1

INDEX  “n” refers to notes Abbasid empire, 170, 214, 297. See

also Caliphates Abrahamic traditions, 5, 8, 12, 117 Abu Bakr, Caliph, 292, 294 Abu Bakr, Mohammad bin Abi-Sahl

al-Sarakhsi, 257 Abu Ghraib, 302 Afghanistan, 24, 26, 41–42, 46, 60,

300 ahimsa (non-violence), 37, 43–44, 53,

69 akhbar (the narrations of the Imams),

255, 258, 260, 263, 265, 278n19 Albanians. See Kosovo Alciatus, Andreas, 147 Alexander I, Russian Emperor, 195 Alexander III, Russian Emperor, 196 Alexandria, 168–69, 188, 190, 206 Alexis I, Tsar, 193–94 al-harb khada (deception in warfare),

41 alliance(s), 2, 4, 10n3, 46–47, 50–51,

88, 111 Islam and, 195, 234, 285–86, 291–

92, 294, 300 al-Qaeda, 10, 119, 300–301, 313–14 al-Qisas (the law of retaliation), 266 ambiguity, scriptural, 12 Ambivalence of the Sacred: Religion,

Violence, and Reconciliation (Appleby), 17

Ambrose, Saint, 6, 144–45, 148, 168, 309

America. See also United States of America

about, 8, 46, 228, 299–300 American Civil War, 235, 247 American Fifth Fleet, 48 American Revolution, 247 Canon Law Society of America,

163n56

Anabaptist tradition, 6–7, 220–21, 226, 242. See also Christianity, Protestant

Peace Churches and, 7, 221 anarchy, 35, 226, 237 Anatolia

about, 179–81, 183, 189, 192, 211n13, 213n33

Ottoman conquest of, 186 Seljuk sultanate and, 171–72, 181

Anglicanism, 6–7, 220–21, 228, 239, 247. See also Christianity, Protestant

Anglican Communion and, 228 Thirty-Nine Articles of the Anglican

Confession and, 228 Anglican denominations, 6–7, 220–21,

228–29, 239, 247 anti-militarism. See pacifism Antioch, 188, 190–91 anti-Semitism, 15, 199. See also

Holocaust apocalyptic tradition(s), 167, 189, 198,

223 Appleby, R. Scott, 17 aql (intellect), 256 Aquinas, Thomas, 15

Protestant Christianity and, 220, 222, 226, 230–31

Roman Catholic Christianity and, 152, 154, 158–59, 168, 209

Summa theologiae and, 149, 156 Arabia, 293–94, 296. See also Saudi

Arabia arahants (religious people), 65, 72–73 Archbishop of Canterbury, 197 Argentina, Dirty War of, 18 Arian movement, 173 Aristotle, 14–15, 36, 226, 313 armed force(s). See also force, use of

about, 3–4, 11–14, 16, 20, 22, 27, 303

Buddhism and, 60, 62, 65, 67–68, 76, 79

2

armed force(s) (continued) Eastern Orthodox Christianity and,

7, 166, 168, 173, 175, 179, 193–94

Hinduism and, 35–43, 45, 47–49, 52–53

as holy war, 305–7 international law and, 25–26 Israel and, 5, 108–9, 117, 120–21,

124, 126, 311 Japan and, 62, 87–88, 91, 95, 99 Protestant Christianity and, 76, 222–

23, 225–27, 231–34, 241–42 renunciation of, 26, 66, 88, 96, 142,

159n1, 303 Roman Catholic Christianity and,

142–45, 147–48, 150–51, 154–59, 159n1

Russian Orthodox Church and, 199–200, 207

Shia Islam and, 263, 266, 271, 273–75

Sri Lanka and, 79–80, 82 Sunni Islam and, 285–88, 293–94,

297, 299 Yugoslavia and, 197–98, 203–6,

309 Armenia, 162n37, 207 army, fourfold (caturangabalakaya),

65 Arnobius, 168 Aryan tribes, 30, 34–35 asceticism, 72, 170, 174

Hinduism and, 43–45, 52 Asian religion(s), 23–24, 46, 67, 75 Asoka, Emperor, 37, 39, 53, 72

as Buddhist, 66–67 renunciation of military force and,

66 assassination(s), 13, 36, 39, 44 Assyria, 110–11, 126, 182 asymmetric warfare, 2, 5, 22, 24, 27,

48–49, 311. See also terrorism Israel and, 107, 122–25

Athanasius, Saint, 169 atomic weapons. See nuclear weapons atrocities, 23, 88, 92, 154, 293, 302 Augustine, Saint, 6, 15, 75, 148, 155–

56, 168, 170 just war and, 144–45 Protestant Christianity and, 207, 220,

223–24, 226–27, 240 two kingdoms theory and, 222–24,

227–28, 244 Avar khagan, 184 Avars, 184 Averroes, 24 Axis powers, 147, 199 Axis powers’ Tripartite Pact, 216n66 aya(s) (Qur’anic sentences), 284, 286,

290, 292, 295–96 Azerbaijan, 207 Babylon, 126, 133

Babylonian Talmud, 114–16 Baha’i teaching, 12 Bainton, Roland, 185, 208 Balkan nation-states, 183, 186, 189–

90, 192–99, 201–2 Balkan War of 1912, 196 Balsamon, Theodore, 170, 172 Banu Jadhimah, 293 Baptist tradition, 228. See also

Anabaptist tradition Barani, Ziauddin, 43 barbarian(s), 93, 168, 178, 186 Barth, Karl, 221, 233–35, 251n96 Bartholomeusz, Tessa J., 75, 78–79 Bartholomew, Ecumenical Patriarch, 7 Basil, Saint, 169–74, 188, 211n15

Divine Liturgy of, 174 Belgrade, 205 bellum iustum, 145. See also jus ad

bellum bellum offensivum, 154 Bemporad, Jack, x, 5–6 Bhagavad Gita, 30–31, 33 Bhakari, Surinder Kumar, 37

3

bhakti tradition ( devotionalist), 44–45 Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), 48, 50 bheda (sowing dissent), 35–36, 43,

48–49 Bible, the. See also New Testament

Judaism and, 107–13, 126 Roman Catholic Christianity and,

144–45 Bible, books of. See also New

Testament, books of Amos 3:2, 112 Antiochus 3:218, 115 Book of Ruth, 111 Deuteronomy 20, 108–9, 111–13,

115–16, 120, 225, 249n33 Exodus 12:12, 110 Exodus 22:1, 119 Ezekiel 20:32, 109 Ezra 2:63, 115 Genesis 2:8–25, 144 Genesis 3, 144 Genesis 4:1–16, 144 Genesis 9, 122 Genesis 11:1–9, 144 Hosea 2:18–20, 111 Hosea 14:3, 111 I Samuel 8:19–20, 109 Isaiah 19:25, 111 Micah 4, 110 Nehemia 7:65, 115 Psalm 82:6–7, 110

Bible, Hebrew, 11, 108, 113 bid’a (innovations), 298–99 Bihar al-Anwar (Majlesi), 271, 274 Bin Laden, Osama, 292, 298–301 Bishops, Roman Catholic

Amphilochus, Bishop, 169 National Conference of Catholic

Bishops of the United States, 243

Saint Ambrose as, 144 Saint Augustine as, 144 US Catholic Bishops, 143, 147, 151,

154

Bishops of the Orthodox Church, Holy Synod of, 8, 209, 217n73

BJP. See Bharatiya Janata Party Blastares, Matthew, 172, 211n15 bodhisattva (one who aspires to

enlightenment), 68 Bolshevik(s), 199 borders, defense of, 38, 90, 196, 203,

266–67 Boris, Saint (Prince of Kievan Rus),

185 Boroujerdi, Hussain (Ayatollah), 257,

277n10 Bose, Subhas Chandra, 45 Bosnia, 1, 201–4, 206, 217n73 Bosnia-Herzegovina, 1, 201–3, 206,

215n52, 217n73 Brahma (god of fire), 45 Brahmanism, 31, 53–54

Brahmanical literature, 38 brahmastra (ultimate weapons or

weapons of mass destruction), 51

danda (use of legitimate force), 66 Brekke, Torkel, 24, 34–36 Brethren, the, 242 Bringing Religion into International

Relations (Fox and Sandler), 14 British colonialism, 19, 31, 41, 76,

201 anti-colonial struggle in India, 43–

46 Cyprus and, 201 post-colonial India and Hinduism,

46–49 Sri Lanka and, 76

British Raj, the, 44. See also Gandhi, M. K.

Buber, Martin, 109–10 Buddha, 3–4, 60–61, 67, 73, 79, 102,

304 direct involvement in war and, 37,

63–64

4

seven conditions of welfare and (satta aparihaniya dhamma ), 64

Buddhism, 17, 24, 27, 60–87, 307–8 Asoka and, 37 defensive war and, 71–79 Five Precepts of, 84n31–84n32 Japanese, 89–92, 94–99 Jathika Hela Urumaya (political

party of Buddhist monks), 79 Mahayana, 4, 67, 85n45 monastic rules and (Vinaya Pitaka),

70, 75 monks and, 62, 72–73, 75–77 Nipponzan Myohoji, 94–95 righteous rule and, 65, 67, 72 Sri Lanka and, 3–4, 60–86, 313 Theravada, 3, 60–87 use of force and, 70–74, 78 war and, 61–68

Buddhist Front (Bauddha Peramuna), 78

Buddhist Theosophical Society, 76 Bulgaria, xi, 188, 190–91, 196–97,

214n48, 218n79 Bush, George W. (President), 13, 247,

300 bushido (the Way of the Warrior), 91 Byzantine Church, the, 175–87, 209.

