გამოხატვის თავისუფლება, ტომი I-II

159

sasamarTlo praqtika

sasamarTlo praqtika

amerikis SeerTebul

Statebsa da evropaSi

RFHB 66

160

gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si

161

sasamarTlo praqtika

Senki SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg

249 U.S. 47

faqtebi: Senkma _ romelic mocemuli droisaTvis socialisturi parti-

is generaluri mdivani iyo _ da misma kolegebma SeerTebuli Statebis wve-

vamdelebs daugzavnes dokumenti, romelSic saubari iyo imaze, Tu rogor

ewinaaRmdegeba gawveva SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciis me-13 Sesworebas1 .

saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebi daobdnen, rom Senkma da misma kolegebma

waaqezes wvevamdelebi, raTa maT xeli SeeSalaT gawvevisaTvis. Sesabamisad,

Senki da misi kolegebi, 1917 wlis SpionaJis aqtis Tanaxmad, cnes damnaSa-

veebad sajariso formirebebSi daumorCileblobis gamowvevisaTvis da

daumorCileblobis gamowvevis mcdelobisaTvis, aseve, samxedro gawvevis

xelis SeSlisaTvis maSin, rodesac SeerTebuli Statebi saomar mdgoma-

reobaSi imyofeba. SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaes sasamarTloSi gasaCiv-

rebisas Senki da misi kolegebi daobdnen, rom SpionaJis aqtis darRvevis

mtkiceba maTi gamonaTqvamebis gamo ewinaaRmdegeboda SeerTebuli State-

bis konstituciis pirvel Sesworebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom uzenasma sa-

samarTlom daadastura Senkis da misi Tanamoazreebis damnaSaveoba, mosa-

marTle holmsma gadawyvetilebaSi gadmosca azri, romelSic Caisaxa aSka-

ra da myisieri safrTxis doqtrina. xsenebuli doqtrina pirveli Seswo-

rebis interpretaciis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani meqanizmia.

1 `SeerTebuli Statebis teritoriaze an sxva iseT teritoriaze, sadac SeerTebuli

Statebis iurisdiqcia vrceldeba, ar unda arsebobdes monoba an iZulebiTi Sroma,

garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac saqme exeba sasjels Cadenili danaSaulisaTvis~,

muxli 2. `kongresi uflebamosilia, saTanado sakanonmdeblo aqtebiT

ganaxorcielos da sisruleSi moiyvanos aRniSnuli norma,� me-13 Sesworeba, muxli 1.

SFDB 6FVTHBRBC ITTHST<EKB INFNT<BC

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162


uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: gadawyvetileba ZalaSi dar-

Ca.

mosamarTle holmsma warmoadgina sasamarTlos mosazreba: sadavo

dokumenti, romelic Senkma da misma Tanamoazreebma gaavrceles, acxadeb-

da, rom gawveva warmoadgens despotizms mis uwmindes formaSi da Secdo-

mas kacobriobis winaSe, rac Seesabameba uol stritis rCeulTa intere-

sebs. dokumentSi vkiTxulobT mowodebas: �nu SeSindebiT!� Tumca doku-

menti wvevamdelebs iseTi mSvidobiani qmedebebisaken mouwodebda, rogo-

ricaa aqtis konstituciurobis sakiTxis dayeneba da misi gasaCivreba.

dokumentis bolo gverdze dabeWdili iyo mowodeba �daicavi Seni ufle-

bebi!� dokumenti uaryofda uflebas, romlis mixedviTac, aSS-s moqala-

qeebs sxva qveynebSi gzavnian sxva qveynis moqalaqeebis mosaklavad da iqve

dasZenda, rom sityvebiT SeuZlebeli iyo am civsisxliani procesis aRwera.

ra Tqma unda, dokumenti ar gaigzavneboda, Tuki is miznad ar isaxavda ad-

resatebze garkveuli zegavlenis moxdenas. erTaderTi zegavlena, rac am

mimarTvas wvevamdelebze unda moexdina, iyo is, rom wvevamdelebs winaaR-

mdegoba gaewiaT gawvevis procesisaTvis.

Tuki miviCnevT, rom sadavo dokumentis mizani iyo gawvevis procesi-

saTvis xelis SeSla, aRniSnuli mainc daculia pirveli SesworebiT. Cven

vaRiarebT, rom bevr adgilas da Cveulebriv viTarebaSi msgavsi gancxa-

debis gakeTeba ganmcxadeblis konstituciuri ufleba iqneboda. Tumca

yoveli qmedebis xasiaTi damokidebulia im garemoebebze, romelSic xor-

cieldeba esa Tu is konkretuli qmedeba. gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis dac-

vis yvelaze zusti meqanizmic ki ar daicavda pirs, romelic TeatrSi war-

modgenis dros iyvirebda, rom xanZari gaCnda da amiT xalxs panikaSi Ca-

agdebda. sakiTxi ase dgas: aris Tu ara sityvebi warmoTqmuli iseT mdgo-

mareobaSi da iseTi saxiT, rom SeuZlia, gamoiwvios aSkara da myisieri

safrTxe, romlis aRmofxvris uflebac kongress gaaCnia. mTavari sakiTxi

am SemTxvevaSi aris qmedebis myisierebis sakiTxi.

rodesac qveyana saomar mdgomareobaSia, bevri ram, rac mSvidobian

dros dasaSvebia, SesaZloa, imdenad xelisSemSleli aRmoCndes Sedegi-

saTvis, rom masTan Segueba SeuZlebeli Seiqnas; radgan xalxi ibrZvis da

verc erTi sasamarTlo ver miiCnevs mas konstituciiT dacul uflebad.

aseve unda aRiniSnos, rom Tu dadgindeba gawvevisaTvis xelis SeSla, maSin,

163

sasamarTlo praqtika

SesaZloa, dadges pasuxismgebloba im gamonaTqvamebisaTvis, romlebmac

es xelis SeSla gamoiwvia. 1917 wlis kanoni dasjadad miiCnevs rogorc

gawvevisTvis xelis SeSlis ganzraxvas, aseve, uSualo qmedebas _ xelis

SeSlas. Tu qmedeba (saubari an raime werilobiTi dokumentis gavrceleba),

misi mizani da ganzraxva erTi da igivea, maSin Cven migvaCnia, rom mxolod

gamiznuli Sedegis dadgoma ar aris qmedebis danaSaulad aRiarebis safuZ-

veli.

1919 weli

abramsi SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg

250 U.S. 616

faqtebi: abramsi da xuTi sxva piri ruseTSi daibadnen. isini dakavebis

dros SeerTebul StatebSi cxovrobdnen da Sesabamisi ganaTlebac hqon-

daT miRebuli. Tumca SeerTebul StatebSi 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi cxovre-

bisas naturalizaciis ganacxadiT Sesabamisi saagentoebisaTvis ar mi-

umarTavT. oTxma maTganma Cvenebis micemis dros ganacxada, rom isini

anarqistebi iyvnen da ar sjerodaT raime formis mTavrobis. mexuTe maT-

ganma ganmarta, rom igi socialisti iyo da ar sjeroda kapitalizmis.

abramsma (es misi namdvili saxeli ar aris) 1918 wlis 27 ivliss SeiZina

stamba, romelic ganTavsebuli iyo niu-iurkSi erT-erTi sacxovrebeli

saxlis sardafSi. braldebulebma 5000 proklamacia dabeWdes da daariges.

proklamacia dasaTaurebuli iyo Semdegnairad: �SeerTebuli Statebis

da misi mokavSireebis hipokratia�.

abramss da oTx sxva pirs brali dasdes im broSurebis dabeWdvasa da

gavrcelebaSi, romlebSic abramsi da misi Tanamoazreebi daupirispirdnen

SeerTebuli Statebis saeqspedicio dajgufebis gagzavnas ruseTSi axali

komunisturi revoluciuri mTavrobis dasamarcxeblad. maT aseve mouwo-

des samxedro qarxnebis da fabrikebis muSebs, rom gaficuliyvnen. prok-

lamaciaSi aseve aRniSnuli iyo, rom muSaTa klasis pirveli mteri kapita-

lizmia da braldebulebi muSebs gamoRviZebisken mouwodebdnen. prok-

164


lamaciaSi ewera, rom prezidenti vilsoni mSiSara iyo da ver bedavda Riad

ganecxadebina: �Cven, kapitalistur qveynebs, ar SegviZlia proletaru-

li ruseTis arsebobis atana�.

uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTleebis umravlesobam, maT Soris, mosa-

marTle klarkma daadgina, rom broSuris dabeWdva da gavrceleba omis

dros ar iyo daculi konstituciis pirveli SesworebiT. mosamarTle

klarkis gadawyvetilebas didi gavlena ar mouxdenia pirveli Sesworebis

ganmartebaze, Tumca mosamarTle holmsis gansxvavebuli azri, romelsac

mosamarTle luis brandeisi SeuerTda, SeerTebul StatebSi gamoxatvis

Tavisuflebis sferoSi erT-erT mniSvnelovan dokumentad iqca.

uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: olqis sasamarTlos gadawy-

vetileba ZalaSi darCa.

umravlesobis azri mosamarTle klarkma warmoadgina: proklama-

ciis teqstidan aSkarad Cans, rom am publikaciis mizani iyo, saomari kri-

zisis dros gamoewvia xalxis ukmayofileba da amboxeba, janyi da revo-

lucia am qveyanaSi; aseve, publikaciis mizani iyo, CaeSala am qveynis da

misi evropeli mokavSireebis samxedro gegmebi. cxadia, rom proklamaciis

avtorebi miznad isaxavdnen SeerTebuli StatebisaTvis xelis SeSlas omis

warmoebaSi, rac gamoixata muSebis mowodebaSi gaficvisaken. Sesabamisad,

wina instanciis sasamarTlom sworad imoqmeda, rodesac abramsi da misi

mokavSireebi damnaSaved cno.

mosamarTle holmsis gansxvavebuli azri: braldeba mTlianad dam-

yarebulia ori broSuris dabeWdvaze. pirvel broSuraSi aRniSnulia, rom

prezidentis laCruli dumili ruseTSi intervenciasTan dakavSirebiT av-

lens voSingtonSi plutokratuli bandis tyuilebs. sakmaod martivia imis

uaryofa, rom fraza meore broSuraSi, `SeerTebul StatebSi momuSave

rusi erovnebis muSebi amzadeben tyvia-wamals maTi axloblebis mosak-

lavad~ da mowodeba, rom isini gaificon _ warmoadgens omis warmoebis

mizniT saWiro masalis SeqmnisaTvis xelis SeSlas, 1918 wlis SpionaJis

aqtis Tanaxmad, qmedeba sisxlisamarTlebrivad dasjadia, rodesac Cade-

nilia �iseTi ganzraxviT, romelic miznad isaxavs SeerTebuli Statebi-

saTvis omis wamoebaSi zianis miyenebas da xelis SeSlas.� Cemi azriT, aseTi

ganzraxva am saqmeSi dadgenili ar aris.

arasodes mqonia mizezi, eWvi Semetana imaSi, rom kanonis sakiTxebi, rom-

lebic am sasamarTlom Senkis, froverkis da debsis saqmeebSi ganixila,

165

sasamarTlo praqtika

araswori iyo. imave saqmeebis logikidan gamomdinare, aseve ar Semaqvs eWvi,

rom SeerTebuli Statebis saxelmwifos ufleba aqvs, dasajos piri, rome-

lic meore pirs mkvlelobis CadenaSi daarwmunebs. SeerTebuli Statebis

saxelmwifos ufleba aqvs, dasajos is piri, romelic warmoTqvams, an miz-

nad isaxavs, rom warmoTqvas sityvebi, romlebic qmnis realuri zianis

aSkara da myisier safrTxes. aseTi SezRudvis ufleba SedarebiT metia

omis pirobebSi, vidre mSvidobis dros, radgan omi qmnis saSiSroebas, ro-

melic mSvidobis dros ar arsebobs.

Tumca sityvis Tavisuflebis principebi erTi da igivea omisa da mSvi-

dobis dros. mxolod realuri zianis dadgomis aSkara safrTxe aZlevs

kongress azris gamoxatvis Tavisuflebaze SezRudvebis dawesebis ufle-

bas. ar mgonia, vinmem ifiqros, rom ucnobi kacis mier saidumlod dabeW-

dili erTi suleluri broSura safrTxes Seuqmnida SeerTebul Statebs

omis warmoebaSi.

am saqmeSi braldebulebs oci wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa miusajes

ori broSuris dabeWdvisaTvis, romelTa dabeWdvis ufleba, Cemi azriT,

maT iseve aqvT, rogorc SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobas aqvs ufleba,

gamoaqveynos SeerTebuli Statebis konstitucia _ romelzec amaod mi-

uTiTeben braldebulebi.

amrigad, mimaCnia, rom braldebulebs waarTves konstituciiT aRiare-

buli sityvis Tavisufleba.

1919 weli

niari minesotis winaaRmdeg

283 U.S.697

faqtebi: minesotis erT-erTi kanoni sazogadoebrivi wesrigis darRve-

vad miiCnevda �boroti, skandaluri da cilismwamebluri� gazeTebisa da

publikaciebis gamocemas. kanonis teqstSi ewera, rom yvela pirs, romelic

sazogadoebrivi wesrigis amgvar damrRvevad iqneba miCneuli, aekrZaleba

gazeTisa Tu publikaciis gamocema.

