk. plitplnaMcUlTaMgGs; KWRtUvCakm μvtßúsMrab;dMeNIrkarGFikarkic© dUcKñaeTAnwgplitplEdlplitkñúgRsukEdr nigkm<úCanwgBRgIk kic©RBmeRBogkarvaytMélPaBRtUvr:UvKñaNamYy CaBiessGVIEdl)anyl;eXIjCamun eRkamkic©RBmeRBog Gas‘an eTAsmaCikTaMgGs;énGgÁkarBaNiC¢km μBiPBelak. GnuRkitsþIBIsþg;da]sSahkm μelx 42¼GnRk¼bk cuHéf¶TI 15 ]sPa 2001 nigGnuRkitsþIBIkarvas;Evg EdlRtUv)anTTYlykkñúgqñaM 2003 )anpþl;nUvtYnaTI nignitiviFICamUldæansMrab;karTTYlyknUvsþg;dafμ I² bTbBaØatibec©keTs nignitiviFIvay tMélPaBRtUvr:UvKñaTaMgenaH.

viFankarN_Gnam½y nigPUtþKamGnam½y ¬SPS¦ ³ km<úCa nwgGnuvtþy:ageBjeljnUvkic©RBm eRBogGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmμBiPBelak sþIBIkarGnuvtþénviFankarN_Gnam½y nigPUtþKamGnam½y mineGay yWtCagéf¶TI 1 mkra 2008 eLIy. enAkñúgkMlugeBlenH viFankarN_manRsab; Edlerobryeday c,ab;mYycMnYnenaH nwgRtUvGnuvtþenAeRkammUldæanminerIseGIgTaMgGs;Edl)anpþl;cMeBaHRbRBwtþkm μCati nigRbRBwtþkmμ MFN sMrab;karnaMcUlnana. karpþl;BIrdæaPi)al ¬Government Procurement¦ ³ karpþl;edayrdæaPi)al RtUv)anGnuvtþ tamryHGacCa ¬i¦ karRbkYtRbECgedjéføCaGnþrCati ¬ICB¦ ¬ii¦ karRbkYtRbECgedjéføCa lkçN³Cati ¬DCB¦ ¬iii¦ karTijGIv:an;CaGnþrCati ¬IS¦ ¬iv¦ karTTUcsMuCalkçN³Cati ¬DC¦ rWk¾ ¬v¦ karTijedaypÞal; rWk¾kic©snüaedaypÞal; ¬Dcon¦. kic©nüaCa ICB nig DCB RtUv)aneXasna

pSayCalkçN³saFarN³ nigebIkcMhrsMrab;GñkedjéføEdlcab;GarmμN_TaMgGs; nigviFIsaRsþbIcug eRkayBMuTamTareGayebIkcMhrCakarRbkYtRbECgsaFarN³eLIy k¾b:uEnþkarcUlrYmBIGñkedjéføbreTs k¾BMuRtUv)anhamXat;eLIy. rhUtmkdl;eBl\LÚvenH km<úCaBMuTan;taMgcitþcUlrYmkic©RBmeRBogBhuPaKI EdlmanlkçN³minbgçM ¬plurilateral agreement¦ sþIBIkarpþl;BIrdæaPi)alenaHenAeLIyeT.

kar]btßmÖFnnaMecjénplitplRsUv km<úCa BMumanRbePTNamYyénkar]btßmÖFnsMrab;karnaMecjplitplksikm μrbs;xøÜneLIy edayrab;bBa©ÚlTaMgplitplRsUvpgEdr eTaHbIenAeRkamkic©RBmeRBogksikm μ RbeTsGPivDÆn_tictYc d¾éTepSgeTot BuMRtUv)anTamTareGayTTYlyk nUvkarsnüadUcenHenaHeLIy. eyageTAtam eTsrdæm®nþI cm RbsiT§ rdæaPi)al RtUv)ansnüasMrab;briyakasBaNiC¢kmμesrImYyd¾BitR)akd ³ : eyIg KWCaRbeTs karN_niym ¬Pragmatic Country¦. km<úCa BMuGacmanRKb;RKan;nUvkar]btßmÖFn ksikmμEdlBMuEmnCa GVIEdll¥ sMrab;karRbkYtRbECgTaMgLayEdlmanryHeBlyUreLIy. rdæaPi)al BuMeCOfakar]btßmÖFn KWCayuT§sa®sþd¾l¥ edIm,IkarGPivDÆn_Edlmannirnþr_PaBénvis½y ksikm μenaHeLIy TnÞwmnwgeBlninñakar GnþrCatiRbkaseGaylb;bM)at;ecalénkar]btßmÖFnenaH :. rdæaPi)al BuM)anBRgIknUv\NTannaMecjTaMg Lay karFanar:ab;rgkarnaMecj rWk¾km μviFIFanar:ab;rgepSg²eTotsMrab; plitplRsUv nigplitplksikmμ d¾éTeToteLIy.

eTaHbIkm<úCa BMumanpþl;eGay nUvRbePTénkar]btßmÖFnnaMecjedaypÞal;NamYyk¾eday k¾b;uEnþ RbeTsenH )aneRbIR)as;karelIkTwkcitþCaBn§GnueRKaH edIm,ITak;TajkarvinieyaKTaMgLayEdl nwgnaMecj 80° énplitplEdl)anplitrbs;xøÜn eTAkan;TIpSarGnþrCati. c,ab;qñaM 1994 sþIBIkar vinieyaKEdl)aneFVIviesaFnkmμ enAkñúgqñaM 2003 )anpþl;karelIkTwkcitþ nigpþl;buBVsiT§i edayrab; bBa©ÚlkarelIkElgTaMgGs; rWk¾CaEpñkénBn§Ky nigBn§d¾éTeTotsMrab;KMeragvinieyaKTaMgLayNa EdlmanKuNsm,tþiRKb;RKan; ¬QIP¦ eyageTAtamKMeragvinieyaKTaMgGs;Edl)anTTYlviBaØabnb½Rt cuHbBa¢IcugbBa©b;Edlpþl;edayRkumRbwkSaGPivDÆn_km<úCa ¬CDC¦. c,ab;vinieyaK pþl;nUvkarelIkElg Bn§naMcUlsMrab;sMParHsMNg; brikçaplitkmμ nigFnFanbBa©Úlplitkmμd¾éTeTot EdleRbIR)as;eday karnaMecj QIPs nig QIPs kñúgRsuk. karKaMRT QIPs k¾RtUv)anpþl;siT§isMrab;karelIkElgpgEdr. k¾b:uEnþ QIPs RtUvTamTareGaybg;Bn§Ky nigBn§d¾éTeToteTAelIFnFanbBa©Úlplitkm μTaMgGs; sMrab;

cMnYnEdlBMuRtUv)anpÁt;pÁg;eTAeGay]sSahkmμnaMecj rWk¾RtUvnaMecjedaypÞal;eRkayBIkarRtYtBinitü eLIgvij.

karKaMRTkñúgRsukénplitplRsUvkm<úCa Cavis½yesdækic©KnøwHmYy ksikm μmantYnaTIy:agsMxan;mYyenAkñúgkarGPivDÆn_ nigesßrPaB esdækic©énesdækic©TaMgmUl. karKaMRTkñúgRsuksMrab;vis½yksikmμ KWsMxan;sMrab;bBaðaTaMgBIr dUcCakar karBarCIvPaB rs;enArbs;ksikr nigkareFVIeGayekIneLIgnUvPaBRbkYtRbECgénvis½yksikm μenAkñúg TIpSarGnþrCati. CamYysmaCikPaBkm<úCakñúg WTO karKaMRTkñúgRsuksMrab;ksikmμ nwgRtUvmankar RtUvr:UvKñaCamYynwg kic©RBmeRBogsþIBIksikmμ ¬AOA¦rbs; WTO. viFankarN_KaMRTkñúgRsukepSg² sMrab;vis½yksikmμrbs; km<úCaEdlKWGacGnuBaØatienAeRkamkic©RBmeRBogksikmμ ¬AOA¦ RtUv)an bgðajenAxageRkamenH.

- neya)ayRbGb;ébtg ¬Green Box¦ RKbdNþb;km μviFIesv:akmμrdæaPi)alCaeRcInrab; bBa©ÚlTaMgesv:akmμTUeTAEdlpþl;edayrdæaPi)al km μviFIGñkkan;kab;PaKh‘unsaFarN³ sMrab;eKalbMNg snþisuxes,óg nigCMnYyes,ógGaharkñúgRbeTs. RbGb;ébtg k¾)anpþl;pgEdrsMrab;kareRbIR)as;én karRbKl;R)ak;edaypÞal;eTAplitkr EdlKWCaviFankarN_KaMRTR)ak;cMNUlEdlmanlkçN³pþac;kar Tak;Tg karFanar:ab;rgR)ak;cMNUl nigkmμviFIsMNaj;esßrPaBnanaCaeRcIneTot dUcCaCMnYysMrab; eRKaHmhnþray Fm μCati RbePTénkm μviFICMnYyerobcMehdæarcnasm<½n§ nigkarpþl;R)ak;EdlR)akdRbCa eRkamkmμviFIbrisßan nigeRkamkmμviFICMnYyCalkçN³tMbn;CaeRcIneTot. km<úCa nwgRtUvGnuBaØati eGaypþl;kar]btßmÖFnRbGb; ébtgenHy:ageRcIntamEtkm<úCaGaceFVIeTA)an. cMeBaHneya)ayRbGb;ébtg viTüasßanRsavRCav nigGPivDÆn_ksikmμkm<úCa ¬CARDI¦ Edl RtUv)anbegáItedayraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa RtUv)ankMBugedIrtYnaTId¾sMxan;kñúgeBlbc©úb,nñ sMrab;karRsavRCav ksikm μsMrab;RbeTskm<úCa ehIyk¾RtUv)ankMBugpþl;karKaMRTsMrab;karGPivDÆn_énsmtßPaBRKb;RKgkar RsavRCav nigRtUv)ankMBugBRgIklT§plrbs;xøÜneTAksikr smaKmksikr nigGCIvkmμksikm μ TaMgGs;. RksYgksikm μ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT k¾kMBugEtpþl;nUvesv:akm μpSBVpSayTaMgLayeTAksikrTUeTAenAkñúg RbeTspgEdr.

rdæaPi)alkm<úCa k¾)anpþl;pgEdrnUvBUCRsUveTAksikrEdlrg\T§iBledayeRKaHmhnþrayFmμCati nig)anEckcayeRbgm:as‘UtedayBMuKitéføedIm,IksikreRbIR)as;enAkñúgRbtibtþikarbUmTwkeRsacRsb;enAkñúgsßanPaBénPaBGasnñraMgs¶Üt. CabEnßmeTot sMrab;viFankarN_RbGb;ébtg ksikrkm<úCaTaMgGs; RtUv)an elIkElgecjBIBn§dIFøIksikmμ nigBn§R)ak;cMNUlTaMgGs; EdlRtUv)ancat;TukfaCa karKaMRTR)ak;cMNUlEdl manlkçN³pþac;karTak;Tg. karelIkElgBn§tMélbEnßm eTAelIFnFan bBa©Úlksikmμnana KWk¾RtUvGacTuk CaTUeTApgEdrsMrab;ksikrTaMgGs; eTaHbIkarsnñidæanénR)ak;cMNUl EdlRtUvCalT§plBIkarKaMRTBitR)akd rbs;rdæaPi)alpgEdr KWBMuGacrk)ank¾eday edaysarEtkar xVHxaténTUrelxsßitienaH.

- RbGb;exov¬Blue Box¦ eyageTAtamviFankarN_ : RbGb;exov : KWCakarRbKl;R)ak; edaypÞal; eRkamkmμviFIénkarkMritplitkm μ kmμviFICMnYyd¾BitR)akdNamYyrbs;rdæaPi)aledIm,ICMrujkar GPivDÆn_ ksikm μ nigCnbTenAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_nana nigkarKaMRTkMrittUcd¾éTeTot ¬ : de minimis :¦ kalNaRtUveRbobeFobCamYynwgtMélsarubénplitpl rWk¾plitplEdlRtUv)anKaMRT ¬tUcCag5°enAkñúg krNIRbeTsGPivDÆn_ nig10°enAkñúgkrNIénRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_¦. kar]btßmÖFn én :RbGb;ébtg : nig : RbGb;exov : RtUv)anelIkElgecjBIkarrYmbBa©ÚleTAkñúgviFankarN_ KaMRTbBa©ÚlKña ¬Aggregate

Measures Supports (AMS)¦ EdlRtUv)anBicarNaenAkénøgCaeRcIn faCakarritt,itBaNiC¢km μecjBIkar KaMRTkñúgRsuk. rhUtmkdl;eBlenH km<úCaenABMuTan;mannUvTUrelx sßitiNamYycMeBaHkarKaMRTTaMgenHeTA ksikreLIy eTaHbIraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa )ancUlrYmnUvRbePTénkar KaMRTTaMgenHCaeRcInedIm,ICMrujkar GPivDÆn_ksikm μ nigCnbT nig)ancUlrYmKaMRTkMrittUc²d¾éTeTotEdl rab;bBa©Úlkarpþl;\NTanCamYynwg GRtakarR)ak;Tab edayFnaKarGPivDÆn_CnbTeTAGñkplitRsUv nigkar]btßmÖnUvBUCRsUvEdlRtUv)aneFVI eGayRbesIreLIg nigkar]btßmÖRbB½n§eRsacRsb; .l.

RbGb;elOg ¬Amber Box¦ RKb;dNþb;viFankarN_énkarKaMRTéfønanEdlRtUv)anpþl;eday rdæaPi)al nigKWCaRbePTd¾sMxan;xøaMgNas;énviFankarN_neya)ayenAkñúgRkumEdlminRtUvelIkElg. karKaMRTéføGacRtUvpþl;eGay GactamryHéføEdlCardæ)al ¬Bak;B½n§karepÞrTaMgLayNaBIGñkeRbIR)as;¦ rWk¾tamryHRbePTd¾Cak;lak;énkarRbKl;R)ak;edaypÞal;BIrdæaPi)al. cMeBaHeKalbMNgén karKNna AMS sarubbc©úb,nñ karKaMRTéføRtUvvas;EvgCaTUeTAedaykarKuNnUvTMhMcenøaHrvagéføCardæ)alEdl RtUvGnuvtþ nigéføeyagxageRkAEdlefrCak;lak;mYy ¬éføTIpSarGnþrCati¦ CamYynwgcMnYnénplitkmμ

EdlGaceRCIserIsedIm,ITTYlnUvéføEdlCardæ)alenaH. rhUtmkdl;eBlenH raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa BMumannUv bePTNamYyénviFankarN_KaMRTéførebobenH sMrab;Gñkplitksiplrbs;xøÜneLIy.

6- karsnüarbs;km<úCasMrab;karerobcMBaNiC¢kmμtMbn; nigkic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmμeTVrPaKI karsnüarbs;km<úCaeRkamtMbn;BaNiC¢km μesrIGas‘an tMbn;BaNiC¢km μesrIGas‘an ¬AFTA¦RtUv)anbegáIteLIgenAkñúgEx mkra qñaM 1992 edIm,IbM)at; ecalnUvrnaMgBn§TaMgLaykñúgcMeNamRbeTsGasuIGaeKñX_ CamYynwgTsSnHedIm,IeFVIsmahrNkm μesdækic© Gas‘an eTACamUldæanplitkmμEtmYy nigbegáItTIpSarrYmmYyEdlmanRbCaCn 500 lanGñk. kic©RBm eRBogsþIBIRbB½n§Bn§GnueRKaHEdlmanRbsiT§iPaBrYm ¬CEPT¦ sMrab; AFTA KWTamTarfaGRtaBn§Edl )ancgeTAtamRbePTd¾TUlMTUlaymYyénplitplEdl)aneFVIBaNiCkm μenAkñúgtMbn;RtUvEtkat;bnßyedaymineGayenAelIsBI 5° eLIy. kardak;kMhiténcMnYnnaMcUlTaMgLay nigrnaMgminEmn Bn§Kyd¾éTeTot KWk¾RtUvbM)at;ecalpgEdr. eTaHbIkalviPaKEdlCadMbUg RtUveFIVeGaysMerc)anenA kñúgqñaM 2008 k¾eday k¾TisedAéntMbn;BaNiC¢kmμsirIenAkñúg ASEAN RtUv)anbnþeFVI clnaeTAmuxCanic©. km<úCa )ancUlrYm ASEAN enAéf¶TI 30 Ex mkra qñaM 1995 nigRtUv)ansnüaCadMNak;kal² pgEdrcMeBaHkarGnuvtþ CEPT edIm,eFVIeGayeTACakarBiténtMbn;BaNiC¢kmμesrIGas‘an enAéf¶TI 1 Ex mkra qñaM 2000. kBa©b; CEPT rbs;km<úCa rab;bBa©ÚlbnÞat;Bn§Kysarub 6>821 EdlpSMeday 3>114 plitpl enAkñúgbBa¢Irab;bBa©Úl ¬inclusion list¦ ¬= 45/65° énbnÞat;Bn§Kysarub¦ 3>523 bnÞat;Bn§Ky ¬=51/65° énbnÞat;Bn§Kysarub¦ enAkñúgbBa¢IelIkElgbeNþaHGasnñ ¬temporary

exclusion list¦ 134 bnÞat;Bn§Ky ¬= 1/96° énbnÞat;Bn§Kysarub¦ enAkñúgbBa¢IelIk ElgTUeTA ¬general exceptional list¦ nig 50°énbnÞat;Bn§Ky ¬= 0/73° énbnÞat;Bn§Kysarub¦ enAkñúgbBa¢IviyiTPaB ¬sensitive list¦. bc©úb,nñ sMrab;kBa©b; CEPT rbs;km<úCa plitplRsUvTaMgGs; rbs;km<úCa RtUv)andak;eTAkñúgbBa¢IviyiTPaB. eyageTAtamkalviPaKénGRtaBn§ km<úCa nwgmankarbnÞabGRtaBn§rbs;xøÜnenAkñúgcenøaH 0 nig 5° sMrab; 85°énplitpl nigesv:akm μrbs;xøÜnenAkñúgbBa¢IrYmbBa©Úl ¬inclusion list¦ enAkñúgqñaM 2007. enAkñúgqñaMCabnþbnÞab; PaKryénplitpl nigesv:akm μenAkñúgbBa¢IrYmbBa©Úl nwgmankarekIn eLIgrhUt 90 PaKry. enAkñúgqñaM 2009 100° énPaKryplitpl nigesv:akm μenAkñúgbBa¢IrYmbBa©Úl

nwgsßitenAkñúgcenøaH 0 nig 5°. enAkñúgqñaM 2010 60° énplitpl nigesva:km μenAkñúgbBa¢I rab;bBa©Úl nwgRtUvkat;bnßyrhUtdl; 0°. CaTIbBa©b; enAkñúgqñaM 2015 100°énplitpl nigesv:akmμrbs; km<úCaenAkñúgbBa¢Irab;bBa©Úl nwgRtUvkat;bnßyrhUtdl; 0°. müa:gvijeTot km<úCaGacTTYlRbeyaCn_ BIplitplEdlRtUv)andak;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgbBa¢IviyiTPaBpgEdr. cMnYnénbnÞat;Bn§TaMgGs;rbs;km<úCaEdl GacRtUv)andak;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgbBa¢IviyiTPaBenH RtUvCakmμvtßúedIm,IkMritGtibrimamYyes μ I 10° rbs;bnÞat; Bn§KyTaMgGs;.

taragTI 10 ³ kalviPaKGRtaBn§énsmaCikfμ Irbs;Gas‘an

evotNam Lav mIy:anma: km<úCa PaKryénplitpl

nigesv:akm μenAkñúgbBa¢Irab;bBa©Úl PaKryénGRt

aBn§ 2003 2005 2005 2007 85° 0° - 5° 2004 2006 2006 2008 90° 2005 2007 2007 2009 100° 0° - 5° 2006 2008 2008 2010 60° 0° 2007 2009 2009 2011 2008 2010 2010 2012 2009 2011 2011 2013 2015 2015 2015 2015 100° TMnak;TMngBaNiC¢km μ km<úCa-kUer:xagt,Úg km<úCa)ancuHhtßelxa nUvkic©RBmeRBogCamYyRbeTskUer:xagt,Úg edIm,ICYynUvkarbegáItTIpSar PaKh‘unenAcugbBa©b;énTsvtSn_enH. kic©RBmeRBogd¾eTeTotrvagGñkdwknaMRbeTsTaMgBIr k¾rab;bBa©Úl pgEdrnUvcMnYnCaeRcInénhtßelxaEdlCMrujsm<½n§emRtIPaBBaNiC¢km μrbs;RbeTsTaMgBIr CaBiessenA kñúgEpñksMNg; ]sSahkm μ vinieyaK nigGPivDÆn_ehdæarcnasm<½n§ k¾dUcCakic©RBmeRBogcMeBaHRbeTs kUer:xagt,ÚgedIm,IksagbNþajkargarénbec©kviC¢aBt’man ¬IT Network¦ enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa. bc©úb,nñ rdæaPi)alRbeTsTaMgBIr k¾)anBiPakSaKñaedIm,IrkRck;bBa©b;nUvGtulüPaBBaNiC¢km μd¾F¶n;F¶rmYy rvagRbCa

CatiTaMgBIr edaykareFVIeGayekIneLIgénkarnaMecjnanarbs;km<úCaeTARbeTskUer:xagt,Úg. k¾b:uEnþrvag CMnYy nigBaNiC¢km μ RbeTskUer:xagt,Úg KWk¾CaGñkpþl;viPaKTand¾FMmYycMeBaHesdækic© km<úCapgEdr.

TMnak;TMngBaNiC¢km μkm<úCa-cin km<úCa KWCaRbCaCatid¾rak;Tak;CitsñiT§mYyrbs;RbeTscin. RbeTscin )anbegáItTMnak;TMng karTUtnanaCamYynwgRbeTskm<úCa enAéf¶TI 19 Ex kkáda qñaM 1958. naykrdæm®nþITIBIrénRbeTs km<úCa )aneFVITsSn³kic©enARbeTscincab;BIéf¶TI 18 rhUtdl;éf¶TI 23 Ex kkáda kñúgqñaM 1996 nigenAéf¶TI 19 kkáda RbeTsTaMgBIr )ancuHhtßelxa elIkic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢km μ nigkic©RBm eRBogkarBarvinieyaK. cab;BIqñaM 1992 TMhMBaNiC¢km μeTVPaKI )anemIleXIjnUvkarekIneLIgCabnþ bnÞab;y:agxøaMgmYy. enAkñúgqñaM 1997 TMhMBaNiC¢km μ cin-km<úCa )anQandl; 120 landuløa Gaemrik KWekIneLIg71/8°eRbobeFob eTAnwgmYyqñaMmun. enAkñúgqñaM1998 cMnYnenH )ansMercdl;eTA 162 landuløa KWmankarekIneLIg 34/1°. TMhMBaNiC¢km μeTVPaKI énqñaM 1999 KW 160 landuløa KWFøak;cuH 1/1° eRbobeFobeTAnwgmYyqñaMmun KWCaGVIEdlKNnIkarnaMecjrbs;RbeTscinTaMgGs;man 104 landuløa KWfycuH 8/2° PaKry ehIykarnaMcUl 55/79 landuløa KWmankarekIneLIg 15/8° eRbobeFobeTAnwgmYyqñaMmun. karnaMecjCacMbgTaMgGs;BIRbeTscin eTAkm<úCarab;bBa©Úl plitpl eRKOgm:asuIn nigeGLicRtUnik vaynP½NÐ EdkEfb sMelokbMBak; nigeRKOgRbdab;tubEtg esoKVIebIkbiT nigehdæarcnasm<½n§karBaresoKVI plitpleKhdæan »sf sMParHCagEdksmBaØ² Es,keCIg .l. karnaMcUlCacMbgBIkm<úCa eTARbeTscinvij rab;bBa©Úl ekAs‘U Gus eQI kþakMpøaek .l. nig .l.

TMnak;TMngBaNiC¢km μkm<úCa-Gaemrik cab;taMgBIkarcab;epþImeLIgvijénTMnak;TMngkarTUtTaMgGs;CamYynwgkm<úCa shrdæGaemrik KW)an sßitenACYrmuxénkarGPivDÆn_km<úCa. enAkñúgqñaM 1996 RbFannaFibtIénshrdæGaemrik )ancuH htßelxaelIKMeragc,ab;mYy Edlpþl;eGaykm<úCa CapøÚvkarnUvzan³CaRbCaCatiEdlpþl;PaBGnueRKaH bMput ¬Most Favored Nation¦. eRkABIenH rdæaPi)alshrdæGaemrik CabnþbnÞab;)aneRCIserIskm<úCa CaGñkTTYlplmYyeRkamKMeragRbB½n§GnueRKaHBn§TUeTA ¬Generalized System of Preferences¦ enAkñúgqñaM 1997. enAkñúgqñaM 1999 km<úCa nigshrdæGaemrik )ancuHhtßelxaelIkic©RBmeRBogeTVPaKI mYysþIBIvaynP½NÐ ¬BTA¦ KWCakic©RBmeRBogrYmmYyEdlP¢ab;bTdæankargareTAnwgBaNiC¢km μ. CabEnßm

eTot GnuRbFantMNagBaNiC¢km μshrdæGaemrik nigrdæm®nþIBaNiC¢kmμkm<úCa )ancuHhtßelxaelIkic© RBmeRBog BaNiC¢km μ nigKMeragkargarvinieyaK ¬TIFA¦ enAéf¶TI 14 Ex kkáda qñaM 2006. enAeRkamKMerag TIFA RbeTsTaMgBIr nwgBicarNanUvpøÚvnana edIm,IBRgIk nigbn§ÚbnßyBaNiC¢kmμ nigkarvinieyaKeTVPaKI. RbeTsTaMgBIr k¾nwgBiPakSapgEdrnUvbBaðaCaeRcIn dUcCakm μsiTi§bBaØa karsMrYl BaNiC¢km μ nigKy nigkar Gnuvtþénkic©snüa WTO TaMgLayrbs;km<úCa. eRkABIenH cMeBaHkm<úCa shrdæGaemrik KWCaédKUrBaNiC¢kmμd¾FMmYycab;taMgBIqñaM 1998. karnaMecjTaMgGs;eTAshrdæGaemrik manCasarub 1/5 ekadiduløa enAkñúgqñaM 2004 KWRtUv)anKNna minticCag 70° énkarnaMecjsarubrbs;km<úCa nigk¾elI 35° énplitplkñúgRsuksarubrbs;km<úCa pgEdr. karnaMecjTaMgGs;rbs;shrdæGaemrikeTAkm<úCa KWtUcsMebImebIeFVIkareRbobeFobeTA fVIebI mankarekIneLIgBIRbmaN 20 landuløa enAkñúgqñaM 1999 eTA 59 landuløa enAkñúgqñaM 2004 k¾eday. shrdæGaemrik KWk¾CaRbeTspþl;CMnYyeTVPaKId¾FMTIBIrcMeBaHkm<úCa bnÞab;BIRbeTsCb:un. CMnYyBIPñak;gar shrdæGaemriksMrab;karGPivDÆn_GnþrCati ¬USAID¦ )anQandl; 57 landuløa enAkñúgqñaM 2004 nigRtUvrMBwgfamankarekIneLIgBImYyqñaMeTAmYyqñaMeTot.