See also Christianity, Eastern Orthodox

Byzantine Empire, 169–75, 214n39, 214n48

patron saints of, military, 175–76 Byzantine period. See Christianity,

Eastern Orthodox Cajetan, Dominican Cardinal Thomas

de Vio, 149–50, 153 Cakkavattisihanada Sutta (CSS), 76 Caliphates, 49, 170–71, 186, 260,

292–94, 298 about, 49, 170–71, 186, 256, 260,

292–94, 298

Infallibility of the Twelve Imams and, 255–56

Ottoman, 186, 191 Calvin, John, 225–27 Calvinism, 6–7, 220–21, 225–40, 244,

246–47. See also Christianity, Protestant

Reformed movement and, 226, 228–29

Canaan(ites), 110–12, 115–16, 181 Canada, 26 canon law, 6, 145, 148, 158, 169–70,

172, 183 Code of Canon Law, 155, 163n56

canonization, 184, 197, 204 Cappadocian Fathers, 173, 211n17 Catechism of the Catholic Church,

160n14, 164n69, 165n74–165n75 Catherine the Great, Empress, 189–90,

215n50 Catholic Magisterium, 147, 154 Catholicism. See Christianity, Roman

Catholic caturangabalakaya (fourfold army),

65 causa belli, 1, 18 Charter of the United Nations. See

United Nations Charter Chechnya, 1, 13, 207 China, 4, 46–47, 50–51, 61–62, 87–89,

94, 101 Buddhism and, 67–68 invasion of Korea and, 62

Chinese religion, 24, 37. See also Confucianism

just war and, 33 chivalry, 42, 147, 159, 185, 288, 293

chivalric literature, 147 chosen people, 178, 181, 189 Christ, Jesus, 173–74, 197–98, 309

Christ-loving army, 200 Christian missions, 4, 76, 170, 183,

188–89, 193–94 Sri Lanka and, 76

5

Christian Reformed church, 228 Christian soldiers, 170–72, 183–84,

198, 211n11, 223–24, 308 Christianity, 12, 17, 24, 27, 304–7,

309–11, 313–14 Gratian’s Decretum and, 314n6 Islam and, 283, 289, 293, 299 Japanese religion and, 88–90

Christianity, Eastern Orthodox about, 3, 5, 166–220, 307–9 Balkan nationalism and, 187–92,

196–201 Byzantine Empire and, 169–75, 209,

214n39, 214n48 canonical law of, 169–73, 211n15 Christian soldiers and, 170–72,

211n11 Communism and, 196–201 contemporary challenges and, 205–

10 holy war and, 170–72, 175–87,

213n13, 213n35 Imperial Russia and, 192–96 Islam and, 170–71, 176–79, 181,

188, 191, 210, 213n35 morality of war and, 188 New Testament scripture and, 167–

75 Ottoman Empire and, 172, 186–96 Russian Orthodox Church and, 7–8,

199, 205–8, 219n89 Serbian Orthodox Church and, 188,

190–91, 196–99, 201–5 Western Christianity vs., 166–67,

169–72, 176, 179, 185 Yugoslav wars and, 201–5

Christianity, Protestant about, 6, 76–77, 220–55 Anabaptist tradition, 6–7, 220–21,

226, 242 Anglican tradition, 6–7, 220–21,

228, 239, 247 Basic Christian Ethics (Ramsey),

239

Calvinism, 6–7, 220–21, 225–40, 244, 246–47

crusading and, 221, 223, 228, 246–48

Evangelical tradition, 6–7, 195, 220–21, 247

international law and, 229–33 just war theory and, 7 just war tradition and, 7, 220–30,

232–48 Lutheranism, 6–7, 220–21, 225, 228,

231, 234–36 norms of war and, 220–55 nuclear deterrence and, 241 plurality of, 220, 228 Reformation era and, 143, 220, 222,

235, 239 Roman Catholic Christianity and,

220–21, 225, 228, 230, 235 Christianity, Roman Catholic

about, 3, 5–7, 15, 18, 89, 142–66 armed force and, 154–58 Code of Canon Law and, 163n56,

163n56 163n56 colonization and, 150–52 Declaration on Religious Freedom,

315n8 Eastern Orthodox Christianity and,

160, 170, 178, 187, 189, 198, 210

Islam and, 155, 292 just war and, 7, 143–54, 243 norms of war and, 142–66 nuclear deterrence and, 154, 159,

311 pacifism and, 142–43, 242 peace and, 150–54 perpetual peace and, 146 Protestant Christianity and, 220–21,

225, 228, 230, 235, 239 regular war and, 146–48 soldier saints and, 308 Yugoslav wars and, 201–4, 207–8,

217n73

6

Christian–Muslim dialogue, 218n79 Christine de Pizan, 147 Chrysostom, Saint John, 168, 173–74,

211n18 Divine Liturgy of, 174 Serbia’s ‘‘New Chrysostom’’, 197

Church and state. See Church–state relations

churches, autocephalous, 187–88, 191–92

Churchill, Winston (Prime Minister), 15

Church–state relations, 155, 168, 174, 176, 200–205, 228, 310. See also secularization of war

Caliphates and, 49, 186, 191, 256, 260, 292–94, 298

Protestant Christianity and, 220, 224, 228, 230, 233–36, 240, 242

two kingdoms theory and, 222–24, 227–28, 244

Cicero, 226–27 civil rights, 13, 235 civil war(s), xi, 17, 159, 173

American, 235 Byzantine, 172 English, 228, 246–47 Greed and Grievance in Civil War

(Collier and Hoeffler), xi, 173 Japanese, 87 Muslim, 283 Russian, 199, 207 Spanish, 159, 312–13 Sri Lanka, 78, 80, 85n48 Yugoslav, 198–99

civilian population(s) in warfare. See also non-combatants

about, 14, 21, 23, 51, 83n1, 310–11 Christianity and, 149, 158, 230–31,

234, 241–42 Islam and, 9, 262, 270, 272–74 Israel and, 122–24, 126–27, 140n51

civilization(s) about, 5, 10n1, 13, 24, 198, 310

Buddhism and, 66, 101–3 Christianity and, 143, 155, 209, 247 Hinduism and, 37, 41, 44, 51 Islam and, 255, 274, 305, 309 Japan and, 5, 88, 92–93, 95, 99,

101–3, 309 Judaism and, 107, 119, 122 third civilization, concept of, 102–3 Western Christian, 8, 168, 229, 305,

309 Western European, 30, 89, 102–3,

120, 166–68, 209, 303 and Islam, 261, 298–99, 305 and Roman Catholic Christianity,

148–49, 166–68 Clash of Civilizations (Huntington),

1–2, 13, 305 Clausewitz, Carl von (General), 20, 36,

127 Clement of Alexandria, 168 Clooney, Francis X., 33 Code of Purity of Arms for the Israel

Defense Forces, 124 coercion, 38, 53, 101, 148, 237–39,

245, 310 Cohen, Stephen P., 49 Coker, Christopher, 30 Cold War, 1, 103, 106, 154, 200, 240–

41, 312 Collier, Paul, 16–17 colonialism, 24, 88, 236. See also

British colonialism colonization, 5, 7, 21, 24, 52, 76, 102

India and, 43–49 Relectio de Indis (Vitoria), 150–51

combatants, 2, 33, 52, 120–21, 123, 310–11. See also non-combatants

common good, 143, 150–51, 153, 222, 240

commonwealth(s), 149–51, 155, 176, 190, 228

Byzantine, 184–88, 214n48 communism, 1, 16, 95, 143, 187, 233,

251n96

7

Eastern Orthodox Christianity and, 196–201

Godless Communism, 199 compassion, 18, 109, 293, 309

Buddhism and, 61, 63, 67–68, 71, 77, 79

Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), 51

Confucianism, 23, 37, 89, 91–92, 160n11

Congregationalists (United Churches of Christ), 228, 247

conscientious objection, 12, 225, 227, 234

conscription, 4, 50, 87 Constantine, Emperor, 143, 175, 181

Edict of Milan, 168 pre-Constantinian Pax Romana,

168–69 Constantine–Cyril, the Philosopher

Saint, 170–71, 184, 199, 207 Constantinople, 171–72, 184, 186,

188–94, 196, 206 as the New Jerusalem, 178 as the New Rome, 178

conventional warfare, 48, 107, 121, 123–24, 241–42, 310–11

Geneva Conventions and, 10, 25, 107, 121–24, 127, 204, 304

conventional weapons, 236, 239, 245, 311

Coptic Orthodox Church, 206 Council of Russian Bishops, 7, 206 counter-insurgency. See insurgency court(s), xi, 23, 96, 115, 138n7

International Criminal Court, 25, 27, 234

Crete, 191, 206 Crimean war, 152 crimes against humanity, 2, 12, 26 criminal law, 25 Croatia, 198, 201–2, 204, 217n73 Crusade of Smyrna, 172

Crusade(s), 1, 19, 24, 156, 158, 303, 309

Eastern Orthodox Christianity and, 176–77, 180–81, 183, 185, 195, 197, 208

Nikephoros II Phokas (Emperor) and, 170–72, 178–79, 181, 211n11, 213n35

proto-Crusades, 18, 176 crusading theology, 7, 13, 171, 176–

77, 197–99, 203–4 Islam and, 293, 298–300 Protestant Christianity and, 221, 223,

228, 246–48 CTBT. See Comprehensive Test Ban

Treaty Cyprian of Carthage, Saint, 168 Cyprus, ix, 191, 200–201 Cyril of Alexandria, Saint, 168 Dalai Lama, 13 danda (force/coercion), 38, 43, 51, 53,

66 Danilevsky, Nikolay, 196 Danishmendids, 181 Dante Alighieri, 146 dar al-harb (land where war can be

waged), 296, 298 dar al-Islam (land of Islam), 296–98 Day, Dorothy, 143 De Silva, Nalin, 75 Deegalle, Mahinda, x, 4 defence, strategic, 38, 42–43 defensive war, 2, 8–9, 21–22, 38,

206–7, 224, 306–8 Buddhism and, 60, 74–79 defensive jihad, 8–9, 43, 260–61,

270, 276, 278n17, 295 Eastern Orthodox Christianity and,

8, 168, 175, 182, 184, 194, 199 Judaism and, 119–21, 125, 136 Luther and, 222–25 pre-emption and, 50, 136, 210, 267,

307, 314n5

8

defensive war (continued) Protestant Christianity and, 222–24,

227, 230–34 Roman Catholic Christianity and,

144, 149–50, 153–54 Shiism and, 256–67, 269–71, 276–

77, 278n17 Sunni Islam and, 284, 286, 295, 300,

306 Demetrius of Thessalonike, Saint, 175 Deuteronomy 20, 108–9, 111–13,

115–16, 120, 225, 249n33 Devil, the, 182, 184, 192

Shaitan and, 289, 292 dharma/dhamma, (way of life), 32–33,

53 Buddhism and, 64–67 kshatradharma (laws of kings and

warriors), 32–33 satta aparihaniya dhamma (seven

conditions of welfare), 64 dharmasastra literature (Sanskrit

texts), 30 dharmayuddha (religious war against

injustice) about, 31, 52–53 Aryan tribes and, 35 conventions of war and, 33–34, 308 dharma yuddhaya (Buddhist), 74–

79 Manu and, 38 prakashyayuddha (open battle) and,

33 symmetrical warfare and, 47 in the Vedic and Epic eras, 32–35

dhimmis (non-Muslims), 283 diaspora, 118–19, 208 Dionysius the pseudo-Areopagite,

173–74 disarmament, 50, 96, 98, 159n1, 311

United Nations General Assembly First Special Session on Disarmament, 96, 98

discretionary war, 114–15, 136, 308

Dmitri Donskoi, Saint, (Grand Prince of Moscow), 184, 193

Donatist(s), 155, 168 double-effect, 162n36, 230 Douglas, James, 143 Duns Scotus, 156 Durga (Goddess ), 45 Eastern Orthodox Christianity. See