166


henepinis olqis prokurorma da SemdgomSi populistma gubernatorma

_ floid olsonma sasamarTloSi uCivla gazeTs `Saturday Press~, zemoT

miTiTebuli kanonis safuZvelze. sarCelSi, romelic olsonma sasamarT-

loSi Seitana, aRniSnuli iyo Semdegi: gazeTi acxadebda, rom samarTal-

damcavi organoebi da moxeleebi uZlurni iyvnen, gamoevlinaT da daesa-

jaT saTamaSo biznesSi, alkoholis kontrabandasa da reketul saqmiano-

baSi CarTuli pirebi, romlebic �ebraeli gangsteris� mfarvelobiT sar-

geblobdnen.

Statis pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom daadgina, rom `Saturday

Press~-ma daarRvia kanoni. man samudamod aukrZala mopasuxeebs msgavsi

�sazogadoebrivi wesrigis darRveva `Saturday Press~-is an sxva raime da-

saxelebis gamocemis meSveobiT.� Statis uzenaesma sasamarTlom mxari da-

uWira pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos da mopasuxe niarma SeerTebuli

Statebis uzenaes sasamarTlos mimarTa.

uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: Statis uzenaesi sasamarT-

los gadawyvetileba gauqmda.

sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare hugsma warmoadgina sasamarTlos gadawy-

vetileba: aRniSnuli kanoni, romelic iTvaliswinebs gazeTze an gamoce-

maze zewolas sazogadoebrivi wesrigis darRvevis gamo, warmoadgens ara-

Cveulebriv, Tu ara unikalur fenomens, romelic metad mniSvnelovan

sakiTxebs ukavSirdeba. is scildeba adgilobriv interesebs, rac am saqme-

Sia warmodgenili. dRes ukve sadavo aRar aris, rom presis da sityvis

Tavisufleba Statebis Carevisagan daculia konstituciis me-14 Seswo-

rebiT: dadgenilia, rom es aris fundamenturi ufleba. me-14 SesworebaSi

mocemuli garantiis gasamyareblad Statebs aqvT ufleba, rom miiRon ka-

nonebi sazogadoebrivi jandacvis, usafrTxoebis da moralis dasacavad.

Tumca am uflebis sazRvrebi TiToeul konkretul saqmeSi cal-calke

unda ganisazRvros. sityvis da presis Tavisufleba ar aris absoluturi

ufleba da Statebs SeuZliaT, dasajon misi borotad gamoyeneba. sityva

`Tavisuflebas~ am frazaSi (`sityvisa da presis Tavisufleba~) Tavisi is-

toria da qveteqsti aqvs da am konkretul saqmeSi Cven unda ganvixiloT

rogorc Tavisuflebis istoriuli koncefcia, aseve is sakiTxi, arRvevs

Tu ara sadavo kanoni Tavisuflebis arsebiT atributebs. amisaTvis mniSv-

nelovania, rom sasamarTlom ganixilos sadavo kanonis mizani da misi moq-

medebis Sedegebi.

167

sasamarTlo praqtika

pirveli. sadavo kanoni ar isaxavs miznad individebis da kerZo pirebis

Secdomebis gamosworebas. am SemTxvevaSi ciliswamebisagan dacvis meqa-

nizmebi kvlav arsebobs da xelmisawvdomia. Statis sasamarTlom Tavis

gadawyvetilebaSi aRniSna, rom kanoni �mimarTulia ara ciliswamebisken,

aramed im arsebuli biznesisken, romelic ciliswamebaze mets moicavs.�

is gamiznulia skandaluri sakiTxebis gasavrceleblad, rac savalaloa

sazogadoebrivi moralisTvis da keTidReobisTvis da rac safrTxes uqm-

nis sazogadoebriv simSvides; aseve, provocirebas uwevs Seuracxyofas

da danaSaulis Cadenas. imisaTvis, rom gazeTis an publikaciis Semdgomi

gamocema aikrZalos, ar aris aucilebeli, dadgindes im gancxadebebis sim-

cdare, romelic publikaciaSia moyvanili. am saqmeSi sadavo ar gamxdara

gamoqveynebuli informaciis siswore. sadavo gaxda _ da kanonic moiTxovs

rom sadavo gaxdes _ publikaciis �boroti ganzraxva�. ciliswamebisas dev-

nisgan gansxvavebiT, ar aris savaldebulo, rom saxelmwifom daamtkicos

boroti ganzraxva. Tumca gadawyvetileba am saqmeSi miRebul iqna mxolod

publikaciis faqtis damtkicebiT. kanonis Tanaxmad, publikacias icavs

ara mxolod simarTle, aramed isic, rom simarTle gamoqveynebulia ke-

Tili ganzraxviT da gamarTlebuli mizniT.

meore. kanoni vrceldeba ara mxolod kerZo pirebis Sesaxeb skandalur

da cilismwameblur gancxadebebze, aramed im sagazeTo publikaciebzec,

romlebSic moTxrobilia korufciaSi, danaSaulsa da seriozul darRve-

vebSi sajaro moxeleebis monawileobis Sesaxeb. aseTi braldebebi, cxadia,

sajaro skandals qmnis. kanonis mixedviT, isini skandaluri da cilismwa-

mebluria im publikaciebis mimarT, romlebic sajaro moxeleebis savara-

udo gadacdomebs avlenen.

mesame. kanonis mizani ar aris sasjeli, misi Cveulebrivi gagebiT. ka-

nonis mizania gazeTis an raime publikaciis akrZalva. Statis sasamarTlos

mixedviT, am kanonis miRebis mTavari mizezi isaa, rom ciliswamebisaTvis

sisxlis samarTlebriv devnas Sedegad ar mosdevs �skandalis efeqturad

CaxSoba.� aseTi CaxSoba ki miiRweva gamocemis akrZalviT. swored es Sez-

Rudvaa kanonis mizani da misi moqmedebis Sedegi.

meoTxe. es kanoni moqmedebs ara mxolod mopasuxe gazeTis an gamocemis

`CasaxSobad~, aramed is gamomcemlisaTvis efeqtur cenzurasac awesebs.

rodesac dadgindeba, rom gazeTi an gamocema aris �boroti, skandaluri

da cilismwamebluri� da mas SezRudaven, maSin misi gamocemis ganaxleba

ganixileba, rogorc sasamarTlos upativcemuloba da isjeba jarimiT an

168


patimrobiT. ase rom, sakiTxi _ SeZlebs Tu ara piri publikaciis gamoqvey-

nebas imave an sxva sajaro moxelis Sesaxeb - damokidebulia sasamarTlos

gadawyvetilebaze. am konkretul saqmeSi ki mopasuxeebs aekrZalaT �bo-

roti, skandaluri da cilismwamebluri� gazeTis gamoqveyneba, gavrcele-

ba, sakuTrebaSi qona, gayidva da darigeba. kanoni ar iZleva araviTar gan-

martebas, garda sityvebisa �boroti, skandaluri da cilismwamebluri�;

da publikaciebi, romlebic oficialuri pirebis mier Cadenil gadacdo-

mebs exeba, am kategoriaSi Sedis. Tu procedurul detalebs CavuRrmav-

debiT, davinaxavT Semdegs: kanonis moqmedebis Sedegi aris is, rom sajaro

moxeleebs SeuZliaT, sasamarTloSi uCivlon gamomcemlebs skandaluri

da cilismwamebluri sagamomcemlo saqmianobisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT, Tu

es gamocema sajaro moxeleebis mier Cadenil gadacdomebze, samsaxureb-

riv gulgrilobaze saubrobs. Tu gamomcemeli an mesakuTre mosamarTles

ar warudgens mtkicebulebebs, romliTac igi daamtkicebs, rom publika-

cia swor informacias Seicavs da gamoqveynebulia keTili ganzraxviT da

gamarTlebuli miznebiT, mis mier gazeTis Semdgomi gamocema dasjadia _

ramdenadac sasamarTlos upativcemulobad aris miCneuli. swored es aris

cenzuris arsi.

Semdgomi sakiTxia, ewinaaRmdegeba Tu ara aRniSnuli kanoni presis Ta-

visuflebis koncefcias, romelic istoriulad Camoyalibda. konstitu-

ciuri dacvis farglebis gansazRvrisas, zogadad da universalurad mi-

Rebulia, rom presisa da sityvis Tavisuflebis garantia gulisxmobs wi-

naswari SezRudvebis akrZalvas. inglisSi sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis

_ rogorc licenziis gamcemis _ winaaRmdeg brZolac swored presisaTvis

cenzuris dawesebis akrZalviT damTavrda. blekstounma ki ase aRwera

Tavisufleba: �presis Tavisufleba Tavisufali saxelmwifos ZiriTadi

maxasiaTebeli elementia; es Tavisufleba krZalavs presisaTvis winaswari

SezRudvis dawesebas. yovelgvar eWvs gareSea, rom TiToeul Tavisufal

adamians aqvs ufleba, sazogadoebas gaacnos nebismieri grZnoba, romelic

mas eufleba; amis akrZalva ki presis Tavisuflebis ganadgurebas niSnavs.

magram Tu igi araswor da arakanonier raimes gamoscems, maSin igi pasuxs

agebs sakuTari ugunurebisaTvis.�

sayovelTaod miRebulia, rom sanqciebi presis Tavisuflebis borotad

gamoyenebisaTvis aucilebelia sazogadoebis dasacavad; saerTo samarT-

lis wesebi, romlebic cilismwamebels pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs, ar uqm-

deba sityvisa da presis Tavisuflebis konstituciuri dacvis Sedegad.

169

sasamarTlo praqtika

sisxlis samarTlebrivi ciliswamebis kanonmdebloba swored am myar sa-

fuZvelze dgas. aseve arsebobs sasamarTloebis ufleba, sasamarTlos upa-

tivcemulobis safuZvelze dasajon qmedeba, romelic sasamarTlo xeli-

suflebis saTanado ganxorcielebas xels uSlis.

aseve mniSvnelovania imis garkveva, akrZalulia Tu ara yvela winaswari

SezRudva. es udavoa, Tumca dacva winaswar SezRudvebTan mimarTebaSi

ar aris absoluturi. SezRudvis daSveba aRiarebuli da kanonierad cno-

bilia mxolod gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi. udavoa, rom saxelmwifo aRmof-

xvris samxedro gawvevisTvis xelis SeSlas da sajariso nawilebis zusti

cifris da dislokaciis adgilis gamoqveynebas. imave safuZvliT, saxelm-

wifos ufleba aqvs, SezRudos uxamsi publikaciebi; aseve, ufleba aqvs,

daicvas sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoeba Zaladobis da kanonieri xelisuf-

lebis damxobis mowodebisgan. es SezRudvebi am saqmeSi ararelevanturia

da ar exeba saqmis arss. arc imis garkveva evaleba sasamarTlos, hqonda

Tu ara saxelmwifos ufleba, SeezRuda publikacia kerZo pirebis uf-

lebebis dacvis mizniT.

amis gamo, sasamarTlo mivida daskvnamde, rom sadavo kanoni warmoad-

gens presis Tavisuflebis im garantiebis darRvevas, romlebic meToTx-

mete SesworebiT aris aRiarebuli da vrceldeba Statebze. aqve unda da-

vamatoT, rom es gadawyvetileba efuZneba sadavo kanonis moqmedebas da

misi moqmedebis Sedegebs da ara im gancxadebebis sizustes, romelic Sta-

tis sasamarTloSi gaxda sadavo. is, rom publikaciaSi moxseniebuli saja-

ro moxeleebi, SesaZloa, sruliad udanaSauloni arian, zegavlenas ver

moaxdens daskvnaze, romlis Tanaxmadac, kanoni arakonstituciur Sez-

Rudvas awesebs publikaciebze.

1931 weli

sidisi F-R Publishing Corp-is winaaRmdeg

113F2d (2d circ. 1940)

faqtebi: uiliam jeims sidisi odesRac sajaro figura iyo. sazogado-

eba misgan did saqmeebs da seriozul nabijebs moeloda. 1910 wlisaTvis

170


mis mimarT presas legitimuri interesi gaaCnda misTvis damaxasiaTebeli

garkveuli eqstravagantulobisa da gamorCeulobis gamo. Tumca sasamar-

Tlom ganacxada, rom am SemTxvevaSi presis dainteresebis motivebs mis-

Tvis mniSvneloba ar hqonda.

saqmis ganxilvis momentSi sidisi politikosi, sajaro administratori

an saxelmwifo moxele ar iyo. igi sajaro figura kidevac rom yofiliyo,

uorenisa da brandeisis azriT, gamJRavnebuli piradi informacia Seicav-

da faqtebs, romelTa `sazogadoebrivi ganxilvisgan dafarvis ufleba yo-

vel adamians aqvs.~

Tumca amgvari mosazrebis sapirispirod, sasamarTlom CaTvala, rom

dauSvebeli iyo presaSi piradi cxovrebis detalebis gaSuqebis akrZal-

vaze absoluturi imunitetis daweseba.

gadawyvetileba: meore saapelacio olqis sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom

sazogadoebrivi ganwyobis gaTvaliswinebiT, ugunuroba iqneboda amgvari

informaciis gazeTebSi, wignebsa da JurnalebSi gamoqveynebis akrZalva

sasamarTlos ZaliT.

sasamarTlos mosazreba: sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom sazogadoebis

ufleba _ iyos informirebuli, individis piradi cxovrebis saidumloebis

dacvis interesze ufro mniSvnelovania. uorensa da brandeiss am saqmeSi

sajaro pirebisaTvis niRbis CamoSoreba surdaT. sasamarTlo ufro Sors

wavida, `sul mcire _ aRniSnes maT _ Cven vuSvebT im sajaro piris `piradi

cxovrebis~ uflebis SezRudvas, romelmac `sajaro figuris~ statuss mi-

aRwia.~

sasamarTlom CaTvala, rom im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu sidisi sazogadoebis

yuradRebis centrSi aRmoCndeboda, mis gamorCeul pirovnul Tvisebebs

da sazogadoebriv miRwevebs SesaZloa, amgvari yuradReba dasaSvebi ga-

exada. niu-iorkSi dabeWdilma statiam gaaxmaura ucnauri pirovnebis

cxovrebis detalebi, romelic myisierad moeqca sazogadoebrivi inte-

resisa da yuradRebis centrSi.

uoreni da brandeisi srulad acnobierebdnen, rom piradi saidumlo-

ebis dacvis interesi aucileblad movidoda konfliqtSi sazogadoebis

uflebasTan _ informaciis miRebaze. maT miaCniaT, rom iseTma sajaro

figuram, rogoricaa oficialuri Tanamdebobis piri, sakuTar sazoga-

doebriv mdgomareobas unda Seswiros piradi cxovrebis saidumloeba da

171

sasamarTlo praqtika

piradi cxovrebis nawili sajaro ganxilvisa da Seswavlis sagnad aqcios.