TMnak;TMngBaNiC¢km μkm<úCa-Cb:un lT§PaBénkic©RBmeRBogvinieyaKkm<úCa-Cb:un RtUv)anBiPakSa. sar³sMxan;énesßrPaBCalkçN³ c,ab; nigPaBEdlGacTsSn_Tay)an Edl)anpþl;edaykic©RBmeRBogenHk¾RtUv)anEføgRbkas pgEdr. TaMgenH RtUv)ancg¥úlbgðaj fakic©RBmeRBogvinieyaKEdlGacekIteLIgmYy RtUvrab;bBa©Úl nUvbTbBaØati sþIBIesrIPavUbnIykmμénkarvinieyaK k¾dUcCabTbBaØatisþIBIkarvinieyaK EdlRtUv)anrab; bBa©ÚlenAkñúg CMBUkénkarvinieyaKrbs;kic©RBmeRBogédKUresdækic© ¬EPA¦ EdlRbeTsCb:un )ancuHhtßelxaCamYy nwgRbeTsd¾éTeTotenAkñúgqñaMfμ I²enH.

7- karsMrYlBaNiC¢km μRsUvrbs;km<úCa karvaytMélrbs;Ky km<úCa KWsßitenAkñúgdMeNIrkarénkarEkrTMrg;rbbKyrbs;xøÜn tamryHkarEkrTMrg; nigkmμ viFITMenIbnIykmμR)aMqñaMmYy ¬2003-2008¦ edIm,ICaExSbnÞat; nigeFVIeGayRbesIreLIgnUvRbsiTi§ PaBénRbtibtþikarrbs;Ky nigedIm,IsMrYlnUvBaNiC¢kmμ. CamYynwgCMnYy BImUlniFirUbIyb½NÑGnþrCati

c,ab;sþIBIKyEdl)anEkrsMrYleLIgvij )anRtUvBRgag nigrg;caMkaryl;RBmBIsPaCati. CaEpñkmYyén karsnüasMucUl WTO rbs;xøÜn km<úCanwgGnuvtþkic©RBmeRBogkarvaytMélrbs;KyenAkñúgExmkra 2009. eTaHbIkm<úCa )aneFVInUvkareCOnelOnmYycMnYnenAkñúgkarRbwgERbgEkrTMrg;nanak¾eday nitiviFIKy KWenAEt sßitkñúgPaBsμ úKsμajenAeLIy. GCIvkm μkñúgRsuk nigbreTs TaMgBIrGñk)aneFVIkar tv:akñúgeBlbc©úb,nñfa naykdæanKy nigrdæakr CaTUeTAeFVIeGaycab;Garm μN_enAkñúgkarGnuvtþEdlfa BuuMmantMlaPaB nigEdlfa Cajwkjab;elcecjnUvlkçN³CaGCJakNþal nigEdlpÞúyBIc,ab;. GñknaMcUlCaeRcIn niyayCajwkjab; BIbBaðaTaMgLayCamYynwgkarBnüardMeNIrkareFVIÉksarhYs RbmaN TMrg;kar nigRkdas;sñamkargar d¾elIslb; Edlkac;cgáÚtedaykarGnuvtþEdlsMerceTAtamkar vinicä½yrbs;buKÁly:agelIslb;.

viFanRbPBedIm km<úCa BMuTan;)anbegáIteLIgnUvbTbBaØatiTMagLaysþIBIviFanRbPBedImenAeLIyeT nigmanbMNg; dak;ecjnUvviFanGnueRKaHénRbPBedIm dUcEdl)anTamTarenAkñúgsmaCikPaBrbs;xøÜnenAkñúgGas‘an. k¾b:uEnþ km<úCaRtUv)ansMNUmBredaysmaCikén WTO eGayc,ab; nigbTbBaØatiTaMgGs;rbs;km<úCa sþIBIviFan RbPBedIm KWKYrEtGnuelamCamYynwgbTbBaØatiénkic©RBmeRBog WTO sþIBIviFanRbPBedIm nigKYrEtrYm bBa©ÚlnUvkarTamTarénmaRtaTI 2 ¬h¦ nig]bsm<½n§ II kfax½NÐ 3 ¬d¦ EdlsMrab; viFanRbPBedImmin GnueRKaH nigGnueRKaH. GCJaFrKy KYrEtpþl;eTAtamsMNUmBrrbs;Gñk naMecj nignaMcUl rWk¾buKÁlNamYyCamYynwgmUlehtusmehtuplnUvkarvaytMélénRbPBedIménkarnaMcUl nigpþl;CaTMrg; nUvlkç½NÐenAeRkamEdlfaTaMgGs;enaHKYrEtRtUvpþl;eGay nigEdlfasMNUmBrNamYy sMrab;karvaytMél enHKYrEtRtUvTTYlyk eTaHbICamuneBlkareFVIBaNiC¢km μénplitplEdl)anBak;B½n§ enaH RtUv)ancab;epþImk¾eday. rhUtmkdl;eBlenH GñknaMecjTaMgGs;RtUv)anTamTaredayraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa eGaybgðaj RbPBedImrbs;plitplenAkñúgesckþIRbkas;naMcUlrbs;xøÜn cMeBaHBaNiC¢kmμénplitplEdlBMuGnueRKaH TaMgGs;. karTamTaenH RtUv)anGnuvtþedIm,IEteKalbMNgsßitiEtb:ueNaÑH. eTaHbIy:agNak¾eday km<úCamanbMNg eFVItamTaMgRsugCamYynwgbTbBaØatiénkic©RBmeRBog WTO sþIBIviFanRbPBedIm enAkñúgkarGnuvtþénviFanRbPBedImEdlGnueRKaH nigminGnueRKaH nigeFVIkarGnuvtþviFanTaMgenHeRkayBI karGnum½ténc,ab;Ky nigrdæakrfμ I nigkarGnuvtþbTbBaØatiTaMgGs;rbs;va. CaBiess karTamTarén maRtaTI

2 ¬h¦ nig]bsm<½n§ II kfax½NÐ 3 ¬d¦ énkic©RBmeRBog nwgRtUvbegáItenAkñúgc,ab;km<úCasþIBI Ky nigrdæakr cab;taMgBIéf¶énkarRbkasrbs;va rWk¾kñúgkrNIcaM)ac;edayGnuRkitrbs;raCrdæaPi)al.

GFikarkic©muneBlpÞúk km<úCa )anrkSanUvRbB½n§GFikarkic©muneBlpÞúkmYy. Rkumh‘unRtYtBinitüTUeTAmYy ¬Societé General

de Surveillance (SGS)¦ GnuBaØatiGayeFVIGFikarkic©nUvKuNPaBénplitplNamYyEdlRtUv )andwkCBa¢ÚncUlmkkm<úCa. enAkñúgkarGnuvtþ karnaMcUlTaMgGs; RtUv)anGnuBaØaticUlmkkm<úCa CamYynwg Éksareyagd¾tictYcmYy edIm,ICabTdæan rWk¾edIm,IGFikarkic©d¾m:t;ct;mYy. kic©snüaGFikarkic© muneBlpÞúkkñúgeBl bc©úb,nñ)anGnuvtþcMeBaHtMélTMnij 4/000 duløGaemrik ¬FOB¦.

tMélpliplticCag 4/000 duløaGaemrik RtUv)anvaytMéleday naykdæanKy nigrdæakr ¬cMnucRtYtBinitüKytamtMbn;dac;RsyalmYycMnYn RtUv)anpþl;siT§iGMNaceFIVkarsMerccitþvaytMél cMeBaHkarnaMcUlTaMgLay cab;BI 1/200 duløaGaemrik eLIgeTA. R)ak;QñÜl sMrab;GFikarkic©muneBl pÞúk manbrimaN 0/80 PaKry éntMél FOB énplitplEdlRtUv)anGFikarkic© elIkElgEtcMeBaH plitpleRbg\n§n³sMxan;² ecj ¬ 0/30 duløaGaemrik kñúgmYyemRTiketan ¦. GñknaMcUlTaMgLay EdlbraC½y cMeBaHkarFanaGFikarkic©muneBlpÞúk/ nigtamrebobenH CakarsMxan;cMeBaHplitplTaMg LayEdlRtUveFVIGFikarkic©edaym®nþIKyTaMgGs;enAcMnucRtYtBinitüenAtamRBMEdn/ RtUvmanbnÞúkBin½y esμ Inwg 7° éntMél CIF rbs;plitplnaMcUlTaMgenaH. RbeTskm<úCa k¾manRkumkargaredaHRsay TMnas;mYy EdlTTYlxusRtUvedaHRsaynUvkarTamTar rWTMnas;CabnÞan;TaMgLayEdlbNaþalmkBI karGnuvtþénkareFVIGFikarkic©muneBlpÞúkenaHpgEdr.

k¾b:uEnþ cab;BIéf¶énkarcUleTAkñúg WTO raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa )anTTYlyknUvkarTTYlxusRtUv y:ageBjelj edIm,IFanafakarRbtibtþiTaMgGs;énRkumh‘unGFikarkic©muneBlpÞúk RtUvbMeBjeTAtam karTamTarénkic©RBmeRBog WTO TaMgGs; rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgkarbegáIttMél nigR)ak;QñÜlEdlRtUvKña CamYynwgmaRtaTI 8 énkic©RBmeRBogTUeTAsþIBIBn§ nigBaNiC¢kmμ 1994 ¬GATT 1994¦ ehIy saksmeTAtamdMeNIrkar nigkarTamTareGaymantMlaPaBénkic©RBmeRBog WTO ¬maRtaTI 10 én GATT 1994 ¦ saksmeTAtambTbBaØatiénkic©RBmeRBogsþIBIkarGnuvtþénmaRtaTI 7 én GATT 1994 nigkic©RBmeRBogsþIBIGFikarkic©muneBlpÞúkpgEdr.

nitiviFIeFVIGCJab½NÑnaMcUl km<úCa BMu)ancgeGaymankaTamTareFVIGCJab½NÑ rWk¾karritt,it rWk¾hamXat;cMnYnplitpl ksikm μTaMgLayEdlRtUVvnaMcUlenaHeLIy. viBaØabnb½RtGnam½y nigPUtþKamGnam½y RtUvTamTarcMeBaH karnaMcUlénplitplksikm μTaMgGs;.

X> karebIkRck;TIpSarkñ úgkarnaMecjGgárkm<úCa ¬elak kan; visidæ¦ 1- karsnüaBhuPaKIenAeRkamkic©RBmeRBogGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmμBiPBelak sþIGMBIksikm μ

kic©RBmeRBogTUeTA sþIGMBIBaNiC¢kmμ nigBn§Ky GATT )ancab;kMeNItkñúgqñaM1947. vaCasBaØa mYykñúgkarkat;bnßyBn§Ky nigr)aMgBaNiC¢km μepSg²cMeBaHBaNiC¢kmμ niglubbM)at; RbRBwtþikmμerIseGIg nAkñúgBaNikm μGnþrCati. ehtudUecñH kareFVIBaNiC¢km μEpñkksikmμ RtUv)anRKbdNþb; edayviFanén kic©RBmeRBogTUeTAsþIGMBIBaNiC¢km μ nigBn§Ky sMrab;karminerIseGIg nigebIkcMhTIpSar.

taMgBIkic©RBmeRBogTUeTAsþIGMBIBaNiC¢kmμ nigBn§Ky GATT )anRKbdNþb;esÞIrEtTaMgGs;elI plitpl]sSahkm μ dUcenHbBaðaEdlRtUv)anelIkeLIg KWk¾RtUvmancMeBaHplitplksikmμEdr. bBaðasñÚl KWBn§Kyx<s; r)aMgminEmnBn§Kyxus²Kña ]btßmÖFnelIkarnaMecjminkNt; nigkarKaMRT kñúgRsukelIkar ritt,itBaNiC¢kmμminkMNt;. bBaðaTaMgenH eFVIeGayBaNiC¢km μksikm μedIrfyeRkay RBmTaMgéfømankar ekIneLIg nigmankarekIneLIgnUvkrNICMelaHBaNiC¢km μcMeBaHkarritt,itenH. Tak;TinGMBIbBaðTaMgenH kic©RBmeRBogsþIGMBIksikm μ )anRtUvbegáIteLIg enAkñúgvKÁcrcayUr:UhÁay (Uruguay Round) sMrab;karcrca BaNiC¢km μ edIm,IEkTMrg;viFanBaNiC¢km μEpñkksikm μ nigdak;viFanTaMg enHeRkameKalkarN¾BhuPaKI énkic©RBmeRBogTUeTA sþIGMBI\BaNiC¢kmμ nigBn§Ky¼GgÁkarBaNiC¢km μ BiPBelak GATT/WTO. eKaledA rbs;kic©RBmeRBogGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmμBiPBelak WTO Agreements sþIGMBIksikm μrUmman³

- yutiþFm_ nigq<s;eTArkRbBn½§BaNiC¢km μTIpSar. - karsnüasþIGMBI ]btßmÖFn nigkarkarBar. - RbtibtþimanRbsiT§PaB tamc,ab; nigeKalkarN¾rbs; GATT. - dMeNIrkarkMENTMrg;BaNiC¢kmμRbkbedaysmFm_. - kalanuvDÆnPaBd¾FMeFg niglkçxN½ÐcUlTIpSar cMeBaHRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_. - Bak;Bn½§ cMeBaHRbeTsRkIRk nigRbeTs NFIDCs.

- Bak;Bn½§ elIbBaðaminEmnBaNiC¢kmμ dUcCa bBaðasnþisuxmðÚbGahar brisßan suxPaB .l.

plb:HBal;CaviC¢man BIkic©RBmeRBogsþIGMBIksikm μ km<úCabc©úb,nñCaesdækic©ksikm μ EdlmankMlaMgBlkm μ 80° eRbIR)as;kñúgvisy½ksikm μ. kic©RBm eRBogsþIGMBIksikmμpþl;GtßRbeyaCn_CaeRcIncMeBaHbNþaRbeTsRkIRk dUcCakm<úCaCaedIm. kic©RBmeRBogtMrUv [RbeTsCasmaCiklb;bM)at;r)aMgBaNiC¢km μminEmnBn§Ky edaybEgVrr)aMgTaMgenH eTACar)aMgBn§Kyvij ehIyCabeNþIr² RtUvkat;bnßyBn§KyTaMgenaH. kñúgfan³CaRbeTsRkIRkmYy km<úCaGacrkSaTukBn§naMcUl cMeBaHplitplksikmμ enAkMritx<s;mYytamry³ karcrcasMucUlCasmaCik WTO rbs;xøÜn. ktþaenHpþl;pl CaviC¢man sMrab;km<úCaBRgIkkarnaMecjpliitplksikmμrbs;xøÜn nigTak;TajvinieyaKkñúgvisy½enHpgEdr.

rkSarTukCMerIsneya)ay nigPaBbt;EbnGMBIksikm μ karebIkcMhrTIpSar nigkareFVI[RbesIreLIgnUvbrisßanvinieyaKnwgmanGtßRbeyaCn_ cMeBaHvis½y

ksikm μ k¾dUcCa]sSahkmμ nigesvakkm μEdr. enAkñúgc,ab;Biessrbs;GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmμBiPBelak eday eyageTAtamviFanviFanenH rdæaPi)alEdlCasmaCiknanaGac]btßmÖFnelIvis½yksikm μ. c,ab;TaMgenH RtUv)anbegáIteLIg edIm,IFanafaviFankarN¾KaMRTEdlb:HBal;dl;BaNiC¢km μ minRtUvpþÜcepþIm b¤begáInEfm eToteLIy ehIyviFankarN¾EdlmanmYycMnYnb:HBal;dl;BaNiC¢kmμ RtUvkat;bnßyCa beNþIr²rhUtdl;cMnYn ticbMput.

2- rebobvar³GPivDÆn_RkugdUha nasnñisiT§fñak;rdæm®nþIelIkTI4 rbs;GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmμBiPBelak enARkugdUha ¬Exvicäika qñaM2001¦ bNþasmaCik )anyl;RBm[ebIkvKÁcrcaBaNiC¢km μBhuPaKImYy edaydak;bBa©Úl[mankarcrcaEpñk ksikm μEdlkMBugRbRBitþeTAenH. GMBIksikm μ bNþasmaCik)ansnüapgEdrcMeBaH {karcrca RKb;RCugeRCay kñúgbMNgbegáInkarebIkcMhTIpSarCadMukMPYn karkat;bnßyRKb;TMrg;én]btßmÖFnnaMecj edayeyagCamYynwg TsSn³énkarbBa©b;énRKb;TMrg;én]btßmÖFnnaMecjTaMgGs; nigkarkat;bnßyCa dMukMPYnelIkar]btßmÖFnkñúg RsukelIkarritt,itBaNiC¢km μ } .

edayr)aMgBn§KyRtUv)ankat;bnßy ehIyGRtaBn§KykUtaRtUv)anBRgIk TaMgRbeTsGPivDÆn_ nigRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ kalanuvtþn_PaBebIkcMhTIpSarRtUv)anbegáInGaceGaybNþasmaCikBRgIk brimaN naMecj nigcMNUl. ktþaCak;EsþgCaeRcIn rbs;km<úCa b¤skþtanuBlnaMecjBaNiC¢kmμksikm μ RtUvb:HBal; edayBn§Kyx<s; b¤TMhM]btßmÖFnFMeFgenAkñúgTIpSarnaMecjnana. ehtudUecñH plitpl naMecjbIsMxan;² RtUv)anb:HBal;CadMukMPYn edaykarsnüaEpñkksikm μenARkugdUharYmman ³ Ggár ekAs‘U nigeRbgRKab;Fm μCati.

TIpSarBiPBelaksMrab;GgárTTYl\T§iBlya:gxøaMgedaysarkar]btßmÖFn nigBn§Kyx<s;bMput enAkñúgTIpSarrbs;RbeTsman]sSahkmμlUtlas;. shrdæGaemrik eRbIR)as;\NTanEdl]btßmÖkar naMecj nigeRtombMrugCMnYymðÚbGahar sMrab;b:Hb:Uvplitkmμk¾dUcCapþl;kar]btßmÖFnkñúgRsukCadMukMPYn dl;ksikrrbs;xøÜn. ksikr kñúgRbeTsshKmn_GWr:ub kUer: Cb:un nigmiucsik k¾]btßmÖFnpgEdrtamry³ karbg;sgCMnYsplitkmμkMNt;. Cb:un nig kUer: ykcitþTukdak;bMput kñúgkarkarBarrbbTIpSar ¬plitplevyitPaB¦rbs;xøÜn. kþIsgÇwmTIpSarrbs;km<úCa RtUv)anb:HBal;CaGviC¢manpgEdr edaykar xVHxatnUvkarebIkcMhrcMeBaHGRta Bn§kUtaeTAelIplitplGgár dUcCacMeBaHRbeTskUer: b¤k¾RbeTsd¾éTeTot Edl)anelIkeLIgBIxagelI. RKb;lkçN³TaMgenHmanbMNg edIm,IKaMRTeKalKMnit tYnaTICaTUeTAxagelI.

3- karcrcabc©úb,nñrbs;GgÁkarBaNiC¢km μBiPBelak GMBIksikm μ snñisiT§fñak;rdæm®nþIelIkTI6 R)arBVeFVIenATIRkughugkug kñúgExFñÚ qñaM2005 )anTTYlbraC½y

edIm,IsMerckic©RBmeRBogGMBIrUbmnþsMrab;ksikm μmYycMnYn. bNþardæm®nþI )anRBmeRBogfaBYkeK KYrEtbBa©b; karcrcasþI GMBIrUbmnþTaMgenH enAExemsa qñaM2006 Edlkic©karenHminRtUv)ansMerc. kic©RbCMufñak;rdæm®nþId¾ tUcmYy )anR)arBVeFVIeLIgkñúgTIRkughSWENv k¾b:uEnþbNþasmaCikbraC½ymin)an e)aHeqñatCaÉkcänÞ GMBIbBaða EdlehA favKÁcrcaCMuTI1 én ¬1¦ karkat;bnßyBn§KyEpñkksikmμ ¬2¦ karkat;bnßy]btßmÖFnkñúgRsuk cMeBaHksikm μ nig¬3¦karkat;bnßyBn§KyminEmnpliplksikm μ. CMnYbkMBUlemdwknaMTaMg 8 nakic©RbCMukñúg Exkkáda qñaM2006 )ansnüaeGayGñkcrcarbs;BYkeK RbwgERbgEfmeTot edIm,IsMerc)ankic©RBmeRBogmYy eTAelIkBa©b;Edl)anTTYlsMrab;karkat;Bn§kñúgqñaM enH .

Ep¥kelIesckþIEføgkarfñak;dæm®nþI enATIRkughugkug sþIGMBIkarnaMecjminykBn§Ky nigminkMNt; brimaN Duty-Free & Quota-Free (DF &QF) shrdæGaemrik )ansnüaya:gmutmaM edIm,IGnuvtþesckþI sMercsIþBIkarnaMecjminykBn§Ky nigminkMNt;brimaN sMrab;RbeTsRkIRk ehIyRbeTsCb:un )anpþl;kar

naMecj minykBn§Ky nigminkMNt;brimaN cMeBaHRbeTsRkIRk edaypþl;eGay 98° énplitplEdl mankñúgtaragBn§Kyrbs;xøÜn.

4- PaBGnueRKaHTIpSar nigGasa‘n bUkédKUepSgeTot TIpSarkm<úCabc©úb,nñ manTMhMtUcmanGñkeRbIR)as;RbmaN 13/8 lannak; ehIy 36° kMBugrs;enA

eRkambnÞat;RkIRk . CakarBit eyIg)annaMecjeTATIpSarGas‘an EdlmanGñkeRbIR)as;Cag 500 lannak; b:uEnþlkçN³esdækic© nigplitpldUcKña enHCakarlM)akxøH² sMrab;km<úCa kñúgkarnaMecj eTAkan;TIpSarEdl xøÜnRtUvkar. ehtudUecñH vaCakarcaM)ac;sMrab;km<úCa sMlwgemIlTIpSarBiPBelakTaMgmUl kñúgkarEsVgrk ]tþmPaBeRboeFobRbesIrCagenH sMrab;plitplrbs;xøÜn CaBiessTIpSarenAkñúg RbeTscin Cb:un kUer:xagt,Úg nigshrdæGaemrik. eKalkarN¾énRbCaCatiEdlGnueRKaHbMput kñúgcMeNamRbeTssmaCik TaMgGs;)anbegáItnUvktþad¾sMxan;cMeBaHkm<úCaedIm,IGacTak;TajvinieyaKpÞal; BIbreTs.

km<úCa kñúgtMbn;TIpSaresrIGas‘an-cin kic©RbCMukMBUlGas‘an )anR)arB§kñúgExvicäika qñaM2001 bNþaemdwknaMGas‘an nigcin)an RBmeRBogKña

BenøÓnEfmeTotnUvkic©shRbtibtþikaresdækic© nigsmahrnþkm μ rvagédKUesdækic©TaMgBIr edaybegáIttMbn; BaNiC¢km μesrICamYyKña. mYyqñaMeRkayénkarcrcanana RkbxNÐ½kic©RBmeRBogmYy Edl)andak;ecjCa EpnkaréntMbn;BaNiC¢km μesrImYy RtUv)ancuHhtßelxanakic©RbCMukMBUlelIkTI8 rbs;Gas‘ankñúgTIRkug PñMeBj. kñúgExmkra qñaM2004 {karRbmUlpledIméd} énpliplksikm μ mYycMnYn)ancUlCaFrman. tMbn; BaNiC¢km μesrIGas‘an-cin nwgkøayCaTIpSarEtmYyEdlmanRbCaCn 1/7 ekadinak; nigmaneKaledAbegáIt tMbn;BaNiC¢km μesrIGas‘an-cin enAqñaM2010 sMrab;smaCikedIm TaMg6 nigenAqñaM2015 sMrab;smaCikfμI EdlehAfaRbeTs CLMV ¬km<úCa Lav mIya:nma evotNam¦.