Christianity, Eastern Orthodox Ecclesiastical Coup, 201 Ecumenical patriarchate(s), 7, 169,

171, 186–87, 191, 208, 218n79 Yugoslav wars and, 205–6

ecumenism, 169, 191, 198, 202, 204–9

Edirne, 191 Eighty Years War, 246 Elizabeth I, Queen, 228 Elshtain, Jean Bethke, 221 Empire(s), 14, 21

Abbasid, 297 British, 43 Bulgarian, 214n48 Byzantine, 169–75, 214n39, 214n48 Christian ‘‘empire of Christ,’ 169 Indian, 66–67 Maurya, 35 Ottoman, 189–92, 195–96 Pala, 40 Roman, 143–44, 164n69, 168–69,

179 Russian, 190, 193, 195–96, 215n50 Russo-Byzantine Orthodox, 190 Umayyad, 298

empowerment, 304, 306, 314n2 environmental destruction, 1, 210, 225,

274–75, 284 Episcopalianism, 247 Erasmus, 143 espionage. See military intelligence

9

ethics of war about, 6, 8, 19–23, 27, 305, 307 Byzantine church and, 168–87, 209,

214n39, 214n48 Eastern Orthodox Christianity and,

166, 174, 176–77, 182–83, 187, 195, 205–6

The Ethics of War, (Suarez), 164n65 Hindusim and, 30 Judaism and, 5–6, 126 Protestant Christianity and, 229–30,

237–40, 243–44 Roman Catholic Christianity and, 6,

15, 142–48, 158–59, 160n14 Shia Islam and, 8–9, 255–56, 259,

269–76, 282–84 Sunni Islam and, 282, 287, 292–94,

301 The Ethics of War in Asian

Civilizations (Brekke), 24 Ethics of War: Shared Problems in

Different Traditions (Sorabji and Rodin), 23–24

ethnic cleansing, 2, 26, 154, 159, 205. See also genocide

ethnic conflict, 1, 14, 17–18, 23, 71, 190, 201

crusading and, 198 Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam

(LTTE), 79–83 Yugoslavia and, 205–10

ethnocentrism, 102. See also ethnic cleansing

etnarch (civil leader of Orthodox Christians), 190–91, 201

Eurocentric, 214n48 Eusebius of Caesarea, 168 Evangelical tradition, 6–7, 195, 220–

21, 247. See also Christianity, Protestant

excommunication, 95, 155, 163n56, 170

extremism, 18, 304, 313–14. See also fundamentalism; moderates

faith, 7, 12–13, 15–17, 19, 305, 309 Eastern Orthodox Christianity and,

172, 179, 193–95, 198–99, 203, 206–7

fundamentalism and, 19 inter-faith dialogue and, 201, 206,

313 Islam and, 172, 271, 285–87, 289,

299 Japanese religion and, 89, 99, 101–2 Judaism and, 110, 117–18 militancy and, 15–16, 22 pluralism within, 17 Protestant Christianity and, 234, 236 Roman Catholic Christianity and,

147, 155–57, 164n56 Federal Council of Churches, 245 Feirahi, Davood, x, 5, 8–9 Filaret, Saint (Metropolitan of

Moscow), 194, 206 fiqh (jurisprudence), 255–56, 259,

282–83. See also jurisprudence fitna (strife), 43, 290 al-Fitnah (sedition), 264 force, use of. See also armed force(s)

acceptable use(s) of, 2–6, 12–13, 15–16, 19, 22–27, 303, 306–11

Buddhism and, 60–61, 64–67, 70–74, 78, 80, 83

danda (force/coercion), 38, 43, 51, 53, 66

Eastern Orthodox Christianity and, 7, 166–67, 190, 205–6, 210

international law and, 24–27, 60, 304

Islam and, 286, 292, 297 Japanese religion and, 88, 90, 96–98,

103 Judaism and, 119–20, 127 limits of, 13, 205 Protestant Christianity and, 222, 226,

229, 232–33, 238–39, 241 religious ethics and, 23–27 (See also

ethics of war)

10

renunciation of, 66 Roman Catholic Christianity and,

142, 147–50, 154–58 UN Charter and, 25 War and the Law of Nations and,

22–23 foreign policy, 46, 48, 127, 200, 234,

246 forts, military fortifications, 38–39, 42,

274 Rajputs and, 42–43

Fox, Jonathan, 14 Franco-Prussian war, 152 freedom of religion, 1, 155–56

Declaration on Religious Freedom, 156

French Revolution, 195 Fujii Kenji, 100–101 Fujii Nichidatsu, 94–95, 101–3 Fulgosius, Raphaël, 147 fundamentalism, 19, 23–24, 27, 204,

209, 247, 298–99 fussesho, 90, 94 Gallipoli, 172 Gandhi, Indira, 51 Gandhi, M. K., 3, 13, 19, 44–45, 50–

52 Japanese Buddhism and, 94–95, 101,

105n33 Gavrilo V Dož ić-Medenica, Serbian

Orthodox Patriarch, 198, 216n66 Geneva Conventions, 10, 107, 121–24,

127, 204, 304, 310. See also humanitarian law(s); law(s), international

Protocols of, 25, 122 genocide, 2, 18, 26, 111, 116, 233,

303. See also ethnic cleansing Holocaust and, 125–27

Gentili, Alberico, 147, 229 George, Saint, 175 Gerhard von Rad, 109

Germany, 4, 15, 88, 106, 168, 199, 247. See also Nazism

Barth and, 233–34 Luther and, 221, 225 Tillich and, 234–36

ghazwa warfare, 172, 179, 181, 293 Ghori, Muhammad, 42 Gleb, Saint, (Prince of Kievan Rus),

185 Gluck, Carol, 93 Gnosticism, 167 God of Battles: Holy Wars of

Christianity and Islam (Partner), 24

al-Golpaigani, Mohammad Reza, (Grand Ayatollah), 265

Golwalker, Madhav Sadashiv, 50 Goren, Shlomo, (Rabbi), 120 Gort, Jerald, 18 governance (and peace), 1, 39, 50, 144,

153, 190, 246 Buddhism and, 61, 65–67

Gratian, 6, 145, 155, 158, 168, 314n6 Decretum Gratiani, 148

Greco-Bulgarian conflicts, 196 Greece, 189–93, 195, 200–201 Greed and Grievance in Civil War

(Collier and Hoeffler), 16 Greek Orthodoxy, 168–69, 171, 173,

187–88, 190–93. See also Christianity, Eastern Orthodox

Greek Revolution, the, 191 Greenberg, Moshe, 109 Gregory of Nazianzus, Saint, 173 Gregory of Nyssa, Saint, 173 Grotius, Hugo, 119, 221, 229–32, 307 Grousset, René, 176 Guantanamo, 302 guerrilla warfare, 6, 40, 123, 126, 182 Gulf War, 8, 23–24, 48, 97, 209, 247.

See also Bin Laden, Osama Hadith (sayings of The Prophet), 8–9,

12, 255, 266, 268, 271, 282–83

11

jihad and, 294, 296–97 Prophetic Hadiths, 296

Haganah, 121. See also Israel Defense Forces (IDF)

Hague Conventions, the, 10, 25, 147, 304

Halacha (Jewish law), 113, 118, 120, 125–26

Halachot. See Halacha Hamas, 123 haram (forbidden), 257, 270, 288 Hauerwas, Stanley, 243–44, 253n189 Hebrew, 108, 114, 138n7 Hebrew Bible, 11, 108, 113. See also

The Bible Hellenism, 182, 185–86, 190, 204 Heraclitus, 145 Heraclius, Emperor, 176, 178–79, 181,

184, 213n34 heresy, 155–56, 163n56, 177, 310

Protestant Christianity and, 143, 222, 233, 242, 248

heroism, 11, 16, 33, 35, 44, 203, 205 Hezbollah, 123, 140n51, 301 Hijaz, the, 299 hijra (migration), 285–86, 302n6 Hilli, Hasan bin Yousof, 266–67, 269,

272–74, 280n105 Hinduism. See also dharmayuddha

about, 3–4, 17, 24, 27, 30–59, 304 Hindu militarism under British rule,

43–46 Islam and, 41–43 nationalism and, 45, 50, 52 norms of war in, 30–59, 308 nuclear policy and, 49–51, 311 in period of Muslim domination, 31 pluralism within, 30 political uses of, 30, 48–52 post-colonial strategy and, 46–49 resistance to British colonialism and,

30 women in, 45

Hippolytus, Saint, 168

Hirschfield, Brad, 122 Hitler, Adolf, 79, 127 Hoeffler, Anke, 16–17 Holocaust, the, 5–6, 15, 125–27. See

also genocide United States Holocaust Memorial

Museum, 126 Holy Alliance, 195 holy army, 198 Holy Land, the, 18, 158, 164, 293,

309 Holy League (Sacra Liga ), 172 Holy Prophet, the. See Muhammad,

The Prophet Holy Qur’an, the. See Qur’an Holy See, the, 147, 160n14, 162n41,

165n74 patriarchates as sees, 188

Holy Synod of Bishops of the Orthodox Church in America, 8

holy war(s), 1, 13, 24, 137, 303, 305, 311–12. See also Crusade(s); jihad; just war(s)

Augustine and, 154–55 in the Byzantine world, 175–87 Christianity and, 170, 176–81, 183,

185, 193, 246–47, 303 Heraclius and, 176, 178–79, 181,

184, 213n34 Hinduism and, 33, 43 Islam and, 24, 288, 297, 303 Judaism and, 111, 137n1 Nikephoros II Phokas (Emperor)

and, 170–72, 176, 178–79, 181, 211n11, 213n35

Potestant crusading and, 221, 223, 228, 246–48

Suarez and, 157–58 Theravada Buddhism and, 75, 77

Homelands of Peace, 100 Hoseikai. See Shuyodan Hoseikai Hostiensis, 156 hostility, 15, 190, 257, 291

12

human rights, xiii, 20, 24, 82, 107, 275, 313. See also law(s), international

Human Rights Watch, 107 humanitarian intervention, 6, 20–21,

205, 210, 240, 309–10 humanitarian law(s), 10, 20–21, 310–

11 humanitarian norms, 14, 309–11 Hundred Years War, the, 231 Hungarian Revolution, the, 233 Huntington, Samuel, 1, 13, 305 Ibn Abdal-Wahhab, 297. See also

Wahhabism Ibn Edris al-Hilli, 275 Ibn Kathir, 297 Ibn Rushd (Averroes), 24 Ibn Taymiyya, Ahmad, 297–99, 309 iconography, military religious, 181–

82, 184, 202–3. See also labarum; True Cross

icons, religious, 175, 178 Idei Seitaro, 99–100 ideology(ies), 1, 6–7, 15–16, 18–19,