Tumca sajaro pirebic ki ar arian valdebuli, bolomde `gaSiSvldnen~.

sasamarTlos am saqmeSi ar ganuxilavs sakiTxi imis Taobaze, Tu ram-

denad daeqvemdebareba srul dacvas gamoqveynebuli masalebi. piradi

cxovrebis saidumloeba da misi gamJRavneba, SesaZloa, imdenad intimuri

da unebarTvo iyos msxverplis poziciidan gamomdinare, rom Seuracxyofa

sazogadoebis grZnobebsac miayenos. magram rodesac fokusSi moqceulia

sajaro detalebi, sinamdvilesTan Sesabamisi komentarebi pirovnebis Cac-

mulobaze, gamosvlebze, Cvevebsa da sxva detalebze, rogorc wesi, zemoT

aRniSnuli zRvaris gadalaxva ar xdeba.

samwuxarod, Tu sabednierod, mezoblebisa da sajaro figurebis waru-

matebloba yovelTvis aris sazogadoebrivi interesisa da diskusiebis

sagani.

1940 weli

Caplinski niu hempSiris winaaRmdeg

315 U.S. 568

faqtebi: mosarCle Caplinski, romelic ieRovas mowmeebis saxeliT

cnobili seqtis wevri iyo, dasajes niu hempSiris kanonis darRvevisaTvis,

romelic adgenda:

`arc erT pirs ar aqvs ufleba, Seuracxmyoflad, cinikurad an gama-

Rizianeblad mimarTos meore pirs, romelic kanonierad imyofeba quCaSi

an sxva sajaro adgilze; aseve, ekrZaleba Seuracxmyofeli an cinikuri

mimarTva an xmauris gamowveva meore piris TandaswrebiT, Tuki es saqci-

eli mizanad isaxavs am piris Seuracxyofas an mis mier misi kanonieri funq-

ciebis an saqmianobis SesrulebisaTvis xelis SeSlas~.

Caplinski SabaT dRes qalaq roCesterSi misi seqtis literaturas avr-

celebda. moqalaqeebma marSals pretenziiT mimarTes, rom Caplinski Se-

uracxyofas ayenebda religias da mas `rekets~ uwodebda. marSalma moqa-

laqeebs auxsna, rom Caplinski kanonierad iqceoda, Tumca Caplinski

172


gaafrTxila xalxis ukmayofilebis Taobaze. mogvianebiT, Caplinski poli-

cielma daakava da policiis ganyofilebaSi mihyavda, rodesac maT gzad

marSali boveringi SexvdaT. Caplinski daadanaSaules qalaq roCesterSi

sajaro adgilas (meriis Senobis kibeze) marSalisaTvis Semdegnairi mi-

marTvisTvis: `Sen dawyevlili kriminali da faSisti xar da roCesteris

mTeli mTavrobac faSitebisgan an faSitebis agentebisgan Sedgeba~.

uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: gadawyvetileba ZalaSi darCa.

sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba warmoadgina mosamarTle merfim: sit-

yvis Tavisufleba absoluturi ufleba ar aris. arsebobs kargad gansaz-

Rvruli da viwrod formulirebuli SezRudvebi, romlebic garkveuli

saxis gamoxatvas aregulirebs. es SezRudvebi moicavs uxamsobas, mkrexe-

lobas, ciliswamebas da Seuracxmyofeli an individualuri SuRlis gaRvi-

vebas/ Zaladobisken mowodebas; anu es aris gamoxatva, romelic zians aye-

nebs sazogadoebas, an arRvevs wesrigs da sazogadoebriv simSvides. imav-

droulad, SezRudva ar exeba ideebis gadmocemas da imgvar gamoxatvas,

romelsac socialuri Rirebuleba aqvs.

mosarCle daobs, rom sadavo aqti arRvevs sam konstituciur uflebas:

sityvis, presis da religiis Tavisuflebas. Tumca sasamarTlo am saqmes

mxolod sityvis Tavisuflebis konteqstSi ganixilavs, radgan sadavoa

zepiri gancxadeba da ara werilobiTi sityva. aseve ar SeiZleba, rom

sajaro moxelis galanZRva imgvarad, rogorc am saqmeSi gvxvdeba, reli-

giis Tavisuflebis kuTxiT ganvixiloT.

wina gadawyvetilebebSi Statis sasamarTlom daadgina, rom sadavo ka-

nonis mizani sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacvaa. kanonis mixedviT, ar aris

akrZaluli raime gamoxatva, garda im sityvebisa, `romlebic pirdapir

iwvevs Zaladobas im piris mxridan, vis mimarTac aris es sityvebi an SeniS-

vna naTqvami~. aseve aRiniSna, rom `individualuri SuRlis gaRviveba~ ar

aris gansazRvruli imis mixedviT, Tu ras fiqrobs is piri, romlis winaaR-

mdegac sityvebia mimarTuli. `individualuri SuRlis gaRviveba~ ganisaz-

Rvreba imis mixedviT, gamoiwvevs Tu ara es sityvebi saSualo inteleqtis

adamianSi Cxubis survils. Sesabamisad, kanoni krZalavs pirispir iseTi

sityvebis gamoTqmas, romlebic Cxubs gamoiwvevs. Cven ar SegviZlia da-

vaskvnaT, rom kanoni, romelic amgvarad aris formulirebuli, pirvel

Sesworebas ewinaaRmdegeba. sadavo kanoni viwrod aris formulirebuli,

173

sasamarTlo praqtika

krZalavs mxolod garkveul qmedebas da miznad isaxavs sazogadoebrivi

wesrigis dacvas. Sesabamisad, ar veTanxmebiT apelantis arguments, rom

kanoni bundovania.

1941 weli

`niu-iork taimsi~ salivanis winaaRmdeg

376 U.S. 254

faqtebi: alabamas Statis sami arCeuli komisridan erT-erTma, sali-

vanma, pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi sarCeli Seitana mopasuxis wina-

aRmdeg, romelmac gamoaqveyna sareklamo gancxadeba. mosarCelem es ganc-

xadeba cilismwameblurad miiCnia. sareklamo gancxadebis ramdenime frag-

menti Seicavda araswor faqtebs da exeboda policiis qmedebas studen-

tebis mier samoqalaqo uflebebis dasacavad gamarTul demonstraciaze.

salivani daobda, rom sareklamo gancxadebaSi moyvanili faqtebi, ro-

melSic konkretul pirze ar iyo saubari, sinamdvileSi, mas exeboda, rad-

gan policiis departamentis zedamxedveloba swored misi movaleoba iyo.

pirveli instanciis sasamrTloSi mosamarTlem nafic msajulebs ganu-

marta, rom aRniSnuli gancxadebebi warmoadgenda ciliswamebas, rac niS-

navda, rom samarTlebrivi ziani igulisxmeboda faqtobrivi zianis Sesaxeb

mtkicebis gareSe. naficma msajulebma saqme salivanis sasargeblod gadaw-

yvites da `niu-iork taimss~ 500 000 dolaris gadaxda daakisres. Statis

uzenaesma sasamarTlom gadawyvetileba ZalaSi datova. mopasuxem Seer-

Tebuli Statebis uzenaes sasamarTlos mimarTa.

uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: gadawyvetileba gauqmda da

dabrunda wina instanciaSi xelaxla gansaxilvelad.

sasamarTlos mosazreba warmoadgina mosamarTle brenanma: am

saqmeSi pirvelad is unda gavarkvioT, Tu ramdenad zRudavs konstituciis

pirveli Sesworeba Statis uflebamosilebas, pirs daakisros zianis anaz-

Raureba ciliswamebis Sesaxeb saqmeSi, romelic sajaro moxelis mier aris

aRZruli misi oficialuri uflebamosilebis Sesrulebis kritikasTan

dakavSirebiT.

174


1960 wlis 29 marts `niu iork taimsSi~ gamoqveynda erTgverdiani sa-

reklamo gancxadeba `yuradReba miaqcieT maT xmas~. gancxadeba Semdeg-

nairad iwyeboda:

`dRes ukve mTeli msofliosTvis cnobili gaxda, rom aTasobiT samx-

reTeli Savkaniani studenti CarTulia farTo araZaladobriv demonst-

raciaSi, romelic miznad isaxavs, ganamtkicos adamianebis ufleba Rir-

seul cxovrebaze _ rogorc es garantirebulia SeerTebuli Statebis

konstituciiTa da uflebaTa biliT. studentTa araZaladobrivi demons-

traciebi teroris uprecedento talRas awydeba maTi mxridan, vinc ar

icavs aRniSnul dokumentebs; Tumca es dokumentebi mTeli msofliosaT-

vis Tanamedrove Tavisuflebis modelad iqca.~ konkretuli SemTxvevebis

aRweris Semdeg gancxadebaSi ilustrirebuli iyo `teroris talRa~. iqve,

daskvnis saxiT warmodgenili iyo mowodeba Tanxebis moZiebisken studen-

tTa moZraobis xelSesawyobad, xmis uflebis mosapovebeli brZolisaTvis

da samarTlebrivi daxmarebis aRmosaCenad moZraobis lideris, martin

luTer kingisaTvis, romelsac montgomeris olqis sasamarTloSi brali

edeboda cru Cvenebis gamo.

teqstis boloSi CamoTvlili iyo 64 piris saxeli, romlebic cnobili

sazogado moRvaweebi iyvnen sazogadoebriv, religiur, profesiuli kav-

Sirebis da xelovnebis sferoSi. sarCelis safuZveli gaxda teqstis mesame

da meeqvse paragrafebi:

mesame paragrafi _ `rodesac montgomerSi, kapitol hilTan Sekrebil-

ma studentebma imReres simRera `My Country tis of thee~, demonstraciidan

universitetSi dabrunebuli maTi liderebi saswavleblidan garicxes.

xelketebiTa da cremlsadeni gaziT SeiaraRebulma policiis jgufebma

alya Semoartyes universitetis teritorias. rodesac Tavisi megobre-

bisadmi solidarobis niSnad universitetis mTelma studentobam pro-

testi gamoTqva da uari Tqva registraciaze, universitetis sasadilo

Caketes, raTa studentebs iZulebiT eSimSilaT.~

meeqvse paragrafi _ `samxreTelma kanondamrRvevebma kvlav da kvlav

daSinebisa da Zaladobis morigi kampaniiT upasuxes martin luTer kingisa

da sxva aqtiuri studentebis mSvidobian saprotesto moZraobas. maT yumba-

rebi esroles martin luTer kingis saxls, sadac misi axalgazrda coli da

Svili SemTxveviT gadaurCnen sikvdils. kings araerTxel miayenes Seurac-

xyofa; marto ganvlili wlis ganmavlobaSi igi Svidjer daakaves siCqaris

175

sasamarTlo praqtika

gadaWarbebisaTvis, sazogadoebrivi wesrigis darRvevisaTvis da msgavsi

wvrilmani samarTaldarRvevisaTvis. axla ki mas bralad wauyenes cru

Cvenebis micema, risTvisac kings, SesaZloa, 10 wlamde patimroba miusajon.~

imis miuxedavad, rom arc erT gancxadebaSi ar aris moxseniebuli mo-

sarClis saxeli, igi daobs, rom sityva `policia~ exeba swored mas, rogorc

montgomeris olqis policiis komisars; rom swored mas adanaSauleben uni-

versitetis teritoriisaTvis `alyis SemortymaSi~. mosarCle aseve da-

obs, rom gancxadeba sasadilo holis CaketvasTan dakavSirebiT pirdapir

exeba policias da, konkretulad, piradad mas. rac Seexeba gancxadebis

meeqvse paragrafs, mosarCle acxadebs, rom radgan dakavebas ZiriTadad

policia axorcielebs, ese igi, gancxadeba martin luTer kingis dakave-

basTan dakavSirebiT exeba mas, rogorc policiis komisars da aseve mas

exeba fraza `samxreTeli kanondamrRvevebi~. mosarCle damatebiT acxa-

debs, rom `taimsSi~ gamoqveynebuli gancxadeba gagebulia, rogorc misi

da montgomeris policiis dadanaSauleba mSvidobiani saprotesto aqci-

ebis `daSinebasa da ZaladobaSi~; aseve, kingis saxlis dabombvaSi, mis Se-

uracxyofaSi da cru CvenebisTvis mis braldebaSi.