BaNiC¢km μGas‘an-cin )ancab;epþItaMgBIkMritTabmYy k¾b:uEnþBaNiC¢km μTaMgenH )anrIkcMerInya:g elOn ehIybc©úb,nñkøayCaédKUBaNiC¢kmμd¾sMxan;. CakarelcecjnUv)atuPUtmYy enAkñúgTMnak;TMng BaNiC¢km μ Gasa‘n-cin EdlRbeTs cinkøayCaTIpSard¾sMxan;sMrab;plitplrbs;Gasa‘n. smaCik Gasa‘n TTYlGtßRbeyaCn_BitR)akd² BITIpSarGgár enAkñúgRbeTscin ehIykarnaMcUlrbs;RbeTscin BIGasa‘n mankMeNInCabnþbnÞab;. CamYynwgkarGnumt½éntMbn;BaNiC¢km μesrIGas‘an-cin Gasa‘nbc©úb,nñ CaédKU BaNiC¢km μFMTI5 CamYyRbeTscin nigcinCaédKUBaNiC¢kmμFMTI6 rbs;Gasa‘n. kñúgcMeNamplitplnaMcUl

rbs;RbeTscinCaeRcIn PaKeRcInBak;Bn½§y:agsMxan;CamYyGasa‘n dUcCaplitplGgár dUgeRbg ekAs‘U plitplKImI vaynPN½Ð nigplitpleRbgkat. ehtudUecñH km<úCa )ansVaKmn_karsMerccitþ rbs;KUrPaKITaMgBIRbeTsCasmaCik Gasa‘n nigRbeTscin kúñgkarpþl;RbRBwtþikm μBiesscMeBaHplitpl ksikm μkm<úCa Edl)an)a:n;sμanmankar Bnüary³eBlGnuvtþesrIkmμksikm μ rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgplitpl evyiTPaBbMputTaMgLayenAkñúgbBa¢IelIkElg k¾dUcCakarpþl;karebIkRck;TIpSarGnueRKaHeTAkñúgTIpSar rbs;RbeTscinmunplitplrbs;RbeTsd¾éTeTot.

km<úCa kñúgtMbn;TIpSaresrIGas‘an-saFarN³rdækUer: PaBGaRs½yKñaeTAvijeTAmktamry³kartP¢ab;bNþajBaNiC¢km μ nigkarvinieyaKrvagGas‘an

nigkUer: RtUv)aneFVIeGaymankarsuICMerAy:agsMxan; CagBIr bI TsvtSn_mkenH. kñúgqñaM 2004 Gasa‘nkøay CaédKUBaNiC¢kmμFMTI5 CamYykUer: edayRtUvCa 9>5 ° énThMBaNiC¢kmμsrubrbs;kUer:. eTaHbIya:gNa BaNiC¢km μ nigvinieyaKeTVPaKI rvagGas‘an nigkUer: )anFøak;cuHkMLúgvibtþihirBaØvtßú enAGasIubUBa_ b:uEnþTMnak;TMngesdækic© rvagPaKITaMgBIrcab;dMeNIrkareLIgvijya:gelÓn.

nakic©RbCMukMBUlelIkTI9 Gas‘an-kUer: kñúgExFñÚ qñaM2005 bNþaemdwknaM )ancuHhtßelxa elIRkbxNÐ½ kic©RBmeRBogsþIGMBIkic©shRbtibtþikaresdækic©RKb;RCugeRCay rvagGas‘an nigsaFarN³ rdækUer: . BYkemdwk naM)ansVaKmn_pgEdr karcuHhtßelxa elIkic©RBmeRBog sþIGMBIBaNiC¢km μEpñkTMnij .

taragTI11 nigtaragTI12 bgðajBIlT§pl énkic©RBmeRBogsþIGMBIBaNiC¢km μEpñkTMnij eRkam RkbxNÐ½kic©RBmeRBogsþIGMBI kic©shRbtibtþikaresdækic©RKb;RCugeRCay rvagGas‘an nigkUer: Edl)an sMerceKaledAkñúgcugqñaM2006. enAeRkamkic©RBmeRBogenH kmμviFIkat;bnßyBn§Ky b¤lb;ecal rbs;RbeTsnimYy² nwgtMrUveGayGnuvtþn_GRtaBn§ MFN elITMnijEdlmankñúgbBa¢IbnÞat;Bn§Ky Edlnwg RtUvkat;bnßyCabeNIr² ehIynwgRtUvGnuvtþ RtUv)anlb;ecal.

taragTI11³ GRtaBn§GnueRKaH tMbn;BaNiC¢km μesrIGas‘an nigkUer sMrab;Gas‘an-6

X= GRtaBn§Gnuvtþ MFN 2006*

2007

2008

2009

2010

X≥ 20 PaKry 20 13 10 5 0

15 PaKry ≤X< 20 PaKry 15 10 8 5 0 10 PaKry ≤X < 15 PaKry 10 8 5 3 0 5 PaKry ≤X < 10 PaKry 5 5 3 0 0 X≤ 5 PaKry rkSarTukdEdl 0 0 kMNt;sMKal;³ * kalbriecäTGnuvtþdMbUg nwgcab;epþIm enAéf¶TI1 Exkkáda qñaM2006 RbPB³ elxaFikardæanGasa‘n qñaM2006

enAqñaM2008 tMbn;BaNiC¢km μesrIGas‘an-kUer nwgpþl;edaykUerxagt,Úg nUvkardkecjral; Bn§Ky ya:gtic 95 PaKry énbnÞat;Bn§Kyrbs;xøÜn Edl)andak;kñúgkmμviFIkat;Bn§Fm μta xN³Edl Gas‘an-6 nwgdkecjral;Bn§Ky ya:gtic 90 PaKry kñúgkmμviFIkat;Bn§Fmμta enAqñaM2009 . kñúg qñaM2010 kUer: nwglubecalral;Bn§Ky énbnÞat;Bn§Kyrbs;xøÜn Edl)andak;kñúgkmμviFIkat;Bn§Fm μta xN³Edl Gas‘an-6 nwgcab;Gnvtþ enAqñaM2012 .

taragTI12³ GRtaBn§GnueRKaH tMbn;BaNiC¢km μesrIGas‘an nigkUer sMrab; km<úCa Lav nigmIya:n;ma:

kMNt;sMKal;³ 1¦ * kalbriecäTGnuvtþdMbUg nwgcab;epþIm enAéf¶TI1 Exkkáda qñaM2006

X= GRtaBn§Gnuvtþ MFN

2006* 2007 2008 2009 2012 2015 2018

X≥ 60 PaKry 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 45 PaKry ≤X< 60 PaKry

45 40 35 25 15 10 0

35 PaKry ≤X< 45 PaKry

35 30 30 20 15 5 0

30PaKry ≤X< 35 PaKry

30 30 25 20 10 5 0


25 25 20 20 10 5 0


20 20 15 15 10 0-5 0


15 15 15 10 5 0-5 0


10 10 10 8 8 0-5 0


7** 7** 7** 7** 5 0-5 0


5 5 5 5 5 0-5 0

X< 5 PaKry rkSarTukdEdl 0

2¦ ** mIya:n;ma: nwgrkSa nUvGRtaBn§GnueRKaH tMbn;BaNiC¢kmμesrIGas‘an nigkUer kñúgkMrit FMCag 7/5 PaKry rhUtdl; qñaM2010.

RbPB³ elxaFikardæanGasa‘n qñaM2006

kic©RBmeRBogsþIGMBIBaNiC¢kmμEpñkTMnijmanenAkñúgbTbBaØati sMrab;RbRBwtþikm μedayELk nigBiess

(Special and Differential Treatment) ehIyKMeragkarN_bt;EbnBiessbEnßm cMeBaH RbeTsCasmaCikGas‘anfμI RbeTskm<úCa Lav mIya:n;ma: nigevotNam (CLMV). kñúgGtßn½yenH tMbn;BaNiC¢km μesrIGas‘an-kUer (AKFTA) nwgGnuvtþtamkalbriec©TepSg²Kañ sMrab;kUer: nigGas‘an-6 kalbriec©TepSgeTotsMrab;RbeTskm<úCa Lav mIya:n;ma: nigevotNam (CLMV). RbeTskm<úCa CamYyLav mIya:n;ma: nigevotNam nwg)anTTYlRbRBwtþkmμeénPaBGnueRKaHkñúgtMNak;kalkarGPivDÆn_ esdækic©enAmankMritTabenAeLIy.

km<úCa kñúgtMbn;TIpSaresrIGas‘an-Cb:un kic©RbCMukMBUlGas‘an Cb:un manbMNgshRbtibtþikary:agRCaleRCA rvagGas‘an Cb:un

bNþaemdwknaMGas‘an nig Cb:un )ancuHhtßelxa elIesckþIRbkasrYmmYy sþIGMBIédKUresdækic© eq<aHeTA begáIttMbn;BaNiC¢km μesrIGas‘an-Cb:un enAkMLúgeBl 10qñaMxagmux.

5- Bn§Ky nigr)aMgminEmnBn§Ky Bn§Ky cMeBaHksikmμ nigEpñkes,ógGaharrYmman ³ ¬1¦ kMritx<s;EdlKitCamFümPaKeRcIn

x<s;CagTMnijenAkñúgvis½yBMuEmnksikm μ ¬2¦ Cajwkjab;x<s;CagBn§Edl)anhamXat;y:agxøaMgkøa ¬3¦ GacERbRbYlx<s;kñúgcMeNamRbeTsmYycMnYn nig¬4¦Cajwkjab;x<s;y:agxøaMgsMrab;GRtaBn§cgEdlFM CagGRtaBn§Edl)anGnuvtþ. kñúgkrNImYycMnYn manGRtaBn§GnueRKaH sMrab;RbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_Gac cUleTAkñúgTIpSarRbeTsGPivDÆn_)an. BaNiC¢km μEpñkksikmμ)andak;ecjnUvGRtaBn§kUta (TRQs). GRtaBn§kUta (TRQs) manBn§KyBIrkMritEdlenAkñúgenaH brimaNnaMcUlEdlRtUv)ankMNt;mYy ¬enAkñúgBn§kUta¦ RtUv)an GnuBaØatieGaybg;Bn§y:agTab ÉkarnaMcUlbEnßmelIsBIkUtatMrUveGaybg;Bn§ x<s;.

GRtaBn§ sMrab;Ggár enAkñúgRbeTscin Cb:un kUerxagt,Úg nigshrdæGaemrik taragTI13³ taragBn§Ky sMrab;plitplGgÁr enAkñúgRbeTscin Cb:un kUerxagt,Úg nigshrdæGaemrik plitpl cin

¬Bn§Ky Cb:un ¬Bn§Ky °¦

kUer ¬Bn§Ky °¦

shrdæGaemrik Bn§Ky

°¦ Rice in Hush 68 402 eyn¼KILÚRkam 5° ¬kñúgkUta¦ 1/8 esn¼KILÚRkam Hushked(brown) rice 68 402 eyn¼KILÚRkam 5° ¬kñúgkUta¦ 1/8 esn¼KILÚRkam Milled rice 68 402 eyn¼KILÚRkam 5° ¬kñúgkUta¦ 11/2° Broken rice 68 402 eyn¼KILÚRkam 5° ¬kñúgkUta¦ 0/44 esn¼KILÚRkam )a:n;s μan edaykareRbIviFIsa®sþpøas;bþÚBiess nigBn§rYmpSMenAkñúgBn§Ky (ad alorem tariffs) Edl)anRBm eRBogedaysmaCik WTO kñúgqñaM2005. RbPB³ mCÄmNÐlBaNiC¢km μGnþrCati UNCTAD/WTO

GRtaBn§kUta (Tariff Rate Quotas) enAkñúgRbeTscin Cb:un kUerxagt,Úg nigshrdæGaemrik GRtaBn§kUta (Tariff Rate Quotas) enAkñúgRbeTscin³ Bn§kUta RtUv)aneRbIkñúgEbbbTrdæ)al énkarnaMcUl RsUvsalI eBat Ggár kb,as nigsac;ecom tMrUv[bg;Bn§Tab cMeBaHkarnaMcUleRkamkUta nig tMrUv[bg;Bn§x<s;kñúgkrNInaMcUlelIsbrimaNkUta. RbeTscin )ansnüaxøÜnÉglubecalral;viFan minEmnBn§KyenAeBlEdlxøÜncUlGgÁkar WTO EbbbTrdæ)alsMrab;Bn§kUta nwgcUlCaFrman edayK μankarb:HBal; dl;karebIkRck;TIpSarrbs;cin kñúgPaBCasmaCik WTO. kMLúgeBlcrcasMucUl RbeTscin )anpþl;»kas[RbtibtþiEbbbTrdæ)al énBn§kUta elIplitplBiess dUcCa RsUvsalI eBat Ggár kb,as eRbgsENþk sár .l. RbeTscin )ansnüanaMcUlkñúgbrimaNkUta sMrab; RsUvsalI eBat Ggár mancMnYn 3/99 lanetan ehIyenAqaM2004 brimaNkUtaxagelI nwgbegáIndl; 5/85 lanetan . Bn§kñúgkUtacMeBaHGgár cenøaHrvag 1 eTA 9 ° nigkrNIesIlkUta manBn§cenøaHrvag 65 eTA 71 °. karnaMcUlEpñkksikm μtMrUv[manGaC£ab½NÑ GRtaBn§kUta nigkarhamXat;. GaC£ab½NÑnaMcUl sV½yRbvitþeRbIR)as;edIm,IRtYtBinitükarnaMcUl ÉGaC£ab½NÑnaMcUlminsV½yRbvitþ eRbIR)as;bedIm,IbMeBj katBVkic©rbs;RbeTscineRkamsniñsBaØaGnþrCati. GRtaBn§kUta (TRQs) KWminEmnCaGCJab½NÑsV½yRbvitþ elIkElgsMrab;muxTMnijEdl)anEbgEckEp¥kelImUldæanmkdl;munpþl;[mun. tamÉksar naéf¶TI27 ExkBaØa qñaM20051 RbeTscin )anCUndMNwgBIrbbGaC£ab½NÑnaMcUlbIRbePT³ GaC£ab½NÑnaMcUl GaC£ab½NÑ

1 Éksar WTO G/LIC/N/3/CHN/4 éf¶TI30 ExkBaØa qñaM2005 .

naMcUlsV½yRbvitþ nigGRtaBn§kUta (TRQs) sMrab;karnaMcUl. kUtanMacUl nwglubecalenAéf¶TI10 ExFñÚ qñaM20042 . eyagtamesckþICUndMNwg rbs;RbeTscin sþIGMBIGaC£abN½Ñ EdleFVIkñúgExFñÚ qñaM2004 bgðajfabnÞat;Bn§KyBIr nwgRtUvdkecjBItaragplitpl EdlCakmμvtßútMrUv[manGC£abN½ÑenAkñúg tarag3 . GRtaBn§kUta manenAelIplitpl dUcCa RsUvsalI eBat Ggár kb,as eRbgsENþkesog sár eramecom sac;ecom nigCIKImI. eyagtamesckþICUndMNwgeTA WTO rbs;RbeTscin RbB½n§enH bMerIenAeKalbMNg edIm,IkMhitnUvbrimaNnaMcUl4. KN³km μakarGPivDÆn_Cati nigkMENTMrg; RBmTaMgRksYgBaNiC¢km μCaGñk TTYlxusRtUvrYmsMrab;karcat;EcgGRtaBn§kUtacMeBaH Ggár eBat RsUvsalI nigkb,as ehIyRksYgBaNiC¢kmμ CaGñkTTYlxusRtUvEtÉkÉgcMeBaHCIKImI pliplksikm μ epSg²eTot eramecom nigsac;ecom5 .

GRtaBn§kUta (Tariff Rate Quotas) enAkñúgRbeTsCb:un³ bc©úb,nñRbeTsCb:un ykBn§elIGgár RKb;RbePTEdlqøgkat;RBMEdnrbs;xøÜn 150eynkñúgmYyKILÚRkam. elIsBIenH karnaMcUlGgármankUta kMNt; KW 682>000 etan ehIykarnaMcUlelIsbrimaNxagelItMrUv[bg;Bn§ 341eyn kñúgmYyKILÚRkam . sßitibgðajfa GRtaBn§KyenH manRbsiT§iPaBhamXat;ral;karnaMcUlelIskUta ¬ Fukuda qñaM2003¦. edayBMumankarelIkElg RKb;rbbneya)aytUv)anerobcMeLIg edIm,IkarBarPaB BMuman]tþmPaBeRbobeFob rbs;]sSahkm μkñúgRsuk. tYelxxageRkamBnül;R)ab;GRtaBn§Fmμta sMrab; karBarvis½yGgárkñúgRbeTs Cb:untamryHkMritBn§x<s;.

Bn§kUtaGnuvtþCacMbgeTAelIpliplksikmμ rYmTaMgplitpleFVIBITwkedaHeKa Ggár RsUvsalI nigRsUv )aeL sréssURtkUndgáÚvnag nigvtßúFatuedImBIsURt emSA xøaj;EdlerobcMTukbriePaK RKab;FBaØCati nig

2 Éksar WTO G/LIC/W/25 éf¶TI19 ExkBaØa qñaM2005 3 kñug]bsm<½n§ 3 énBiFIsarsMucUl WTO rbs;RbeTscin GaC£ab½NÑRtUv)andkecj cMeBaH HS 28371110 (sodium

cyanide) enAeBlcincUlCasmaCikeBjsiT§i ehIycMeBaH HS 84435912 (platen screen press printing machinery)

kñúgqñaM2004. 4 Éksar WTO G/LIC/N/3/CHN/2 éf¶TI9 ExtulaqñaM2003 . 5 kalBImun kUtaTaMgGs; elIkElgEtkUtaeTAelICIKImIRtUv)anRKb;RKgedayKNkmμaFikarGPivDÆn_Epnkarrdæ (SDPC);

kUtasMrab;CIKImIRtUv)anRKb;RKgedayKNkm μaFikaresdækic© nigBaNiC¢kmμrdæ ¬Éksar WTO G/LIC/N/3/CHN/1, 23 kBaØa 2004 2004).

sENþkdI bEnøs¶Üt. plitplTaMgenH RKbdNþb; 1/6° énbnÞat;Bn§KyTaMgGs;6. karnaMcUlGgár tMrUv[manBn§kUta cab;taMgBIéf¶TI1 Exemsa qñaM1999 karykBn§eRkAkUtaelIGgá kñúgqñaM2004 )antMrUv[ bg; 341eyn kñúgmYyKILÚRkam. Bn§TaMgenH srubCamYyBn§BiessmYy ¬GRtaBn§beNþaHGasnñ¦ 49eyn kñúgmYyKILÚRkam ehIykarRbmUlBn§ edayRksYgksikm μ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT KW292eyn kñúgmYyKILÚRkam. karnaMcUlGgárkñúgkUtaKW 679>668 etan kñúgqñaM2001 679>875 etan kñúgqñaM2002 nig 673>734 etan kñúgqñaM2003 ÉkarnaMcUlGgáreRkAkUta kñúgqñaMdUcKñaKWman 69 etan 202 etan nig217 etan7. CaEpñkmYyénkarsnüaebIkRckTIpSar rbs;Cb:un cMnYnCak;lak;énGgárGacbBa¢aTij nigTak;TgTIpSarpÞal; eRkamRbBn½§dMeNIrkarrvagGñklk; nigGñkTij (SBS) EdlbrimaNsrubmYyKW 50>067 etan RtUv)annaMcUleRkamRbBn½§dMeNIrkarrvag Gñklk; nigGñkTij (SBS) kñúgqñaM2002 nig 100>000 etan kñúgqñaM2003 .

GRtaBn§kUta (Tariff Rate Quotas) enAkñúgRbeTskUerxagt,Úg³ kMLúgeBlcrcarbs; GgÁkar BaNiC¢km μBiPBelak WTO enA Uruguay Round sBaØaNenH RtUv)anRbQmmuxnwgC½yCMnH ehIy RbeTskUer:)anyl;RBmbegáItkUtaRckcUlTIpSarGb,brma (MMA) cMeBaHGgár sMrab;ry³eBl 10qñaM. bEnßmeTAeTot RbeTskUer:)anyl;RBmdkecjral;r)aMgminEmnBaNiC¢kmμ rYmTaMgkUtanaMcUl naExmkra qñaM2005. RbeTskUer: )ansnüabegáInkarnaMcUlGgár enAkMritGb,brmamYYy cab;BI 0 eTA 4° énkareRbIR)as;kñúgRsuk edIm,IeRtomlkçN³ sMrab;kareFVIesrIkm μTIpSarGgár. eRkamkic©RBmeRBogenH BMumanGgárRtUv)anlk;edaypÞal;eTAGñkeRbIR)as; dUcCaGgárEdlRtUv)annaMcUl RtUv)aneRbIR)as;sMrab;Et plitCacMNIGahar. kñúgExFñÚ qñaM2004 kUer:)anpþl;sc©ab½nelIkarnaMcUlGgár edayBnüaeBl 10qñaM. karBnüaeBl)anGMBavnav[RbeTskUer:pþl;karnaMcUlGgárBIrdg elIbrimaNsrubnaMcUlrbs;xøÜn kñúgry³eBl 10 qñaMeRkay ¬BI 4° eTARbEhl 8° énkareRbIR)as;srub¦ karbegáInkUtaBI 225>575 etan kñúgqñaM2005 eTA 408>698 etan enAqñaM2014. CamYynwgRbeTskMNt;kUtaCak;lak (Country-Specific

Quota) kUer: )ansnüabBa¢aTij cMnYnGb,brma BIRbeTscin éfLg;d¾ nigGU®sþalI RbeTskUer: k¾)anyl; 6 karCUndMNwgcugeRkayBIkarRKb;RKgBn§kUta RtUv)anrkSaTukenAkñúgÉksar WTO G/AG/N/JPN/91 (10 mina 2004) nig G/AG/N/JPN/100 (13 kBaØa 2004¦. 7 RbBn½§énkarnaMcUlRsUvRtUv)anBN’nay:aglMGit enAkñúg JETRO (2003).

RBmbBa¢aTijpgEdr ya:gtic 50>076 etan BIGgárshrdæGaemrik erogral;qñaM kúñgryHeBl10qñaMCa bnþbnÞab; ¬taragTI14¦.

kUtasMrab;RbCaCatiEdlGnueRKaHbMput (MFN Quota) edayELkmYyRtUv)anbegáIteLIg Edl sMrab;kUtaenaH RbeTsTaMgGs; GacnaMcUl)an rYmTaMgRbeTsEdlkMNt;kUtaCak;lak;pgEdr (CSQ). eRkamkic©RBmeRBogBnüaeBl karnaMcUlGgárGaceFVIeTA)an sMrab;Gñklk;rayeTAeGayGñkeRbIR)as;kUer: sMrab;EtelIkTImYyb:ueNÑaH. karBnüaeBlenH )anGnum½t edayGgÁkar WTO kñúgExemsa qñaM2005 ehIy)anpþl;sc©ab½n edaysPaCatikUer: kñúgExvicäika qñaM2005. eTaHbICa karnaMcUlGgártamRck cUlTIpSarGb,brma (MMA) ya:gticekIncMnYnBIrdgkñúgqñaM 2014 k¾eday k¾karekIneLIgenHBMuman bTbBaØatiNa sMrab;karnaMcUlGgárelIskUtaeLIy. GRtaBn§CamYynwgkUta nwgenAEtsßitRtwm 5 PaKryCanic©. RbeTskUer: mansiT§ibBa©b;kUtaebIkcMhGb,brma nigdkecjGRtaBn§kUta enAcab;epþImqñaM NamYyéncenøaHqñaM2005 nigqñaM2014. RbsinebIRckcUlTIpSarGb,brma RtUv)anbBa©b;TMhMrbs; RbeTskMNt;kUtaCak;lak (CSQ) nwgpøas;bþÚreTACakUtaskl edayQrenAelImUldæanRbCaCatiEdl GnueRKaHbMput (MFN).

taragTI14³ brimaNcUlTIpSarGb,brma (MMA) sMrab;qñaM2005-2014 ¬Ékta³ etan Ggárkin¦ kalviPaKRbeTspþl;kUtaCak;lak; (CSQs) qñaM srub MFN kUta Quota srub shrdæGaemrik cin éfLg;d¾ GU®sþalI 2005 225>575 20>347 205>228 50>076 116>159 29>963 9>030 2006 245>922 40>694 205>228 50>076 116>159 29>963 9>030 2007 266>269 61>041 205>228 50>076 116>159 29>963 9>030 2008 286>616 81>388 205>228 50>076 116>159 29>963 9>030 2009 306>963 101>735 205>228 50>076 116>159 29>963 9>030 2010 327>310 122>082 205>228 50>076 116>159 29>963 9>030 2011 347>657 142>429 205>228 50>076 116>159 29>963 9>030 2012 368>004 162>776 205>228 50>076 116>159 29>963 9>030 2013 388>351 183>123 205>228 50>076 116>159 29>963 9>030

2014 408>698 203>470 205>228 50>076 116>159 29>963 9>030 RbPB³ RksYgksikm μ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT

kUer:xagt,Úg rkSarsiT§ibBa©b;kUtaebIkcMhGb,brma nigdkecjRbB½n§GRtaBn§kUta enAkñúgeBl cab;epþIménqñaMNamYy rvag qñaM2005 nigqñaM2014. RbsinRbB½n§GRtaBn§kUta RtUv)anGnum½t brimaNkUtaenA EtsßitkñúgkMritkUtaebIkcMhGb,brma enAeBlEdlkarbþÚreTACaRbB½n§GRtaBn§kUta (TRQ) mYyRtUv)an eFVIeLIg edayBMumankarbegáInEfmeTot enAkñúgqñaMeRkay²eTot. GRtaBn§kUta pþl;eGaysMrab;karnaMcUl eRkABIkUta nigkarelIsBIBn§kUta nwgRtUvKNnaedayeyagtamesckþIEN naMrbs; (URAA). RbsinebIkic© RBmeRBogsMerc)ankñúgvKÁcrcaCasklenARkugdUhasþIGMBIkarGPivDÆn_ GRtaBn§elIskUta nigTMhMGRtaBn§ kUta nwgRtUvpøas;bþÚr edIm,IeKarBtamviFanénkic©RBmeRBogvKÁcrca GPivDÆn_RkugdUha. kñúgRBwtþikarN¾ énkarpøas;bþÚreTACaRbB½n§GRtaBn§kUtamYy (TRQ) RbeTsEdlkMNt; kUtaCak;lak; nwgGacbBa©b; nigcMnYn kUtaTaMgmUl nwgRtUvebIkTUlaynUvkarnaMcUledayEp¥ktammUldæan RbCaCatiEdlGnueRKaHbMput (MFN).

GRtaBn§kUta (Tariff Rate Quotas) enAkñúgshrdæGaemrik³ shrdæGaemrik CaGñkplit GñknaMecj nigGñknaMcUl mYyFMCageKenAelIBiPBelak cMeBaHplitplksikm μ. kñúgqñaM2004 GRtaBn§GnuvtþmFüm sMrab;ksikmμ man 9/7° ¬mFümPaKrYmsMrab;plitpld¾éTeTotman 4° emIl CMBUk3¦ . rdæaPi)al TUTat;[GñkplitkrEpñkksikm μ CacMENkéncMNUlksidæansuT§ EdlFøak;cuHBI 48° kñúgqñaM2000 eTA 16° kñúgqñaM2004. fVIebI karFøak;cuHenH )anbgáreGaymankarekIneLIgkñúg cMENkTUTat;sarubrbs;rdæaPi)al enAkñúgrgVg;sgRtlb; nigkmμvIFITUTat;km©I cab;taMgBIkarGnum½tc,ab; vinieyaKCnbT nigsnþisuxksidæan naqñaM2002 mkemøH. karTUTat;BiessbnÞan; bnþpÁt;pÁg;[karTUTat; d¾éTeTotrbs;rdæaPi)al nigkarFanar:ab;rgksiplEdl]btßmÖedayrdæaPi)al.

taragBn§KyRsbKña rbs;shrdæGaemrik )anGnum½t edayc,ab;BaNiC¢kmμ nigkarRbkYtRbECg enAqñaM1988 ehIymanRbsiT§iPaBkñúgExmkra qñaM1989 . c,ab;enHEp¥kelImUldæankarBiBN’naTMnij

RsbKña nigRbB½n§elxkUt8 HS. taragBn§KyRsbKñaqñaM2004 RtUv)anCMnYsedayviesaFnkm μ qñaM2002 eTACa HS. taragBn§Kyman 10>304 bnÞat;Bn§Ky ehIymanelxrhUtdl; 8xÞg;9 (HS 8-digit). neya)ayTYeTArbs;shrdæGaemrik manenAkñúgEpñk126 énc,ab;BaNiC¢km μ qñaM1974 KW)anpþl; RbRBwtþikmμ GRtaBn§ MFN eTARKb;édKUBaNiC¢km μrbs;xøÜnTaMgGs;10. shrdæGaemrik GacGnum½tc,ab;Edlminpþl; RbRBwtþikmμGRtaBn§ MFN eTARbeTsBiess²mYycMnYy³ shrdæGaemrik GnuvtþRbRBwtþikmμGRtaBn§ MFN eTARKb;smaCikTaMgGs;rbs; WTO b:uEnþelIkElgsmaCik WTO mYy KW RbeTsKuy)a. CabEnßmeTot saFarN³rdæRbCaFibetyükUer: k¾BMu)anTTYlRbRBwtþikm μGRtaBn§ MFN BIshrdæGaemrikEdr. karnaMcUl BIRbeTsTaMgBIrenH KWtMrUv[man :GRta lkçnþik³ (statutory rate) : EdlGRtaenH KWCaGRtaEdl)ancgedayc,ab;Bn§Ky Smoot-Hawley naqñaM1930. RbRBwtþikmμ GRtaBn§ MFN RtUv)aneFVIeLIgvijsMrab;RbeTs Serbia and Montenegro kñúgExFñÚ qñaM2003 ehIysaFarN³rdæ RbCaFibetyüLavkñúgExkumÖ³ qñaM200511 .

r)aMgbec©keTsBaNiC¢km μ & Gnam½y nigPUtKÁamGnam½y rbs;RbeTscin Cb:un kUer:xagt,Úg nigshrdæ Gaemrik

r)aMgbec©keTsBaNiC¢kmμ & Gnam½y nigPUtKÁamGnam½y rbs;RbeTscin ³ taMgBIRbeTscin cUlGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmμBiPBelak RbeTscin)aneFVIkarEkERbrcnasm<½n§bTbBaØatirbs;xøÜn cMeBaH bTbBaØatibec©keTs nitiviFIvaytMélPaBRsbKña bTdæan (Standards) nigviFanGnam½y nigPUtKÁamGnam½y. kñúgqñaM2001 RbeTscin)anbegáItkarRKb;RKgKuNPaBrdæ)alTUeTA karRtYtBinitü nigkarFana (AQSIQ) eGayenAeRkamRkumRbwkSardæ. karRKb;RKgKuNPaBrdæ)alTUeTA karRtYtBinitü nigkarFana (AQSIQ) KWCaGgÁkarrdæ)alfñak;RksYgEdlTTYlbnÞúkKuNPaBCati maRtsa®sþ