24, 27 Byzantine, 166, 168, 171, 176–82,

213n33 Eastern Orthodox Christianity and,

185–86, 189–91, 196, 198, 201–4, 210

Hinduism and, 46 Islam and, 285, 298–99, 310 Japan and, 91, 93 Judaism and, 117, 127 Protestant Christianity and, 235 Sri Lanka and, 71, 77

IDF. See Israel Defense Forces Il’in, Ivan, 200 Ilkanid dynasty, 298 Imam(s), Infallible, 8, 255–56, 258–

60, 263–66, 276–77, 308 akhbar (the narrations of), 255, 258,

260, 263, 265, 278n19

Imam Ali (First Infallible), 263, 266, 268, 271–72

Imam al-Sadeq (6th Infallible), 264, 266, 270–71, 275

Imam Baqer (5th Infallible), 270 Imam Hasan Askari (11th Infallible),

268 Imam Husayn (3rd Infallible), 271 Imam Musa al-Kazim (7th

Infallible), 263–64 Imam Zayn al-’Abidin (4th

Infallible), 270 Immaculate Imams and, 265, 271,

279n46 Muhammad (the Prophet) and, 259–

60 occultation of, 259, 264–65, 276,

308 theory of epochal dissimulation, 265 Twelfth Imam, 8, 258–59, 276, 312 Twelvers and, 278n18

immunity, non-combatant, 239, 241–42, 310–11

Imperial Rescript on Education, 93 India, 3–4, 13, 19

Buddhism and, 40, 61, 66–67, 74, 94, 101

Dravidians and, 34–35 Ghandi and, 19, 45, 51, 101 Hinduism and, 30–59 Islamic era and, 41–43 Jainism and, 37–38 nuclear policy and, 49–51 Pakistan and, 47, 50–51 post-colonial alliances and, 46–49,

52 religious-based insurgencies and, 52

Indian National Congress, 45 Infallible Imams, the. See Imam(s),

Infallible infidel rhetoric, 18, 156, 158, 164n65,

203, 305 Eastern Orthodox Christianity and,

172, 177, 179, 181, 189, 193, 198

13

injustice, 3, 17, 31–32, 100, 110 Protestant Chrisitianity and, 222,

237, 239–40, 243, 245 Roman Catholic Christianity and,

143–45, 147, 154, 158 Institutes of the Christian Religion

(Calvin), 225–26 insurgency, 48, 52, 82, 241–42. See

also rebellion insurrection. See sedition Intellect (Aql ), 256 International Commission on

Intervention and State Sovereignty, 26

International Criminal Court, xi, 25, 27, 234

1998 Rome Statute, 25 international law. See law(s),

international International Peace Research Institute,

Oslo (PRIO), ix, xi, xii, 2 international relations, 14, 26 inter-religious conflict(s), 1, 13, 27,

97–98, 201–5, 310, 314. See also holy wars

inter-religious dialogue, 97, 204–5, 314

intra-state conflict(s). See civil war(s) Iran, x, 13, 125, 265, 278n18, 300,

315n10 Iranian Revolution, 287

Iraq, 1, 13, 60, 269, 278n18, 294, 301 Iraq War, 24, 26, 247 (See also Gulf

War) Isidore of Seville, 148 Islam

about, 3, 12, 17, 24, 27, 307, 309 al-Qaeda and, 10, 119, 300–301,

313–14 Caliphates and, 49, 170–71, 186,

191, 256, 260, 292–94 dar al-harb (land where war can be

waged), 296, 298 dar al-Islam (land of Islam), 296–98

Eastern Orthodox Christianity and, 170–71, 176–79, 181, 188, 191, 210, 213n35

India and, 41–43 Israel and, 140n51, 287, 292, 299–

301 jurisprudence and, 255–60, 264,

267–76, 278, 279n46, 282, 311 Sharia law and, 9, 255, 283, 298–99 Shiism, 3, 5, 8–9, 255–82, 308 Sunnism, 3, 5, 9–10, 282–303, 309 the United States and, 287 Wahhabism, 297, 300

Islamic expansionism, 176–77, 260 Islamic law, 268–70, 282–83, 296–99,

309 schools of law, 257

Israel about, 5–6, 13, 38, 51, 120–21, 124,

181 asymmetric warfare and, 107, 122–

25 Islam and, 140n51, 287–88, 292,

299–301 Israel Defense Forces (IDF) and,

120–21, 123, 311 Israelite ‘‘holy’’ wars, 181 Jewish settlements and, 116, 121,

313 Judaism, norms of war in, 106–42 modern Israel and, 118–27 as nation-state, 5, 106, 118–21,

126–27 nuclear weapons and, 106–7, 125–

26 Old Testament scriptures and, 108–

30, 133, 138n10, 178 proportionality and, 122–23 purity of arms and, 5, 120–21, 124,

126, 311 Israel Defense Forces (IDF), 120–21,

123, 311 Code of Purity of Arms for the

Israel Defense Forces, 124

14

Israelites, the, 108–9, 111–12, 115, 117, 304

Old Testament and, 138n10, 181–82, 225, 304

Istanbul, 2, 187, 191, 218n79 ius ad bellum, 149, 152, 157. See also

jus ad bellum Ivan IV the Terrible, 188, 193 Jabotinsky, Vladimir, 121 jahidu (war against unbelievers), 297 Jahiliya (the period before the rise of

Islam), 293 Jainism, 12, 19, 31, 37–38, 44 Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna, 80 Jansen, Henry, 18 Japan

about, xi, 3–4, 42, 45, 61–62, 309 Great Kanto Earthquake, 99 invasion of Korea and, 87 Japanese religion, norms of war in,

87–106 monastic militias and, 62 Muromachi Shogunate, 92 nuclear weapons and, 95–96, 98,

102, 236, 239 as shinkoku (Land of the Gods), 92–

93, 100, 309 warriors and, 42, 91

Japanese Peace Constitution, 96, 103 Japanese religion

Buddhism and, 89–92, 94–103, 104n4

Christianity and, 89–90, 93 folk religion and, 89, 97–99 kokugaku (National Learning

School) and, 92–93 Komeito and, 96 Mahayana Buddhism, 4, 67, 85n45,

90 monastic militias and, 62 new religious movements and, 89–

90 norms of war in, 87–106

Tokugawa regime and, 92 Japanese Self-Defense Force(s), 88,

96, 98 Jathika Hela Urumaya (political party

of Buddhist monks), 79, 82, 85n61

Jerusalem, xii, 112–13, 138n7, 158, 293

Eastern Orthodox Christianity and, 176, 178, 181, 188, 190–91

Jesuits, 151 Jesus Christ, 15, 144, 157, 164n67,

167, 244, 309 Christ-loving soldiers, 170–72, 200

jihad. See also Crusade(s); holy war(s); Islam

about, 8–9, 18, 24, 300 The Book of Jihad (Kitab al-Jihad ),

256 Hindu dharmayuddha and, 43 Shia Islam and, 256, 258–61, 263–

67, 270, 276–77, 278n17, 295 jihad (religious duty, and striving).

See also Crusade(s); holy war(s); Islam

about, 8–9, 18, 24, 43, 278n17, 284, 300

Bin Laden and, 298–301 The Book of Jihad (Kitab al-Jihad ),

256 Hadith literature and, 294, 296–97 Hindu dharmayuddha and, 43 jihad today, 298–301 qatilu (to battle) and, 284, 287–91,

294–95, 297 Qur’anic ayas and, 285–87 Shia Islam and, 256, 258–61, 263–

67, 270, 276–77, 278n17, 295 jihad (as duty) (continued)

Sunni Islam and, 284–93 jihad al-nafs wal-mal (striving for

communal good), 285–86, 295 jihad-alnafs (jihad of the self), 297,

305

15

John the Baptist, 224–25, 229 John Vladimir, Saint, (Prince of

Duklja), 185 Johnson, James Turner, 24, 163n51 Joshua, 109, 111, 117, 138n10, 181 Jubilee Council of Russian Bishops,

206 Judaeo-Christian tradition, 3 Judaism

about, 3, 12, 17, 24, 33, 283, 307 The Bible and, 107–13 discretionary war and, 114–15, 136,

308 God as warrior of, 108–12, 114, 117,

120, 128–29 Israel Defense Forces (IDF) and,

120–21, 123, 311 just war and, 107, 119, 127 norms of war in, 106–42 rabbinical tradition and, 5, 38, 107,

112–14, 116, 119, 135 Sotah 8 and, 114, 116–17, 128 State of Israel and, 118–20, 126 Urim and Thummim (high priests'

oracle), 115, 120–21, 308, 312 Warfare and Its Restrictions in

Judaism (Kimelman), 136 Zionism and, 118, 120–21, 299

jurisprudence, 8, 255–60, 264, 267–78, 279n46, 282, 311

akhbar and, 255, 258, 260, 263, 265, 278n19

imamate and, 258–60, 276–77, 278n18 (See also Imam(s), Infallible)

jihad and, 255–58, 276, 278n17 Manaat al-Ahkaam and, 273

jus ad bellum (justification for war), 14–15, 20, 23, 25, 304, 306–8

Eastern Orthodox Christianity and, 169–72, 182, 196, 206–7

Islam and, 288–93 Judaism and, 107, 117, 119, 126–28

Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), 79–83

Protestant Christianity and, 7, 220–30, 233–48

right cause and, 14, 20 Roman Catholic Christianity and, 7,

143–54, 160n14, 162n37, 243 Theravada Buddhism and, 71–79

jus in bello (just means). See also ethics of war

about, 2, 5, 15, 20, 25, 304, 310–12 De bello (Suarez), 151, 157, 164n65 Eastern Orthodox Christianity and,

183, 186, 194, 204, 207–9 Grotius and, 230–31 International Criminal Court and, 25 Islam and, 8–9, 290, 293–99 Judaism and, 107, 117, 119 Protestant Christianity and, 224–25,

227, 232, 239, 241–42, 245, 247

right conduct and, 14–15 Roman Catholic Christianity and,

159 jus post bellum, 14, 117, 119, 127,

225 just intention, 43, 149, 162n37, 230,

232, 237, 240 Just War in Comparative Perspective

(Robinson), 23 just war theory, xiii, 5, 20–23, 75, 90,

107, 219n95 Islam and, 282–83, 288 Protestant Christianity and, 220,

233–41 just war(s). See also holy war(s); jus

ad bellum; persecution about, 4–9, 14–15, 23–24, 27, 303–4,

311–12 Arguing the Just War in Islam

(Kelsay), 24 Balkan Europe and, 196–99 in the Byzantine world, 175–87

16

Eastern Orthodox Christianity and, 7–8, 166, 168–72, 183, 194, 204, 206–9

Hinduism and, 31, 33–34, 38, 43, 52–54

international law and, 24–27, 229–32

Islam and, 262, 282–83, 288–89, 293–99

Japanese religion and, 88, 90, 93, 98 Judaism and, 107, 119, 126–28 The Just War (Ramsey), 240 nuclear weapons and, 98 Protestant Christianity and, 7, 220–

30, 232–48 Roman Catholic Christianity and, 6–

7, 142–54, 156, 159n1, 160n14, 162n37

Russian just war tradition, 194–95, 204

Theravada Buddhism and, 71, 75, 77, 79

When War Is Unjust (Yoder), 243 justice, 8, 14, 25, 37, 110, 307, 312.