udavoa, rom zemoT moyvanil or paragrafSi zogierTi faqti arasworia

da zustad ar aRwers montgomriSi ganviTarebul movlenebs. studentebi

demonstraciis dros mRerodnen erovnul himns da ara simReras `My Coun-

try tis of thee~. cxra studenti marTlac garicxes universitetidan, Tumca

isini garicxes olqis sasamarTloSi sadilis moTxovnis gamo. mTeli stu-

dentoba protestis niSnad ar gaficula, gaifica studentobis umetesi

nawili; maT registraciaze ki ar ganucxadebiaT uari, aramed erTi dRe

yvela leqcia gaacdines. arc sasadilo oTaxi CauketavT, mxolod is stu-

dentebi ar dauSves sadilad, visac sadilis bileTi ar auRia. miuxedavad

imisa, rom policia universitetis Senobis gareT idga, maT alya ar Semo-

urtyamT SenobisTvis da arc demonstraciasTan dakavSirebiT yofilan

gamoZaxebulni. martin luTer kingi mxolod oTxjer daakaves da poli-

cieli mis Seuracxyofas uaryofs. rac Seexeba kingis saxlis dabombvas,

is marTlac dabombes orjer, Tumca, mosarCle daobs, rom policiam yve-

laferi gaakeTa damnaSaveTa gamosavlenad.

alabamas kanonis Tanaxmad, sajaro moxeles ar aqvs ufleba, moiTxovos

sadamsjelo zianis anazRaureba (punitive damages), Tuki igi Tavdapirve-

lad werilobiT ar moiTxovs informaciis sajarod uaryofas da mopasuxe

176


amaze uars ar ganacxadebs. mosarClem aseTi werilobiTi moTxovna gag-

zavna, Tumca `taimsisgan~ aseTi pasuxi miiRo: `Cven, cota ar iyos, gakvir-

vebuli varT Tqveni poziciiT imis Taobaze, rom sareklamo gancxadeba

piradad Tqven gexebaT. Tu survili geqnebaT, SegiZliaT damatebiT gvac-

noboT _ mainc ratom migaCniaT, rom zemoaRniSnuli sareklamo gancxadeba

Tqven Sesaxebaa~.

pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi mosamarTlem nafic msajulebs ga-

numarta, rom sareklamo gancxadeba warmoadgenda ciliswamebas, rogorc

aseTs. es niSnavs, rom gancxadebis xelmomwerebi pasuxismgeblobis qveS

xvdebodnen, Tuki dadgindeboda, rom maT gamoaqveynes gancxadeba da gan-

cxadeba Seexeboda mopasuxes. nafic msajulebs aseve ganumartes, rom vi-

naidan sareklamo gancxadeba per se cilismwamebluri iyo, am SemTxvevaSi,

kanoni pasuxismgeblobas adgens mxolod gamoqveynebis faqtis gamo,

arsebobs simcdaris da boroti ganzraxvis prezumfcia; zianis damtkiceba

saWiro ar aris, misi prezumfcia arsebobs. per se ciliswamebis dros aseve

SesaZlebelia sadamsjelo jarimis dakisreba, gansxvavebiT zogadi zianis

anazRaurebisgan, romelic miznad ar isaxavs kompensacias; Tumca misTvis

saWiroa `boroti ganzraxvis~ dadgena. alabamas Statis uzenaesma sasa-

marTlom mxari dauWira pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos gadawyvetile-

bas da mosamarTlis instruqciebs.

Cven migvaCnia, rom alabamas kanoni konstituciurad arasrulyofilia

da saTanadod ar icavs sityvisa da presis Tavisuflebas pirveli da me-

ToTxmete Sesworebis Tanaxmad. amasTan, migvaCnia, rom saqmeSi warmodge-

nili mtkicebulebebi arasakmarisia mopasuxis mxardasaWerad.

am saqmeSi is unda gadavwyvitoT, Tu ramdenad arRvevs sityvisa da pre-

sis Tavisuflebis konstituciur garantiebs pasuxismgeblobis wesi, ro-

melic sajaro moxeleebis samsaxurebrivi saqmianobis kritikasTan aris

dakavSirebuli.

sasamarTlo ar eTanxmeba alabamas Statis uzenaes sasamarTlos, ro-

melmac ganmarta, rom meToTxmete Sesworeba exeba Statis moqmedebas da

ara kerZo qmedebas. SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaes sasamarTlos miaCnia,

rom es argumenti uadgiloa, radgan miuxedavad imisa, rom am SemTxvevaSi

saqme gvaqvs samoqalaqo sarCelTan kerZo pirebs Soris, sasamarTlom ga-

moiyena kanoni, romlis konstituciurobac dRes am sasamarTloSi sadavo

gaxda. am SemTxvevaSi, tests warmoadgens ara is, Tu ra formiT ganxorci-

177

sasamarTlo praqtika

elda Statis uflebamosileba, aramed _ ganxorcielda Tu ara aseTi

uflebamosileba misi formis miuxedavad.

meore argumenti, romelSic sasamarTlo mopasuxes ar eTanxmeba, ko-

merciul gamoxatvas exeba. sasamarTlos miaCnia, rom sadavo sareklamo

gancxadeba ar aris komerciuli gamoxatva, imis miuxedavad, rom reklamis

saxiT gamoqveynda da mis gamoqveynebaSi Tanxaa gadaxdili.

mopasuxe aseve eyrdnoba arguments, rom cilismwamebluri gancxadebebi

ar aris daculi pirveli SesworebiT. sasamarTlo adgens, rom pirveli

Sesworeba avtomaturad ar icavs cilismwameblur gancxadebebs, radgan

is faqti, rom gancxadeba cilismwamebluria, ar gamoricxavs mis dacvas.

sadavo sareklamo gancxadeba namdvilad imsaxurebs konstituciur

dacvas, radgan protestis da winaaRmdegobis gamoxatvas warmoadgens.

Tumca rCeba kiTxva: gancxadebaSi moyvanili faqtebis simcdares xom ar

gamohyavs aseTi gamoxatva konstituciuri dacvis farglebidan?

pirveli Sesworebis intepretaciis Sedegad miRebuli garantiebi ganux-

relad uaryofs gamonaklisis dawesebas simarTlis testisaTvis, gansakuT-

rebiT ki iseTs, romelic simarTlis mtkicebis tvirTs spikers akisrebs.

mcdari gancxadebebi gardauvalia Tavisufal debatebSi, amitom saWiroa

maTi dacva, raTa gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas `sunTqvis~ saSualeba mieces.

konstituciuri garantiebis mixedviT, sajaro moxeleebs ekrZalebaT

ciliswamebis saqmeebSi zianis anazRaurebis moTxovna, Tu isini ar daamt-

kiceben, rom gancxadeba gakeTda `boroti ganzraxviT~.

1964 weli

SeerTebuli Statebi obraienis

winaaRmdeg

391 U.S. 367

faqtebi: 1966 wlis 31 martis dilas devid pol obraienma da misma samma

Tanamoazrem dawves samxedro samsaxuris sertifikatebi samxreT bosto-

nis sasamarTlos Senobis kibeebze.

178


obraiens am qmedebisTvis braldeba wauyenes. misi saqme masaCusetsis

olqis sasamarTlom ganixila, igi damnaSaved cnes da mis mimarT gamamtyu-

nebeli ganaCeni gamoitanes. obraieni ar uaryofda sertifikatis dawvis

faqts. sasamarTlos winaSe man ganacxada, rom sertifikatis sajarod

dawvis saSualebiT xalxs omis sawinaaRmdego mosazrebebis gaziarebisaken

mouwoda. misi TqmiT, xalxs unda `gadaesinja damokidebuleba SeiaraRe-

bul ZalebSi samxedro samsaxurisa da Tanamedrove kulturaSi mis rol-

Tan dakavSirebiT da Sesabamisad, gaeTvaliswinebina misi pozicia.~

braldebis Tanaxmad, man `mowmobis dawviT ganzrax da gacnobierebu-

lad Seuracxyo, gaanadgura da uaryo registraciis sertifikati (sam-

xedro samsaxuris forma #2), riTac daarRvia SeerTebuli Statebis sis-

xlis samarTlis kodeqsis 462(b) muxlis 50-e nawili~. aRniSnuli muxli

sayovelTao samxedro wvrTnisa da samsaxuris Sesaxeb 1948 wlis aqtis

nawilia.

1965 wels kongresis mier kanonmdeblobaSi Setanili Sesworebis Tanax-

mad, danaSaulad iTvleboda yoveli qmedeba, romliTac piri `gaayalbebda,

Secvlida, gacnobierebulad gaanadgurebda, Seuracxyofda an sxvagvarad

daazianebda aseT sertifikats~. 1965 wlis SesworebiT kongresma 1948 wlis

aqts zemoxsenebuli norma daumata, romliTac sisxlis samarTlis pasu-

xismgeblobas dauqvemdebara ara mxolod is, vinc `gaayalbebda, Secvlida

an sxvagvarad daazianebda~ sertifikats, aramed isic, vinc mas `gacnobi-

erebulad gaanadgurebda an gacnobierebulad Seuracxyofda~.

uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: gauqmda saapelacio sasamar-

Tlos gadawyvetileba da aRdga saolqo instanciis gadawyvetileba da

ganaCeni, romliTac obraieni gaamtyunes.

sasamarTlos mosazreba: unda aRiniSnos, rom 1965 wlis Sesworeba

pirdapir ar zRudavs sityvis Tavisuflebas, amitom obraienis sawinaaR-

mdego argumentacia gaugebaria. TviT es Sesworeba Seexeba qmedebas,

romelsac kavSiri ar aqvs sityvis TavisuflebasTan. is krZalavs samxedro

samsaxuris sistemis mier gamocemuli sertifikatis gacnobierebulad

ganadgurebas, aseTi qmedeba ki aucileblad azris gamoxatvas ar gulis-

xmobs. Sesworeba ar ganasxvavebs sajarod da kerZod ganadgurebas da das-

jadad ar acxadebs mxolod azris gamoxatvis mizniT ganadgurebas. kanoni,

romelic krZalavs samxedro samsaxuris sertifikatis ganadgurebas, iseve

ar zRudavs sityvis Tavisuflebas, rogorc avtotransportis Sesaxeb ka-

179

sasamarTlo praqtika

noni, romelic krZalavs marTvis mowmobis ganadgurebas, an sagadasaxado

kanonmdebloba, romelic krZalavs sabalanso wignebisa da sxva Canawere-

bis ganadgurebas.

obraieni acxadebs, rom 1965 wlis Sesworeba arakonstituciuria mas-

Tan mimarTebaSi da imTaviTve arakonstituciuri iyo misi miReba. obra-

ienis azriT, kongresi am Sesworebis Setanisas miznad sityvis Tavisuf-

lebis SezRudvas isaxavda. Tumca am arguments calke ganvixilavT.

obraieni aRniSnavs, rom 1965 wlis Sesworeba arakonstituciuria mas-

Tan mimarTebaSi, radgan misi qmedeba _ registraciis mowmobis dawva, war-

moadgenda konstituciis pirveli SesworebiT dacul simbolur gamoxat-

vas. misi argumenti imaSi mdgomareobs, rom konstituciis pirveli Seswo-

rebiT garantirebuli gamoxatvis Tavisufleba moicavs gamoxatvis yvela

formas da misi moqmedebac am definicias eqvemdebareba, radgan man es

gaakeTa `omisa da gawvevisadmi winaaRmdegobis gamosaxatad~.

miuRebelia mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom nebismieri moqmedeba, rom-

liTac piri cdilobs sakuTari ideis gadmocemas, SeiZleba ganvixiloT,

rogorc `gamoxatva~. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu vivaraudebT, rom obraienis

qmedebaSi damtkicebuli komunikaciuri elementi sakmarisia konstitu-

ciis pirveli Sesworebis asamoqmedeblad, es ar niSnavs, rom registraciis

mowmobis ganadgureba konstituciiT daculi moqmedebaa. xelisuflebis

interesis xarisxis gansazRvrisaTvis sasamarTlom ramodenime aRwerilo-

biTi termini gamoiyena: iZulebiTi, arsebiTi, daqvemdebarebuli, uzenaesi,

udavo, Zlieri. miuxedavad imisa, Tu rogor STabeWdilebas axdens es ter-

minebi, aSkaraa, rom xelisuflebis mxridan regulireba gamarTlebulia:

Tu is xelisuflebis konstituciur uflebamosilebas ar cdeba; Tu gana-

viTarebs xelisuflebis mniSvnelovan an arsebiT interess; Tu xelisuf-

lebis interesi ar ukavSirdeba gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis SezRudvas; Tu

konstituciis pirveli SesworebiT gaTvaliswinebuli Tavisuflebis Sez-

Rudva ar aRemateba am interesis ganxorcielebis aucileblobas. sayovel-

Tao samxedro wvrTnisa da samsaxuris Sesaxeb aqtis 462(b)(3)-e muxlis 1965

wlis Sesworeba akmayofilebs yvela am moTxovnas da Sesabamisad, SesaZ-

lebelia obraienis dadanaSauleba mis darRvevaSi.

samxedro samsaxuris sertifikati sxva funqciebTan erTad imis da-

mamtkicebelicaa, rom kongress aqvs misi upasuxismgeblod da SeuzRuda-

vad ganadgurebis aRkveTis da misi mudmivi vargisianobis uzrunvelyofis

180


legitimuri da arsebiTi interesi da amitom sjis im adamianebs, vinc gac-

nobierebulad da ganzrax gaanadgurebs an Seuracxyofs mas.

registrirebuli pirebisTvis samxedro samsaxuris sertifikatis gada-

cema xels uwyobs im sistemis saTanado funqcionirebas, romelic kon-

gresma armiis Sesaqmnelad Camoayaliba. eris interesebSi Sedis maqsi-

malurad efeqturad funqcionirebadi samxedro sistema, romelsac SeuZ-

lia, advilad da swrafad moaxdinos cvalebad movlenebze reagireba.