8taragBn§KyRsbKña RtUv)anbBa©ÚleTakñúgÉksarmYy Edlplit nigEkrsMrYlCaeTogTat; edayKN³km μaFikar GnþrCati nwgmanenAkñúgeKhTMB½rGinEfNit http:// www. usitc.gov/tata/hts/index.htm 9 bnÞat;Bn§TaMgLayEdlRsbeTAnwgGRtaenAkñúgkUta nigeRkAkUtaEdl)anGnuvtþcMeBaHplitpldUcKña RtUv)anrab;Et mYyb:ueNÑaH. 10 19 USC 2136 11 karcuHbBa¢IshB½n§ 68 FR 64410, 13 vicäika 2003 nig 70 FR 7319, 11 kumÖH 2005

karRtYtBinitüRckecj-cUl karFanaelIrukçCati nigstV viBaØbnb®½tkarTTYlsÁal;bTdæanbec©keTs nigkarRbtibtþic,ab;rdæ)al. bTbBaØatimYycMnYn sþIBIviBaØbnb®½tplitplcaM)ac;k¾)anRbkas[eRbIpg Edr viFanecjviBaØbnb®½trYmKñasMrab;karnaMcUl nigkarplitTMnijkñúgRsuk edayrab;bBa©ÚlTaMgkarcat;fñak; plitplsMrab;viBaØbnb®½tcaM)ac; bTbBaØatibec©keTs bTdæan nItiviFIvaytMélPaBRsbKña pøaksBaØa nigéføQñÜl .

dUecñHehIy mkdl;RtwmExsIha qñaM2003 pøaksBaØaviBaØbnb®½tcaM)ac;rYmKñarbs;cin (CCC) sMrab; TaMgplitplEdlplitkñúgRsuk nignaMcUl )anCMnYsedaypøaksBaaØEdl)anGnuvtþknøgmk ¬pøaksBaØa CCIB sMrab;pliplEdleFVIBaNiC¢km μ nigpøaksBaØa GREAT WALL sMrab;plitpl kñúgRsuk¦. eyagtamesckþICUndMNwg rbs;RbeTscin eTAGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmμBiPBelak eRkammaRta XV.2 énkic©RBmeRBogr)aMgbec©keTsBaNiC¢km μ Pñak;garrdæaPi)almYycMnYnFMCab;Bak;Bn½§kñúgkarbegáIt bTbBaØatþibec©keTs ¬rYmTaMgbTbBa¢asþg;danana¦ rYmTaMg AQSIQ NDRC rdæ)alKyTUeTA rdæ)al cMNIGahar nig»sfrdærbs;RbeTscin nigRksYgmYycMnYneTot12. kEnøgsaksYr nigpþl;Bt’man BIr)aMgbec©keTsBaNiC¢kmμ & Gnam½y nigPUtKÁamGnam½y rbs;RbeTscin KWenAkñúg AQSIQ

ehIyGaCJaFrEdleFVIesckþICUndMNwg KWenAkñúgRksYgBaNiC¢kmμ . rdæ)alsþg;darrbs;RbeTscin (SAC) )anbegáItedayRkumRbwkSardæ kñúgExemsa qñaM2001

edIm,Icat;Ecgkargarsþg;darkñúgRbeTscin. enAkñúgRbeTscin mansþg;dar 4 RbePT³ sþg;darCati sþg;darEpñk sþg;dartMbn; nigsþg;darshRKas. sþg;darCatiRtUv)anEklMGr sMrab;tMrUvkarbec©keTs EdlRtUvkarGnum½tedaysPaCati. sþg;darEpñk RtUv)anGPivDÆneLIgenAeBlBMumansþg;darCati k¾b:uEnþ kartMrUveGaymanbec©keTsrYmKñanana RtUvtMrUveGayeTAtamEpñkviC¢aCIv³c,as;las;mYyenAkúñgkMritCati. sþg;dartMbn;GacEklMGeTA)anenAeBlEdlsþg;darCati b¤sþg;darEpñk BMuGacGnuvtþ)an k¾b:uEnþkartMrUv eGaymanrYmKñasMrab;suvtßiPaB nigGnam½yénplitpl]sSahkmμRtUvtMrUv[manenAkñúgtMbn;. sþg;dar CatidUcKñamYyRtUv)anGPivDÆn_ sþg;darenH CMnYssþg;dartMbn; nigsþg;darEpñk. sþg;darshRKasGaceFVI karEklMGenAkñúgshRKasmYy enAeBlEdlsþg;darCati sþg;darEpñk nigsþg;dartMbn;BMuGacGnuvtþ eTA)an. müa:geTot shRKasmYyRtUv)anelIkTwkcitþ TTYlyksþg;darCati sþg;darEpñk nigsþg;dartMbn;

12 bBa¢Id¾eBjeljmYy RtUv)anpþl;enAkñúgÉksar WTO G/TBT/2/Add. 65, 29 mkra 2002.

RbsinebIeKGacGnuvtþeTA)an. kñúgRKb;RbePT sþg;darCati sþg;darEpñk nigsþg;dartMbn; mansþg;darsμR½Kcitþ nigsþg;darbTbBa¢a13. bc©úb,nñmanRbmaN 14° énsþg;darCatiCasþg;darbTbBa¢a ehIyPaKryenH BMumankarERbRbYltaMgBIqñaM2000. BMumanTinñn½y sþIGMBIPaKryénsþg;darEpñk nig sþg;dartMbn;EdlCasþg;dar bTbBa¢aeLIy. CabEnßmeTot ÉksarENnaMbec©keTsCati GacRtUv)anEklMGkñúgtMbn;mYycMnYnEdl bec©kviC¢akMBugpøas;bþÚry:agelOn ehIysþg;darnana GacRtUv)anGPivDÆn_ y:agelOnCageBlEdlykmk GPivDÆsþg;darCatieTAeTot.

GaCJaFreFVIesckþICUndMNwgeTA WTO rbs;RbeTscin Bak;B½n§nwgGnam½y nigPUtKÁamGnam½y KWRksYgBaNiC¢km μ. kariyal½ysYrBt_man nigpþl;Bt_man eRkamkfaxN½Ð 3 én]bsm<½n§ x sþIBIkic©RBmeRBog SPS manTIkEnøgenAkñúg AQSIQ. eyagtamGaCJaFr eRkamc,ab; nigbTbBaØati Bak;Bn½§ manviFIsa®sþ 3 )andak;ecj edIm,IRtYtBinitüenARBMEdnsMrab;TMnijEdltMrUvkarviFan SPS. kñúgviFIsa®sþTImYy GaCJaFrenARBMEdn GacGnuBaØat[TMnijcUl eRkayeBleFVIGFikarkic©ÉksarsMxan;² mYycMnYn. bnÞab;mkkareFVIGFikarkic© SPS EdleFVIeLIgedayGaCJaFr SPS sMxan;² KWenATIkEnøg eKaledAcugeRkayenAkñúgRbeTsEtmþg kñúgkrNIenH TMnijGacCMrHbBa¢IKytaméf¶bnÞab;. eRkam viFIsa®sþTIBIr kareFVIGFikarkic©enARBMEdn)aneFVIeday { srIragÁTTYldwg; :14 bnÞab;mkkareFVIGFikarkic© SPS )anGnuvtþdUcmankñúgviFIsa®sþTImYyenAnwgTIkEnøgeKaledAcugeRkayEtmþg eRkam viFIsa®sþenH karCMrHbBa¢IKyeFVIeLIgrvag 3 eTA 5éf¶. eRkamviFIsa®sþTIbI kareFVIGFikarkic© SPS

13 eyageTAtambTbBa¢asMrab;karGnuvtþ énc,ab;sþg;dar sþgdarbTbBa¢a manTMnak;TMngeTAnwg³ »sf Ganam½yes,óg Gahar nigeBTüstV/ suvtßPaB nigsþgdarGanam½ysMrab;plitpl nigplitkmμ karsþúTuk nigkardwkCBa¢Ún nigkar eRbIR)as;plitpl/ sþgdar sMrab;suvtßPaBénkargar nigGnam½y nigsuvtßPaBsþg;darsMrab;kardwkCBa¢Ún/ KuNPaB suvtßPaB nigsþgdarénsuxaPi)alsMrab; : KMeragsMNg : nigsþg;dard¾éTeTotsMrab; : KMeragsMNg; : EdlRtUv)anRtYt Binitüedayrdæ/ bTdæansMrab;bM)at;ecalnUvPaBkxVk;EdlBak;B½n§eTAnwgkarkarBarbrisßan nigsþg;darsMrab;KuNPaB brisßan/ sBaØaNbec©keTssMxan;² nimitþsBaØa kUd nigBRgagviFIsaRsþenAkñúgkareRbIR)as;CarYm/ sþg;dasMrab;viFIsa®sþ Edl)aneRbIR)as;rYmKñaenAkñúgkarRsavRCav nigkarRtYtBinitü/ sþgdarsMrab;brivtþn_ nigsMrbsMrYl/ nig sþgdarKuNPaB sMrab;plitplsMxan;²EdltMrUveGayrdæRtYtBinitü. 14 GCJaFrRtUUvBnül;fa karGFirkarkic©enH RtUv)anGnuvtþedaymRnþIKyedayeRbIR)as;nUvsrIragÁTTYldwgrbs;eK.

RtUv)aneFVIenARBMEdnmunkarCMrHbBa¢IKyRtUv)aneFVI. ry³eBlGnuvtþsMrab; karCMrHbBa¢IKyGaRs½yelI RbePTplitplEdl)annaMcUl nighaniP½yEdlBak;B½n§.

tMrUvkarpøaksBaØa)anbBa¢ak;eRkamc,ab;sþg;dar c,ab;Gnam½ymðÚmGahar )anGnum½tenAéf¶TI30 Extula qñaM1995 nigc,ab;sþIGMBIKuNPaBplitpl )anGnum½tenAéf¶TI 22 Ex kumÖ³ qñaM1993 ehIy)an eFVIviesaFnkm μenAéf¶TI 22 Exkkáda qñaM2000. eRkamc,ab;TaMgenH RKb;plitplEdllk;kñúg RbeTscin RtUvEtmanpøaksBaØaCaPasacin. pøaksBaØaRtUvBt’nakñúgenaHman eQμaH nigpøaksBaØa BaNiC¢km μénplitpl RbePTénmðÚbGahar eQμaHeragcRk nigGas½ydæan RbPBedImTMnij smasFatupSM edIm,IbBa¢ak;BITMgn; TMhM TMgn;Bit TMhMpÞúk kalbriecäTplit manKuNPaBmunéf¶ b¤kalbriecäTputkMNt; karENnaMBIrebobeRbIelxsMKal;plitpl nigelxkUtsþg;darBak;B½n§. Bt’manGacpþl;CaPasabreTs pgEdr eTaHbICaBt’manénkarBiBN’nalMGitRtUvpþl;CaPasacink¾eday.

r)aMgbec©keTsBaNiC¢kmμ & Gnam½y nigPUtKÁamGnam½y rbs;RbeTsCb:un³ Cb:un)anbnþ karRbwgERbgrbs;xøÜneq<aHeTArkPaBRsbKñaénsþg;dar nigbTbBaØatibec©keTsGnþrCati. kñúgqñaM2005 sþg;darsμR½KcitþCb:unman 9>727 sþg;dar]sSahkmμ (JIS) nig 215 sþg;darksikm μ (JAS). RbEhl 93° énsþg;dar]sSahkm μ (JIS) RtUvKñaCamYysþg;darGnþrCati qñaM2005 eLIgBI 92° kñúgqñaM200415 . cenøaHrvagkñúgExemsa qñaM2005 nigExmina qñaM2006 sþg;dar]sSahkm μ (JIS) 510RtUv)anEksMrYl 141 RtUv)andkecj nig267 RtUv)anbegáItfμ IkñúgkMLúgeBldUcKña sþg;darksikmμ (JAS) 34 RtUv)an EksMrYl 15RtUv)andkecj nig5 RtUv)anbegáItfIμ.

Cb:un)anEksRmYleLIgvij enAkaksMNl;KImIksikm μCaGtib,rmarbs;xøÜn ¬]TahrN_³ fñaMsmøab; stVl¥it cMNIstV nigfñaMBüa)alstV ¦ eRkamRbB½n§bB¢aIviC¢man sRmab;CIKImI enAkñúgcMNIGahar enAkñúgEx ]sPa qñMa2006. bBa¢IénkarminFanaCMgWrukçCaticéRg RtUv)anEktRmUvkñúgEx emsa qñaM2005 nig kñúgExkkáda qñaM 2006 )anbEnßm 46 nigCMgWrukçCaticéRg 34 eTot. KN³km μakarsuvtßiPaB mðÚbGahar 15 edIm,IsMrbsMrYlnUvsuxkþúmnIykm μeGaymanRbsiT§iPaBkan;EteRcIneLIgEfmeToténbTdæanCati CamYynwg GnþrCatimYy KNkm μakar JIS )anTTYlyk nUvEpnkarskmμPaBenAkñúgEx mifuna 2004. EpnkarenH)anbBa¢ak; nUvEpñkényuT§sa®sþnana enAkñúgsuxkþúmnIykm μGnþrCati nig)anbriyayenAtYnaTIénGñkcUlrYmmñak;² ¬]sSahkmμ nigvis½yÉkCn¦enAkñúgPaBlMGit.

RtUv)aneFVIkarvaytémøBIsuvtßiPaBénkarEkERbmðÚbGahar ¬Gahar GM¦ cab;taMgBIqñaM 200316. KN³kmμakar )anGPivDÆnUvsþg;darsMrab;karvaytémøsuvtßiPaBmðÚbGahar GM nigcMNIstV Edl)anplitedaysrIragÁtUc² GM CaeRcIn nigneya)aysRmab;karvaytémøsuvtßiPaBRKab;FBaØCati GM

ehIyRKab;FBaØCatiGahar GM nigcMNIstV GM EdlGacbgáeGaymanCatiBul. pøaksBaØamðÚbGaharkñúgRbeTsCb:un KWtRmUvtamsþg;darksikmμCb:un (JAS) nigc,ab;Gnam½ymðÚb

Gahar. bTbBa¢abec©keTsTaMgGs;cMnYn 63 RtUv)anGnuvtþ Ep¥kelImUldæanc,ab;sþg;darksikm μCb:un (JAS). TaMgenHman ³ sþg;darpøaksBaØaRbePTKuNPaB sMrab;EkécñmðÚbGahar mðÚbGaharRss; nig karEkERbmðÚbGahar sþg;darpøaksBaØaKuNPaBedayELk nigsþg;darsMrab;pliplksikm μsrIragÁ nig mðÚbGaharEkécñsrIragÁ. sþg;darpøaksBaØaRbePTKuNPaB RtUv)anpþl;RKb;mðÚbGahar nigePsC¢³ elIkElgeRKOgRsvwg nig]isfBüa)alCMgWecj. mðÚbGaharRss; RtUvmanpøaksBaØa KWeQ μaH nigTIkEnøgplit. mðÚbGaharEkécñ RtUvmanpøaksBaØa KWeQ μaHtaragsmasFatupSM TMgn;Bit kalbriecäTénKuNPaBCaGtibrma b¤k¾kalbriecäTeRbIR)as; karENnaMBIrebobrkSaTuk ehIyeQμaHnig Gas½ydæaneragcRk RBmTaMgRbeTs RbPBedImcMeBaHplitplnaMcUl.

pøaksBaØad¾Cak;lak;tMrUv[pþl;eGay dUcCapøaksBaØasþg;dar sMrab;plitmYymux²Ep¥kelIcarik lkçN³rbs;va. mðÚbGaharmYycMnYn EdlmanpÞúkembEnßmRtUvEtmanpøaksBaØapgEdr edaymaneQμaH RKb;embEnßmEdl)andak;elImðÚbGaharenaH. plitplEkécñEdlnaMcUlBIbreTs RtUv)anelIkElgBI pøaksBaØabTbBa¢aEdlbBa¢ak;BIRbPBedIm nigsmasFatupSM. RKb;plitplksikm μsrIragÁ nig mðÚbGaharEkécñBIksikm μsrIragÁ Edllk;kñúgRbeTsCb:un RtUvEtepÞópÞat;KñaCamYysþg;darksikm μsrIragÁ Cb:un JAS nigdak;pøakfa JAS srIragÁ. kardak;pøakmðÚbGaharfa {srIragÁ} RtUvkarviBaØbnRbt½bBa¢ak;BI GgÁPaBcuHbBa¢I (RCB) b¤k¾bBa¢ak;BIGgÁPaBcuHbBa¢IeRkARbeTs (ROCB) famðÚmGaharBitCaRKb;tam lkçxN½Ðsþg;darksikm μCb:un JAS BitR)akdEmn. manEtmðÚmGaharEdlTTYlviBaØabnb½Rt Etb:ueNþaH EdlGnuBaØateGayEbgEckCamYypøaksBaØasrIragÁ JAS.

16 KNkmμaFikarsuvtßiPaBes,og RtUv)anbegáIteLIgeRkammUldæanc,ab;suvtßiPaBes,ogenAkúñgkariyal½y ]uTÞkarl½yedIm,IeFVIkarvaytMélhaniP½y.

pøaksBaØabTbBa¢a sMrab;EkERbmuxmðÚbGahar sßiteRkambTbBaØati nigc,ab;Gnam½ymðÚbGahar nigc,ab;sþg;darksikmμCb:un (JAS) kñúgtaragbBa¢Ibc©úb,nñman 7muxksipl ¬sENþkesog (Soybean) eBat (Corn) rukçCatimü:agsMrab;eFVIeRbg (Rape) RKab;BUC (Seeds) dMLÚg)araMg (Potatoes) RKab;BUCkb,as (Cotton seeds) Gal;Pal;hVa (Alfalfa) nigéffavEp¥m (Sugar beet)¦ nigmðÚbGaharEkécñ ¬mðÚbGaharEkécñ 32RbePT EdleRCIserIs¦ PaKeRcIneFVIBIsENþkesog b¤k¾RKab; FBaØCati1717. RksYgsuxaPi)al Blkmμ nigsuxumalPaB minGnuBaØat[naMcUlmðÚbGahar (GM) EdlBMueKarBtamsuvtißPaBrbs;xøÜneLIy. c,ab;RtYtBinitüplitplksikm μ tMrUveGayRtYtBinitübTbBa¢a énGgár RsUvsalI nigRsUv)alI k¾dUcCasENþkesogpgEdr.

r)aMgbec©keTsBaNiC¢kmμ & Gnam½y nigPUtKÁamGnam½y rbs;RbeTskUer:xagt,Úg³ eKal bMNgénkic©RBmeRBogr)aMgbec©keTsBaNiC¢kmμrbs;GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmμBiPBelak KWelIkTwkcitþkar GPivDÆn_sþg;darGnþrCati nigPaBRsbKñaénnitiviFIvaytMél edIm,IRKaMRTdl;esrIkm μBaNiC¢km μGnþr³Cati xN³Edlsþg;dar nigbTbBaØatbec©keTsBuM)anbegáIt]bsKÁd¾cMa)ac;NamYydl;BaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati eLIy. sMrab;tmøaPaB nigplRbeyaCn_ kUer:EtgtaMgkariyal½ypþl;-TTYlBtm_man cMnYn4 tamvis½y epSg²Kña nigtamplitpl ¬plipl]sSahkmμ sMrab;RksYgBaNiC¢km μ ]sSahkmμ nigfamBl/ plitplksikmμ sMrab;RksYgksikmμ nigrukçaRbmaj;/ plitplensaT sMrab;RksYgsmuRT nigClpl/ sMrab;Gnam½ymðÚbGahar nigpliplsMGagkay sMrab;RksYgsuxaPi)al nigsuxumalPaB¦.

kariyal½ypþl;-TTYlBt’manTaMgenH eqøIytbeTAkariyal½ypþl;-TTYlBt’maneRkARbeTseTA elIsþg;dar bTbBaØatbec©keTs nigRbBn½§GaCJabN½ÑEdlmanRsab; nigEdl)anesñIeLIg rYmTaMgesckþICUn dMNwgBIr)aMgbec©keTsBaNiC¢km μrbs;kUer:rbs;kic©RBmeRBogr)aMgbec©keTsBaNiC¢km μénGgÁkarBaNiC¢km μBiPBelak (WTO TBT). kUer:)aneFVIdUckñúgnamCasmaCik WTO mYyEdr KW)anCUndMNwgénkar pøas;bþÚrbTbBaØatbec©keTs nignItiviFIvaytMélPaBRsbKña ehIyCasmaCik WTO kUer:CasmaCik segátkareKalkarN¾minerIseGIg kñúgkarGnuvtþbTbBaØatbec©keTs nignitiviFIvaytMélPaBRsbKña dUcKñacMeBaHplitpl kñúgRsuk nigplitplnaMcUlEdlmanRbPBepSg²Kña .

17 bBa¢IenHRtUv)anEkrERbCaerogral;qñaM.

taMgBIbegáItGgÁkarBaNiC¢km μBiPBelak (WTO) rdæaPi)alkUer: )anEkERbviFan SPS CaeRcIn edIm,IeGayRsbKñaCamYysþg;dar karENnaM nigGnusasn_epSg²Edl)anRbkas[eRbIeday CODEX, OIE

nig IPPC. kUer:TTYlsÁal; nUvtMbn;EdlBuMmanstVcéRg nigCMgWeRkayBIkareFVIkarvaytMél rbs;RbeTsnaMecj. sMrab;tmøaPaB nigRbsiT§iPaB kUer:eRCIserIsGaCJaFreFVIesckþICUndMNwg enARksYgkarbreTs nigBaNiC¢kmμ.

r)aMgbec©keTsBaNiC¢kmμ & Gnam½y nigPUtKÁamGnam½y rbs;shrdæGaemrik³ kñúgkarGnuvtþ kic©RBmeRBog Gnam½y nigPUtKÁamGnam½y r)aMgbec©keTsBaNiC¢kmμrbs;GgÁkar BaNiC¢km μBiPBelak KWCakarsMerccitþd¾TUlMTUlaymYyeday (CODEX Alimentarius Commission “Codex”). maRtaTI 3 énkic©RBmeRBog Gnam½y nigPUtKÁamGnam½y )anEcgfasþg;darsuxPaBCati mYy sMrab;mðÚbGahar RtUv)ansm μt;eBjc,ab;RbsinebIvaRsbKñaeTAnwgsþg;dar karENnaM nigGnusasn_ EdlbegáIteday CODEX. sþg;darCatimYyEdlpþl;kMritkarkarBarx<s;Cag CODEX KWCa {r)aMgBaNiC¢kmμ} mYy luHRtaEt WTO sMercfasþg;darCatid¾RtwmRtUv RtUvEp¥kelImUldæanvaytMél smrmümYyEdlbMePøIfasþg;dar CODEX karENnaM rWk¾Gnusasn_ BuM)anpþl;[)anRKb;RKan;nUvkarkarBar b¤k¾RbeTsenaHbBa¢ak;faman sþg;darCalkçNviTüasa®sþc,as;las;epSgeTot. maRtaTI 2>4 énkic© RBmeRBogr)aMgbec©keTs BaNiC¢km μ )anEcgfaRbeTsTaMgenaH KYrEteRbIR)as; CODEX b¤sþg;dar GnþrCatiepSgeTot {elIkElg sþg;darGnþrCatimYycMnYn b¤Epñkd¾sMxan;nana EdlGtßn½yminman RbsiT§iPaB rWk¾minsmrmüsMrab;bMeBj { eKaledAeBjc,ab; } mYy.

PaBRtUvKñaCamYysþg;dar KWminEmnCakarTamTareGayeBjc,ab;mYyeLIy b:uEnþkñúgkarGnuvtþenA TIpSarshrdæGaemrik Cajwkjab;EtgEtpþl;karelIkTwkcitþnanay:agxøaMg sMrab;plitnaMcUl nig plitplkñúgRsukEdlmansþg;darCak;lak;. enAkñúgc,ab;kic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢km μ qñaM1979 Pñak;gar rdæaPi)alshBn½§RtUvtMrUv[ {sMercTTYlyk} nUvsþg;darGnþrCati enAeBlGPivDÆn_sþg;dar ehIy RbsinebIsmRsb KWEp¥kelIsþg;darGnþrCati 18. karelIkElgRtUv)anTTYlfaRsbKñaedaycab;epþIm 18 19 USC 2532 rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgc,ab; nigbTbBaØatENnaMEdlecjedaykariyal½yfvikar nigRKb;RKg rYmTaMg katBVkic©sMrab;BicarNa\T§iBlBaNiC¢km μ nigvaytMélnUvplTaMgLayénkareRbIR)as;sþg;daGnþrCatisMxan;². ¬emIl Éksar WTO G/TBT/W258, 26 tula 2005.