See also injustice Eastern Orthodox Christianity and,

167, 206, 208–9 Islam and, 266, 283, 286, 291 Japanese religion and, 92, 98 Protestant Christianity and, 222–24,

228, 231, 236–38, 240–44, 246 Roman Catholic Christianity and,

147, 149, 153–54, 160n11, 163n48, 165n75

justification(s) for war, 12, 71–72, 119, 164n65, 164n69. See also jus ad bellum

Justin Martyr, Saint, 143, 168 Kalischer, Zevi Hirsch, 121 kamma (negative previous action), 64 Kant, Immanuel, 41, 146 al-Karaki, Ali Bin al-Husayn

Muhaqqiq, 272

karma, 33, 44, 53, 64 Kasher, Asa, 124 Kautilya, 31, 35–41, 46, 48–51, 53,

309 Arthasastra, 35, 50, 309 nuclear weapons and, 51 the Panchatantra and, 39, 47, 50 use of monastic orders and, 44

Keegan, Sir John, 122 Kellogg–Briand Pact, 25 Kelsay, John, 24 Khalid ibn al-Walid, 293–94 al-Kho’ei, abu-al-Qasim, (Grand

Ayatollah), 265, 274 Khomeini, Grand Ayatollah, 265, 292 Khomeini, Mustafa, 262 Khrapovitsky, Metropolitan Anthony,

199–200 Kimelman, Reuven, 115, 136 King, Martin Luther, 13 Kisala, Robert, xi, 4 kokugaku (National Learning School),

92–93 Komeito, 96, 98. See also Soka

Gakkai Komnenian dynasty, 181 Komnenos, John, (Emperor), 181 Komnenos, Manuel, (Emperor), 181 Kook, Abraham Isaac (Rabbi), 121 Kook, Tzvi Yehuda (Rabbi ), 121 Koran, The. See Qur’an Korea, 4, 87–88, 92–94, 125, 309

Buddhism and, 61–62 Japanese invasion of, 62

Kosovo, 1, 6, 158, 197–98, 309 Battle of, 197–98 Eastern Orthodox Christianity and,

201–3, 205–6, 217n73 norms of war and, 26 Rugova, Ibrahim and, 19

Krishna, 35 Krueger, Alan, 17

17

Kshatriya(s) (warrior class), 33–34, 38, 41, 49

kshatra (strength and power) and, 53

Kulatunga, D. G., 78–79 Kung, Hans, 52 kutayuddha (unjust war), 31–37, 54,

309 akharas (monastic orders) and, 44,

53 concept of, 31, 34, 54 Kautilya and, 35–41, 309 Manusmriti ( The Laws of Manu)

and, 38 modern military culture and, 48–49 in the Vedic and Epic eras, 32–35 the vijigishu and, 35–36, 38–39, 54

labarum (cross-shaped sign), 175 Lactantius, 143, 168 Land of the Gods (shinkoku), 92–93,

100, 309 Nihon Shoki (The Chronicles of

Japan) and, 92 Latin America, 159 Laurent, Vitalien, 176 law(s), international. See also United

Nations Charter about, 10, 20, 22–24, 119–20, 304–5,

308, 313 Eastern Orthodox Christianity and,

194 Geneva Conventions and, 25, 107,

121–24, 127, 204, 310 Grotius and, 119, 221, 229–32, 307 Hague Conventions and, 10, 25, 147,

304 International Criminal Court and, 25,

27, 234 Law of Nations (Vattel), 232 Of the Laws of War and Peace

(Grotius), 229 moderates and, 19, 33, 52, 267, 313

norms of war and, 24–27, 304–5, 310, 313

Protestant Christianity and, 229–32 Roman Catholic Christianity and,

147, 152–53, 158 LDP. See Liberal Democratic Party leadership, religious. See also papacy

about, 12–14, 20, 97, 177, 186, 201, 226

Buddhism and, 62, 78 (See also monks)

Caliphates and, 49, 170–71, 256, 260, 292–94, 298

clergy and, 7–8, 172, 201, 206, 209, 217n73

Eastern Orthodox Christianity and, 179, 183, 186, 190–91, 199 (See also patriarchate(s); patriarch(s))

Imam(s) and, 8, 18, 255–77, 278n19, 308, 312

Judaism and, 116, 126 (See also rabbinical tradition)

Nikephoros Phokas (Emperor) and, 170–72, 176, 178–79, 181, 211n11, 213n35

norms of war and, 14, 313 prince-bishop(s) and, 192 Protestant Christianity and, 220,

223–24, 226, 228, 230, 243 Roman Catholic Christianity and,

143–44, 147, 151, 154–55 League of Nations, 6, 25, 119, 152,

205, 235, 238 League of Nations Covenant, 152, 205 Lebanon, 3, 123, 278n18, 292, 300–

301 Leo VI, Emperor, 175, 182–83,

212n22 Liberal Democratic Party (LDP)

(Japan), 96, 98 Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam

(LTTE), 75–76, 79–83, 83n1, 85n48

18

Lind, Millard C., 109, 137n1 Louis II, King of Hungary, 223 love, as moral principle, 11–12, 61, 99,

143, 171 Christian, 239–41, 270

LTTE. See Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam

Luther, Martin, 220–29, 231, 233, 238, 240, 244

Augsburg Confession and, 225, 228 Lutheranism, 6–7, 220–21, 225, 228,

231, 234–36. See also Christianity, Protestant

Diet of Augsburg, 222 Peasants’ Rebellion and, 222, 225,

248n13 Macedonia, 196 Machiavelli, Niiccolò, 11, 27, 36 Mahabharata, 32, 34–35, 45, 47, 50 mahant(s), 44, 54 Mahavamsa, The Great Chronicle, 71,

73 Maimonides, 24, 113, 116–18, 136 Majjhima Nikaya (Buddhist text), 63 Al-Majlesi, Mohammad Baqer, 261,

271–72 Makarios III, President and

Archbishop, 201 Makiguchi Tsunesaburo, 95 Malalasekera, G. P., 77–78 Manchuria, 4, 88, 94, 101, 236 mandala theory, 35, 38, 46–48, 51, 54 Manu (progenitor of humanity), 31,

38–39 Manusmriti, The Laws of Manu, 38,

43, 45 Marcion, 167 martyrdom, 6, 18, 26–27, 178, 308

Islam and, 266–67 miltary martyrdom, 170–72, 179,

183–85, 200, 211n11 Pope Leo IV and, 170

mass media, 89, 124, 127, 140n51, 203–4. See also propaganda

Maurice, Emperor, 175, 178 Maxentius, 175 Maximus the Confessor, 173 Mecca, 262, 285–86, 288, 290 Medhananda, Ellawala (Venerable),

82 media, the, 89, 124, 127, 140n51, 203.

See also propaganda Medina, 285–86, 294, 302n6 Megali Idea (Great Idea), 189 Meiji regime, 4, 87, 93, 103 Mennonite tradition, 242 Messiah, the, 111, 116–18, 126 Messianism, 167, 189, 191, 195–96,

198, 203, 307 Judaism and, 113, 117

Methodist tradition, 229, 239, 243, 245, 247. See also United Methodists

metropolitan(s), 188, 190–91, 193–94, 199

Michael IV Autoreinaos, (Patriarch), 171

Middle Ages, the peace movements and, 159

Middle East conflicts, 8, 18, 260, 287–89, 292. See also Gulf War

Lebanon and, 3, 123, 278n18, 292, 300–301

militancy, 15, 18, 45, 48, 52, 79, 262 Eastern Orthodox Christianity and,

187, 196, 198, 203–4, 209 militant extremism, 304 Reformed church and, 246

militarism, 38, 43–46, 167 military culture, 31, 42, 48 military ethics. See ethics of war military intelligence, 36, 39–40, 48 military leadership, 36, 40, 46–47, 62,

293–94 Christianity and, 151, 198, 200, 202,

204–5

19

post-colonial India and, 46–49 military power, 20

Buddhism and, 62, 66–67, 75–76, 80

Christianity and, 143, 147, 154, 158, 240

Eastern Orthodox Christianity and, 167–69, 175–76, 178–84, 193

Hinduism and, 39–41, 43–45, 48–49, 51

Japanese religion and, 88, 91, 93, 95, 102

Judaism and, 12–121, 123, 311 Rajputs and, 41–43 United States and, 46–47, 49, 51,

95–96, 102, 243 Middle East conflicts and, 60, 287,

292, 300 military religious traditions, 175–77,

179, 181, 184, 186, 191–92, 194 military saints, 175–76. See also

martyrdom military service, 12, 43, 99, 108, 167,

169, 210n3. See also conscription Christian Attitudes toward War and

Military Service in the First Four Centuries (Johnson), 160n2

military strategy, 21, 35–36, 307, 311 Buddhism and, 72, 82 Eastern Orthodox Christianity and,

175, 177, 182–83, 203 Hinduism and, 47–53 Islam and, 267, 269, 289

millet system, 190–91 Milosevic, Slobodan (president

Serbia), 19 Milvian Bridge, 175, 181 Mishnah Shabbat 6:4, 116 Mishnah Sotah, 114–16, 128, 130–35 Mishnah Torah, 113–17, 132–35,

138n10 Mishneh Torah. See Mishnah Torah

missionaries, 4, 66, 76–77, 89, 94, 101, 157

Eastern Orthodox Christianity and, 170, 178, 183, 188, 193–94

moderates, 19, 33, 52, 267, 313 Mohammad Abdoh, Sheikh, 259 Mohammad Ali al-Ansari, Sheikh,

267 Mohammed. See Muhammad, The

Prophet moksha (salvation), 33 de Molina, Luis, 151 monarch, universal, 65, 67, 146 Monarchia (Dante), 146 monarchism, 38, 53, 109–10, 228

Eastern Orthodox Christianity and, 176, 179, 186, 188–89

universal monarch and, 65, 67, 146 Mongol invasions, 87, 92, 193, 297–

98 monk(s)

Buddhist, 18–19, 67, 70–71, 81, 94–98

Eastern Orthodox Christian, 169, 174

Islam and, 274 monk(s), as soldiers

Buddhism and, 62, 94–95 Cakkavattisihanada Sutta (CSS) and,

76 Eastern Orthodox Christianity and,

174, 193, 211n19 Hinduism and, 43–44, 53 Japanese invasion of Korea and, 62 Jathika Hela Urumaya, 79 Naga monks and, 44

monks as soldiers (continued) sohei (warrior monks) and, 62 Theravada Buddhism and, 72–73,