aSkaraa, rom 1965 wlis Sesworeba xelisuflebis am arsebiTi interesis

dacvas isaxavs miznad. ar arsebobs alternatiuli saSualeba, romelic ufro

srulyofilad da zustad uzrunvelyofs samxedro samsaxuris serti-

fikatebis saTanado moqmedebas, vidre kanoni, romelic krZalavs maT Se-

uracxyofas da ganadgurebas _ 1965 wlis Sesworeba mxolod aseT qmedebebs

krZalavs. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, saxelmwifos interesi da 1965 wlis

Sesworebis moqmedebac moicavs mxolod obraienis qmedebis arakomunikaci-

ur aspeqts. saxelmwifo interesis da 1965 wlis Sesworebis farglebSi

xelyofisagan daculia samxedro samsaxuris sistemis normaluri da efeq-

turi funqcionireba. obraienma Tavisi saregistracio sertifikatis ga-

azrebuli ganadgurebiT ganzrax xelyo saxelmwifo interesi. mxolod misi

qmedebis am arakomunikaciuri SedegisaTvis cnes igi damnaSaved.

obraieni ambobs, rom 1965 wlis Sesworeba arakonstituciuria, radgan,

misi TqmiT, kongresis `mizani~ iyo `sityvis Tavisuflebis SezRudva~. es

argumenti sadavoa, radgan damkvidrebuli principebis Tanaxmad, kong-

resis mizani ar warmoadgens safuZvels am kanonis antikonstituciurad

cnobisaTvis.

gamomdinare iqidan, rom samxedro wvrTnisa da samsaxuris Sesaxeb aqtis

1965 wlis Sesworeba konstituciurad aris miRebuli da gamoyenebuli,

saapelacio sasamarTlos unda daemtkicebina saolqo sasamarTlos gamam-

tyunebeli ganaCeni. am mosazrebidan gamomdinare, ar aris saWiro obra-

ienis moTxovnis gaTvaliswineba imis Taobaze, rom saapelacio sasamarT-

lo Secda, rodesac daamtkica misi danaSauli aramesakuTris mdgomare-

obis regulirebis safuZvelze.

mosamarTle marSals ar miuRia monawileoba am saqmeebis ganxilvasa

da gadawyvetaSi.

mosamarTle harleni daeTanxma gadawyvetilebas.

181

sasamarTlo praqtika

mosamarTle daglass hqonda gansxvavebuli azri, romlis Tanaxmad,

am saqmeSi ZiriTad, magram gadauwyvetel konstituciur sakiTxs warmo-

adgens is, Tu ramdenad antikonstituciuri iyo samxedro samsaxurSi gaw-

veva iseT dros, rodesac omi ar iyo gamocxadebuli.

1968 weli

brandenburgi ohaios winaaRmdeg

395 U.S 444

faqtebi: ku kluqs klanis lideri, brandenburgi, cincinatis televi-

ziaSi axali ambebis wamyvans daukavSirda da dapatiJa ku kluqs klanis

Sekrebaze, romelic hamiltonis olqSi erT-erT fermaSi imarTeboda. or-

ganizatorebis daxmarebiT, korespondenti da operatori Sekrebas daes-

wrnen da gadaiRes is. masalebis nawili gadaica adgilobrivi televiziiT

da, mogvianebiT _ televiziebis erovnuli qseliTac. gadaRebul masalaSi

naCvenebi iyo ku kluqs klanis samosSi Cacmuli Tormeti piri. isini Sek-

rebili iyvnen xis jvris garSemo, romelic mogvianebiT dawves. am movle-

nebis dros fermaSi mxolod Sekrebis monawileebi, korespondenti da ope-

ratori imyofebodnen. Sekrebis dros gakeTebuli gancxadebebi filmis

Cvenebisas naklebad gasagebi iyo Caweris xarisxis gamo, Tumca calkeuli

frazebidan SeiZleboda Savkanianebis da ebraelebis winaaRmdeg gakeTe-

buli gancxadebebis amocnoba. filmis meore nawilSi naCvenebi iyo klanis

tradiciul samosSi gamowyobili mosarCle. man Sekrebaze aseTi gancxa-

deba gaakeTa:

`es organizatorebis Sekrebaa. klans ohaios StatSi yvelaze meti wevri

hyavs. Cven revanSistuli organizacia ar varT, magram Tu Cveni prezi-

denti, kongresi da uzenaesi sasamarTlo gaagrZeleben TeTri rasis Seviw-

roebas, Cven, SesaZloa, revanSistuli zomebic miviRoT. oTx ivliss movaw-

yobT Sekrebas kongresTan, sadac oTxasi aTasi adamiani mova. amis Semdeg

orad gaviyofiT: erTi nawili gaemarTeba floridaSi, qalaq sant oges-

tinSi, meore nawili ki _ misisipiSi. gmadlobT~.

182


meore filmSi naCvenebia eqvsi pirovneba, romelTaganac erT-erTi mo-

sarClea. isic zemoT moyvanilis msgavs gancxadebas akeTebs, Tumca fraza

mosalodneli revanSis Sesaxeb gamotovebulia. igi damatebiT ambobs: `pi-

radad me vfiqrob, rom Savkanianebi afrikaSi unda dabrundnen, xol ebra-

elebi _ israelSi~. Sekrebis zogierTi monawile SeiaraRebuli iyo, Tumca

mosarCles iaraRi ar hqonda.

braldeba am saqmeSi eyrdnoboda zemoaRniSnul films da masSi gake-

Tebul gancxadebebs, saidanac dadginda mosarClis vinaobac. braldebam

mtkicebulebebis saxiT aseve waradgina filmSi gamoCenili ramdenime sa-

gani: pistoleti, gadaWrili Tofi, luliani Tofi, sabrZolo aRWurvi-

loba, biblia da klanis wevrebis `kapiSoniani~ samosi.

uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: gadawyvetileba gauqmda.

sasamarTlos erToblivi mosazreba: ku kluqs klanis lideri, bran-

denburgi, damnaSaved cnes ohaios Statis sindikalizmis aqtis Tanaxmad.

aqtis mixedviT, dasjadad cxaddeboda `mowodeba danaSaulis, sabotaJis,

Zaladobis an arakanonieri qmedebis Cadenisken politikuri an industri-

uli reformis misaRwevad~. aRniSnuli kanoni aseve krZalavda nebismieri

jgufis, sazogadoebis an pirTa jgufis nebayoflobiT Sekrebas krimina-

luri sindikalizmis mowodebis an swavlebis mizniT. brandenburgi 1000

dolariT daajarimes da 10 wlamde patimroba miusajes. brandenburgma

SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaes sasamarTlos mimarTa, sadac ohaios sindi-

kalizmis aqtis antikonstituciurad cnoba moiTxova _ pirveli da me-

ToTxmete Sesworebis Tanaxmad.

ohaios sindikalizmis aqti 1919 wels miiRes. am sasamarTlom 1927 wels

mxari dauWira kaliforniis Statis sindikalizmis aqts, saqmeSi vitni ka-

liforniis winaaRmdeg (274 U.S 357). kaliforniis Statis sindikalizmis

aqtis teqsti sakmaod hgavs sadavo kanons. saqmeSi vitni kaliforniis wina-

aRmdeg, sasamarTlom mxari dauWira aqts, radgan `politikuri da ekono-

mikuri cvlilebebisaTvis Zaladobis mowodeba Seicavs iseT saSiSroebas,

romelic, SesaZloa, aikrZalos~. Tumca Semdgom gadawyvetilebebSi moxda

vitni kaliforniis winaaRmdeg saqmeSi Camoyalibebuli doqtrinis diskre-

ditireba, maT Soris, saqmeSi denisi SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg.

sxva gadawyvetilebebSi ki gamoCnda doqtrina, romlis mixedviTac, sity-

visa da presis Tavisuflebis konstituciuri garantiebis mixedviT, sa-

xelmwifos ar SeuZlia, SezRudos Zalis gamoyenebis an kanonis darRvevis

183

sasamarTlo praqtika

mowodeba, Tu aseTi mowodeba ar aris pirdapir mimarTuli ukanono qme-

debis waqezebaze an mis myisier gamowvevaze. mxolod abstraqtuli swav-

leba imisa, rom saWiroa Zaladobrivi qmedeba, ar aris igive, rac jgufis

momzadeba da adamianebis iZuleba, rom Caidinon Zaladobrivi qmedeba.

kanoni, romelic zemoaRniSnul gansxvavebas ar cnobs, arRvevs konsti-

tuciis pirvel Sesworebas.

Sesabamisad, ohaios sadavo aqti arRvevs konstituciis pirvel Seswo-

rebas. aqtis Tanaxmad, dasjadia `Zaladobisken an Zaladobrivi safrTxis

Seqmnisken mowodeba, rogorc politikuri an industriuli refomis saSu-

aleba; aseve isjeba aseTi mowodebis Semcveli publikaciebis gavrceleba

da gamofena, an jgufis nebayoflobiTi Sekreba kriminaluri sindika-

lizmis swavlebis mizniT~. am SemTxvevaSi, mosamarTlis instruqciebi

nafici msajulebisTvis ver Secvlis aqtis sakmaod mkacr formulirebas,

romelic erTmaneTisgan ar mijnavs mowodebas ukanono qmedebis waqeze-

bisgan.

Sesabamisad, Cven mxars aRar vuWerT sapirispiro doqtrinas, romelic

Camoyalibda saqmeSi vitni kaliforniis winaaRmdeg.

1969 weli

Red Lion Broadcasting Co. Inc -i komunikaciebis

federaluri komisiis winaaRmdeg

395 U.S. 367

faqtebi: Red Lion Broadcasting licenzirebuli mauwyebelia pensilva-

niis StatSi, iseve rogorc WGCB radio. 1964 wlis 27 noembers radiom

gadasca bili hargisis interviu, romelic ixilavda fred kukis wigns

`goldvoteri _ memarjvene eqstremistebi~. hargisma ganacxada, rom kuki

erT-erTi gazeTidan gaagdes mcdari informaciis gamoqveynebisaTvis, rom

igi muSaobda erT-erT komunistur gamocemaSi da axla ki dawera wigni,

romelic miznad isaxavs bari goldvoteris lanZRvas. fred kukma am ga-

dacemis Semdeg moiTxova ufaso pasuxis ufleba, radgan man daaskvna, rom

184


gadacemaSi adgili hqonda mis `pirovnebaze Setevas~. am moTxovnaze mauw-

yebelma kuks uari ganucxada.

aRniSnul saqmesTan dakavSirebiT SeerTebuli Statebis komunikaciebis

federalur komisias mimarTes. komunikaciebis federalurma komisiam da-

askvna, rom hargisis interviu warmoadgenda kukis `pirovnebaze Setevas~

da Sesabamisad Red Lion-ma daarRvia samarTlianobis doqtrina (Camoya-

libda saqmeSi Times-Mirror Broadcasting Co., 24 P & F Radio Reg. 404 {1962}),

romlis mixedviTac mauwyebeli valdebuli iyo, kukisTvis gaegzavna in-

tervius Canaweri da SeeTavazebina misTvis sapasuxo saeTero dro, imis

miuxedavad, gadaixdida Tu ara mis safasurs fred kuki. komisiis praqti-

kis Sesabamisad Camoyalibebuli wesis mixedviT, rodesac sadavo sakiTxe-

bis prezentaciisas xdeba identificerebuli piris an jgufis mxridan Se-

teva konkretuli piris patiosnebaze, xasiaTze, Rirsebasa da msgavs pi-

rovnul maxasiaTeblebze, mauwyebeli valdebulia, gonivrul vadaSi (ara-

nakleb erTi kvirisa) aseT pirs miawodos gadacemis am nawilis Canaweri

da SesTavazos mas pasuxis ufleba. komisiis gadawyvetilebis gadasinj-

visas kolumbiis olqis saapelacio sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom komisiis

gadawyvetileba konstituciuri da swori iyo. Red Lion Broadcasting-ma

SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaes sasamarTlos mimarTa.

uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: saapelacio sasamarTlos

gadawyvetileba ZalaSi darCa.

sasamarTlos azri warmoadgina mosamarTle vaiTma: wlebis manZilze

komunikaciebis federaluri komisia tele da radio mauwyeblebisgan mo-

iTxovda, rom sazogadoebrivi sakiTxebis da movlenebis ganxilvisas maT

sadavo sakiTxis orive mxare warmoedginaT da samarTliani reportaJi

moemzadebinaT. es moTxovna cnobilia, rogorc samarTlianobis doqt-

rina. es doqtrina mauwyeblobis warmoSobis pirvelive wlebidan damkvid-

rda da dRemde SenarCunda. es wesi komunikaciebis federaluri komisiis

gadawyvetilebebSi Camoyalibda da ganviTarda. is gansxvavdeba komunika-

ciebis aqtis 315-e wesisgan, romelic adgens, rom politikur kandidatebs

Tanabari saeTero dro unda daeTmoT.

samarTlianobis doqtrinis istoria da masTan dakavSirebuli kanonm-

debloba imaze metyvelebs, rom winamdebare saqmeSi komunikaciebis fede-

raluri komisia TviTneburad ki ar moqmedebda, aramed kongresis mier

winaswar gansazRvrul politikas axorcielebda.