BIsþg;darGnþrCati rYmTaMgtMrUvkarsnþisuxCati karkarBarénkarRbtibtþixus karkarBarsuxPaB b¤suvtßiPaB mnusS stV b¤CÍvitrukçCati b¤suxPaB b¤k¾brisßan briyakasmansar³sMxan; b¤ktþaPUmisa®sþepSgeTot nigbBaðabec©kviTüaEdlmansar³sMxan;nana19. c,ab;)ankMNt;sþg;darGnþrCatimYy dUcsþg;darmYycMnYn eTotEdlTTYlsÁal;edayGgÁkarmYy {smaCikPaBEdlebIkcMhsMrab;tMNagmkBIsaFarN³ b¤k¾ÉkCn rbs;shrdæGaemrik ehIyya:gticRKb;smaCik WTO nigEdlfaRtUv)ansnüakñúgskm μPaBTak;Tg sþg;darGnþrCati}20. g> karkRmitkñúgRsuk nigbNþajTIpSar 1- rcnasm<½n§Tak;TgeTAnwgkarplitRsUv karkRmiténRKab;BUC karplitRsUvBwgEp¥kCasMxan;eTAelIBUC. manBUCCaeRcInRbePTEdlpþl; nUvTinñplx<s; nigFnnwgCMgW)anl¥RtUv)anbegáIteLIgedaysßab½nsMxan;²mYycMnYndUcCa CARDI nig Rkumh‘unÉkCn xøHeTot. CARDI begáIt)anBUCcMnYn 37RbePT manCaGaf’ IR66 páarMdYl EsnBiedar EdlBUCTaMgenHmankarniymcUlcitþBIGñkeRbIR)as;CaTIbMput nigBUCmYyRbePTeTotKW nagmøi³ rbs; Rkumh‘unGgÁrksikm μrugerOg KImanPaBl,Il,ajpgEdrkñúgkar naMecjeTAeRkARbeTs. ebIeTaHbICaBUC eRcInRbePTRtUv)anbegáIteLIgk¾eday k¾ksikrenAminTan;TTYlykeRbIR)as;eGay)anTUlMTUlayeLIy BYkKat;enAEtniymeRbIR)as;BUCBIbUraNrbs;Kat; ehIyEtgEtrkSaBUCTaMgenaHsMrab;rdUvdaMduHxagmux eTot21. CaTUeTAkareRbIR)as;BUCBIbUraN EtgEtpþl;pþl;nUvTinñplTabCagBUCEdlEdl)anbegáItfμ I ¬BUCBIbUraNpþl;TinñplEt 2/2etanbu:eNÑaHkñúg 1hicta22 ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgBUCEdleKbegáItfμ I EdlmanTinñplCamFüm BI6 eTA 7 etan kñúg1hicta23¦. müa:gvijeTot ksikr nigRbCaCnExμr

19 19 USC 2532 20 19 USC 2571

21 JICA- JICA )a:n;RbmaNfa RbEhl 4 eTA 5 PaKry énRsUvEdlRbmUl)anRtUv)anTuksMrab;eFVICaBUCbnþ 22 CARDI- kñugkrNImankarRKb;RKgl¥ 23 Young Raab- AQIP ¬KMeragbegáInKuNPaBksikm μ qñaM2002 ¦

enAEtniymcUlcitþRsUvbUraN CaBiessRsUvrdUvvsSa sRmab;kareRbIR)as;pÞal; nigdaMduHRsUv epSgeTot sMrab;eFVIkarnaMecj. GBa©wgehIy eyIgkt;sMKal;eXIjfa enAeBlNabrimaNnaMecjticCagbrimaN eRbIR)as;kñúgRsuk eFVIeGaykareRbIR)as;BUCEdl)anGPivDÆn_fμ I nwgenAmankRmit. karkRmitnUvkareRbIR)as;CI nigfñaMsmøab;stVl¥it TinñplTabGaRs½ymYyEpñkeTAelIkar eRbIR)as;CImin)anl¥24. CakarBitNas; kalNaTinñpl RsUvmankMritTab eKRtUvkarbrimaNCICaeRcInedIm,IbegáInnUvplitPaB. bu:EnþkarEdlGaceRbIR)as;CI)an KWvakRmiteday ehdæarcnasm<½n§ nigbBaðafvika. ksikrCaeRcIn)aneRbIR)as;CIkñúgkrNIEdlBYkKat; manluykat;enAsl;RKb;RKan;Etb:ueNÑaH BIeRBaHEtCImantémøéføKWcab;BI 28>000 eTA 55>000 erol kñúgmYy)avTm¶n; 50 K>k. müa:gvijeTotplvi)akrbs;ksikrkñúgkareRbIR)as;plitplKImI dUcCa CI nigfñaMsmøab;stVl¥it KWedayehtufa viFIENnaMeGayeRbIR)as;eRcInEtsresredayPasabreTs minEmn CaPasaEx μrCaehtueFVIeGayksikrminyl;BIkareRbIR)as;eGay)anRtwmRtUv. ksikrxVHkaryl;dwgGMBI karGnuvtþn_eGay)anRtwmRtUv nigBIeRKaHfñak;epSg²énkarlayplitplKImICamYyKña. elIsBIenaHeTot buKÁlwkbMerIkareGay CARDI )anmanRbsasfa plitplCIxøHK μankarFanaRtwmRtUvBIKuNPaBeLIy BIeRBaHplitplTaMgenaHeRcInEtplitecjBIkEnøgEdleKminsÁal; nigKμankarRtYtBinitüRtwmRtUv nigEtg Etlk;dUredayQμ ÜjxilxUcEdlKμankarTTYlxusRtUv CaehtubNþaleGaymankarxUcxatdl;dMNaMRsUv k¾dUcCaKuNPaBdIFøI. karkRmiténRbB½n§eRsacRsB plitplRsUvPaKeRcInKW)anmkBIRbB½n§plitkmμeRsacRsBedayTwkePøóg. tMbn;daMduHRsUvCag 90°sßitenAkñúgtMbn;valTMnab. eKdaMduHRsUveTAtamRbePTéndIehIynwgGnuelamtamkMriténTwkePøóg. kareRbIR)as;RbB½n§eRsacRsBenAmankMritenAeLIy. manEt13° éntMbn;daMduHRsUvenARsukEx μr b:ueNÑaH EdlmanRbB½n§eRsacRsB b¤k¾GacbMeBjnUvkareRsacRsB)ankñúgrdUvR)aMg ¬ skþanuBlénRbB½n§ SRI

sMrab;km<úCaedayelak Jurgen Anthofer. Ep¥kelIkar)a:n;sμanBITMhMénskþanuBl énRbPB eRsacRsB rbs;RbeTskm<úCaeXIjfa sBVéf¶enHkm<úCaeRbIR)as;RtwmEt 50 - 60 ° b:ueNÑaHénRbPB eRsacRsB.

24 Cambodia-IRRI – KMerag rbs;GU®sþalI qñaM 1999 TMB½r 169

épÞdIrhUtdl;eTA 1/67lan hicta GaceRsacRsB)anBRbsinebIkm<úCaeRbIeGayGs; lT§PaBelIépÞTwk Edlman25. manRbPBxusKñaCaeRcInénRbB½n§eRsacRsBksikmμenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa. eyagtamsßiti pøÚvkar RbB½n§eRsacRsBTaMgGs;RKbdNþb;elIépÞdIrhUtdl; 358>388hicta enAqñaM2003 Edlesμ Inwg10° éntMbn;daMduHTaMgGs;enAkñúgqñaMenaH26. Etya:gNak¾mankarGHGag epSgeTotBIkar sikSarbs;rdæaPi)alEdlfa RbB½n§eRsacRsBenaHmanrhUtdl; 16°. RkumGñksikSaRsavRCavEdl ]btßmeday FnaKarBiPBelak)anEføgfa manRbB½n§reRsacRsB 946 kEnøgkñúgRbeTs km<úCaEdlGacRKbdNþb;elIépÞdI 256>000 hictaenArdUvvsSa nig 143>000 hicta enArdUvR)aMg Edles μ Inwg 2° énépÞdIRbeTskm<úCasrub27. mantMbn;mYycMnYneRbIR)as;RbPBTwkeRkamdIsMrab;kareRsacRsB dUcCa extþéRBEvg extþsVayerog extþtaEkv nigextþ)at;dMbgCaedIm b:uEnþeKeCOfa eRbIR)as;RbPBTwkeRkamdIsMrab; eRsavRsBksikmμ KWminRbesIeLIyedaysarTwkmanKuNPaBTab nigmrimaNminRKb;RKan;28. RksYgFnFanTwk nig]tuniym

MOWRAM bgðajeGayeXIjfakgVHénkarvinieyaKkñúgRbB½n§ eRsacRsBfμI karmankMriténfvika kñúgkarRbtibtþikar nigEfrkSaelIKeRmagEdlmanRsab; kgVHnUvkar RsavRCavksikmμ nigesvaTUlMTUlay kñúgkarCRmujRbBlvb,kmμplitkmμenAkñúgtMbn;eRsacRsB ehIy nwgkgVH»kaskñúgkarTTYl)anplcMeNj BIBaNiC¢km μénplitplksikmμ KWCakarkRmitd¾sMxan;eTAnwg karGPivDÆn_29. bBaðad¾sMxan;EdlelIkeLIgedayksikrCaeRcIn KWkgVHfvika. ksikrRtUvkarfvikaredIm,IBRgIknUv tMbn;daMduH b¤k¾begáInnUvplitPaBrbs;BYkKat;. b:uEnþRbPBénfvikarbs;BYkKat;enAmankMrit. dUecñHksikr minGaccMNayluyCaeRcIneTAelIvalERsrbs;eKeLIyGBa©wgehIyksikrCaeRcIndaMduHRsUvedayBwgEp¥k eTAelIlk½çx½NÐçFmμCatiEtb:ueNÑaH.kñúgkrNIEdlRtUveRbIR)as;luyCabnÞan; ¬dUcCa TijCI fñaMsMlab; stVl¥it ehIyCYnkaleRbIsMrab;kareRsacRsBedIm,Ise®gÁaHRsUvkñúgkrNIraMgs¶Üt¦ CaTUeTAksikr EtgEteTAx©Ibul luyBIBaNiC¢kr Qμ ÜjkNþal b¤k¾m©as;ma:suInkinRsUv EdlRtUvsgRtLb;eTAeKvij Casac;R)ak;

25 kic©smÖasCamYyRkumsikSaRsavRCavrbs; FnaKarBiPBelak enAExkkáda qñaM2002 26 RksUgksikm μ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT / CAMinfo version 2 27 AgriFood Consulting International 28 World Bank Study Team Interview July 2002 29 The Ministry of Water Resource and Meteorology

b¤k¾TUTat;CaRsUvenAeBlEdlRcUtkat;rYc . enAeBlxøH ksikrbgçcitþeTAx©IluyBIGñkcgkar R)ak;kñúgkMriGRta BI 20 eTA 40° kñúgmYyEx EdlGRtaenHCaGRtamYyd¾x<s;30. GRtakarR)ak;x<s; eFVIeGayksikr)at;bg; Gs;enAkMritcMeNjrbs;Kat;. dUecñHkgVHxatnUvfvikareFVIeGayraMgsÞHdl;kar begáIneLIgénplitplRsUv enAkm<úCa.

2- karEkécñGgár nigbBaðaKuNPaB eragma:suInkinRsUv RbtibtþikarkinRsUvk¾rab;faCab;Bak;B½n§pgEdrenAkñúgplitkmμGgárkñúgRbeTskm<úCa eRBaHm©as; eragma:suInCaeRcInCab;Bak;B½n§CamYynwgkareFVIBaNiC¢kmμelIGgár KWBYkKat;CaGñuknaMecjGgáredaypÞal; b:uEnþBYkKat;RbQmmuxnwgkarlM)akmYycMnYnCasMxan; dUcCa³ -kgVHxatmUlFn ³ karKμanmUlFnRKb;RKan;KWCakarraMgsÞHmYyeTAelIlT§PaBrbs;m©as;eragma:suIn kinRsUvkñúgkarRbmUlTijRsUvenAkñúgrdUvRcUtkat;edIm,IsþúkTuk kareFVIeGayRbesIreLIgnUvbec©kviTüakñúgkar kinRsUv kareFVITMenIbkmμeTAelIsmÖar³rbs;BYkeK k¾dUcCakarBRgIknUvsmtßPaBkinRsUv rbs;BYkeKEdr. -KuNPaBRsUvTab ³ RsUvCaeRcInRtUv)aneFVImkBIBUCcMruHCaeRcInRbePT elIsBIenaHeTotK μan karEfrkSa)anl¥eRkayBIRcUtkat;rYc CaBiess karhalsMgYtmin)anRKb;RKan; EdlCaehtueFVIeGay karkinmankMrit)ak;x<s;EdleFVIeGaykarlk;enAkñúgTIpSarmin)anl¥. -bec©kviTüakinRsUvmankMritTab ³ eragma:suInkinRsUvPaKeRcInenAeRbIR)as;]bkrN_cas;² hYssm½yenAeLIyeFVIeGayGRtaGgárEdl)anmkmankMritTabebIeFobeTAnwgRbeTsCitxag ¬sUmemIl taragelx 15¦ . manEteragma:sIunkinRsUv BIrEtb:ueNÑaH KW mYyCarbs; Rkumh‘unGgÁrksikmμrugerOg nigmYyeTotCarbs; Rkumh‘unEm:n sarun Edlcat;Tukfamansþg;dax<s; nig manma:suInTMenIb b:uEnþenA minTan;bMeBj)antamtRmUvkarrbs;sþg;daBiPBelakenAeLIy CaBiesskarb:UlIGgáreGaysl¥ EdlRtUv karfvikaCaeRcInsRmab;TijsmÖar³TMenIb²TaMgenaH. -témøEkécñx<s; ³ témøénkarkinRsUvCaGgármankMritx<s;ebIeFobCamYynwgRbeTsCitxag edaysarEttémøeRbg nig GKÁIsnIenAkñúgRsukeyIgx<s;. 30 World Bank Study Team Interview July 2002

-lT§PaBcUlkñúgTIpSarTab ³ m©as;eragma:suInkinRsUvTaMgLay xVHlT§PaBkñúgkarlk;cUl eTAkñúgTIpSarBiPBelakBIeRBaHEtminGacbMeBj)aneTAtamtRmUvkarkm μg;TijCaRbcaMrbs;GtifiCn. eTaHbICaKat;GacrkTIpSar)ank¾edayk¾Kat;mankarBi)akkñúgkarrkGgárEdlmanKuNPaB nigbrimaN RKb;RKan;edIm,IbMeBjtRmUvkarbBa¢aTijrbs;GtifiCnEdr31. elak enA saerOn CaGnuRbFan EpnkarénRkumh‘un Em:n sarun )anmanRbsasn_fa karEsVgrkTIpSarminEmnCabBaðaeT b:uEnþbBaða sMxan; KWeyIgminGacpÁt;pÁg;eTAtamtRmUvkarTIpSar)an. dUecñHeyIgeXIjfa brimaNénkarpÁt;pÁg;minzitesßr KWCarnaMgmYycMeBaHTIpSarnaMecjGgárrbs;km<úCa. GñkpÁt;pÁg;Ggár nigQ μ ÜjnaMecjRbQmnwgbBaðadUcKñaKWkarEsVgrkbrimaNGgárRKb;RKan;edIm,I eFVIkar naMecj. bBaðaenHEsþgecjmkBIPaBTn;exSayénkarRKb;RKg nigmeFüa)ayplitnanadUcCa RbB½n§eRsac RsB RbB½n§RbLaybgðÚrTwkecj PaBRKb;RKan;énsmÖar³ksikmμ nigbec©kviTüaCaedIm. -cMeNHdwgTIpSarmankMNt; ³ kgVHxaténBt’man niglkçx½NÐnanaéntRmUvkarTIpSar KWCakar kRmitmYyepSgeTot sMrab;GñknaMecj nigm©as;eragma:sIunCaeRcInkñúgvis½yCMnYjGgárenH

taragTI15³ GRtaénkarpøas;bþÚrBIRsUveTACaGgÁr

RbeTs GRtapøas;bþÚr

RbeTs Lav RbeTs PUma RbeTs km<úCa RbeTs evotNam RbeTs éf RbeTs cin RbeTs étva:n; RbeTs Cb:un

0/60 0/62 0/63 0/65 0/66 0/70 0/73 0/73

31 bTsmÖas CamYyelak enA saerOn GnuRbFanEpnkarRkumh‘un Em:n sarun naMecj naMcUl lImItFIt

RbPB ³ FnaKarBiPBelak¼karGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCn¼dMeNaHRsaykarGPivDÆn_CasklTaMg 24 tMbn; GasuIxagekIt nig)a:suIPik (LLC)

karrkSaTuk karsþúkTukGgár KWBi)akNas; vamingayRsYldUcCakarsþúkRsUveLIy eyIgminGacrkSaGgárTuk )anyUreLIy edaysareyIxVHbec©kviTüa GgárcaM)ac;RtUvEtTijehIyeRbIPøam ¬Rbsasn_rbs;elak enA saerOn¦. taMgBIedImmk GgárExñreyIgminGacRbKYtRbECgCamYyRbeTs naMecjdéTeTot)an eLIyeRBaHGgáreKGacrkSaTuk)anry³eBlyUrCageyIg. müa:geTotEx μreyIgenAminTan;man]bkrN_ sMrab;sþúkGgárTukeLIy eRBaHQ μ ÜjTaMgLayminTan;manFnFanvinieyaKeTAelIXøaMgsþúkTaMgenaH.

3- TMnak;TMngrvag TIpSar nig Gñkplit eTaHbIeKemIleXIjfakm<úCa CaRbeTsEdlplitRsUvehIykarnaMecjRsUvGacCYybegáInnUv esdæic©rbs;xøÜnd¾sMxan;k¾eday k¾km<úCaenARbQmnwgbBaðasMxan;²mYycMnYnTaMgkarplit nigTIpSar. ksikrEx μrPaKeRcIneFVIERssMrab;Etb®gÁb;karhUbcukenAñúgRKYsarEtb:ueNÑaH RbkarenHehIyEdleFVIeGay brimaNRsUvsMrab;eFVIkarnaMecjxVHxat. müa:gvijeTotksikrEtgEteFVIRsUvBIBUCBIburaNrbs;xøÜnsMrab; EtbMeBjtMrUvkarhUbcukkñúgRsukEtb:ueNÑaH ehIyBYkKat;lk;RsUvEtkñúgkrNIEdlsl;BIkarhUbcuk b¤enA eBlEdlKat;RtUvkarluybnÞan;Etbu:eNÑaH. BYkKat;minEdlmanbMNgfaeFVIERsedIm,I)anRsUvlk;eLIy. müa:gvijeTot edaysarEtkgVHxaténmeFüa)aydwkCBa¢ÚnRbB½n§rcnasm<½n§RTuDeRTam dUcCapøÚvsMrab; eFVIkardwkCBa¢ÚnlM)akCaedIm .l. ksikrEtgEtlk;RsUvrbs;xøÜneTAGñkRbmUlTij b¤eTAm©as;eragma:suIn kinRsUvenAkEnøgEdleKRbmUlplenaHEtmþg EdlBwgEp¥keTAelItémøEdlGñkTijCaGñkkMNt;. ktþaTaMgenHsreGayeXIjfa ksikrPaKeRcInmin)andwgGMBIBt’mantRmUvkarTIpSarEdlrYmman RbePTén RsUv Ggár KuNPaB k¾dUcCatémøpgEdr.

4- témøénkardwkCBa¢Ún nigtémøTukdak;kñúgXøaMg manc,ab;nigbTbBaØtimYycMnYndak;ecjsRmab;RtYtBinitünUvmeFüa)aydwkCBa¢Ún dUcCa³

-GnuRkwtüsþIBIkarkMritTm¶n;GtibrimaényanynþeFVIdMeNIelIpøÚvCati

-RbkassþIBI R)ak;Bin½yelIrfynþEdlpÞúkelIsTm¶n;enAelIpøÚv -GnuRkitüTak;TgeTAnwgkarrMlay nigkarbegáItb:usþiRtYtBinitüenAtambeNþayRBMEdn edIm,I

RtYtBinitükarecjcUltamRckRBMEdn tampøÚveKak pøÚvrfePøIg pøÚvTwk nigpøÚvGakas enAkñúg RBHraCaNacRkm<úCa KWsßitenAkñúgkarBinitüemIl. Pñak;garEdlTTYlxusRtUvelIkic©karenHman b:UlIsCati eyaFa Pñak;garkaMkugRtUl Pñak;garKy nigrdæakr Pñak;garGnam½yrukçCatiRKb;RbePT nigPñak;gar RtYtBinitüfñaMeBTü. cMNucRtYtBinitüTaMgenH)anbegáIteLIgenAtamRBMEdn nigTIRkugCaeRcInedIm,IBinitü emIlnUvcracrrbs;mnusS nigTMnijepSg²32. karbegáItb:usþiRtYtBinitüCaeRcIndUcenHeFVIeGayGñkrksuI RtUvbg;luyCaeRcIneTAeGayPñak;garTaMgenaHCaehtueFVIeGaytémøplitplkat;EteLIgéføEfmeTot . bu:EnþcMnYnluyEdl)anbg;eGayeTAPñak;garTaMgenaHmin)anbeBa©jeGaydwgeLIy. ehdæarcnasm<½n§ edaysarsßanPaBpøÚvlM)akenAkñúgkm<úCa eFVIeGaykardwkCBa¢ÚnplRsUvBIkEnøgdaMduHeTAkan; TIpSarmantémøx<s;. kgVHxatRbsiT§iPaBehdæarcnasm<½n§dwkCBa¢Ún edaysarRbeTskm<úCaBwgEp¥kelIkar naMcUleRbgTaMgRsugBIxageRkA. müa:geTottémødwkCBa¢Únx<s;k¾bNþalmkBIR)ak;sMNUknigBn§eRkApøÚvkar pgEdr. cMNayeRkApøÚvkaresμ Inwg 57° éntémødwkCBa¢ÚnTaMgGs; 33. )an)a:n;RbmaNfa kareFVI eGayRbesIeLIgénehdæarcnasm<½n§nwgkat;bnßyéføedImehUtdl;eTA 30-40° 34. témøénkardwkCBa¢ÚnenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCaRtUv)aneKKwtfaCatémømYyx<s;EdlCa]bsKÁmYysMrab;kareFVIBaNiC¢km μTaMgkñúg nigeRkARbeTs. témødwkCBa¢Úntamnava CatémømYyéføbMputenAkñúgtMbn; Edl éføCagRbeTséfcMnYn 4 dg ebIKitelIkardwkCBa¢ÚnkñúgkMritdUcKña35. Rkumh‘unGgÁrksikm μruerOg seRmcminBRgIkTIpSarnaMecjrbs;xøÜneTA shrdæGaemrik edaysarEttémødwkCBa¢Úntamk)a:l;BIkMBg;Ep km<úCaeTAshrdæGaemrikRtUv)anhamXat; nigmüa:gnwg)at;Gs;plcMeNjrbs;Rkumh‘un36. témødwkCBa¢ÚnénplitplRsUv 32 - JICA 33 Trade Liberalization impact of rice on Cambodia – Oxfam – 03 Nov 2005 34 Food and Agriculture Organization 1997 35 FAS-USDA ,op cit., p. 11 36 Trade Liberalization impact of rice on Cambodia – Oxfam – 03 Nov 2005

éfødwkCBa¢ÚnBIPñMeBj eTAkMBg;EpRkugRBHsIhnu ¬kugtWn½r 20 hVIt¦ KitCaduløaGaemrik 1-rfynþ 140 duløa 2-éføbg;pøÚv ¬pøÚvCatielx4¦ 13/86 duløa 3-éføEsán kugtWn½r 50 duløa 4-éføelIkdak;k)a:l; 87 duløa 5-éføRtYtBinitürbs;Ky 150 duløa 6-éføRtYtBinitürbs;kaMkugRtUl 120 duløa srub 560/86 duløa RbPB³ bTsmÖaseRkApøÚvkarCamYyRkumh‘undwkCBa¢Ún

5- ma:XItFIg eTaHbIkm<úCa)anplitGgárelIsBItRmUvkarrhUtdl; 568>563/9 etan ehIyeKalneya)ay fμ Irbs;rdæaPi)al)anykcitþTukdak;eTAelIbBaðama:XItFIgrbs;Ggár dUcCa kardkecjnUvkarkMNt;elI brimaNnaMcUl naMecj nigkarlb;bM)at;TaMgRsugnUv viBaØabnb½Rt naMecjk¾eday k¾karnaMecjGgár rbs;km<úCaCYbnUvkarlM)akepSg²eTotEdr. km<úCaenAminTan;GacQreFVICaGñknaMecjsMrab;TIpSar GnþrCati )aneT. TIpSarGgárrbs;xøÜnEtgEtTTYlnUvkarb:HBal;edaypÞal;BIsßanPaBTIpSarrbs;RbeTs Citxagrbs; xøÜnEdlCaGñknaMecjGgárd¾sMxan;. TIpSarGgárenARsukExñrenAminTan;mankarerIkcMerIn enAeLIyeT KWCa TIpSarmYyEdltUc nigmankMrit. TaMgenHKWedaysarEtRbeTskm<úCaminGacpÁt;pÁg; )annUvkarbBa¢aTijd¾FM nigCaGcié®nþy_ BIGtifiCneRkARbeTs EdleFVIeGayGtifiCnminGaceCOCak; eTAelIkarlT§PaBénkar pÁt;pÁg;. témøGgárenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCaKWminzitesßreLIy ehIyEtgEteLIgcuH² ehIyEdltémøenH minkMNtedayTIpSarkñúgRsukeLIy EtpÞúyeTAvijKWtémøGgárénRbeTsCitxagEdlCaGñkkMNt;d¾sMxan; elItémøGgárenAkñúgkm<úCa37.

37 Trade Liberalization impact of rice on Cambodia – Oxfam – 03 Nov 2005

KuNPaBGgárenAkñúgRsukEx μr KWminTan;dl;kMritsþg;darEdlRtUvkareLIy enHKIedaysarEtkMrit bec©kviTüanig]bkrN_EkécñenATabeLIy. EteTaHCaya:gNakñúgdMNak;kalenHenAminTan;man eKal- neya)ayNamYysMrab;eFVIkareRCamERCg b¤eFVIeGayRbesIwLIgnUv]bkrN_sMrab;ma:suInkinRsUveLIy38. karvinieyaKBIbreTselIvis½yeragma:suInkinRsUv tRmUveGaymankarcUlrYmedayes μ IPaKKñaBIGñkkñúgRsuk dUcCaeRKagkarrYmTunKñaCaedIm. bc©úb,nñenHmanEtRbCaCnEx μrEtb:ueNaÑaHEdlmankmμsiT§kñúg]sSakmμ eragma:suInkinRsUvEdlmanrab;Ban;manTMrg;CashRKaskinRsUvxñattUc nigmFüm. PaKeRcInén shRKaskinRsUvTaMgenaH KWCakm μsiT§iRKYsarEdlcuHbBa¢IenAGCJaFrmUldæanCaGgÁPaBGCIvkm μ. bNaþaj EbgEckGgárkm<úCa BuMrIkraldalb:un μaneT ehIyGñknaMecjGgárkm<úCa Canic©Cakallk;plitplrbs;xøÜn EttamryHQμ ÜjkNþalEdlrkeXIjGtifiCnedayxøÜnÉg.

c> CMerIsneya)ay b¤]bkrN¾ edIm,ICMrujkarnaMecjGgár ¬elak can; b‘unñivtþn_ elak kan; visidæ nigelak Ey:m supl¦ 1- PaBRbkYtRbECgkñúgRsuk ktþaGMeNayplTak;TgnwgBaNiC¢kmμ KYrEtbnþrTTYlykkargar nigkarRKb;RKgd¾manRbsiT§iPaB EdlCab;Tak;Tg kñúgkarkMENTMrg;dIFøI EdlBak;Bn½§nwgsm,TandIsgÁmkic© nigdIsm,Tanesdækic© BIeRBaHviFankarN_TaMgenHnwgRtUv)anRbmUlpþMú kMlaMgTUTaMgRbeTsedIm,IeRbIR)as;dIsMrab;plitkmμ. eRkABIenaH viFankarN¾TaMgGs;enHRtUvEtBRgwgedIm,I begáIt nigRbtibtþiénbTbBaØati tTl;nwgGñkqe)akykdIFøI nigFanasnþisuxdIFøI nigRTBüsm,tþirbs; GñkpÁt;pÁg;RsUvFuntUc nigmFüm.