76–79 monotheism, 5, 8, 24, 52, 111, 210 Montanism, 167 Montenegro, 192, 196

20

morality of war, v, 35, 50, 94, 119, 239, 297

Christianity and, 154, 159, 168, 187, 192, 232, 235

Morkevicius, Valerie Ona, xi, 5–6 Mosaic law, 224 Moscow, 2, 47, 184, 188, 193–94, 200,

206–7 as the Third Rome, 186, 193

Moses, 111, 116, 181 Motahari, Morteza, 259, 261 The Mountain Wreath (poem), 192,

215n52 Muhammad, The Prophet, 9, 18, 157,

288, 292–94, 296–97, 300. See also Hadith (the sayings of The Prophet); Qur’an

jihad and, 282, 284 Muslim(s). See Islam al-Mutawakkil, (Abbasid caliph),

170–71, 184 Mutually Assured Destruction, 125,

241. See also nuclear weapons Naganuma Myoko, 97 Najafabadi, Salehi, 259–62 al-Najafi al-Javahiri, (Sheikh), 258,

269 Nakamura, Hajime, 90 Napoleon, 194–95 Narayana, 40 nasikh (the Qur’anic verses on peace),

256 Nasrallah, Hassan (Sheikh), 301 national saints. See patron saints nationalism, xii, 16, 18–19, 45, 298,

313 Bharatiya Janata Party and, 48–50 Buddhism and, 74–75, 77, 95–96 Eastern Orthodox Christianity and,

186–90, 196, 201–2, 205–6, 214n48, 218n79

Greece and, 189, 191, 195–96, 200 Hinduism and, 45, 50, 52

National Learning Schools (Japan) and, 92–93

Nationalist Hindu priests and, 52 Protestant Christianity and, 230, 233,

235, 238 Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh

(National Volunteers’ Organization), 50

religious nationalism and, 202–3 state-Church model(s) and, 7, 190,

201, 204, 220–21, 235, 242 Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP) and,

52 nation-state(s), war and, 5, 18, 83n2,

87, 96, 235 Eastern Orthodox Christianity and,

186, 190, 195–201 Judaism and, 5, 106, 126 Roman Catholic Christianity and,

149–52, 156 NATO. See North Atlantic treaty

Organization natural law, 32, 122, 222, 226–29, 231,

239 On the Duty of Man and Citizen

According to Natural Law (Pufendorf), 231

Roman Catholicism and, 149–50, 153, 157, 162n44, 239

Nazism, 6, 15, 118, 125, 199, 233 necessity, principle of, 2, 15, 23, 65,

76, 98, 288. See also realism Protestant Christianity and, 230, 244 realpolitik and, 5, 50, 107, 118,

126–27 Neff, Stephen, 14, 22–23, 160n11,

303 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 46, 50 Nejat, Ahmed Ali, 300 neutrality, 15, 147, 161n22, 186, 262,

273–74 Nevsky, Saint Alexander, Grand

Prince, 184–85, 193

21

New Testament, 12, 148, 157, 167, 173–74, 187, 203. See also Bible

Protestant Christianity and, 220, 224, 227–29

New Testament, books of 1 Corinthians 9:7, 167 1 Corinthians 14:33, 173–74 Ephesians 2:14, 6:16–20, 174 Ephesians 6:10, 167 1 John 2:16, 207 John 15:13, 171, 199 Luke 2:14, 3:14 6:29, 167 Luke 22:35–38, 167 Matthew 5–7, 26:52, 142, 167, 207 Matthew 5:38–44, 171 Matthew 5:39, 142 Matthew 10:34, 167 1 Peter 3:4, 174, 224 Philippians 4:7, 173–74 Revelation 20, 167 Romans 7:23, 14:17, 174 Romans 12:21–22, 207 Sirach 8:8, 207 1 Thessalonians 5:6–8, 167, 174 1 Timothy 2:2–4, 173 2 Timothy 2:3–4, 167

Nicholas II, Emperor, 196 Niebuhr, H. Richard, 236 Niebuhr, Reinhold, 221, 228, 234–40 Nihon Shoki (The Chronicles of

Japan) Nikephoros Phokas, Emperor, 170–72,

176, 178–79, 181, 211n11, 213n35

9/11 attacks, 23 Ninomiya Sontoku, 91 Nipponzan Myohoji, 94–95, 101–3

Occidentalism and, 103 nitisastras (Hindu works on statecraft),

32, 54 Nitobe Inazo, 91 Niwano Nikkyo, 97–98

Reiyukai and, 97 Niwano Peace Foundation, 98

non-combatants, 2, 4, 6, 106–7, 306, 310–11

Hinduism and, 33, 52, 54 Islam and, 273–74, 283–84 Judaism and, 120–21, 123–24, 126–

27 Potestant Christianity and, 241–42

non-violence, 4, 9, 13, 19–20, 257, 303, 307

Buddhism and, 37, 65, 69, 76, 78, 85n45

Eastern Orthodox Christianity and, 199–200

Hinduism and, 37, 43–45, 50, 53 Japanese religion and, 94–95 Protestant Christianity and, 223, 226,

237, 239, 244 religious leaders and, 37 Roman Catholic Christianity and,

143, 152, 158, 159n1 Norman, Richard, 119 norms of war, 14, 19–22, 303–14

Eastern Orthodox Christianity and, 166–220

Hinduism and, 30–60 Japanese religion and, 87–106 Judaism and, 106–42 Protestant Christianity and, 220–55 Roman Catholic Christianity and,

142–66 Shia Islam and, 255–82 Sunni Islam and, 282–303 Theravada Buddhism and, 60–87

North Atlantic treaty Organization (NATO), 205

Northern Ireland, 1, 13, 159 nuclear deterrence, 154, 159, 241, 311 nuclear disarmament, 50, 96, 311

anti-nuclear lobby in India, 51 nuclear weapons, 5, 26, 106, 126,

311–12. See also weapons of mass destruction (WMD)

Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) and, 51

22

Eastern Orthodox Christianity and, 205, 210

Hinduism and, 49–52 Islam and, 50, 311, 315n10 Japan and, 5, 88, 95–96, 98, 102–3 Judaism and, 125–26 Pakistan and, 51 Protestant Chrisitanity and, 236, 239,

241, 243–44, 247 Roman Catholic Christianity and,

311 Occidentalism, 103, 205 occultation, Infallible Imams and, 259,

264–65, 276, 308, 312 offensive warfare, 2, 8, 136, 308

Christianity and, 149–51, 153–54, 179, 182 232, 308

Islam and, 257, 267, 289, 292, 308 Old Testament, 5, 138n10, 167, 181,

226, 229, 250n60. See also The Bible

Ooms, Herman, 91 Orient(al), 103, 190 Origen, 143, 168 Orthodox Christianity. See

Christianity, Eastern Orthodox Orthodox Peace Fellowship, 205–6 Ostrogorsky, George, 176 Ottoman Empire, 172, 186–96

millet system and, 190–91 pacifism, xi, 7, 20, 304. See also

Gandhi, M. K. atomic weapons and, 5 Baha’i faith and, 12 Buddhism and, 61–62, 75, 80–83 conscientious objection and, 12, 225,

227, 234 Eastern Orthodox Christianity and,

167, 177, 185–86, 195, 208–9, 216n67

Hinduism and, 4, 34, 43–44, 50 Jainism and, 12, 19

Japanese religion and, 5, 88, 90, 94–103

Judaism and, 107, 121, 127–28 moderates and, 19, 33, 52, 267, 313 non-military resistance and, 19–20 norms of war and concept of, 19 Orthodox Peace Fellowship and,

205–6 peace churches and, 7, 221, 242 Protestant Christianity and, 7, 221,

223, 234, 236, 242–46, 248 renunciation of force and, 159n1 Roman Catholic Christianity and, 6,

142–44, 148, 159n1 Shia Islam and, 255–57, 259–69,

276–77 'stratification of pacifism' and, 169,

173 Pact of Paris, 25 Pakistan, 13, 46–48, 50–51

India and, 47, 50–51 Palestine, 13, 121, 133, 180–81, 197,

213n35, 299–300 Islam and, 288, 292, 299

Pali canonical texts, 61, 71, 73, 75, 77 Cakkavattisihanada Sutta, 65 The Mahavamsa, 68

papacy, use of force and Benedict XV, 153 Benedict XVI, 156, 159, 292, 313 Decretalists and, 148–49 Innocent IV, 148–49, 156, 164n67 John Paul II, 28n3, 143, 158,

160n14, 164n69 John VIII, 170 John XXIII, 154, 311 Leo IV, 170, 314n6 papal arbitration, 146 papal infallibility, 157 Paul VI, 146, 156 Pius XII, 147, 153–54, 158

Partner, Peter, 24 passive resistance, 143. See also non-

violence

23

patriarchate(s), 171–72, 186–93, 200, 205, 210, 218n79

millet system and, 190–91 patriarchate(s), Ecumenical, 7, 169,

171, 186–87, 191, 205–6, 208 patriarch(s)

Alexei II, 205, 207, 219n88 Bartholomew, 7, 208, 218n79 Gavrilo, 216n66 Gavrilo V Dož ić-Medenica, 198 Michael IV Autoreinaos, 171 Nikon, 193 Pavle, 21n73, 203, 205 Polyeuktos, 170–71 Sergios I, 184 Tikhon, 199, 207, 216n67

patriotism, 16, 71, 188, 194, 216n67 patristic period, 166–75, 183, 187–88,

192, 198, 208, 210 patron saints, 175–76, 202, 206 peace. See also pacifism

Eastern Orthodox Christianity and, 173–74, 182, 185–93, 195, 199–200

Israel and, 121, 127–28 Japan and, 100–103 jus post bellum and, 14, 117, 119,

127 nasikh (the Qur’anic verses on

peace), 256, 291 Peace Churches, 7, 221, 242 Peace Pagodas, 102 perpetual peace, 6, 27, 41, 146 Roman Catholic Christianity and,

150–54 Shia Islam and, 255–57, 259–69,

276–77 Yugoslavia and former Yugoslavia,

201–7 Peace Constitution, 88, 96 peacebuilding, 17 peaceful negotiation, 68, 96, 203, 268,

307 pentarchy system, 188

Perera, L. P. N., 82 persecution, 89, 118, 158, 199–200,

217n73, 242 Islam and, 257, 262, 285–86, 290–

91 Persia, 126, 176, 178–79, 181, 184,

213n34 Persian Gulf, 48, 97 (See also Gulf

War) Petar I Petrović, 192 Peter the Great, 194 Petrović-Njegoš dynasty, 192 Philistine(s), 110–11, 128, 130 Plato, 145, 160n11 Polyeuktos, Patriarch, 170–71 popes. See papacy, use of force and Popovski, Vesselin, xi, 1–29 postwar occupation, 4, 88–89 power, 6–7, 16, 18–20, 220, 307, 309–