185

sasamarTlo praqtika

1927 wlamde sixSireebis ganawileba mTlianad kerZo seqtoris regu-

lirebis sfero iyo, rac qaoss iwvevda. Zalian male aRmoCnda, rom sama-

uwyeblo sixSireebi SezRudul resurss warmoadgenda, romlis gamoye-

nebac saxelmwifom moawesriga. saxelmwifo kontrolis gareSe sixSireTa

gamoyeneba iwvevda sxvadasxva mauwyeblis xmaTa Tanxvedras. sabolood,

Seiqmna radios federaluri komisia, romelic pasuxismgebeli iyo li-

cenziebis gacemaze, misi pirobebis Secvlasa da gauqmebaze. federaluri

komisia licenziebs gascemda sazogadoebrivi `unaris, interesis da auci-

leblobis~ Sesabamisad. mogvianebiT komisiam aRniSna, rom sazogadoeb-

rivi interesi mniSvnelovani faqtoria, romelic vrceldeba ara mxolod

licenziis gacemaze, aramed samauwyeblo saSualebebiT sazogadoebisaT-

vis saintereso Temebis ganxilvazec. Sesabamisad, mauwyebels ekisreboda

valdebuleba, rom moexdina sazogadoebisaTvis saintereso da mniSvnelo-

vani Temebis adekvaturi gaSuqeba da gaSuqebis procesSi saSualeba mieca

yvela dapirispirebuli mxarisaTvis, gamoeTqva sakuTari mosazrebebi.

`imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom `sazogadoebrivi interesi~ naTlad moicavs

sadavo sakiTxebis garSemo debatebis gaSuqebas; agreTve, imis gamo, rom

komunikaciebis federalurma komisiam misi Seqmnis dRidanve daadgina

samarTlianobis doqtrina; agreTve, im faqtis gamo, rom kongresma ar

gamoricxa analogiuri normebi da mxari dauWira komunikaciebis fede-

raluri komisiis damatebiT Zalisxmevas aseTi normebis SemuSavebaSi, Cven

migvaCnia, rom samarTlianobis doqtrinis da `pirovnebaze Setevis wesis~

dadgena kongresis mier delegirebuli uflebamosilebis kanonieri gamo-

yenebaa~.

aRniSnul saqmeSi mosarCeleebi daobdnen, rom samarTlianobis doq-

trina da `pirovnebaze Setevis wesi~ ewinaaRmdegeba pirvel Sesworebas,

radgan es wesebi arRvevs mauwyeblebis gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas. mosar-

Cleebi daobdnen, rom maT ufleba aqvT, gamoiyenon maT mier miRebuli

sixSire ise, rogorc maT surT; maTi azriT, maT ufleba aqvT, uari uTxran

nebismier pirs am sixSiris gamoyenebaze.

sasamarTlom daadgina, rom samarTlianobis doqtrina da misi erT-

erTi komponenti `pirovnebaze Setevis wesi~ ar arRvevs konstituciis

pirvel Sesworebas. marTalia, pirveli Sesworeba relevanturia mauwyeb-

lobis SemTxvevaSic, magram msmenelis da mayureblis uflebebi ufro mniS-

vnelovania, vidre mauwyeblebis. radgan sazogadoebas ufleba aqvs,

186


miiRos informacia socialur, politikur da sxva sakiTxebze, rac yvela-

ze metad mniSvnelovania am SemTxvevaSi.

sasamarTlo ar daeTanxma im pozicias, rom `pirovnebaze Setevis wesis~gamo mauwyeblebi aRar gaaSuqeben sadavo sakiTxebs. sasamarTlom miiCnia,rom es argumenti spekulaciaa da amisgan dasacavad arsebobs komunika-ciebis federaluri komisia.

imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom sixSireebi SezRuduli resursia da saxel-mwifo mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs am SezRuduli resursis danawilebaSi;aseve, im faqtis gamo, rom pirs xeli ar miuwvdeba am sixSireebis gamoye-nebaze saxelmwifos daxmarebis gareSe, sasamarTlos miaCnia, rom sadavonormebi da wesebi kanonieri da konstituciuria.

1969 weli

`niu-iork taimsi~ SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg

403 U.S. 713

faqtebi: 1971 wels `niu-iork taimsma~, xangrZlivi analizisa da awon-dawonvis Semdeg gadawyvita, gamoeqveynebina saidumlo grifiT aRniSnulie.w. pentagonis dokumentebi, romlebic aRwerdnen amerikis SeerTebuliStatebis vietnamis omSi CarTvis process. SeerTebuli Statebis saxelm-wifom, romlisTvisac cnobili gaxda `niu-iork taimsis~ gadawyvetileba,mimarTa federaluri olqis sasamarTlos, romelmac droebiTi SezRudvadauwesa gazeTs pentagonis dokumentebis gamoqveynebaze. ramdenime dRisSemdeg imave mosamarTlem uari uTxra saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebs mud-mivi SezRudvis dawesebaze. miuxedavad amisa, SeerTebuli Statebis meoreolqis saapelacio sasamarTlom mxari dauWira saxelmwifos da SezRudvagauxangrZliva `niu-iork taimss~.

amasobaSi saqmeSi `voSington postic~ CaerTo. saxelmwifom igive mo-imoqmeda `postis~ winaaRmdegac, Tumca, kolumbiis olqis sasamarTlomgazeTis mxare daiWira. saxelmwifom gadawyvetileba gaasaCivra, magramsaapelacio sasamarTlomac `postis~ winaaRmdeg SezRudva arakanonieradmiiCnia. Sesabamisad, `voSington posts~ SeeZlo, gamoeqveynebina pentago-nis dokumentebi, xolo `niu-iork taimss~ _ ara.

1971 wels uzenaesma sasamarTlom miiRo gadawyvetileba aRniSnul

187

sasamarTlo praqtika

saqmeze: yvela gazeTs SeerTebul StatebSi ufleba hqoda, gamoeqveynebina

pentagonis dokumentebi. Tumca presa Tavdapirvelad ar iyo kmayofili

imiT, rom sasamarTlom ver gadawyvita sakmaod daZabuli brZola infor-

maciis Tavisuflebisa da saxelmwifo usafrTxoebis koncefciebs Soris.

sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaSi ewera, rom saxelmwifom ver uzrunvelyo

mtkicebis im mZime tvirTis zidva, riTic gaamarTlebda winaswari Sez-

Rudvis dawesebas presaze.

am saqmeze cxra gansakuTrebuli mosazreba daiwera (meti verc daiwe-

reboda SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaesi sasamarTlos Semadgenlobis gamo).

TiToeuli maTgani asaxavs mosamarTleebis gansxvavebul Sexedulebebs

presis rolTan dakavSirebiT SeerTebul StatebSi.

sasamarTlos erToblivi mosazreba: Cven warmoebaSi miviReT saqmeebi,

sadac saxelmwifo cdilobs, SezRudva dauwesos `niu-iork taimssa~ da

`voSington posts~ im saidumlo dokumentis gamoqveynebaze, romlis sa-

Tauria `SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobis gadawyvetilebis miRebis pro-

cesi vietnamTan dakavSirebiT~.

winaswari SezRudvebis nebismieri sistema am sasamarTlos winaSe anti-

konstituciurobis mZime prezumfciiT ganixileba. Sesabamisad, saxelm-

wifos akisria mtkicebis sakmaod mZime tvirTi, rom gaamarTlos msgavsi

SezRudvis kanoniereba. SeerTebuli Statebis samxreT niu iorkis olqis

sasamrTlom `niu-iork taimsis~ saqmeSi da kolumbiis olqis sasamarTlom

da kolumbiis olqis saapelacio sasamrTlom `voSington postis~ saqmeSi

daadgines, rom saxelmwifom ver gadalaxa aRniSnuli mtkicebis tvirTi.

Cven veTanxmebiT.

rogorc aRiniSna, am saqmeze cxrave mosamarTlem gansakuTrebuli azri

warmoadgina, aqedan Svidi Tanmxvedri da ori gansxvavebuli (maT Soris

iyo sasamarTlos Tavmjdomaris _ mosamarTle burgeris gansxvavebuli

azri). qvemoT moyvanilia mniSvnelovani mosazrebebis mokle mimoxilva.

mosamarTle blekisa da duglasis gansakuTrebuli azri: mosamar-

Tleebma blekma da duglasma absolutisturi midgoma airCies. maT aRniS-

nes, rom pirveli Sesworebis Tanaxmad, winaswari SezRudvebi dauSvebeli

iyo nebismier SemTxvevaSi. maTi mosazrebis mixedviT, ar arsebobs samarT-

lebrivi norma, romelic sasamarTlos uflebas miscems, SezRudos presis

Tavisufleba `Tanasworobis, prezidentis uflebamosilebis an erovnuli

usafrTxoebis~ saxeliT.

mosamarTle brenanis gansakuTrebuli azri: mosamarTle brenanma

188


airCia midgoma, romelic sasamarTlom daadgina saqmeSi niari minesotis

winaaRmdeg. man aRniSna, rom sasamarTlos presis SezRudvis ufleba hqon-

da mxolod maSin, rodesac saxelmwifo saomar mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda

da rodesac saxelmwifo daamtkicebda, rom arsebobs `gardauvali, pir-

dapiri da myisieri saSiSroeba imisa, rom Seiqmneba mdgomareoba, rome-

lic, Tavis mxriv, safrTxes Seuqmnis sazRvao transportis usafrTxo-

ebas.~

mosamarTle stiuartisa da vaiTis gansakuTrebuli azri: mosamar-

Tleebma stiuartma da vaiTma uaryves aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis ar-

gumenti, rom sasamarTlos ufleba aqvs, gasces brZaneba presis SezRud-

vaze, Tu dadgindeba `mZime da gamousworebeli zianis safrTxe sazoga-

doebrivi interesisaTvis~. maTi azriT, saWiroa, saxelmwifom daamtkicos,

rom informaciis gavrceleba `aucileblad miayenebs pirdapir, myisier

da gamousworebel zians Cvens qveyanas da mis xalxs~.

mosamarTle marSalis gansakuTrebuli azri: mosamarTle marSalma

airCia `kanonis uzenaesobis~ midgoma, romelic umravlesobis warmomad-

genelma bevrma mosamarTlem gaiziara. am koncefciis da mosamarTle mar-

Salis gansakuTrebuli azris mixedviT, ar arsebobs raime kanonmdebloba,

romelic mxars dauWerda am saqmeSi aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis moT-

xovnas. sainteresoa, rom mosamarTleTa umravlesobam aRniSna _ isini

mxars dauWerdnen SezRudvas am saqmeSi, Tuki saamisod kanonieri safuZ-

veli iarsebebda. Tumca, maTi azriT, es mainc cenzura iqneboda.

1971 weli

branzburgi heiesis winaaRmdeg

408 U.S. 665

faqtebi: branzburgis saqmeze sasamarTlom 3 saapelacio saCivari gani-

xila. samive saCivari im reportiorebis mier iyo Setanili, romlebic did-

ma Jiurim mowmis statusiT dasakiTxad gamoiZaxa.

189

sasamarTlo praqtika

pirveli saCivari Seexeboda Jurnal `luisvil kurieris~ reporti-

oris pol branzburgis mier 1969 wels gamoqveynebul statias. aRniSnuli

publikacia aRwerda marixuanidan haSiSis miRebis process. Jurnalisti

narkotikis damzadebis process Tavad daeswro, xolo sanacvlod monawi-

leebs konfidencialobis dacvas dahpirda. gamoqveynebul statiaSi pro-

cesis monawileTa konfidencialoba marTlac daculi iyo. aRniSnul saq-

mesTan dakavSirebiT, branzburgi qveynis didma Jiurim mowmed gamoiZaxa,

Tumca Jurnalistma Cvenebebis micemasa da informaciis wyaros gamJRav-

nebaze uari ganacxada. uaris safuZvlad man `kentukis Statis Jurnalis-

turi privilegiebis Sesaxeb~ kanoni, konstituciis pirveli Sesworeba

da kentukis konstitucia daasaxela. Statis sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom

konstitucia da kanoni Jurnalists ar aZlevs uflebas, Cveneba ar misces

im movlenebis Sesaxeb, romelTa mowmec Tavad iyo.

branzburgis mowmed kidev erTxel dabareba didma Jiurim mas Semdeg

gadawyvita, rac 1971 wels gamoqveynda statia kentukis qalaq frankfur-

tSi narkotikebis moxmarebis Sesaxeb. statiis nawili aseve eyrdnoboda

konfidencialuri wyarodan mopovebul informacias. branzburgma gaasa-

Civra didi Jiuris mier misi mowmed gamoZaxeba da sasamarTlos ZaliT

moipova imuniteti, romelic Jurnalists `konfidencialuri kavSirebis,

wyaroebis an informaciis~ gamJRavnebisagan icavda. Tumca igi daavalde-

bules, Cveneba mieca im movlenebis Taobaze, romelsac piradad Seeswro.