TaMgGs;enHBak;Bn½§nwgkarpSBVpSaykareRbIR)asCIKImIksikmμ EdlGacCaviPaKTanedIm,IbegáIn plitkmμ nigTMhMBaNiC¢km μ eTaHbICaéføedImTinñn½ybBa©Úlx<s;k¾eday CaBiesséføCIKImI nigfñaMsMlab;stVl¥it ¬sUmemIlCMBUkTI2¦. plb:HBal;FMeFg nigry³eBlEvgénkareRbIR)as;CIKImIksikmμ KYrRtUvKitKUrBicarNa kñúgkarvaytMéléføedIm nigGtßRbeyaCn_rbs;va edayemIleTAelIkMeNInesdækic© nigeRKaHfñak;dl;suxPaB mnusS nigbrisßankñúgRbeTs. fVIebIsMNYrebIkcMhrCaeRcInenAEtGegátedayGñkRsavRCav cMeBaHkareRbI R)as;CIKImI nigfñaMsMlab;stVl¥itenAeLIyk¾eday k¾kareRbIR)as;CIKImI nigfñaMsMlab;stVl¥itd¾smRsbmYy 38 Economic Institute of Cambodia 4 January-March, 2004

)anbgðajCaPsþútagénkarGnuvtþn_d¾manRbeyaCn_mYyEdlKYrEtRtUvCMruj nigRtUvEtbBa©ÚlenAkñúgplitkm μ RsUvmYycMnYn.

b:uEnþenAkEnøgEdlsmRsb nigmanlkçN³esdækic© kareRbIR)as;viFIsa®sþplitkm μRsUvtamRbBl vb,kmμ (SRI) nigkareRbI)as;BUCRsUvRkGUb dUcCanagmøiH EdlGMeNaypleGaymankarekIneLIgén plitkmμCamYynwgkarkat;bnßykareRbIR)as;CIKImIksikm μy:agnak¾eday k¾GacRtUvemIleXIjpgEdrfa plitkmμTaMgenaHmanéføedImx<s;mYy (Juergen Anthofer, 2004) nigRtUvkarlkçx½NÐbrisßan nigRKb;RKgl¥ ehIycMNayeBlEfrTaMeRcInCag ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgviFIsa®sþepSgeToténplikm μRsUvEbbRbéBNI. b:uEnþedayeyaleTAelIsuxPaBGñkeRbIR)as; nigbrisßan RbB½n§RsUvRbBlvb,km μ (SRI) nigBUCRsUvRkGUb dUcCa nagmøiH KYrRtUvBicarNaedayRbugRbyt½ñpgEdr kñúgkarBRgIkBUCRsUvenHTUTaMgRbeTs eTATINaEdl dIsMbUredayCICati Gacpþl;briyakaslUtlas;RKab;RKan;sMrab;RbB½n§RsUvRbBlvb,km μ (SRI) enH.

karerobcMdI CabBaðasMxan;mYy sMrab;GñkplitRsUvkm<úCa ebIeyagtamkarcMNayelIeRbgsaMg nigGRtakarR)ak; kñúgkrNIkareRbIR)as;Rtak;T½r b¤k¾\NTankñúgkarTijeKamkeRbIR)as;. b:uEnþkñúglkçx½NÐ ]tþmPaBeRbobeFobénTinñplkareRbIR)as;Rtak;T½r KWx<s;CagkareRbIR)as;eKacMeBaHplitkmμRsUv. ehtu dUecñH edIm,IbegáInPaBRbkYtRbECgénGñkpÁt;pÁg;RsUvkm<úCakñúgRbBn½§BaNiC¢kmμskl ksikrkm<úCatUc² KYrbegáItTMrg;GgÁkarfμI² dUcCashKmn_ksikrCaedIm EdlGac[BYkeKTTYl)anGtßRbeyaCn_ BIIsmahrnþ km μkñúgRbBn½§BaNiC¢km μTIpSarGgárBiPBelak. kñúgkrNIenH cMeBaHtMbn;EdldIRtUv)aneRbIR)as;y:agTUlM TUlay karbegáIténshKmn_ksikrGaccat;Ecgedaysmehtupl nigGaceGaymannUvlT§PaBx<s;mYy sMrab;karTij b¤k¾CYlnUvRtak;T½redIm,IeRbIR)as;sMrab;karerobcMdI nigsMrab;eFVIeGayRbesIreLIgpgEdrnUv plitPaB nigTinñplenAkñúgshKmn_rbs;eK.

plitPaBBlkmμkm<úCa enAEtmankMritTabenAeLIy ebIeRbobeFob eTAnwgGñkRbkYtRbECgkñúgtMbn; nigGnþrCati. plitPaBBlkmμTabGacCaEpñkmYyeFVIeGaymanTinñplTabénTinñplRsUv EdlCamUlehtu bNþal[TMhMénkarnaMecjGgárkm<úCakñúgtMbn; nigkñúgRbB½n§BaNiC¢kmμGgárGnþrCatienAmankMritTab. ksidæantUc² b¤bNþaksikrmancMeNHdwgTab nwgminGacbegáItnUvkargard¾manplitPaBRKb;RKan;sMrab; karekIneLIgnUvkMlaMgBlkm μ kñúgplitkmμRsUvkm<úCa k¾dUcCaBaNiC¢km μenaHeLIy. karbegáItkarbNþúH bNþalkñúgtMbn; nigkarKaMRTsßab½nEdlBak;B½n§ k¾dUcCakarbegáInesvakmμpSBVpSaykñúgtMbn; edIm,ICYyksikr

KWsMxan;Nas;sMrab;begáInsmtßPaBrbs;Kat; nigplitPaBénplikm μRsUv k¾dUcCaBaNiC¢kmμRsUvenAkñúg RbeTs. kareFVI[RbesIreLIgnUvkarebIkcMhrd¾smrmüenAkñúgkareFVIhirBaØbTaneTAksikr edIm,I[BYkKat; manRck;Gnuvtáksikmμd¾smrmü nigedIm,IbegáItnUvRbBn½§Farasa®sþtUc²pÞal;xøÜnrbs;Kat; k¾GacedIrtYnaTId¾ sMxan;pgEdr edIm,IbegáInkarpÁt;pÁg; nigkarnaMecjplitplGgárkm<úCaEdlbc©úb,nñenAmankMritTabenaH.

shKmn_ksikr KWCaGgÁkarmUldæanshKmn_mYyd¾sMxan;bMput EdlGacCYyBenøÓndMeNIrkar GPivDÆn_kñúgtMbn;CnbT. RKb;GñkBak;Bn½§TaMgGs; RtUvEtCMruj b¤pþl;karelIkTwkcitþkñúgkarbegáItshKmn_ ksikrenAtamextþ nigtMbn; ehIyelIkTwkcitþsßabn½Bak;Bn½§ eGaycat;viFankarCak;EsþgGPivDÆn_shKmn_ TaMgenaH edIm,InwgepÞrbec©kviC¢afμ I² Bt’manBIsßanPaBTIpSar nigbBaðaBak;Bn½§epSg²eTot. eRkABIenH shKmn_TaMgenH k¾CYyRKb;sßabn½Bak;Bn½§nana gayRsYlTTYl)annUvsMNUmBr edIm,InwgriHrkmeFüa)aykñúg karGPivDÆn_.

sUcnkrN_ma:RkUesdækic©sMxan;²mYycMnYn dUcCa éfø nigGRtabþÚrR)ak; EdlGacCH\T§iBlpgEdrdl; lMhUrBaNiC¢kmμGgárkm<úCa nigTinñ½ybBa©ÚlepSg²Edl)aneRbIR)as;sMrab;plitkm μ KYrRtUvRbugRbyt½ñeFVIkar sMrbsMrYl nigKaMRTedayviFanma:RkUesdækic©mYycMnYn EdlGacTb;bgçaMgdl;sUcnkrN_TaMgenH BMueGay Gnþray b¤k¾rMxandl;BaNiC¢km μGgárkm<úCa.

viFanBak;Bn½§nwgBaNiC¢kmμ ¬PaKIpÁt;pÁg;¦ bc©úb,nñKYrEtBRgwgkar]btßmÖkñúgRsuksMrab;plitkmμRsUv CaBiesssMrab;GñkplitGgásrIragÁ. kar

]btßmÖenH GacCakarelIkElgBn§cMNUl nig VAT elITinñ½ybBa©ÚlksikmμEdlGacCYybegáInplitPaB nigRbsiT§iPaB cMeBaHplitkmμRsUv EdlGacCMrujPaBRbkYtRbECg nigbegáInbrimaNnaMecjGgárkm<úCa. karelIkElgelIBn§elIdIsMrab;ksikmμ nigkarelIkElgBn§cMNUlrbs;ksikr Edlbc©úb,nñRtUvcat;fñak; Cakar]btßmÖcMNUlEdlmanlkçN³pþac;karsm,Tannana ¬decoupled income supports¦ BIrdæaPi)al (Green Box)enaH KYrRtUvrkSarTuk nigk¾b:uEnþRbmUlpþMúEteTAelIépÞdIEdlbc©úb,nñkMBugeRbIR)as;b:ueNÑaH BIeRBaH viFanTaMgenHGacb:HBal;CaviC¢mansMrab;RbeTsedIm,IbgVilépÞdIEdlBMumanplitPaB eGayeTACaépÞdIEdl manplitPaBvij nigedIm,IbegáInR)ak;cMNUlrbs;rdæ.

GVIEdleyIg)anraykrN¾enACMBUkTI2 rdæaPi)alkm<úCa )aneFVIkarBak;Bn½§CaeRcInRbePT énkar]btßmÖ epSg² edIm,IelIkTwkcitþkarGPivDÆn_ksikmμ nigCnbT ehIymankar]btßmÖRTg;RTaytUc²epSgeTot (Blue

Box) EdlGacemIleXIjdUcCakarpþl;\NTanedaymanGRtakarR)ak;TabsMrab;GñkplitRsUv kar]btßmÖ BUCEdlmanKuNPaB nigRbBn½§eRsacRsb; . l . viFan]btßmÖFnkñúgRsukTaMgenH KYrEtcat;TukCaGT§iPaB nigBRgIkeTAtMbn;EdlRbQmmuxnwgkarxVHxatRbBn½§eRsacRsb; Tun nigbec©kviC¢asmRsb.

kar]btßmÖEpñkFnFanTwk KWCatRmUvkarénvis½yCaeRcInrbs;esdækic©. sm<aFd¾FMelIFnFanTwk Edl)anekIneLIgedaykMeNInskm μPaBkarGPivDÆn_esdækic© KWCYbRbTHkMLúgrdUvR)aMg b¤k¾karBnüardUvR)aMg d¾Evg enAeBlEdlhaniP½yénkarbMBulbrisßanmankMritx<s;xøaMg nigmüa:gvijeTot karmanTwkhYsRbmaN enAkñúgkMLúgrdUvePøóg begáItCamUlehtuCn;elc EdlnaMeTA[)at;bg;CIvit ehIyxUcxatCivPaBrs;enA nigbNþaleGayman]iPaBdl;plitkñúgRsukCatisrub GDP. GaTi§PaBnana sMrab;BicarNaeTAelIRbB½n§ eRsacRsb; KWCabunnItism,Ta nigkarsßabnaeLIgvijénRbBn½§eRsacRsb; nigRbBn½§bgðÚTwkEdlmanRsab; CaBiessenAtamtMbn;Edl]b,tþiehtuPaBRkIRkxøaMg nigtambeNþayRBMEdn karBRgIksmtßPaBépÞsþúkTwk nigkarCMrujbec©kviC¢aRbmUlFnFanTwk karCMrujkaeeRbIR)as;d¾manRbsiT§iPaB nigecrPaBénRbPBTwkkñúgdI enAkñúgtMbn;EdlmankarxVHxatTwk eFVIkarGPivDÆ nigGnuvtþviFankarTb;sáat;TwkCMnn; nigPaBhYtEhg nigkarRKb;RKgTwksMrab;ksikm μ BRgwg nigBRgIkshKmn_ksikreRbIR)as;Twk nigCMrujeGaysmRsb ehIy manRbsiT§iPaBénkarRKb;RKgGagTenø nigRbBn½§EbgEckFnFanTwk. cMNucmYykñúgcMeNamTidæPaBmanRbeyaCn_CaeRcInénkarbegáInplikm μRsUvkm<úCa nigpÁt;pÁg;Ggár KWCakarGPivDÆn_vis½yfamBlEfmeTot edIm,IeqøIytbTan;eTAnwgtRmUvkarGKÁisnIsMrab;vis½yksikm μ. karbegáIt[manfamBlkñúgRsuk karbBa¢Ún nigRbBn½§Eckcay cat;TukCatRmUvkarcaM)ac;bMputsMrab; shKmn_CnbT nigkMeNInesdækic©. karbegáItfamBl nigkareFVI[mantémøéføedImGKÁisnITab GacCakar kat;bnßyéføedIménplitkm μkñúgvis½yGgár nigéføedIménkarRbtibtþiénvis½yepSg²eTotEdlBak;Bn½§CamYy BaNiC¢km μGgárkm<úCa. edIm,IsMerc)ansmiT§iplTaMgenH eKRtUvEtBicarNaeFVIesrIkmμnUvkarbegáItfamBl RKb;RbePT nigvis½yGKÁisnI RBmTaMgRbBn½§Eckcayrbs;va.

\NTanCnbTCasmasFatupSMmYysMxan; sMrab;karGPivDÆn_CnbT CaBiesssMrab;kar]btßmÖ plitkmμRsUv nigkarbegáIt RBmTaMgkarBRgIkBaNiC¢km μrbs;va. mUlniFieRcIneTotnwgRtUvkarCacaM)ac; edIm,IeqøIytbxøH²eTAnwgtRmUvkard¾FMeFgsMrab;\NTanCnbT. bBaðaRbQmmuxsMxan;bMput KWrkmeFüa)ay nigviFIedaytamryHmeFüa)ay nigviFIenaH \NTanCnbTGaceFVI[GRtakarR)ak;TabCageBlbc©úb,nñ

¬48° RbcaMqñaM¦. edIm,IFanakarbegáIn\NTan nigkarebIkcMhreGaygayRsYldl;GñkRksMrab;karTTYl )an\NTan CaBiessedIm,IbMNgbegáInplitPaBplitkm μ TaMgGs;enH KWGacRtUvmanviFankarmYycMnYn edIm,IBRgIk nigkat;bnßykarbg;tMéld¾x<s;én\NTanCnbT edaytamryHkarrukrk nigCMrujsßab½nnana dUcCaRkumeRbIR)as;snSM nigshkrN¾CaedImEdl)ansÁal;y:agc,as;enAkñúgEpñkxøHenAGasIu karepÞr NGOs EdlkMBugeFVIkic©karenH eGayeTACaRbtibtþikrhirBaØvtßúEdl)ancuHbBa¢IRtwmRtUv BRgwgkarRKb;RKgdl;sßab½n TaMgenHedIm,IFanafaBYkeKeKarBtamsþg;dar nigkat;bnßyGRtakarR)ak;TUeTAtamry³karGnuvtþn_d¾l¥bMput dUcCaneya)ayrbs;rdæaPi)alsMrab;RbGb;BN_exov (Blue Box). müa:geTot km<úCaRtUvEteFVI[RbesIreLIg nUvbriyakasvinieyaK nigbnþrya:gskm μkñúgkareFVIesrIkmμ nigeKarBeTAtamRbRBwtþikm μCatidl;RKb; GñkvinieyaKTunbreTs CaBiessdl;GñkvinieyaKTunEpñkhirBaØvtßúRKb;RbePT.

2- pllM)akkñúgRsuk nigbNþajTIpSar ehdæarcnasm<½n§ RbB½n§eRsacRsb; BUC CIKImI nigfñaMsMlab;stVl¥it RtUv)anemIleXIjfaman

tYnaTIy:agsMxan;kñúgplitkmμRsUv eRkABIbec©kviC¢aEdl)anrkeXIjxøH². dUecñH edIm,IelIkkMBs;plitkm μRsUv k¾dUcCakarnaMecjGgár viFanmYycMnYnEdlTak;TgnwgkaredaHRsayplvi)akkñúgRsuk KYrEtRtUvKitKUrBicarNa . raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa RtUvbnþrkarBüayamrbs;xøÜnya:gmutmaM kñúgkarsnüaksagRbB½n§ehdæarcnasm<½n§ tP¢ab;BITIRkugeTACnbTEdlmanskþanuBl nig]tþmPaBeRbobeFobx<s;kñúgkarplitRsUv.

RksYgksikm μ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT )anshkarCamYy naykdæankaMkugRtUl énRksYgBaNiC¢km μ KYrcat;viFankarCak;EsþgcuHEqkeq nigRtYtBinitürk[eXIjGñkEdleFVIBaNiC¢km μlk;dUrCIKImIEkøgkøay EdleFVI[xatbg;fvikaksikr k¾dUckar)at;bg;KuNPaBdI nigKuNPaBGgár. RKb;GñknaMecjGgár RtUvEtcgCa cegáamEdlGac[BYkeKBRgwgxøÜneK edIm,IFanapÁt;pÁg;TaMgKuNPaB nigbrimaN ehIymansmtßPaBRbkYt RbECgCamYyGñknaMecjbreTs dUcBaküesøakEx μrfa {samKÁICakMlaMg}. rdæaPi)al RtUvEtcat;viFankarN_ mYycMnYn edIm,IGnþraKmn_ GMBIGVIEdlKitfaCakarRbkYtRbECgminyutþFm_ EdlRbBwtþedayBaNiC¢krmYycMnYn CaBiessskmμPaBkñúgkarRbmUlTijRsUvBIBaNiC¢kreRkARbeTs dUcCaBYkBaNiC¢krevotNamCaedIm. skmμPaBminyutþiFm_enH CaeRKaHfñak;d¾FMmYy nigeFIVeGayxUcxatcMeBaHBaNiC¢krRtwmRtUv ¬Rkumh‘un GgÁrksikmμrugerOg)antva:GMBIbBaðaenH¦. CabEnßmeTot raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa RtUvEtcat;viFankarN_edIm,I

Gnuvtþkic©RBmeRBog Gnam½y nigPUtþKamGnam½y nigr)aMgbec©keTsBaNiC¢km μkñúgkareFVIBaNiC¢kmμén plitplGgár.

PaBxVHxatkñúgkarKaMRTesvakmμksikm μ nigkarEckcayBt’mansþIBIéføelITIpSar nigtMrUvkarKuNPaB BUCfμ I² nigeFVI[RbesIreLIgnUvplitkm μ nigbec©kviC¢a )anRtUvraraMgedaysarEtkarecHdwgTab PaBxVHxatkñúg karTMnak;TMngépÞkñúg nigRck;eTArkBt’mannUvmankMNt;. pllM)akénkarpSBVpSay nigkarpþl;Bt’man RtUveFVIeGaylM)akbEnßmeTotedaysarEtPaBxVHxatnUvsþg;darKuNPaB EdleFVI[GñkplitRsUvmankar enOyNayCamYynwgbBaðaTinñ½ybBa©ÚlksikmμTaMgenH. dUcKñaenHEdr sMrab;GñkplitRsUv KWmankalanuvDÆ PaBd¾mankMNt;edIm,I kMNt;TMgn; nigsMeNImCak;lak; nigkareFVIBaNiC¢km μplitplrbs;BYkeK. shKmn_ GñkplitRsUv smaKmksikr nigviTüasßanRsavRCav GacCYyelIkeLIgnUvpllM)akEdlBak;B½n§TaMgenaH kñúgkMLúgeBlEdlpþl;Bt’man nigkarKaMRTesvakmμdl;BYkeK edayCamYynwgkarbg;tMélTabmYy. kñúgry³ eBlEvg karbegáInnUvkarRbkYtRbECg nigtMrUvkaredIm,IkarBarekrþieQ μaH Gacpþl;karelIkTwkcitþd¾xøaMgxøa cMeBaHGñkplitGgár nigBaNiC¢krGgár eFVIkaredayes μaHRtg;CamYyGñkplitRsUv.

karEkécñplitplksikm μ nigma:XItTIg KWPaKeRcInmanTMrg;mineTAtamnitiviFIRtwmRtUv elIkElgEt GñkplitGgárFM². plitplksikm μeFVIcracrBIGñkplitRsUvtUc² eTAGñkeRbIR)as;edayrh½s nigsmrmü ehIytamry³karEckcaytUc²enH )anbgðajfakarsþúkTuk nigehfarcnasm<n½§Ekécñ manPaBtUcbMputenA kñúgRbeTs. Gñkplit GacnaMykRsUvedaypÞal;eTAkan;TIpSarkñúgtMbn;edayxøÜnÉg b¤k¾lk;[GñkRbmUlTij ¬Q μ ÜjkNþal¦ EdlGacnaMRsUvnaHeTAeGayGñklk;raykñúgTIpSarFM² CaBiessenAPñMeBj. manshRKas lk;dMumYycMnYn BiesscMeBaHGgárEdlGacRtUv)andwkCBa¢ÚneTAbNþaextáepSg b¤naMecjeTAlk;[RbeTséf nigevotNam b:uEnþeTaHbIy:agNak¾edayTegVIenH Carbs;shRKasminpøÚvkar ehIyCajwkjab;KμankEnøg Rbtibtþi nigTIkEnøgsþúkTukCak;lak;cMeBaHRsUvenaHeLIy. b:uEnþkm<úCa )anGPivDÆn_l¥pgEdrnUvRbB½n§ BaNiC¢km μ nigkarEkécñksikmμxñattUc b¤TMhMtUc nigTMrg;minpøÚvkarFM² EdlRtUv)ancUlrYmedaymnusSCaeRcIn EdlmanlkçN³snñiTanesdækic© EdlGaceqøIytbedayRbsiT§iPaB eTAnwgpllM)ak nigkalanuvtþnPaB EdlGacekItman. ehtudUecñH km<úCaRtUvEtEklMGrktþaKnøwHmYycMnYnEdlcMeBaHktþaTaMgenaH RbB½n§plitkmμ karEkécñ nigRbB½n§TIpSarTMenIb nwgGacbegáItnUvkarbBaÄb;nUvBaNiC¢km μminpøÚvkar nigkarnaMecjRsUvEdl minTan;Ekrécñ. KMnitpþÜcepþImRtUv)antMrUvkaredIm,Ilb;bM)at;pllM)ak nigBRgIkkaryl;dwgénkarlanuvtþPaB

. RtUvEtmankarsnüad¾skm μBIrdæaPi)al edIm,IKaMRT nigbegáInsmtßPaBPaBCaGñdwknaMénvis½yÉkCnsMrab; karEklMGrTaMgenH .

RtUvEtbnþnUvkic©karEdlBak;Bn½§kñúgkarEbgEckCMnYymðÚbGahartamry³shRKasrdæmYy KWRkumh‘un RKIneRtt (Green Trade Company) EdlmankarTTYlxusRtUvkñúgnam[rdæaPi)al sMrab;karbBa¢aTijGgár rYmTaMgkareRtombMrugTukGgár EdltMrUvtamkic©RBmeRBogsnþisuxmðÚbGahareRtombMrugrbs;Gas‘an. edIm,I FanakarEbgEckCMnYymðÚbGahar nigsnþisuxmðÚbGahareRtombMrug kñúgeKalbMNgxagelI GñknaMecjGgár RtUvEttMrUv[manc,ab;GnuBaØatmunnwgnaMecjGgáreTARbeTsnaMcUl. b:uEnþc,ab;GnuBaØatminEmncat;Tukfa CakarkMritkarnaMecjGgárenaHeLIy RKan;EtCaÉksaredIm,IeFVIkarnaMecj nigeRbIeFVICaTinñn½ysßitib:ueNÑaH.

briyakasvinieyaKrbs;km<úCa enAEtTn;exSayenAeLIy. FnaKaBiPBelak )aneroblMdab;fñak; km<úCasþIGMBIbriyakasGaCIvkmμ enACitkMritTabbMput. rdæaPi)alkm<úCaKYrEtEkrlMGrbriyakasvinieyaK nigcUlrYmya:gskmμCamYyvis½yvinieyaKÉkCnbreTs edImI,CMrujkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©rbs;xøÜn CaBiess kñúgvis½yksikmμ. km<úCaRtUvEtbnþreFVIesrIkmμ nigGnuvtþRbBwtþikm μCatidUcKña elIRKb;GñkvinieyaKTunbreTs CaBiesskarvinieyaKhirBaØvtßúRKb;RbePT. karkan;kab; nigkareRbIR)asdI tamry³dIsb,Tanrbs; GñkvinieyaKTunbreTs karCYlry³eBlEvgminkMNt; nigkarCYlry³eBlxøI RBmTaMgkareFVICakmμsiT§i KYrRtUv)anelIkykmkBicarNa cMeBaHneya)ayesrIkmμenH. eRkABIenH kñúgkarRbtibtþi KYrEtlb;ecal pgEdrnUvPaBs μ úksμajbc©úb,nñ kariyal½yniymF¶n;F¶r GMeBIBukrlYy nigcMNayminpøÚvkarmYycMnYnpgEdr. kMENTMrg;epSgeTotEdlGacCakarEklMGrbriyakasCMnYj kñúgRbeTsCadMukMPYnpgEdrenaH KWkm μvIFIkMEN TMrg;karsMrYlBaNiC¢km μ. vaKYrEtykcitþTukdak;edayRbugRby½tñ nigRsbCamYykic©RBmeRBog WTO sþIGMBIkarkarsMrYlBaNiC¢km μ.

3- karebIkTIpSar CMerIsneya)ay b¤viFankarN_ edIm,ICMrujkarnaMecjGgárkm<úCa eRkaycUl WTO rbs;RbeTskm<úCa

)anrkeXIjKnøwHsMxan;²BIEpñkxøHénKMeragEdl)ansikSaRsavRCav nigcMnucBak;Bn½§mYycMnYn. sMNYrcMbgén KMeragTaMgmUl KWfaetIeFVIya:gNa edIm,IeGaykm<úCaGacbnþrGPivDÆBaNiC¢kmμGgárrbs;xøÜnenAeRkamlkçxN½Ð énkarebIkcMhrTIpSar eTAkan;TIpSarBiPBelakEdlRtUvEsþgecjtamry³karebIkcMhrrbs;xøÜnenAkñúg karsmhrN_cUleTAkñúgGas‘an nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmμBiPBelak. kic©RBmeRBogsþIGMBIksikmμ )anpþl;

GtßRbeyaCn_CaeRcIn cMeBaHRbeTsRkIRkdUcCakm<úCa. kic©RBmeRBogtMrUv[RKb;RbeTsCasmaCiklubecal r)aMgminEmnBn§Ky edaybEgVrvaeTACar)aMgBn§Ky ehIykat;bnßyvaCabeNþIr². kñúgnamCaRbeTs RkIRkmYy bc©úb,nñkm<úCa)anbBa¢ak;c,as;las;nUvBn§naMcUld¾smrmümYy GMBIpliplksikm μrbs;xøÜn. ktþa TaMgGs;enH CaGMeNayplCaviC¢mand¾l¥mYysMrab;km<úCa BRgIkkarnMaecjplitplGgárrbs;xøÜn nigeFVIkar Tak;TajvinieyaKkñúgvis½yenHpgEdr.

viFankat;bnßy]btßmÖFnEdlpþl;edayRbeTsepSg² dl;GñkplitsMxan;² nwgEsþgecj[eXIjfa km<úCaTTYl)anGtßRbeyaCn_. brimaNkUtaRtUv)anBRgIk TaMgkñúgRbeTsGPivDÆn_ nigkMBugGPivDÆn_ nigeKalkarN¾ MFN kñúgcMeNamsmaCikk¾CaktþamanRbeyaCn_sMrab;karnaMecjGgárkm<úCaEdr. eyIgeCO Cak;fakm<úCaCaGñkplitRsUvd¾RbkYtRbECg b¤k¾manskþanuBlmYy kñúgcMeNamplitplksikmμCaeRcIn rbs;xøÜnEdlenAkñúgenaHGgáredIrtYnaTId¾sMxan;pgEdr. mü:agvijeTot dUcEdl)anrMlwkxagelIehIy eyIg yl;fa eyIgKYrtMrUvkareGayrkSaTukeGaytUcbMput b:uEnþRKb;RKan;nUvGRtaBn§sMrab;karBarplitplksikmμ ehIyrkSaTuknUvsiT§ipþl;]btßmÖFncMeBaHplitkrkñúgRsukEdlCakarCYyd¾BitR)akdeTAdl;BYkeK edIm,IeGay køayeTACaGñkRbkYtRbECgxøaMgkøaEfmeTot.

karbegáInkarebIkTIpSartamryHkarcUleTAkñúgGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmμBiPBelak nigGas‘an TaMgenHnwgCa plcMeNjya:gFMEdlRbeTskm<úCa)aneFVIenAkñúgEpñkenH EdlenATIenaHkm<úCaman]tþmPaBeRbobeFobmYy cMeBaHplitplGgár ekAs‘U eQImUl nigmðÚmGaharEkécñmYycMnYneTot. km<úCaTTYl)aneCaKC½y b¤braC½y KWEp¥kelIvisalPaBd¾FMeFg EdlBMuRtwmEtsmtßPaBedIm,ItulüPaBrvagc,ab; nigkatþBVkic©rbs;xøÜneRkam RbBn½§BaNiC¢kmμBhuPaKIenaHeT b:uEnþk¾sßitenAelIfaetItYnaTIrbs;RbeTsxøÜn GacTTYlykkalanuvDÆPaB nigkarRbQmmuxTUeTAenAkñúgkareFVItMbn;PavUbnIykm μ nigsklPavUbnIykm μedayxøÜnÉkEdrrWeT. ehtudUec©H km<úCaRtUvEtbnþrcrcaeTVrPaKI nigBhuPaKI edIm,IebIkTIpSar nigTTYl)annUv GSP b¤k¾karebIkcMhrTIpSar EdlmankUtaesrI nigKμanBn§ ¬QF & DF) cUleTAkñúgRbeTsFM² edIm,InwgTak;TajGñkvinieyaK breTsedaypÞal; (FDI) cUlmkkñúgRbeTs nigedIm,Ikat;bnßyBn§ b¤k¾Bn§Tab sMrab;karnaMecjGgárkm<úCa .

q>esckþIsnñidæan eTaHbICaRbeTskm<úCa )aneFVI[mankareCOnelOnd¾sMxan;kñúgkareqøIytbeTAnwgcMnucexSayénnItiviFI

EbgEckdIFøIk¾eday PaBsmamaRténGñkxVHxatdIsMrab;eFVIksikmμenACnbT )anekIneLIgBI 13° kñúgqñaM

1997 dl; 16° kñúgqñaM1999 nig20°kñúgqñaM2004. edIm,Ikat;bnßyplb:HBal;CaGviC¢manenH KYrEtbnþr TTYlykkargar nigkarRKb;RKgd¾RbsiT§iPaBEdlCab;Tak;TgkñúgkMENTMrg;dIFøI EdlBak;Bn½§nwgsm,TandI sgÁmkic© nigdIsm,Tanesdækic©. bEnßmeTot viFankarN¾TaMgGs;enHRtUvBRgwg kñúgkarbegáIt nigkarRbtibtþi énbTbBaØati tTl;nwgGñkqe)akykdIFøI nigFanasnþisuxdIFøI nigRTBüsm,tþirbs;GñkpÁt;pÁg;RsUvFuntUc nigmFümpgEdr.