10 Eastern Orthodox Christianity and,

172, 176, 180, 191–92, 194, 197, 211n11

Islam and, 291, 294, 299 Judaism and, 110, 112–13, 120–21,

124 military (See military power) Protestant Christianity and, 222–23,

226–27, 230, 232–33, 235–38, 240, 242–45

Roman Catholic Christianity and, 144, 146, 149, 155, 163n56

pre-emption, 50, 136, 210, 267, 307, 314n5

Premasiri, P. D., 74–75 Presbyterianism, 228, 247 preventive war, 24, 39, 48, 136, 151,

230, 307 priests and clergy, 4, 18, 190–92, 207,

246 battlefield rites and, 108, 175, 184,

186 Brahmins, 49, 54

24

as collaborators, 172–73, 183, 196, 199, 201, 203, 247

as exempt from military service, 133, 156–57, 163n56, 169, 175, 190, 231

as high priests, 112, 114–15, 129–30, 138n10, 308, 312

Nationalist Hindu priests, 52 On the Priesthood (Chrysostom),

173 prince-bishops, 192 PRIO. See International Peace

Research Institute, Oslo prisoners of war, treatment of, 21, 120,

123, 302, 306, 310 Hinduism and, 34, 38, 42 Islam and, 9, 274, 281n120, 284,

290, 294, 301 propaganda, 8, 18, 124, 140n51, 179,

203, 207 property, rights to, 34, 60, 79, 120,

155, 157, 309 Islam and, 265, 267, 285, 289, 295–

96 Protestant Christianity and, 222,

231–32, 309 The Prophet. See Muhammad proportionality, principle of, 2, 23,

153, 159, 204, 241, 311 Israel and, 122–23

Protestantism. See Christianity, Protestant

protest(s), non-violent, 13, 17, 19, 168, 199, 205, 271

Pufendorf, Samuel, 221, 229, 231–32, 237

punishment Buddhism and, 65–66, 69 Eastern Orthodox Christianity and,

170, 180, 182, 193–94 Hinduism and, 25, 38, 44, 53 Islam and, 9–10, 258, 266, 270, 284 Judaism and, 112–13, 119, 122, 130,

134

Protestant Christianity and, 223–25, 227, 230–31, 250n60

Roman Catholic Christianity and, 146, 151, 153, 155, 157, 163n56

Puritan tradition, 246–47 purity of arms, 5, 120–21, 124, 126,

311. See also Israel Defense Forces (IDF)

qatilu (to battle), 284, 287–91, 294–95,

297 al-Qisas (the law of retaliation), 266 al-Qomi, Mirza abu-al-Qasim (Grand

Ayatollah), 265 Quakers, 242 Qur’an, the, 8–9, 12. See also Hadith

(the sayings of The Prophet) aya(s) (Qur’anic sentences) and,

284, 286, 290–92, 295–96 jihad, just war and, 263, 276,

278n17, 293–99 mutlaq verses (absolutes) and, 259–

60, 276, 278n17 nasikh (the Qur’anic verses on

peace) and, 256, 260–63 qatilu (to battle) and, 284, 287–91,

294–95, 297 Shia Islam and, 255–82 Sunni Islam and, 282–303

Qur’anic texts Qur’an 2:190–192, 262, 289–90 Qur’an 2:218, 295 Qur’an 4:75, 289 Qur’an 4:76, 289 Qur’an 4:90, 291 Qur’an 4:104, 288 Qur’an 5:32, 296 Qur’an 8:60, 261 Qur’an 8:61, 291 Qur’an 9:20, 295 Qur’an 9:73, 295 Qur’an 22:39, 263, 288 Qur’an 22:40, 263, 289

25

Qur’an 25:52, 295 Qur’an 28:77, 264 Qur’an 29:6, 295 Qur’an 38:27–28, 264 Qur’an 47:4, 290 Qur’an 60:8, 290–91 Qur’an 60:9, 291–92

Quraysh, 288 rabbinical tradition, 5, 38, 107, 112–

14, 116, 119, 135 Halacha (Jewish law) and, 113, 118,

120, 125–26 Leviticus Rabbah 9:9, 113

raison d’état, 152–53 Rajputs, 41–43. See also Kshatriya(s) Ramayana, 32, 34–35, 40, 45 Ramsey, Paul, 221, 239–42 rapprochement, 168, 175, 287 Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh

(National Volunteers’ Organization), 50

Rathana, Athureliye, 75 Ratzinger, Cardinal, 159 Ravitzky, Aviezer, 112 Raymond, of Peñafort, 149 realism, principle of, 7, 20, 35, 40,

221, 304 Christian realism and, 236–37 nuclear realism and, 239 political realism and, 50, 52, 60–61,

236 realpolitik, 5, 50, 107, 118, 126–27 rebellion(s), 1, 36, 39, 43, 48

Protestant Christianity and, 222, 225, 227, 230, 237–38, 241

recruitment of soldiers, 12, 16, 41 ascetics and, 44 ideology and, 16, 22

Red Army, the, 199 Reformation, the, 143, 220, 222, 235,

239, 303 Calvin and, 225–26, 228, 246

Reformed Church denominations, 228

Regensburg, University of, 156, 292 Reich, Walter, 126 Reichberg, Gregory M., xii, 5–6 Reiyukai, 97 Religion, Conflict and Reconciliation:

Multifaith Ideals and Realities (Gort), 18

religio-national ideologies, 198, 202, 204, 208, 210

religious freedom. See freedom of religion

Religious Perspectives on War: Christian, Muslim, and Jewish Attitudes toward Force (Smock), 23

religious theology, 14 emergence of the laws of war and,

24–27 religious wars

believers and, 12, 16, 78, 89, 226, 304, 306

Islam and, 263, 265, 285–86, 290, 292, 304, 306

religious wars, and unbelievers, 73, 155–57, 304

Shia Islam and, 257, 261–62, 267, 269–70, 272

Sunni Islam and, 285, 288, 290, 295–97

Renaissance, 226 resistance, non-violent, 13, 19–20, 44,

68–69, 95, 143, 199–200. See also non-violence

responsibility to protect, concept of, 26

revolution(s). See also rebellion(s) about, 45, 77, 95, 191, 195, 265 Iranian Revolution, 287 Protestant Christianity and, 233, 235,

238–39, 242, 247 Rhomaioi (Byzantine Greeks), 188 ridda (breaking with Islam), 294 Ridda wars, 293 Rig Veda, 34, 38, 42, 45

26

right cause, principle of, 2 right intention, 43, 149, 162n37, 230,

232, 237, 240 rishi, 54 Rissho Koseikai, 94, 97–98 Robinson, Paul, 23 Rodin, David, 24 Roman Catholic Christianity

See Christianity, Roman Catholic Roman Empire, 143–44, 168–69, 179

pre-Christian, 169 Roman just war tradition, 186 Roman law, 6 Romanian Orthodox Church, 190–91,

196, 206 Romanists, 147 Rome, 25, 113, 147, 178, 188, 193 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 41, 146 Roy, Kaushik, xi, 3 Rugova, Ibrahim, 19 Rushdie, Salman, 292 Russia, 4, 15, 183–86, 188, 194, 200,

204 civil war and, 199 India and, 46 Japan and, 88, 93

Russian Bishops, Jubilee Council of, 206

Russian Empire, 190–96, 207, 215n50 Russian Orthodox Church, 7–8, 199,

205–8, 219n89 Russo-Ottoman War, 195–96 sacrifice. See also asceticism;

martyrdom heroism and, 11, 16, 33, 35, 44, 203,

205 monk soldiers and, 62 war and religion and, 11

saints, military, 175–76. See also martyrdom

Salafi movement(s), 297 Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi, 293 Salisbury, John of, 159

Sama Veda, 34 sanctions, 9, 15, 19, 51, 155, 239, 245

Roman Catholic Canon Law and, 163n56

Sandler, Shmuel, 14 Sanhedrin, the, 112, 115, 119–20,

138n7, 138n10 santi (tranquillity, peace), 61 Sarkar, Jagadish Narayan, 37 Satomi Kishio, 92

Nihon Shoki (Chronicles of Japan), 92

satta aparihaniya dhamma (seven conditions of welfare), 64

Saudi Arabia, 299–300, 313 Scandinavia, 225 Schlumberger, Gustave, 176 Schmitt, Carl, 147 secularism, 30, 32 secularization of war

about, 168–69, 173, 178–79, 187, 303–5, 313

Buddhism and, 74, 83 Eastern Orthodox Christianity and,

176, 189–92, 194, 202, 206–7 fundamentalism and, 19 Hinduism and, 3, 30, 32 Islam and, 276 Israel and, 5, 126 Protestant Christianity and, 223, 229,

232, 246 Roman Catholic Christianity and,

146, 150–51, 154 state power and, 13, 15, 19, 30, 193,

195, 200–201 Yugoslavia and former Yugoslavia,

205–10, 218n79 sedition, 36, 149, 159, 264, 310 Seljuk sultanate, 172, 181 Seneca, 226, 231 Sennacherib, 116, 182 Serbia, 184, 309

Milosevic, Slobodan (President), 19 neo-crusading and, 198, 203

27

warrior-princes of, 184–85 Serbian Orthodox Church, 188, 190–

91, 196–99, 201–5, 216n72, 217n73

Sergius of Radonezh, Saint, 193 Shabbat, 116–17, 138n7 Shafei, Mohammad (Imam), 257 Shafirov, Baron Petr, 194 Shahid Avval, 267 Shaitan, 289, 292. See also devil Sharia law, 9, 255, 283, 298–99

ulama and, 299 Shaw, George Bernard, 11 Shiism, 3, 5, 8, 255–82, 308, 311

acts of terrorism and, 270–71 jihad and, 256–60, 264–67 jurisprudence and, 258–59, 276–77 new trends in, 259–62 theory of epochal dissimulation, 265 Twelfth Imam and, 8, 258–60, 276,

312 Shiju Kegon, 90 Shinto, 4, 88, 91, 104n4, 309

Yasukuni Shrine, 98 shirk (idolatry), 298–99 Shuyodan Hoseikai, 99–100

as juridical foundation, 99 Sikhism, 17 Singh, Sarva Daman, 34 Sinha, Manoj Kumar, 33 Sistani, Ayatollah, 13 Slavonic Orthodoxy, 184, 189, 191–

92, 195–96 Smock, David, 23 Smyrna, 172 Socrates, 160n11, 226 Soka Gakkai, 94–98, 102–3

Ikeda Daisaku and, 96–97 Komeito, political party of, 96 peace education and, 95–96

soldier monks. See monks, as soldiers soldiers, Christian, 170–72, 183,

211n11, 223–24

Solomon, Norman, 38, 113, 116–17, 121–22

Solovyov, Vladimir, 195, 215n57 Sonbol, Amira, xii, 5, 8–9 Sorabji, Richard, 23 Sorai, Ogyu, 91 Sotah 8, 114, 116–17, 128 Sotah 8:2–7, 115, 128–30 Sotah 42b–44b, 115, 130–35 Soviet Union and former Soviet