Jurnalistma Cvenebis micemaze kvlav uari ganacxada.

gadawyvetileba: aSS-is mecxre olqis sasamarTlom ar gaiziara bran-

zburgis argumentebi Jurnalisturi privilegiebis Sesaxeb da daavalde-

bula is, mieca Cveneba.

meore saCivari: pol papasma masaCusetsis qalaq bedfordis satele-

vizio sadgur WTEV-is Jurnalistma moamzada reportaJi samoqalaqo

areulobis Sesaxeb. papass ganzraxuli hqonda daswreboda `Savi pantere-

bis~ konferencias, Tumca jgufis wevrebi mas ar endnen. gasamxedroebul

`Savi panterebi~-s dajgufebas xelisufleba ganixilavda rogorc organi-

zacias, romelic `TeTri sazogadoebis~ winaaRmdeg partizanul oms

gegmavda.

mogvianebiT dajgufebis wevrebma papass neba darTes, Sesuliyo jgufis

mTavar StabSi im pirobiT, Tu es ukanaskneli ar gaamJRavnebda iq nanaxsa

190


da mosmenils. Jurnalistis mier momzadebuli masala am vizitis dros

mopovebul informacias marTlac ar eyrdnoboda. mogvianebiT igi qveynis

didma Jiurim daibara. Jurnalisti gamocxadda, magram uari ganacxada

gaeca pasuxebi im SekiTxvebze, romlebic `Savi panterebis~ StabSi momxdar

movlenebs exeboda. papasi konstituciis pirveli SesworebiT garantire-

bul privilegiaze miuTiTebda. igi xelmeored gamoiZaxes, magram amjerad

Jurnalistma sasamarTloSi gamocxadebazec ki uari Tqva.

gadawyvetileba: aSS-is mecxre olqis sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom am Sem-

TxvevaSi arc erTi zemoT dasaxelebuli interesis arseboba ar dastur-

deboda. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom gaauqma papasis winaaRmdeg gamotanili

yvela ganCineba.

motivacia: masaCusetsis uzenaesma sasamarTlom ar gaiziara Jurna-

listis argumentacia imis Taobaze, rom aseT SemTxvevebSi Jurnalisturi

privilegiebis ararsebobis dadastureba informaciis mopovebis proces-

ze `gamyinav efeqts~ iqoniebda da daadgina, rom saCivari iyo `arapirda-

piri, Teoriuli da usafuZvlo~.

mesame saCivari: erl koldueli, `niu-iork taimsis~ dasavleT sanapi-

ros biuros xelmZRvaneli, kaliforniaSi `Sav panterebTan~ dakavSirebul

Tematikaze muSaobda da gasamxedroebul dajgufebas ikvlevda. igi fe-

deralurma didma Jiurim gamoiZaxa da video Tu sxva tipis Canawerebis

saxiT arsebuli interviuebisa da sxva masalebis wardgena mosTxova. kol-

duelis advokatebma SesZles gamoZaxebis Taobaze brZanebis SeCereba, Tum-

ca didma Jiurim xelmeored gamowera uwyeba mowmed gamocxadebisa da

Cvenebebis micemis moTxovniT.

kolduelma kvlav gaasaCivra es brZaneba da miuTiTa, rom did Jiurize

Tundac saidumlod misi gamocxadeba, mospobda `Sav panterebSi~ informa-

ciis wyarosTan yovelgvar kavSirsa da urTierTobebs. federalurma sa-

olqo sasamarTlom gasca damcavi brZaneba, romliTac informaciis wya-

ros dasaxelebisa da masalebis gamJRavnebasTan dakavSirebiT Jurnalis-

tze dakisrebuli valdebulebebi gaauqma. didi Jiuris uflebamosilebis

vada am droisTvis amoiwura.

cota xanSi didi Jiuri axali SemadgenlobiT Seikriba da koldueli

mowmis statusiT kvlav daibares. amjerad Jurnalistis saCivari ar dakma-

yofilda da igi sasamarTlos upativcemulobaSi daadanaSaules.

gadawyvetileba: aSS-is mecxre olqis sasamarTlom daadgina, rom

191

sasamarTlo praqtika

Jurnalists ufleba aqvs, ar misces Cveneba misTvis gandobili konfiden-

cialuri informaciis Sesaxeb, Tumca amavdroulad ekisreba valdebule-

ba, gamocxaddes sasamarTloSi didi Jiuris mier gamoZaxebisTanave.

motivacia: sasamarTlom sxvagvari Sefaseba misca saqmes. sakiTxis gan-

xilvisas imis Taobaze, iyo Tu ara koldueli valdebuli, warmsdgariyo

didi Jiuris winaSe, sasamarTlom daadgina:

1) konstituciis pirveli Sesworeba, mowmed gamoZaxebis SemTxvevaSi,

JurnalistisTvis kvalificiur privilegias iTvaliswinebs;

2) sasamarTlom gaiziara Jurnalistis mtkiceba imis Taobaze, rom iZu-

leba Cvenebis micemaze daabrkolebda mis informatorebs da misi Canawe-

rebis cenzuras gamoiwvevda;

3) sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom kolduels SeeZlo Tavi aeridebina mowmed

gamocxadebisaTvis manam, vidre ar iarsebebda misi iZulebisaTvis aucile-

beli garemoebebi.

informaciis wyaros gamJRavnebis moTxovnisaTvis sasamarTlom Seimu-

Sava interesTa dabalansebis samnawiliani testi: (1) relevanturoba, (2)

sxva alternatiuli wyaros ararseboba da (3) sazogadoebrivi interesi.

1972 weli

CBS-i erovnul-demokratiuli komitetis

winaaRmdeg

412 U.S. 94

faqtebi: am saqmeSi mosarCle mxare iyo erovnul demokratiuli komi-

teti da biznesmenTa moZraoba vietnamSi mSvidobis SenarCunebisaTvis (bmv),

romelic vietnamis konfliqtSi aSS-s Carevis mowinaaRmdege biznesmenTa

erovnuli organizaciaa. 1970 wels bmv-m komunikaciis federalur komi-

siaSi Seitana saCivari kolumbiis olqis qalaq voSingtonSi radiosadgur

WTOP-is winaaRmdeg, romliTac asaCivrebda radiosadguris uars, saeTe-

ro dro mieyida bmv-sTvis, vietnamis Sesaxeb erTwuTiani gancxadebebis

192


seriebis gasavrceleblad. WTOP-i, sxva mauwyeblebTan erTad atarebda

politikas, romlis farglebSic uars eubneboda kerZo pirebsa da jgu-

febs winaaRmdegobriv sakiTxebze Sexedulebebis gasavrceleblad erTje-

radi mcire sareklamo drois miyidvaze. WTOP-ma ganacxada, rom uari

reklamis ganTavsebaze samarTliani iyo, radgan redaqcia araerTi saWir-

boroto Temis, maT Soris vietnamis omis, srul da samarTlian gaSuqebas

awarmoebda. WTOP-ma aseve warmoadgina mtkicebulebebi imis Taobaze, rom

radiosadguris eTerSi adre araerTxel gadaica kritikuli mosazrebebi

vietnamis konfliqtis sakiTxze aSS-is politikis Sesaxeb. Tumca, bmv-m ar

gaiziara WTOP-is mosazreba samarTliani gaSuqebis Taobaze. bmv-s ar war-

moudgenia sakuTari moTxovnis damadasturebeli raime mtkicebulebebi.

oTxi Tvis Semdeg, 1970 wlis maisSi edk-m komisiaSi Seitana saCivari,

romelSic miTiTebuli iyo: `konstituciis pirveli Sesworebisa da komuni-

kaciis Sesaxeb aqtis safuZvelze, mauwyebeli ar aris uflebamosili, sa-

eTero drois miyidvaze mudmivad uari uTxras iseT gaerTianebebs, ro-

goricaa edk. saeTero dro am organizaciebs fuladi saxsrebis mosazidad

an sajaro sakiTxebis Taobaze komentarebis gasakeTeblad sWirdebaT.~

edk-m ganacxada, rom igi saeTero drois Sesyidvas demokratiuli parti-

is poziciis dafiqsirebisa da fuladi saxsrebis mozidvis mizniT gegmavda.

kfk ar daeTanxma mopasuxeebis arguments imis Taobaze, rom `ufleba-

mosil~ kerZo pirebsa da jgufebs aqvT ufleba, Seisyidon sareklamo dro

sajaro sakiTxebze komentaris gasakeTeblad, miuxedvad imisa, gadauxvia

Tu ara mauwyebelma `samarTliani mauwyeblobis doqtrinas~.

komunikaciebis Sesaxeb aqtis istoriis, sadavo debulebebis da mis sa-

fuZvelze komisiis mier adre miRebuli gadawyvetilebebisa da informa-

ciis gavrcelebis uflebis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebis

ganxilvis Semdeg, komisiam ar daakmayofila edk-sa da bmv-s saCivrebi. Tum-

ca komisiam gaiziara edk-s pozicia, imis Taobaze, rom kanoni iTvaliswi-

nebda politikuri partiebis uflebas,2 fuladi saxsrebis mozidvis miz-

niT saeTero drois Sesyidvis Taobaze.

2 komisiis dadgenileba bmv-s mier moyvanili `samarTliani mauwyeblobis

doqtrinis~ winaaRmdeg da edk-s mier advokatirebuli argumentebis (politikur

partiebs unda hqondeT ufleba, Seisyidon saeTero dro fuladi saxsrebis

mosazidad) sasargeblod, ar gasaCivrebula sasamarTloSi da Sesabamisad, uzenaes

sasamarTlos ar umsjelia am sakiTxis Taobaze.

193

sasamarTlo praqtika

aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom gaauqma

komisiis dadgenilebebi.

sasamarTlos mosazreba: sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom samauwyeblo kom-

paniebis xisti politika reklamebis ganTavsebaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb,

aSkarad ewinaaRmdegeboda konstituciis pirvel Sesworebas; sasamarT-

lom saqme komisiaSi daabruna, pirveli SesworebiT garantirebuli infor-

maciis Tavisuflad miRebisa da gavrcelebis uflebis uzrunvelyofi-

saTvis saWiro instruqciebis SesamuSaveblad.

saapelacio sasamarTlom xmaTa umravlesobiT gaauqma komisiis dadge-

nileba da ganacxada: `sajaro sakiTxebze gancxadebebisaTvis saeTero

drois Sesyidvaze dawesebuli SezRudva arRvevs konstituciis pirvel

Sesworebas, gansakuTrebiT im fonze, rodesac sxva saxis fasiani gancxa-

debebi ar izRudeba~.

sasamarTlom aseve aRniSna, rom samauwyeblo sixSireebi ganekuTvneba

SezRuduli, amowurvadi resursebis ricxvs. igi yvelasaTvis ar aris xel-

misawvdomi da aqedan gamomdinare, pirveli Sesworeba awesebs `SezRudul~

uflebas redaqtirebuli reklamebis ganTavsebaze. sasamarTlom daaskv-

na, rom mauwyeblis politika, romelic mxolod komerciuli reklamebis

ganTavsebas iTvaliswinebda, antikonstituciuri diskriminacia iyo.

yovelive zemoTqmulis miuxedavad, sasamarTlom ar gasca brZaneba

edk-sa da bmv-s gancxadebebis upirobo ganTavsebis Sesaxeb, aramed saqme

komunikaciis federalur komisiaSi daabruna, raTa komisias ganesazRvra

`gonivruli procedurebi da regulaciebi imis Taobaze, Tu romeli rek-

lama unda ganTavsebuliyo eTerSi da romeli ara.~

sasamarTlom ganixila aseve sakiTxi imis Taobaze, Tu ramdenad SeiZ-

leboda mauwyeblis uari reklamis gaSvebaze, ganxiluliyo rogorc mTav-

robis qmedeba, romelic konstituciis pirveli SesworebiT garantire-

bul uflebebs arRvevda.

sasamarTlos am saqmis ganxilvamde arasdros umsjelia sakiTxze, SeiZ-

leba Tu ara licenzirebuli mauwyeblis qmedebis aRqma, rogorc `mTav-

robis qmedebisa~, pirveli SesworebiT garantirebuli uflebebis konteq-

stSi.

saapelacio sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom mauwyeblebi warmoadgenen

mTavrobis instrumentebs pirveli SesworebiT daculi uflebebis reali-

zaciisaTvis, radgan licenzirebul mauwyeblobebs gadacemuli aqvT

194


sazogadoebrivi sakuTrebis nawili da moqmedeben rogorc `rwmunebule-

bi~ an `sazogadoebis mier ndobiT aRWurvili pirebi~.

amgvari struqtura gansakuTrebiT Tavs iCens maSin, rodesac erTma-

neTs vadarebT kerZo gazeTs da licenzirebul mauwyeblobas. kerZo sa-

kuTrebaSi arsebuli gazeTis uflebamosileba _ ganaviTaros sakuTari

politikuri, socialuri da ekonomiuri Sexedulebebi _ gansazRvrulia

mxolod ori faqtoriT: pirveli, mkiTxvelis da reklamis damkveTebis

mozidva finansuri warmatebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT; da meore, profe-

siuli standartebis dacvis uzrunvelyofa. licenzirebuli mauwyebeli

farTo Jurnalisturi TavisuflebiT sargeblobs, magram ara im moculo-

biT, rogorc kerZo gazeTi. licenzirebuli mauwyebloba valdebulia,

uzrunvelyos ori ganmsazRvreli interesis balansi _ ra aris misi, ro-

gorc kerZo piris interesi da ra pasuxismgebloba ekisreba mas, rogorc

`sazogadoebriv rwmunebuls~.

`samarTliani mauwyeblobis doqtrinis~ Tanaxmad, komunikaciis fede-

raluri komisia valdebulia gaarkvios da Seafasos is, Tu ramdenad mza-

daa licenziis mimRebi angariSi gauwios sazogadoebis mTavar interess _

iyos srulad da samarTlianad informirebuli. komisiis pasuxismgeblo-

bis sferoSi Sedis aseve imis gansazRvra, Tu `vis da rodis unda daeTmos

saeTero dro~ konkretul viTarebaSi. mTavrobis Carevis albaTobis gaT-

valiswinebiT, sasurvelia, gamoxatvis Sinaarsis kontrolis winaaRmdeg

mimarTuli konstituciiT garantirebuli principebi naklebad mkacri

iyos reklamasTan dakavSirebiT.