Bak;Bn½§nwgkarbegáInplitPaBplitkmμ km<úCaenAEtCaRbeTsmYyEdlTinñplRsUvmankMritTabkñúg tMbn;enAeLIy. edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðenH shKmn_ksikr nigsßab½nkñúgRsukEdlBak;B½n§ KWCaGgÁkar shKmn_mUldæand¾sMxan; EdlGacBenøÓnkarGPivDÆn_plitPaBplitkm μ enAkñúgcMENkénkareRbIR)as; nig karepÞrbec©kviC¢afμI² Bt’manénsßanPaBTIpSar nigbBaðaepSg²eTot. CabEnßmeTot shKmksikr k¾Gac CYypgEdrdl;sßab½nBak;B½n§nanagayRsYlRbmUlnUvsMNUmBr edIm,InwgrknUvmeFüa)aysMrab;GPivDÆn_én vis½yRsUv .

eTaHbImankarekIneLIgnUvTinñplRsUv b:uEnþkareRbIR)as;CIKImI nigCIFmμCatiEdlminsmRsb nigkar erobcMdI enAEtCakarcMNayx<s;enAkñúgdMeNIrkarplitkmμenAkñúgplikm μRsUv. ehtudUecñH kareRbIR)as;CIKImI nigfñaMsMlab;stVl¥itd¾smRsb )anbgðajCaPsþútag énkarGnuvtþn_d¾manRbeyaCn_mYy EdlKYrEtRtUvCMruj nigRtUvEtbBa©ÚlenAplitkm μRsUvEdlCalkçN³RbéBNImYycMnYn. edayeyaleTAelIsuxPaBGñkeRbIR)as; nigbrisßan RbB½n§RsUvRbBlvb,km μ (SRI) nigkareRbI)as;BUCRsUvRkGUb dUcCanagmøiH KYrRtUvBicarNaeday RbugRbyt½ñpgEdr kñúgkarBRgIkbec©kviC¢aTaMgenH eTARKb;TIkEnøgkñúgRbeTsEdlenATIenaH mandIRbkbeday CICatiEdlGacpþl;briyakaslUtlas;RKab;RKan;sMrab;RbB½n§RsUvRbBlvb,km μenaH (SRI). xN³EdlRksYgFnFanTwk nig]tuniymmankarTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHTidæPaBbec©keTsénRbB½n§Fara saRsþxñatFMnana KMeragxñattUc nigmFümTaMgLay RtUv)anTTYlxusRtUvedaymnÞIrtamextþnImYy². eTaHbI y:agNak¾eday eyIgeXIjfaépÞdIEdl)aneRsacRsBRKbdNþb;)anEt 10 PaKryénépÞdIdaMduHsarub. dUcEdl)anpþl;Gnusasn_enAkñúgCMBUkTI 5 karBRgIksmtßPaBépÞsþúkTukTwk nigkarCMrujbec©kviTüaRbmUlTwk karCMrujnUvkareRbIR)as;d¾manRbsiT§iPaB nignirnþr_PaBénFnFanTwkeRkamdITaMgGs; enAkñúgtMbn;Edlmankar xVHxatépÞsþúkTwk karGPivDÆn_ nigGnuvtþnUvviFankarN_bn§ÚbnßyPaBCMnn; nigraMgs¶Üt nigkaRKb;RKgTwk

ksikm μ eFVIkarBRgwg nigBRgIkshKmn_ksikreRbIR)as;Twk eFVIkarCMrujkarRKb;RKgGagTenø eGay)an smrmü nigeGaymanRbsiT§iPaB nigRbB½n§EbgEckTwknana KWRtUvEtelIkykmkBicarNa. km<úCa enAEtxVHxatGñkpþl;\NTansMrab;Gñkplit nigEkrécñplitplRsUv nigk¾mannUvkarbg;tMél d¾x<s;mYyénkareRbIR)as;\NTanenAeLIy. ehtudUcenH \NTanCnbT KWCaeRKOgpSMd¾sMxan;sMrab;kar GPivDÆn_CnbT CaBiesssMrab;karKaMRTplitkm μRsUv RBmTaMgkarbegáIt nigkarBRgIkénBaNiC¢km μrbs;va. edIm,IFanakarekIneLIg nigedIm,IeGayGñkRkIRkmanRck;d¾gayRsYleTArk\NTan CaBiesssMrab;eKal bMNgekIneLIgnUvplitPaBenaH TaMgGs;enH KYrEtRtUvTTYlyknUvviFankarN_mYycMnYnedIm,IBRgIk nigkat;bnßynUvkarbg;tMéld¾x<s;én\NTanCnbTedaytamryHkarEsVgrk nigkarCMrujnUvsßab½nnana dUcCa RkumsnSMR)ak; nigshkrN_CaedIm dUcEdlRtUv)andwgc,as;enAkñúgRbeTsxøH²enAGasuIEdl)aneFVIehIy. eFVIkarepÞr NGOs mYycMnYnEdlkMBugeFVIkargarenH eGayeTACa RbtibtþikrhirBaØvtßúEdlmankarcuHbBa¢I RtwmRtUv. RtUveFVIeGayRbesIreLIgnUvkarRKb;RKgénsßab½nTaMgenH edIm,IFanafaRbtibtþikrTaMgenaH RtUvrU:v eTAnwgbTdæan nigGackat;bnßyGRtakarR)ak;edaykarGnuvtþd¾RbesIrnana dUcCaneya)ayrbs;rdæaPi)al Edl)aneFVIcMeBaH : RbGb;exov :. müa:gvijeTot km<úCaKYrEtRtUveFVIeGay RbesIreLIgnUvbriyakasvinieyaK nigkarvinieyaKÉkCnbreTsEdlskmμrwgmaMTaMgLay edIm,IeRCamERCgkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©rbs;xøÜn CaBi essvis½yksikmμpgEdr. RbeTskm<úCa RtUvbnþeFVIesrIkmμ nigeFVIeGayRtUvKñanUvRbRBitþikmμCaticMeBaH vinieyaKinbreTsTaMgGs; CaBiessRKb;RbePTTaMgGs;énkarvinieyaKhirBaØvtßúbreTs. eTaHbI MAFF CARDI nig NGO mYycMnYn )ansgát;F¶n;eTAelIkarRsavRCav nigkarpSBVpSayk¾eday k¾esvakmμpSBVpSayksikmμTaMgGs;rbs;eK enAEtmankarxVHxatenAeLIysMrab;kar eqøIytbeTAnwgtMrUvkarrbs;ksikr CaBiessplitkrRsUv. mü:agvijeTot plitPaBkMlaMgBlkmμkm<úCa k¾sßitenATabenAeLIy ebIeRbobeFobeTanwgGñkRbkYtRbECgkñúgtMbn; nigGnþrCati. plitPaBkargard¾Tab enH RtUvbNþalmkBImYyEpñkedaysarEtkargarEdlmancMeNHdwgTab nigplitPaBBuMRKb;RKan;enAkñúg plitkmμRsUvenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa ehIyk¾dUcCaenAkñúgBaNiC¢km μrbs;va. karbegáIteGaymankEnøgbNþúH bNþal nigsßab½nKaMRTenAtamtMbn;nImYy² k¾dUcCaesvakmμpSBVpSaymUldæansMrab;CYydl;ksikr KWCa RbkarsMxan;Nas; edIm,IeFVIeGayRbesIreLIgnUvsmtßPaB nigplitPaBénplitkmμRsUvrbs;Kat; k¾dUcCa BaNiC¢km μrbs;vaenAkñúgRbeTs. kareFVIeGayRbesIreLIg nUvkarebIkcMhrd¾smrmüenAkñúgkareFVIhirBaØbTan

eTAdl;ksikr edIm,IeGayKat;GacmanRck;GnuvtþksidæanmYyd¾smrmü nigGacksagnUvRbB½n§eRsacRsb; pÞal;xøÜnd¾tUcmYy GacedIrtYnaTIy:agsMxan;sMrab;eFVIeGayekIneLIgnUvkarpÁt;pÁg nigkarnaMecjsBVéf¶én plitplRsUvkm<úCa. rdæaPi)al KYrrkSanUvkarelIkElgBn§eTAelIdIFøIksikmμEdlepþatEteTAelIépÞdIEdleRbIR)as;Et b:ueNaÑaH RbesIrCasCagkarelIkElgeTAelIRKb;RbePTéndIFøI nigkarelIkElgnUvBn§R)ak;cMNUlrbss; ksikr nigrkSakarBak;B½n§eTAelIkarelIkTwkcitþénkarGPivDÆn_ksikm μ nigCnbT nigKaMRTxñattUc²d¾éT eTot. CabEnßmeTot km<úCaKYrEtbnþebIkcMhrTIpSaresrIsMrab;RKb;RbePTTinñn½ybBa©ÚlksikmμEdlnaMcUl TaMgLayedayeGayRtUvr:UvKañCamYynwgkic©RBmeRBog WTO nigRbwgERbgegay)ansmrmmükñúgkarsMrb sMrYlsUcnkrN_m:aRkUesdækic©mYycMnYn dUcCaGRtabþÚrR)ak; nigGRtaGtiprNa EdlGaceFVIeGayrMxanpgEdr eTAdl;BaNiC¢kmμGgárrbs;km<úCa. RKYsarksikrCaeRcIn plitRsUvRKan;EtsMrab;kareRbIR)as;eGayRKb;RKan;enAkñúgRKYsarEtb:ueNaÑH RKYsarksikrTaMgenaH BMu)anerobcM b¤k¾sakl,gplitedIm,InaMecjenaHeLIy. edIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwgkarRBYy )armÖenH shKmn_GñkplitRsUv smaKmn_ksikr smaKmn_kinRsUv nigBaNiC¢kr k¾dUcCasßab½nRsavRCav nigpSBVpSay GacedIrtYnaTId¾sMxan; kñúgkarCYy b¤k¾bBa©úHbBa©ÚlksikrTaMgGs;eGayKitBicarNa nigpøas;bþÚr plitkmμEdlCaRbéBNIrbs;xøÜn eGayeTACaplitkmμsMrab;TIpSar. CaBiesseTAeTot GñkTaMgGs;enaH KYrEtpþl;eGayksikrpgEdrnUvtMéld¾TabsMrab;karTTYl)annUvRKb;RbePTénB’tman \NTan nigesvakmμ. BaNiC¢krRsUvkm<úCa mankarbuinRbsb;kñúgkarTij nigsþúkTuknUvRsUvsMrab;bMeBjkarTamTarBI GñkbBa¢aTijenAmankMritenAeLIy. karEsVgrkTIpSar KWBMumanCabBaðaenaHeT k¾b:uEnþTnÞwmnwgKat;manTIpSar Kat;BuMGacpÁt;pÁg)anTal;EtesaHnUvcMnYn nigKuNPaBeGayeTAtamtMrUvkar. karmankMritnUvcMeNHdwgTIpSar enAbreTsedayehtuEtmankarxVHxaténBt’manBIlkç½NÐTIpSarbreTsenaH KWCakarraraMgepSgeTotsMrab; GñkkinRsUv nigBaNiC¢krRsUvTaMgLay. edIm,IeqøIytbnwgbBaðaenH shKmn_ksikr b¤k¾smaKmksikr GñknaMecjRsUv nigGñkkinRsUvTaMgLay k¾dUcCasßab½nBak;B½n§nana dUcCakEnøgpþl;B’tmanBI TBT nig SPS KYrEteFVIkarCamYyKñaedIm,InwgplitenApliplRsUveyageTAtamKuNPaB nigcMnYnEdlRtUv)anTamTar. müa:gvijeTot karbegáIt : PUmimYyplitplmYy : k¾GaceqøIytbpgEdreTAnwgbBaðaBak;B½n§enH.

ehdæarcnasm<½n§RkxSt;TUeTA nigkarbg;tMéldwkCBa¢Únx<s; KWenAEtCasmasFatusMxan;mYyenAeLIy sMrab;karraraMgkarnaMecj. dUcenHedIm,InwgeFVIegayRbesIreLIgnUvplitkm μRsUv k¾dUcCakarnaMecjRsUvkm<úCa viFankarN_mYycMnYnBak;B½n§nwgkareFVIeGayRbesIreLIgénkarraraMgkñúgRsuk KYrRtUvelIkykmkBicarNa. raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa RtUvbnþRbwgERbg[Gs;lT§PaBrbs;xøÜnenAkñúgkarsnüaksagRbB½n§ehdæarcnasm<½n§P¢ab; BITIRkugeTAtMbn;CnbTEdlman]tþmPaBeRbobeFob nigskþanuBlx<s;kñúgkarplitRsUv. eRkABIenH kñúg karRbtibtþiKYrEtlb;ecalpgEdrnUvPaBs μ úksμajbc©úb,nñ kariyal½yniymF¶n;F¶r GMeBIBukrlYy nigcMNay minpøÚvkarmYycMnYnpgEdr. kMENTMrg;epSgeTotEdlGacCakarEklMGrbriyakasCMnYj kñúgRbeTsCadMu kMPYnpgEdrenaH KWkmμvIFIkMENTMrg;énkarsMrYlBaNiC¢kmμ. karkMENTMrg;enH KYrEtykcitþTukdak;eday RbugRby½tñ nigRsbCamYykic©RBmeRBog WTO sþIGMBIkarsMrYlBaNiC¢kmμ .

kic©RBmeRBogsþIGMBIksikm μpþl;GtßRbeyaCn_CaeRcIncMeBaHbNþaRbeTsRkIRk edaylb;bM)at;r)aMg BaNiC¢km μminEmnBn§Ky nigr)aMgBn§Ky nig]btßmÖFnkñúgRsuk. kñúgfan³CaRbeTsRkIRkmYy km<úCaRtUvEt rkSaTukBn§naMcUlÉkraCücMeBaHplitplksikmμ nigrkSarsiT§i]btßmÖFnkñúgRsukcMeBaHGñkplitRsUvbnþ eTot. ktþaenHpþl;plCaviC¢man sMrab;km<úCaBRgIkkarnaMecjpliitplksikm μrbs;xøÜn nigTak;Taj vinieyaKkñúgvisy½enHpgEdr.

brimaNkUtaRtUv)anBRgIk TaMgkñúgRbeTsGPivDÆn_ nigkMBugGPivDÆn_ nigeKalkarN¾ MFN kñúg cMeNamsmaCikk¾CaktþamanRbeyaCn_sMrab;karnaMecjGgárkm<úCaEdr. eyIgeCOCak;fakm<úCa CaGñkRbkYt RbECgmYy b¤manskþanuBlRbkYtRbECg kñúgcMeNamplitksikmμTaMgGs;EdlenAkñúgenaH plitkmμRsUvedIr tYnaTId¾sMxan;. ehtudUec©H km<úCaRtUvEtbnþrcrcaeTVrPaKI nigBhuPaKI edIm,IebIkTIpSar nigTTYl)an GSP b¤TIpSarkUtaesrI nigKμanBn§ QF & DF EfmeTotcUleTAkñúgRbeTsFM² dUcCashrdæGaemrik nigCb:un CaedIm\

esckþIbEnßm

lT§pleKalrbs;KMeragRsavRCav

1> lT§pleKaledARsavRCav nigeKalbMNg

eQμaHrbs;KMeragRsavRCav eKaledA nigeKalbMNg

CMrujkarnaMecjGgárkm<úCa eRkaycUl

GgÁkarBaNiC¢km μBiPBelak WTO

• sikSaelIrcnasm<n½§ niglkçxN½Ð énBaNiC¢km μGgárkm<úCa • sikSaelIkarebIkRckTIpSarnaMecjGgárkm<úCa • viPaKelIkarKMramkMEhg énBaNiC¢kmμGgárkm<úCa • GPivDÆneya)ay b¤]bkrN¾ edIm,ICMrujkarnaMecjGgárkm<úCa

2> lT§pleKal viFIsa®sþRsavRCav nigkmμviFIsMrbsMrYlrbs;RKUENnaM

lT§pleKal kargar viFIsa®sþ FnFan kalbriecäT

epJIKeRmagkargarCUnRKUENnaM

nigTMnak;TMngCamYYyRKUbNþúHbNþal nigRKUENnaM tamry³ E-Mail

RkumGñkRsavRCav 31 Extula qñaM2006

KeRmagkargar

pþl;cemøIyelIKeRmagRsavRCav

sresr nigkarpþl;eyabl; eqøIytmtamry³ E-Mail nigTUrsB½V

RKUENnaM s)aþh¾TI1 dl; s)aþh¾TI2 Exvicäika 06

)anGnum½tKeRmagkargar


RKUbNþúHbNþal RKUENnaM

epJIKeRmagRsavRCavsegçbCUnRKUENnaM ¬bBa¢ak;cMnYnTMB½r kñúgCMBUkRsavRCav¦

BinitüeLIgvij ÉksardMbUg nig CMBUkRsavRCavnimYy²

RkumGñkRsavRCav KeRmagRsavRCavsegçb ¬rYmTaMgCMBUkRsavRCav nigGnusasn_¦

pþl;cemøIyelIKeRmagRsavRCav


RKUENnaM

s)aþh¾TI3 Exvicäika 06


karRsavRCavCMBUk 1 rcnasm<n½§bc©úb,nñ énkaenaMecj Ggár rbs;km<úCa - BaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati EpñkGgár - brimaNnaMecj nigbNaþTpSar ¬cin Cb:un

kUer:xagt,Úg nigshrdæGaemrik¦ - EbbbTGtItkal BaNiC¢kmμ EpñkGgár - EbbbTbc©úb,nñ BaNiC¢kmμ EpñkGgár ¬]>

éfLg;d¾ nigevotNam¦ - PaBGnueRKaHBaNiC¢km μ

bBa©b;karRsavRCav BinitüeLIgnUvRTwsþIénÉksarsMxan;² Tinñn½ybnÞab;bnSM ÉksarBak;B½n§ mYycMnYnTinñn½yBIRksYgBak;B½n§ RsavRCavBI Internet nigkariyal½y

elak Ey:m supl elak can; b‘unñivtþn_

BIs)aþh¾TI4 Exvicäika dl; s)aþh¾TI4 ExFñÚ 06

karRsavRCavCMBUk 2 PaBRbkYtRbECg cMeBaHBaNiC¢kmμGgár - FnFannigktþaFm μCatiGMeNaypl - témø nigGRtabþÚrR)ak; - neya)ayCMrujkarpÁt;pÁg;Ggár - neya)aysþIGMBI esrIPavUbnIykmμ

kñúgvis½yGgár - neya)ayBaNiC¢km μ rbs;km<úCa

eRkamRkbx½NÐ kic©RBmeRBog GMBIksikm μ - karsnüa rbs;km<úCa cMeBaH

kic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢km μeTVPaKI nigBhuPaKI

- karsMrYlBaNiC¢kmμrbs;km<úCa cMeBaHGgár

bBa©b;karRsavRCav RbmUlTinñn½yedIm nigTinñn½ybnÞab;bnSM rYmTaMgRbPBBIsßab½nrdæaPi)al nigsßab½nBak;B½n§epSgeTot . l. BinitüeLIgvijenA WTO, ASEAN

Wedsites nigÉksarBak;B½n§ rbs; RbeTsTIbI RsavRCavBI Internet nigkariyal½y

elak can; b‘unñivtþn_ BIs)aþh¾TI4 Exvicäika dl;; s)aþh¾TI4 ExFñÚ 06


karRsavRCavCMBUk 3 kaeebIkRckTIpSar - karsnüaBhuPaKI enAeRkam

kic©RbmeRBogsþIGMBIksikm μ rbs; WTO - rebobvar³GPivDÆRkugdUha - karcrcabc©úb,nñ GMBIksikm μ rbs; WTO - PaBGnueRKaH énkarebIkRck TIpSar

¬]>Ta RbB½n§GnueRKaHTUeTA GSP,

ASEAN bUkKeRmagkard¾eTeTot kic©RBmeRBogeTVPaKIrbs;km<úCa¦

- Bn§Ky nigr)aMgminEmnBn§Ky ¬]>Ta GRtaBn§kUta TRQs r)aMgbec©keTs cMeBaHBaNiC¢kmμ TBT nigGnam½y nigPUtKÁam Gnam½y SPS

bBa©b;karRsavRCav RbmUlTinñn½yBaNiC¢kmμedIm BinitüeLIgvijTinñn½ybnÞab;bnSM ykB½t_manBI WTO, ASEAN nigrdæaPi)al Wedsites BinitüeLIgvijnUvRTwsþI RsavRCavBI Internet nigkariyal½y

elak kan; visidæ BIs)aþh¾TI4 Exvicäika dl;; s)aþh¾TI4 ExFñÚ 06 BIs)aþh¾TI4 Exvicäika 06 dl;; s)aþh¾TI4 Exmkra 07

karRsavRCavCMBUk 4 karlM)akkñúgRsuk nigbNþajTIpSar - ma:extTIg nigplitkmμ - TIpSarksikmμ ¬bNþakñúgRsuk

nigeRkARbeTs¦ - kardwkCBa¢Ún nigéføedImsþúkTMnij - dMeNIrkarplit nigbBaðaKuNPaB - karRKb;RKgBak;B½n§nwgplitkmμRsUv

bBa©b;karRsavRCav

eFVIsmÖasCamYyRkumh‘unbak;B½n§ GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al nigPñak;garrdæaPi)alepSgeTot RBmTaMgRksYgBak;B½n§ tamry³cuHGegát nigcuHsaksYr viPaKBIlT§plénkarcuHGegát

elak Ey:m supl BIs)aþh¾TI4 Exvicäika dl;; s)aþh¾TI4 ExFñÚ 06

karRsavRCavCMBUk 5 CMerIsneya)ay b¤]bkrN¾CMrujkarnaMecj Ggár - ktþaGMeNayplBak;Bn½§BaNiC¢km μ³

rYmmanRbsiT§iPaBénkareRbIR)as;dI FnFan nigktþaGMeNaypld¾éTeTot kñúgRbeTs

- viFanBak;Bn½§nwgBaNiC¢km μ³ rYmman kar]btßmÖ kñúgRsukcMeBaHGgár plitkmμ GgársrIrag karEkécñ karsþúk nigma:extTIg ehfarcnasm<½n§ Bn§ nigkarelIkTwkcitþ vinieyaKepSgeTot \NTakarRsavRCav nigCMnYybec©keTs

- viFanBaNiC¢kmμpÞal;³ rYmman karnaMecjBaNiC¢kmμ BaNiC¢km μminRsb bTbBaØatþ ni

- yuTÞsaRsebIkRckTIpSar rYmTaMgkarcrca WTO GMBIkarebIkRckTIpSar sMrab; RbeTsRkIRk nigkarcrcaGMBIksikmμ bUkkarcrcaeTVPaKI nig GSP

bBa©b;karRsavRCav

eFVIkarviPaK énCMBUkRsavRCav 1-4 elak can; b‘unñivtþn_ elak kan; visidæ elak Ey:m supl

BIs)aþh¾TI4 Exvicäika dl;; s)aþh¾TI4 ExFñÚ 06 BIs)aþh¾TI4 Exvicäika 06 dl;; s)aþh¾TI2 ExkumÖ³ 07

r)aykarN¾RBagelIkTI1

BieRKaHeyabl;RKb;CMBUkRsavRCav eFVIesckþIepþIm nigesckþIsegçb edayrYmbBa©Úleyabl;rbs;RKUENnaM

RkumGñkRsavRCav

dak;CUnRKUENnaMRKb;CMBUkRsavRCav BieRKaHeyabl;RKb;CMBUkRsavRCav RkumGñkRsavRCav

r)aykarN¾RBag ¬RKb;CMBUkRsavRCav¦

TTYlcemøIyBIRKUUENnaM

sresr nigkarpþl;eyabl; eqøIytmtamry³ E-Mail nigTUrs½BV

RKUENnaM

BIs)aþh¾TI1 dl;; s)aþh¾TI2 Exmkra 07 BIs)aþh¾TI3 Exvicäika 06 dl;; s)aþh¾TI4 ExkumÖ³ 07


sikçasalfñak;tMbn;B-énKeRmag - BinitüeLIgvij nigBiPaKSaelI KeRmag cMeBaHkalbriec©T

- TTYlcemøIy GMBIvDÆnPaB - EksMrYlKeRmag edayeyag

tamlT§plsikçasal fñak;tMbn;

sikçasalfñak;tMbn;CamYy RKUENnaM nigGñkbNþúHbNþal

RkumGñkRsavRCav RKUENnaM nigGñk bNþúHbNþal

éf¶TI15-18 Exmkra 07

bBa©b;r)aykarN¾RBag

BieRKaHeyabl;RKb;CMBUkRsavRCav eFVIesckþIepþIm nigesckþIsegçb edayrYmbBa©Úleyabl;rbs;RKUENnaM