Union, 8, 23, 43, 46, 199–201, 207

Spain, 15, 155, 197, 229 Spanish Civil War, 159, 313

Spartans, 15 Sri Jayawardenepura University, 82 Sri Lanka, 4, 13, 60. See also Pali

canonical texts Buddhism and, 68–86 dharma yuddhaya (righteous war),

74–79 human rights violation(s) and, 82 inter-religious violence and, 13 Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna and, 80,

82 just war and The Mahavamsa, 71–

74 King Sirisanghabodhi, story of, 68–

70 Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam

(LTTE) and, 79–83 Sinhala and, 71, 74, 76–81 suicides and, 69–70 Theravada Buddhism and, 4, 60–86

Stalin, Joseph, 199, 201 state-churches. See Church–state

relations Stefan Lazar, Saint (Prince of Serbia),

184–85 Stefan Lazarević , Saint, (Prince of

Serbia), 184 Stefan Uroš IV Dušan, 188 Stoyanov, Yuri, xii, 5, 7, 215n57 Strategikon (Maurice), 175

28

Suarez, Francisco, 151–54, 157–59 Sufism, 297 suicide bombing(s), 6, 16, 27, 107,

126, 301–2 Sri Lanka and, 82, 83n2

Sukra, 40–41 Sukraniti, 40 Sunna (tradition), 255–56, 260, 293,

296 Prophetic Sunna and, 296

Sunnism, 3, 8–10, 255–61, 264, 274, 278n18, 309

Hanbali school and, 257, 298 jurisprudence and, 258, 276–77 Middle East conflict and, 287–89,

292 new trends in, 259–62 Qur’an and, 282–303 schools of law and, 257

Symeon, (Tsar of Bulgaria), 188 symmetrical warfare, 22, 47, 49 Syria, 170, 293–94. See also Assyria al-Tabataba’ie, Sayyid, 261, 272, 274 TAF. See Tamil Eelam Air Force Talmud(s), 113–17, 125, 136. See also

Maimonides Babylonian Talmud, 114–16

Tamil Eelam Air Force (TAF), 80 Tamil(s), 73, 79–83

Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), 75, 79–80, 82

Taoism, 89 Tatar(s), 193, 195 Tawhid (God’s unity), 298 Tenri Kenkyukai, 99 Tenrikyo, 99 terrorism, xiii, 6, 23, 60, 103, 311

Hinduism and, 45, 51–52 Islam and, 270–71, 287, 292, 300 Judaism and, 106–7, 119, 123–24,

126, 130 Roman Catholic Christianity and,

159, 165n75

Sri Lanka and, 60, 78–80, 83n1 terrorist attacks, 1–2 terrorist strikes, 27, 80 What Makes a Terrorist, 17

Tertullian, 143, 168 Testament (Tokugawa), 91 Thakurs. See Kshatriya(s) The Holy War Idea in Western and

Islamic Traditions (Johnson), 24 The Tactica, 182–83, 186 Theocons, 163n51 theocracy, 192, 220 Theodore Stratelates, Saint, 175 Theodore Teron, Saint, 175 Theravada Buddhism. See Buddhism,

Theravada Thessaloniki, 175, 191 Thirty Years War, 230 Thirty-Nine Articles of the Anglican

Confession, 228 Tillich, Paul, 221, 234–36 Tito, Josip Broz (President

Yugoslavia), 201, 203 Toda Josei, 95–96 Tokugawa Ieyasu, 91 Tokugawa regime, 4, 87, 91, 93

kokugaku (National Learning School), 92

Tolstoy, Lev, 15, 195 Torah, 112, 117, 120, 126, 134,

138n10 Torah, Mishnah, 113–17, 132–35,

138n10 totalitarianism, 143, 187, 233, 235,

251n96 al-Tousi, Mohammad Abu-Ja’far,

(Sheikh), 258, 266, 271–74 Toyotomi Hideyoshi, 62, 92–93 treaties, 25, 195, 199, 269, 285, 310

India and, 46, 51 Treaty of Brest Litovsk, 199 True Cross, the, 180

Cross and Freedom, 197–98 Tsevat, Matitiahu, 110

29

Turkish Islam Christianity and, 158, 171 Eastern Orthodox Christianity and,

171–72, 179, 181 Hinduism and, 31, 41–42 Luther and, 223, 248n13

Turkoman empire, 172, 179, 181 Turner, Nicholas, xii Tutu, Desmond (Bishop), 13 Twelvers, 278n18. See also Imam(s),

Infallible tyranny, 12, 20, 36, 143, 159

Islam and, 257, 261, 267, 299–300 Protestant Christianity and, 222, 227,

240, 250n60 Tzimiskes, John, 176, 178, 181,

213n35 Tzu, Lao, 23 Uchimura Kanzo, 93 Ukraine, 184, 186, 204 ulama class, 299 ’Umar bin al-Khattab, 294, 296, 298 Umayyad empire, 298 umma (Islamic community), 261, 266,

292–94, 298, 302n6 Umur Paşa Aydınoğ lu, 172 Uniate community, 207 Union Theological Seminary (New

York), 234, 236 United Church of Christ, 245 United Methodists, 243, 245, 247 United Methodist Bishops’ Pastoral,

243 United Nations, the, xi, xii, 1–3, 11,

25, 146, 245 United Nations Charter, 6, 136, 153,

205, 304, 308 specific Articles of, 25, 119–20, 308

United Nations General Assembly, 26, 96, 98

United Nations Peace Award, 96 United Nations Peacekeeping

Operations, 96

United Nations Security Council, 25, 96, 150, 308

United Nations University, ix, 2 United Nations University Press

(UNU Press), ix United States of America, 13, 60, 247.

See also America; Gulf War; Vietnam War

India and, 46–47, 49, 51 Islam and, 287, 292, 300–301 Israel and, 126, 292 Japan and, 95–96, 102 Protestant Christianity and, 233–36,

243, 247 United States Holocaust Memorial

Museum, 126 United States Institute of Peace, 23 Universal Declaration of Human

Rights, 82 unjust war(s), 20, 31–37. See also

kutayuddha UNU Press. See United Nations

University Press Upanishads, 45, 54 Urim and Thummim (High Priests'

oracle), 115, 120–21, 308, 312 US Catholic Bishops, 143 Vatican, the, 6, 13, 147, 163n56

Kosovo and, 158 Vatican Council and, 162n37

Vattel, Emerich de, 147, 161n19, 232, 314n4

Vedas, 30, 54. See also Rig Veda; Sama Veda

martial values and, 34 Velimirović, Nikolai (Bishop), 197–

98, 204 Vietnam War, 51, 95, 101–2, 247 vijigishu, 35–36, 38–39, 54 Virgin Mary, the, 184 Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP) Vitoria, Francisco de, 15, 150–54,

158–59

30

Vroom, Hendrik, 18 Wahhabism, 297, 300. See also Ibn

Abdal-Wahhab Walzer, Michael, 118–19, 123 War and Peace (Tolstoy), 15 War and the Law of Nations (Neff),

14, 22 war crimes, 26 war memorials, 16 warfare. See also jus in bello

Hinduism and, 30–59 limitations, evolution of, 32 rejection of, 3 secularization of, 30

warlord(s), 16, 35, 47, 62, 87, 92, 274 warrior-princes, 184–85 warrior(s), 30

bushi (Japanese professional), 42 Hindu, 30, 43–44

war(s). See also civil war(s); jus ad bellum; jus in bello; just war(s); unjust war(s)

American Revolutionary War, 235 atrocities, 23, 88, 92, 154, 293, 302 Buddhism and, 61–68, 71–79,

85n45 Cold War, 1, 103, 106, 154, 200,

240–41, 312 conventional warfare, 48, 107, 121,

123–24, 241–42, 311 conventions of, 10, 25, 33, 107,

123–24, 234 Crimean war, 152 the devil and, 182, 184, 192 discretionary war, 114–15, 136, 308 Eighty Years War, 246 ethics of (See ethics of war) Franco-Prussian war, 152 French Revolution, 195 Geneva Conventions and, 25, 107,

121–24, 127, 204, 304, 310 Greek Revolution, the, 191

Gulf War, 8, 23–24, 48, 97, 209, 247

Hinduism and, 30–59 Hundred Years War, the, 231 international law and, 22 Iraq War, 247 Lebanon and, 3, 123, 292, 300–301 Mouta war, the, 274 Napoleonic wars, 195 negotiation and, 68 preventive war, 24, 39, 48, 136, 151,

230, 307 propaganda and, 8, 18, 124, 140n51,

179, 203, 207 reasons for, religious and non-

religious, 16–19 regular war, concept of, 6 Ridda wars, 293 shaping norms of, 13 Spanish Civil War, 159, 313 State of Israel and, 118–20 Thirty Years War, 230 World War I, 88, 121, 152, 159n1,

196–97, 216n67, 246–47 World War II, 4, 88, 127, 147, 199–

203, 233, 236 weapons of mass destruction (WMD).

See also nuclear weapons about, 6, 25, 106, 311 brahmastra and, 51 Jewish law and, 126–27 Shia Islam and, 9, 272–73, 311

Webster, Alexander, 208–9, 216n67 Weinfeld, Moshe, 109 Wesleyan tradition, 229 Western tradition of warfare, 30–31 Westminster Confession of the

Presbyterian and Congregationalist traditions, 228

What Makes a Terrorist (Kreuger), 17 White Army, the, 199 Wimalawansa, Baddegama

(Venerable), 76–77 Wink, Andre, 43

31

WMD. See weapons of mass destruction

Wolff, Christian, 147 women, 45. See also non-combatants

Tamil women in Singapore, 45 World Council of Churches, 206,

217n73 World Hindu Council, 52 World Summit Outcome Document,

26 World War I, 88, 121, 152, 159n1,

196–97, 216n67, 246–47 World War II, 4, 88, 127, 147, 199–

203, 233, 236 Roman Catholic Christianity and,

153–54, 158 Wurttemberg, 228 Yahweh (YWHW), 137n1, 167 Yaron, Zvi, 118 Yasumaru Yoshio, 91 Yoder, John Howard, 242–43,

253n189 yoga, 45, 54 Yugoslavia and former Yugoslavia, 8,

13, 201–10, 216n72, 218n79. See also Balkan nation-states; Bosnia-Herzegovina; Kosovo; Serbia

Zahn, Gordon, 143 al-Zawahiri, Ayman, 300 Zayn al-Din, ibn Ali al-Amili, 266,

274 Zionism, 118, 120–21, 299 Zohar, Noam, 120 Zonaras, John, 170, 172