RkumGñkRsavRCav

r)aykarN¾RBag ¬RKb;CMBUkRsavRCav¦

dak;CUnr)aykarN¾RBagbBa©b; eTARKUENnaM

bBa©b;r)aykarN¾ RkumGñkRsavRCav

BIs)aþh¾TI1 dl;; s)aþh¾TI3 Exmina 07

TTYlcemøIyelIBRgagbBa©b;


RKUENnaM

dak;CUnr)aykarN¾bBa©b; eTARKUENnaM r)aykarN¾RBagrYmTaMgesckþIepþIm nigesckþIsegçb Éksareyag nigtaragTinñn½y

RkumGñkRsavRCav

eyabl;elIkarsikSaRsavRCavcugeRkay


RKUENnaM

r)aykarN¾cugeRkay

r)aykarN¾cugeRkayRtUv)anbBa©b;

r)aykarN¾cugeRkayrYmCamYy eyabl;rbs;RKUENnaM

RkumGñkRsavRCav

s)aþh¾TI4 Exmina 07

sikçasalpþl;neya)aykñúgRbeTs

BiPakSarr)aykarN¾cugeRkay sikçasalaCamYy RKUENnaM nigGñkbNþúHbNþal

RKUENnaM nigGñk bNþúHbNþal RkumGñkRsavRCav

éf¶TI3-5 Exemsa 07

karpSBVpSayB½tman karpSBVpSaylT§plsikSaRsavRCav sikçasalbBa©b; 24-25 Exemsa 07

kMNt;sMKal; Ab = bBa©b; Ab = bþÚreBl

3> fvikaRsavRCav raymuxcMNay

)a:n;sμanmUlniFi

kMNÉkasar nigsßiti - r)aykarN¾ ¬sßitibBa¢aTij cuHsaksYrsMNYr¦ - esovePAsMrab;CaÉksareyag - RsavRCavTinñn½yBI Internet

US$ 290

cuHeFVITsSnkic© enAtamGgÁkar nigRkumh‘un - cMNaydwkCBa¢Ún

US$350

cMNayelIkarTMnak;TMng - TUrs½BV - TUrsar (Fax)

US$200

r)aykarN¾RBag - e)aHBumÖ ftcMlg cgCaesoePA - cMNayepSg²

US$400

srub US$1,240

KeRmagénkarsikSaRsavRCav

1-eKalbMNgénkarRsavRCav

edIm,IGPivDÆn_eKalneya)aynigCeRmIs eKalneya)ayedIm,ICRmujnUvkarnaMecjGgáreRkaykarcUlCasmaCik WTO

2-Bt’manBisþa BIRkumGñkRsavRCav

- elak can; b‘unñivtþn_ m®nþIkariyal½y WTO énnaykdæanGas‘an nigGgÁkarGnþrCati RksYgBaNiC¢kmμ CaRbFanRkumRsavRCav - elak kan; visidæ m®nþIkariyal½y WTO énnaykdæanGas‘an nigGgÁkarGnþrCati RksYgBaNiC¢kmμ CasmaCikRkumRsavRCav - elak Ey:m supl m®nþIkariyal½y sMrbsMrYl nigggÁkarGnþrCati énnaykdæanGas‘an nigGgÁkarGnþrCati RksYgBaNiC¢kmμ CasmaCikRkumRsavRCav - elak ém:eXIl yaMg CaGñkRKb;RKgKMerag TARP CaGñkRtYtBinitü

3-karsegçbén km μviFIkargarénkarRsavRCav

-éf¶ Gnum½tnUvKMerag ³ ExkBaØa qña 2006 -éf¶ ebIkvKÁbNþúHbNþalkñúgRbeTs³ 16-19 tula 2006 -éf¶ cab;epþImkm μviFIRsavRCav ³31 tula 2006 -éf¶ ebIksikçasalaenAkñúgtMbn;³ 13-17 tula 2006 enATIRkug hy Gan RbeTsevotnam - éf¶ Edlcab;epþImeFVIkarRsavRCav³ s)þah_TI 4 Ex tula qñaM 2006 -éf¶ EdlRtUvbBa©b;BRgagelIkTI1 nigRbKl;CUnGñkRtYtBinitü³ s)þah_TI4 ExkumÖ³ qñaM2007 -éf¶ R)arBVeFVIsikçasalafñak;tMbn; ³éf¶TI 15 -18 Ex mkra qñaM2007 -éf¶ EdlRtUvbBa©b;BRgagelIkTI2 nigRbKl;CUnGñkRtYtBinitü³ s)þah_TI3 ExmIna qñaM2007 -éf¶ eFVIsikçasala sþIBI karENnaMBIeKalneya)ay

EdleFVIenAtamkñúg RbeTs ³ éf¶TI3-5 emsa qñaM2007 -éf¶eFVIsikçasalapSBVpSaybBa©b; ³éf¶TI 24-25 Exemsa qñaM2007

esckþIsegçb énkarRsavRCav

karmaneRbobkñúgkareFVIBaNiC¢km μGgárrbs;km<úCa -eTaHbIkm<úCa)anbgðajnUvPaBeConelOn enAkñúgdMeNIkarEbgEckdICUnRbCaCnk¾edayk¾GRtaénRbCaCnEdlrs;enAtamCnbT EdlxVHxatdIsMrab;eFVIksikmμekIneLIgBI13° enAkñúgqñaM1997 eTA 16°enAqñaM1999 nigeLIgdl;20°enA kñúgqñaM2004 -eTaHbImanPaBRbesIeLIgEpñkplitPaB k¾km<úCaenAEtCaRbeTs mYyEdlmantinñplTabCageKb:putenAkñúgtMbn; -karcMNayeTAelI karerobcMdI kareRbIR)as;CI ¬TaMg CIFmμCati nigCIKImI¦ manéføx<s; CageKkñúgdMNak;kalplitRsUv -bc©úb,nñenH eyIgeXIjmantMbn;eRsacRsBRtwmEt44/48°b:ueNÑaH énépÞdIsMrab;eFVIERsTaMgGs;. manKMeragRbB½n§eRsacRsBCaeRcIn RtUv)anGnuvtþ edaykñúgenaHRksYgFnFanTwk nig]tuniymCaGñk TTYlxusRtUvelIkarpþl;bec©keTs nigRbB½n§KMeragFM² rIÉKMeragFun tUc nigmFümdak;eGayGnuvtþedaybNþamnÞIrnana. -mankgVHxatkñúgkarpþl;\NÑTandl;ksikr nigm©as;eragma:suIn EkécñGgárCaedIm - ebIeTaHbICaRksYgksikmμ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT(MAFF) ,

CARDI niggGgÁkar NGO mYycMnYn )anykcitþTukdak;elIkar RsavRCav nigpSBVpSayk¾eday k¾esvaTaMgenaHmin)anRCabeGay TUlMTUlaydl;bNþaksikr eLIy

-rdæaPi)alenArkSakarelIkElgBn§elIdIksikm μ nigBn§elIR)ak;cMNUl BIRbCaksikr edayeFVIkarelIkTwkcitþelIvisyksikm μ nigkaGPivDÆn_ CnbTtamry³karKaMRTelIKMeragtUc²mYycMnYn.

-RbeTskm<úCa )aneFIVesrIPavUbnIykmμBaNiC¢kmμelIRKb;TMnij Tak;Tgksikm μTaMgGs; nigplitplRsUvpg edayGnueLamtam kic©RBmeRBogrbs; WTO. karkRmitkñúgRsuk nigbNþajTIpSar -ksikrPaKeRcIneFVIRsUvsRmab;Etb®gÁb;kareRbIR)as;kñúg RKYsarEt b:ueNÑaH BYkKat;minTan;)aneeobcM b¤k¾manbMNgedIm,IpliteFVIkar naMecjeLIy. -brimaNpÁt;pÁg;RsUvelITIpSarmineTogTat; -lT§PaBrbs;Qμ ÜjmankMNt;kñúgkarTij nigsþúkRsUvsRmab;bMeBj eTAtamtRmUvkar bBa¢aTij. -karxVHxatehdæarcnasm<½n§ nigtémøRbtibtþikarx<s;enAEtCaktþamYy d¾sMxan;eFVIeGaymankarraMgsÞHdl;kar naMecj karcUlTIpSar -kic©RBmeRBogelIvis½yksikmμpþl;nUvGtßRbeyaCn_Ca eRcInsMrab; RbeTsRkIRk edayeyageTAelIkarlb;bM)at;ecalnUvr)aMgBn§Ky nigminEmnBn§KyTaMgLay -GRtaBn§elIbrimaNEdlkMNt;RtUv)anbegáIn TaMgRbeTsGPivDÆn_ nigRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ -c,ab;BiessEcgeday elIkElgdl;RbeTsRkIRkeGaymankar eGaymankarCYy]btßmedayrdæ b:uEnþedaymineGVIeGayraMgsÞHdl;

vis½yBaNiC¢kmμ - eKalkarN_ RbeTsEdlmankarGnueRKaHbMput (MFN)smaCik

WTOTaMgGs;begáIt»kassMxan;sMrab;GñknaMecj -TIpSarGgárBiPBwilakCH\T§iBlya:gxøaMgBIRbeTs]btßmÖFndUcCa shrdæGaemrik Cb:un nigkUer:xagt,Úg -Bn§KyeTAelIGgárrbs;RbeTseCOnelOinTaMgGs;KWenAmankMrit x<s;enAeLIy ehIyk¾enAmankMNt;brimaNnaMcUlEdr

bTBiesaFn_BIkarRsavRCav -bTBiesaFn_kñúgkareFVIkarrYmKñaCamYybuKÁlBak;B½n§ k¾dUcCabuKÁlik mkBIbNþasßab½nnana -begáIn nUvcMenH nigkaryl;dwgelIPaBRbKYtRbECgQñHénkarpÁt;pÁg; Ggárrbs;km<úCa -bTBiesaFn_kñúgkarBinitüemIlpllM)akkñúgRsuk nigTMnak;TMng TIpSarénkarpÁt;pÁg;Ggár nigkarcUlTIpSarénRbeTseKaledAnaMcUl -bTBiesaFn_kñúgkarbegáIteKalneya)ay nigGnusasn_nanakñúgkar CMrujkarnaMecjGgárrbs;km<úCa -bTBiesaFn_kñúgkarerobcMkarRsavRCav

5-bBaðaeKalneya)ayEdl EsþgecjmkBikarRsavRCav

k-bBaðaneya)ay -etIGVIEdlCaGñkkMNt;nUvkarCMrujkarnaMecjGgárrbs;km<úCa? -etIBn§ nigneya)ayvinieyaKelIvis½yksikmμsBVéf¶eFVIeGayraMgsÞH dl;karnaMecjGgárEdrb¤eT? -etIneya)aynaMcUlrbs;RbeTsmyycMnYneFVIweGayraMgsÞHdl; karnaMecjGgárrbs;km<úCaEdrb¤eT? etIkarnaMecjRsUvedayK μankarkMNt;raraMgkarnaMecjGgár

nigeFVIeGay)at;plcMeNj nigkargarrbs;km<úCaEdrb¤eT? x-kartMrUveGaymankarpøas; bþÚr

-bnþGnuvtþkarRKb;RKg kargard¾manRbsiT§PaBmYyelIkarEkTRmg;dIFøI ¬dIsm,Tanesdækic© nigsgÁm¦

-eFVIkarBicarNaelIkareFVIesrIPavubnIykm μéndIeRbIR)as; nigdIkmμsiT§ eGaydl;BYkvinieyaKbreTs -CMrujeGaymankareRbIR)as;plitplGgárFmμCati -begáItshKmn_ksikredIm,IgayRsYlkñúgkarepÞrbec©kviC¢aTMenIbnig Bt’manepSg² -begáIteGaymaneRcInnYv viTüasßanRsavRCav nigGb;rMenAtamtMbn; -Tak;Taj nUvral;karvinieyaKEpñkhirBaØvtßúRKb;RbePT rYmTaMgkar vinieyaKpÞal;pgEdr -bnþrkSakarelIkElgBn§elIdIksikmμ nigBn§elIrbs;rbrsMrab; eFVIksikmμ - eFVIeGayRbesIeLIgnUvRbB½n§eRsacRsB nigeFVIkarGPivDÆn_ ehdæarcnasm<½n§ -RGnuvtþ nigkareFVIeGaytémøGKÁIsnITabbMput tamEdlGaceFVIeTA )an -bBaÄb;karnaMecjRsUvedaypÞal; eTaHCanaMecjtampøÚvkar nigmin pøÚvkarkþI -bnþcrcaeTVPaKI b¤BhuPaKIedIm,IebIkRckTIpSar nigTTYl)anRbB½n§ GnueRKaHTUeTA Epñk BaNiC¢kmμ (GSP)BIRbeTsCaédKU

K-CMhanEdlRtUvtamdanbnþ -eFVIkarCYbRbCuM karsaksYr nigBieRKaHeyabl;CamYyGñkEdl Tak;Tgkñúgvis½yksikmμenH -RbmUlnUvBt’manEdlTak;Tg -eFVIr)aykarN_ nigelIkykCMerIsneya)ayd¾RtwmRtUvmkeRbI

-pþl;nUvsikçasala b¤vKÁbNþúHbNþalepSg²edIm,IpSBVpSaynUv Bt’manepSg² dl;GñkBak;B½n§ -Rbtibtþi nigBinitüemIlnUvkarERbRbYlénneya)ay -eFVIkarvaytémøelIkarRbtibtþi

karerobcM nigkarGnuvtþnUveKalneya)ayedIm,IeFVIeGayseRmcnUveKalbMNgénkarsikSaRsavRCav bBaða skmμPaB 1-bMNgéneKalneya)ay edIm,IGPivDÆn_ eKalneya)ay nig]bkrN_CaCeRmIs kñúgkarCMruj karnaMecjGgárrbs;km<úCa

-eFVIkarRbmaNnUvPaBRbkYtRbECgénBaNiC¢km μGgárrbs;km<úCa -eFVIkarRbmaNnUvlT§PaBcUlTIpSarrbs;Ggárkm<úCa -eFVIkarRbmaNnUv]bsKÁnanaénkareFVIBaNiC¢kmμGgárrbs;km<úCa -ri³rknUvKeRmagneya)ayedIm,IGnuvtþn_

2-esckþIsnñidæan bnÞab;BIkarRsavRCav

PaBRbkYtRbECgrbs;km<úCakñúgkareFVIBaNiC¢kmμGgár -eTaHbIkm<úCamankarrIkcMerInKYre[kt;sMKal;elIdMeNIkar EbgEckdIFøI k¾edayk¾GRtaénkarxVHxatdIsMRmab;eFVIksikm μcMeBaHRkumRKYsarenACnbT mankarekIneLIgBI 13°enAqñaM 19997 eTA 16° enAqñaM 1999 nig 20° enAqñaM2004 -eTAbICamankarbegáInelIplitPaB k¾km<úCaenAEtCaRbeTsmYy Edlman TinñplTabCageKbMputenAkñúgtMbn; -kareRbIR)as;CI rYmCamYynwgkarerobcMdIsMrab;eFVIkardaMduHenAEt CacMNaymYyd¾x<s;enAkñúgdMnak;kalplitkmμ -RksYgFnFanTwk nig]tþúniym TTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarpþl;bec©keTs sRmab;RbB½n§KMeragEdlmanTMhMFM² rIÉKMeragtUc nigmFüm TTYlxusRtUvedaymnÞIrenAtamextþnimYy². bc©úb,nñenHeyIgeXIj mantMbn;eRsacRsBRbEhl 44>48°énépÞdIdaMduHsrubTaMgGs;. -enAmankarxVHxatGñkpþl;\NTandl;plitRsUv nigGñkEkécñGgþr

enAeLIy -eTaHbICaRksYgksikmμ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT GgÁkar CARDI

nigGgÁkar NGOs mYycMnYnmanykcitþTukdak;sgát;F¶n;eTAelI karRsavRCav nigeFVIkarpSBVpSayk¾eday k¾esvapSBVpSayksikmμ TaMgenaHhak;dUcCaminTan;bMeBjtamtRmUvkarrbs;ksikreLIy -rdæaPi)alenArkSa karminykBn§cMeBaHdIksikm μ karminykBn§elI R)ak;cMNUl edIm,ICakarelIkTwkcitþdl;karGPivDÆn_ksikmμ nigCnbT -km<úCa)anebIkesrITIpSarnaMcUlcMeBaHTMnijksikmμRKb;RbePT edayGnuelameTAtamkic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmμBiPBelak

bBaðaRbQmkñúgRsuk nigTMnak;TMngTIpSar -ksikrPaKeRcInplitRsUvsRmab;EtbMeBjkareRbIR)as;enAkñúg RKYrsarEtb:ueNÑaH BYkKat;enAminTan;)anerobcM rWmanbMNgplit edIm,IeFVIkarnaMecjenAeLIy -karpÁt;pÁg;RsUvmineTogTat; -lT§PaBrbs;Qμ ÜjkñúgkarRbmUlTij nigsþúkRsUvsRmab;bMeBjeTA tamtRmUvkarénkarbBa¢aTijenAmankMNt; enAeLIy -éføénkardwkCBa¢Ún nigPaBxVHxaténehdæarcnasm<½nKWCa ktþacMbg naMeGayraMgsÞhdl;karnaMecj.

karcUlTIpSar -kic©RBmeRBogeTAelIvis½yksikm μpþl;plcMeNjya:geRcIndl; RbeTsRkIRktamry³karlb;bM)at;Bn§Ky nigr)aMgminEmnBn§Ky -c,ab;Biessrbs; WTO GnuBaØateGayRbeTsEdlmankarGPivDÆn_tictYceFVIkar]btßmkñúgR

suk)an EtedayminmankarraraMgdl;kareFVIBaNiC¢kmμ -eKalkarN_ MFN enAkñúgcMeNamsmaCik WTO KWCaktþasMxan; CMrujdl;karnaMecj -TIpSarGgárBiPBelakr\T§iBlya:gxøaMgBIkar]btßmFn BIRbeTs mYycMnYndUcCa shrdæGaemrik Cb:un nigRbeTskUer:xagt,Úg ehIyBn§naMcUlnUvplitplGgáreTARbeTsTaMgenaHmankMritx<s; nigenAmankardak;kMritkUtaenAeLIy.

3-eKalneya)ay Edl)anelIkeLIg edIm,IeFVIkarBicarNa

-Gnuvtþn_eGay)anCabnþeToteTAelIkargar nigkarRKb;RKgeGay manRbsiTÞiPaBelIkMENTRmg;dIFøI ¬dIsm,TansgÁmkic© nigesdækic©¦ -eFVIkarBicarNaelIkarebIkeGaymankareRbIR)as;dI nigmansiT§i kan;kab;edayGñkvinieyaKbreTs -CRmujeGaymankareRbIR)as;plitplGgársrIragÁ nigGsrIragÁ -eFVIkarbegáItshKmn_ksikredIm,IgayRsYlkñúgkarepÞr bec©kviC¢a nigBt’manepSg² -Tak;Tajral;karvinieyaKEpñkhirBaØvtßú nigkarvinieyaKpÞal; epSg²eTot -bnþeFVIkarelIkElgBn§elIkareRbIR)asdI nigBn§elIR)ak;cMNUl BIksikr -eFVIeGayRbesIeLIgnUvRbB½n§eRsacRsB nigkarGPivDÆn_ehdæa rcnasm<½n§ -eFVIeGaytémøGKÁIsnITabbMputtamEdlGaceFVI)an -CMrujeGaymankarRbkYtRbECgedayyutþiFm’ nigcat;viFankar GnuvtþnUvkic©RBmeRBog SPS nig TBT -KYrbBaÄb;karnaMecjRsUveTaHCaRsbc,ab; b¤ minRsbc,ab;kþI -bnþkarcrcatamry³ ÉketaPaKI b¤ BhuPaKICabnþeTot edIm,IebIk

RckTIpSarkñúgkarnaMecjGgár nigTTYl)annUvRbB½n§GnueRKaH BaNiC¢km μCaTUeTA.

k- tRmUvkar Bt’man nig karRsavRCavEdlRtUveFVIbnþ

-RsavRCaveTAelIlT§PaBénkarTak;TajvinieyaKeTAelIvis½yRsUv nigGgár -RsavRCavelIGtßRbeyaCn_eRbobeFobrvagkarplitGgársrIragÁ (Organic) nig GgárFmμta (Non-Organic)

-RsavRCavrkRbB½n§ma:XItFIg d¾manRbsiT§iPaBmYyedIm,ICMrujnUv kareFVIBaNiC¢km μGgáreGay)anRbesIr -eFVIkarRsavRCaveRbobeFobeTAelI plcMeNjesdækic©énkar naMecjRsUv nigkarnaMecjGgárfaetImYyNamanplcMeNjeRcIn Cag.

x- etItMrUveGaymankarpøas;bþÚr EbbNaxøH?

-begáItshKmn_ksikreGay)aneRcIntamEdlGaceFVI)an RbeyaCn_gayRsYlkñúgkarepÞrbec©kviC¢a nigBt’manf μ I² -begáItviTüasßan Gb;rM nigRsavRCavRbcaMtMbn;nimYy²eGay)aneRcIn -GUsTajral;karvinieyaKEpñkhirBaØvtßúRKb;RbePT edayrYmTaMgkar vinieyaKpÞal;elIvis½yRsUvGgárenH -bnþeFVIkarelIkElgBn§elIkareRbIR)asdI nigBn§elIR)ak;cMNUl BIksikr -eFVIeGayRbesIeLIgnUvRbB½n§eRsacRsB nigkarGPivDÆn_ehdæa rcnasm<½n§ -eFVIeGaytémøGKÁIsnITabbMputtamEdlGaceFVI)an -CMrujeGaymankarRbkYtRbECgedayyutþiFm’ nigcat;viFankarGnuvtþnUvkic©RBmeRBog SPS nig TBT -KYrbBaÄb;karnaMecjRsUveTaHCaRsbc,ab; b¤ minRsbc,ab;kþI -bnþkarcrcatamry³ ÉketaPaKI b¤BhuPaKICabnþeTot edIm,IebIk

RckTIpSarkñúgkarnaMecjGgár nigTTYl)annUvRbB½n§GnueRKaH BaNiC¢km μCaTUeTA.

4-etIKYreFVIkarpøas;bþÚredayrebob Na?

k-etInrNaCaGñkpþÜcepþImeFVIkar pøas;bþÚr?

-RksYgBaNiC¢km μ -RksYgksikm μ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT -RkumRbwkSaGPivDÆn_km<úCa -RksYgesdækic© nighirBaØvtßú -RksYgFnFanTwk nig]tuniym -RKb;GñkBak;B½n§TaMgGs;

x-etIKYreFVIkarpøas;bþÚredayrebob Na?

-RksYg nigsßab½nBak;B½n§ RtUvCMruj nigKaMRTkarbegáIt smaKm nigshKmn_ksikreGay)aneRcIn -RksYgBaNiC¢km μKYrdak;viFankaredIm,IbBaÄb;nUvkarnaMecjRsUv edaypÞal;eTAeRkARbeTs -bnþGnuvtþkarelIkElgBn§dl;ksikr nigeFVIkarPivDÆn_RbB½n§eRsac RsB nigehdæarcnasm§½neGay)anl¥ ehIybnþcrcaedIm,IebIkTIpSar sMrab;plitplksikm μEx μrbnþeTot

K-etImantMrUvkarFnFanGVIepSg eTotedIm,IeFVIkarpøas;bþÚr?

-tMrUvkarFnFanmnusS nigFnFanhirBaØtßú KWCaktþacM)ac;bMput kñúgkarGnuvtþnUveKalneya)ayEdl)anelIkeLIg

5- etImankarb:HBal;GVIxøHdl; sgÁmk¾dUcCaesdækic©kñúgkarGnuvtþnUvyuT§sa®sþ Edl)anelIkeLIg?

k-etIkarpøas;bþÚr nigmanplb:H Bal;dl;sgÁm nigesdækic©dUc emþc?

plb:HBal;CaviC¢man³ -TTYl)annUvshKmn_ksikrd¾manRbsiT§iPaB pþl;PaBgayRsYlkñúgTMnak;TMngéndMeNIrkarGPivDÆn_

nigkareFVITIpSarelIplitplRsUvGgárrbs;xøÜn -begáInplitPaBénkarplitRsUvrbs;ksikr -begáItkargarCaeRcInCUnRbCaCn -BRgIktIpSar nigbegáInbrimaNnaMecjsMrab;plitplGgárrbs; km<úCa -BRgIkkarvinieyaKelIvis½yplitRsUv GgárenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa plb:HBal;CaGviC¢man³ -cMeNHdwgrbs;ksikrEx μreyIgenAmankMNt;enAeLIy CaehtueFVI eGaymankarBi)akkñúgkarRsavRCavykbec©kviC¢afμ I²mkeRbI - eFVIeGaymankarraraMgdl;dl;GñknaMecjRsUvedaypÞal; -rdæaPi)al)at;bg;nUvcMNUlCatiedaysarEtrdæeRbIneya)ay elIkElgBn§ cMeBaHksikr -rdæaPi)alcMNayfvikarCaeRcInkñúgkarGPivDÆn_ ehdæarcnasm<½n§ nigRbB½n§eRsacRsBTaMgLay -ksikrGac)at;bg;»kasénéføRbKYtRbECg -ksikrRkIRkGacRbQmnwgkar)at;bg;dIsMrab;eFVIksikmμpÞal;xøÜn

x-etIkarb:HBal;enaHGacnwgeFVI eGaymanPaBBi)akdl;karGnuvtþénkarpøas;bþÚrEdrrWeT?

KitfaminGaceT BIeRBaHeyIg)an)a:n;RbmaNfa PaBb:HBal;Ca viC¢man vamanTMhMFMCagGviC¢man

K- etIRtUvyk\T§iBlTaMgenHmk BicarNaenAkñúgkarGPivDÆ nigkarGnuvtþy:agdUcemþc?

-karxatbg;nUvcMNUlrbs;rdæGacTUTat;sgedaykarekIneLIgnUv brimaNGgárEdl)annaMecj nigkarBRgIknUvplitPaBelIvis½yRsUv enH -pþl;karelIkTwkcitþdl;GñkEdleFVIkarnaMecjGgáreTAeRkARbeTs -BRgwgdl;karKaMRTcMeBaHshKmn_ksikr

6-etIRtUveFVIEpnkarGnuvtþn_tamviFI -RbmUlnUvral;Bt’manEdlBak;B½n§

Na? -eFVIkarRbCuM nigelIkCasMnYr b¤bBaða nigeFVIkarBiPakSaCamYynwg GñkEdlBak;B½n§TaMgLay -pþl;nUvr)aykarN_ nigelIkeLIgnUvCMerIsneya)ayEdlRtwmRtUv -pþl;nUvsikçasalaepSg²dl;ksikrk¾dUcCaGñkCab;Bak;B½n§ -karEckcaynUvral;Bt’man -Gnuvtþn_ nigBinitüemIlnUveKalneya)ayEdl)anpøas;bþÚr-vayttémø¶nUvkarGnuvtþ nigelIkGnusasn_bEnßm

Cambodian Rice Export Promotion in WTO Post-Accession (Khmer Version)

Documents

Transcript of Cambodian Rice Export Promotion in WTO Post-Accession (Khmer Version)