1973 weli

mileri kaliforniis Statis winaaRmdeg

413 U.S. 15

faqtebi: am saqmeSi mosarCle damnaSaved cnes im seqsualuri litera-

turis dagzavnisaTvis, romelic mimRebebs arc gamouweriaT da arc wi-

naswar mouTxoviaT. mosarCle mileri mocemuli droisTvis masobriv

safosto kampanias atarebda: eweoda reklamirebas ilustrirebuli wigne-

195

sasamarTlo praqtika

bisa, romlebsac TviTon `mozrdilTa~ literaturas uwodebda. dagzav-

nili masala reklamas uwevda oTx wigns _ `sqesobrivi aqti~, `kaci-qali~,

`ilustrirebuli seqsorgiebi~ da `pornografiis ilustrirebuli isto-

ria~, agreTve, films `samxedro sqesobrivi aqti~. sareklamo broSura

Seicavda sqesobrivi aqtis ilustraciebs. am ilustraciebze Canda TiTo

an meti qali da kaci SiSvel mdgomareobaSi, CarTuli sqesobriv kavSirSi,

Riad naCvenebi genitaliebiT. mosarClis mier erTi konverti gaigzavna

niuportis plaJze mdebare erT-erT restoranSi. restornis menejerma

gagzavnili konverti dedamisTan erTad gaxsna. amis Semdeg aRSfoTebul-

ma adresatebma policias mimarTes.

pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi mosarCle gaasamarTles kalifor-

niis Statis kanonis Tanaxmad, romlis mixedviTac, danaSaulad cxaddeba

`uxamsi masalebis gacnobierebulad da ganzrax gavrceleba~. Statis pir-

veli instanciis sasamarTloSi mosamarTlem nafic msajulebs ganumarta,

rom maT warmodgenili mtkicebulebebi unda SeefasebinaT kaliforniis

StatSi arsebuli sazogadoebrivi standartebiT. naficma msajulebma mo-

sarCle damnaSaved cnes. pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba

apelaciis dros ZalaSi darCa. milerma SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaes sasa-

marTlos mimarTa.

uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: Statis uzenaesi sasamarT-


mosamarTle burgerma warmoadgina sasamarTlos umravlesobis az-

ri: saqme exeba Statis sisxlis samarTlis kanonis gavrcelebas im SemTxvevaze,

rodesac Ria seqsualuri masalebi daigzavna im pirebTan, romlebsac raime

formiT ar gamouTqvamT maTi miRebis survili. am sasamarTlom ukve ramden-

jerme daadgina, rom Statebs gaaCniaT legitimuri interesi, aikrZalos uxam-

si masalebis da literaturis gavrceleba da gamofena. es interesi vrcelde-

ba im SemTxvevebze, rodesac masalis gavrcelebis forma qmnis safrTxes,

rom is Seuracxyofs mimRebis grZnobebs an mas naxaven arasrulwlovnebi.

swored amitom mogveTxoveba, rom uxamsi masalebisaTvis ganvmartoT stan-

darti, romelsac Statebi gamoiyeneben am sferoSi urTierTobebis dasare-

gulireblad ise, rom ar dairRves konstituciis pirveli Sesworeba _

romelic Statebze meToTxmete Sesworebis ZaliT vrceldeba.

sasamarTlos mier dadginda, rom uxamsi gamoxatva ar aris daculi

pirveli SesworebiT. pirveli da meToTxmete Sesworebebi arasodes yofi-

196


la ganxiluli, rogorc absoluturi. Tumca, Cven aqve vacnobierebT ga-

moxatvis Tavisuflebis regulirebis saSiS tendencias. Statis kanonebi,

romlebic uxamsobas aregulirebs, frTxilad da viwrod unda iqnas for-

mulirebuli.

aseT saqmeebSi saqmis ganmxilvelisaTvis gzamkvlevi principebi Semde-

gia: a) `Tanamedrove sazogadoebrivi standartebis misadagebis~ Sedegad,

miiCnevs Tu ara `saSualo adamiani~ mocemul masalebs, rogorc seqsi-

sadmi arajansaRi interesis aRmZvrels; b) asaxavs Tu ara mocemuli masa-

lebi sqesobriv moqmedebebs aSkarad Seuracxmyofeli formiT, rac Sta-

tis kanoniT aris gansazRvruli; g) moklebulia Tu ara mocemuli masalebi

seriozul literaturul, mxatvrul, politikur an mecnierul faseulo-

bebs. es sasamarTlo ar aRiarebs da ar tovebs ZalaSi _ rogorc konsti-

tuciur standarts _ `gansakuTrebiT moklebuli socialur Rirebule-

bebs~, romelic dadginda saqmeSi memuari masaCusetis winaaRmdeg. am stan-

darts sayovelTao praqtika arasodes mohyolia.

Cven vacnobierebT, rom Cveni funqcia ar aris, Statebs maregulire-

beli sqemebi SevTavazoT. es maTi sakanonmdeblo organoebis pasuximgeb-

lobaa. Tumca, SesaZlebelia, rom warmovadginoT ramdenime magaliTi

imisa, Tu ra unda ganmartos Statis kanonma mocemuli sferos daregu-

lirebis mizniT:

normaluri, gaukuRmarTebuli, namdvili an simulaciuri sqesobrivi

aqtis aSkarad Seuracxmyofeli warmodgena an aRwera.

masturbaciis, ereqciuli funqciis, genitaliebis aSkarad Seuracx-

myofeli warmodgena an aRwera.

seqsi da siSiSvle ar SeiZleba demonstrirebul iqnas SezRudvis gareSe

im filmebSi da suraTebze, romlebic sajaro adgilebSia gamofenili an

gasayidadaa warmodgenili. rogorc minimum, sqesobrivi aqtis aSkarad Se-

uracxmyofel aRweras an warmodgenas seriozuli literaturuli, mxatv-

ruli an mecnieruli faseuloba unda gaaCndes _ raTa pirveli Sesworebis

dacvis qveS moxvdes. magaliTad, samedicino literaturaSi xSirad aris

asaxuli adamianis anatomiuri ilustraciebi, romlebic samecniero da

saganmanaTleblo miznebisaTvis gamoiyeneba. imisaTvis, rom gadavwyvitoT

faqtis da kanonis Zalian sadavo da mgrZnobiare sakiTxebi, unda daveyr-

dnoT nafici msajulebis sistemas, _ mtkicebulebaTa wesebTan, udanaSa-

ulobis prezumfciasTan da dacvis sxva meqanizmebTan erTad.

197

sasamarTlo praqtika

cxadia, mas Semdeg, rac sasamarTlom miiRo gadawyvetileba saqmeze

roti SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg, federaluri da Statis sasa-

marTloebi erTgvari wnexis qveS moeqcnen uxamsobis standartis dadge-

nisas. Tumca dRes, 1957 wels, pirvelad am sasamarTlos istoriaSi Cven

vadgenT standartebs, romlebic `mZime pornografias~ im gamoxatvisgan

gamijnavs, romelic pirveli SesworebiT aris daculi.

SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciis Tanaxmad, pirveli SesworebiT da-

wesebuli SezRudvebi ar gansxvavdeba Statebis mixedviT; Tumca, es ar

niSnavs, rom arsebobs erTiani erovnuli standarti, romelic gansazRv-

ravs, Tu ra aris `aSkarad Seuracxmyofeli~ an `seqsisadmi arajansaRi

interesis aRmZvreli~. Cveni qveyana sakmaod didia imisaTvis, rom erTiani

konsensusi Sedges am sakiTxze. rodesac saqmis ganmxilvels evaleba daad-

ginos, miiCnevs Tu ara `saSualo adamiani~ mocemul masalebs `seqsisadmi

arajansaRi interesis aRmZvrels~ Tanamedrove sazogadoebrivi standar-

tebis mixedviT, ararealisturi iqneba raime abstraqtul formulirebaze

dafuZnebuli pasuxis moTxovna. SejibrebiTobis sistema _ nafici msaju-

lebiT, romlebic faqts adgenen _ istoriulad yovelTvis iZleoda imis

SesaZleblobas, rom faqtis ganmxilveli ufro metad dayrdnoboda sazo-

gadoebaSi arsebul standartebs da ufro naklebad exelmZRvanela kano-

niT dadgenili instruqciebiT.

Cven vadgenT, rom arc konstituciurad sazriania da arc realistu-

ria, rom mainis Statis xalxma igive masala aitanos, rac sajarod aris

gamofenili las vegasSi an niu iorkSi. xalxis gemovneba da am sakiTxisadmi

midgoma Statebis mixedviT gansxvavdeba da es gansxvavebuli midgomebi

ar unda aRmoifxvras absoluturi, erTiani standartiT.

migvaCnia, rom moTxovna, romlis mixedviTac naficma msajulebma sa-

kiTxi unda ganixilon `kaliforniis Statis Tanamedrove sazogadoebrivi

standartebis~ gaTvaliswinebiT, emsaxureba dacvis mizans da konstitu-

ciurad adekvaturia.

Cven vadgenT, rom:

1. ganmtkicdes roti SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg saqmeze dadge-

nili principi, rom uxamsoba ar aris daculi pirveli SesworebiT;

2. aseTi masala SeiZleba daregulirdes Statebis mier, zemoaRniSnuli

standartebis mixedviT, `aSkarad moklebuli socialur Rirebulebebs~

standartis gamouyeneblad;

198


3. uxamsoba unda ganisazRvros `Tanamderove sazogadoebrivi standar-

tebis~ misadagebiT da ara `erovnuli standartebiT~.

amrigad, aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebiT gauqmda memuarsi masaCusetis

winaaRmdeg saqmiT dadgenili standarti, romlis mixedviTac, akrZalva

efuZneboda Semdeg standarts _ `aSkarad moklebuli socialur Rirebu-

lebebs~ da ganmtkicda samwverovani testi, romelic dadginda saqmeSi

roti SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg.

1973 weli

gerci robert uelSis winaaRmdeg

418 US 323

faqtebi: 1968 wels Cikagos erT-erTi policieli, nuCio, axalgazrda

melsonis mkvlelobisTvis daakaves. mas pasuxismgebloba daakisres meore

xarisxis mkvlelobisaTvis. gardacvlilis ojaxma daiqirava cnobili ad-

vokati elmer gerci, raTa daecva maTi interesebi samoqalaqo sarCelis

wardgenisas. mopasuxem 1969 wels gamoaqveyna statia, saTauriT `robert

nuCio da omi policiis winaaRmdeg~. statiis Tanaxmad, robert nuCios

Cveneba mcdari iyo, xolo mTeli procesis arss warmoadgenda komunis-

tebis Zalisxmeva, mimarTuli adgilobrivi policiis diskreditaciisken.

statiaSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom elmer gercma, sxva pirebTan erTad, robert

nuCios mouwyo aRniSnuli saqme. avtori werda, rom gerci adre bralde-

buli iyo sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulSi da mas komunis mowinaves uwodeb-

da. gercma robert uelSs ciliswamebisTvis uCivla. naficma msajulebma

gercis sasargeblo gadawyvetileba miiRes, Tumca, olqis saapelacio sasa-

marTlom daadgina, rom am saqmezec unda gavrceldes standarti, rome-

lic Camoyalibda saqmeSi `niu iork taimsi~ salivanis winaaRmdeg. am stan-

dartis Tanaxmad, sajaro pirs ar aqvs ufleba, moiTxovos zianis anazRa-

ureba, Tu ar damtkicdeba, rom cilismwamebluri gancxadebebi gakeTda

ganzrax _ maTi simcdaris gamo _ an uyuradRebobis mizeziT.

Sesabamisad, radgan gercma ver daamtkica gancxadebebis ganzrax simc-

dare, agreTve, simarTlis daudevrad an gaufrTxileblad ugulebelyo-

199

sasamarTlo praqtika

fa, olqis saapelacio sasamarTlom saqme mis winaaRmdeg gadawyvita.

uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: olqis saapelacio sasamar-

Tlos gadawyvetileba gauqmda da dabrunda xelaxla gansaxilvelad.

sasamarTlos mosazreba warmoadgina mosamarTle pauelma: indivi-

di, romelic arc sajaro moxelea da arc sajaro piri, sargeblobs cilis-

wamebis winaaRmdeg pirveli SesworebiT dadgenili garantiebis dacviT.

sasamarTlom Tavdapirvelad ganixila statiaSi warmodgenili gancxade-

bebi da daadgina, rom gercisaTvis arc sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxis-

mgebloba daukisrebiaT odesme da mas arc komunisturi partiis RonisZi-

ebebSi miuRia monawileoba. gazeTis redaqtorebs ki araviTari zomebi ar

miuRiaT am informaciis gadasamowmeblad.

sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom ar arsebobs mcdari mosazreba, Tumca faq-

tebis mcdarad gadmocemas konstituciuri faseuloba ar gaaCnia. mcdari

faqtebis arc ganzrax da arc gaufrTxileblad gadmocema ar uwyobs xels

sazogadoebriv sakiTxebze xelSeuval, jansaR da Ria debatebs. Tumca sa-

samarTlom iqve aRniSna, rom Tavisufal debatebSi gardauvalia Secdo-

mebis daSveba. amrigad, unda arsebobdes garkveuli Tavisufali moZraobis

saSualeba, radgan SecdomebisaTvis dasja garkveul risks uqmnis sityvisa

da presis Tavisuflebis dacvas. Cvens gadawyvetilebebSi aRiniSna, rom

mkacri pasuxismgeblobis wesma, romlis mixedviTac, mauwyeblebi da redaq-

torebi valdebulni arian, uzrunvelyon maT mier gadmocemuli faqtebis

sizuste, SesaZloa TviTcenzuris uprecedento masStabebamde migviyva-

nos. aseve, arasaTanadoa mediis dacva mxolod gamoqveynebuli gancxade-

bis simarTleze dayrdnobiT.

TviTcenzuris Tavidan acileba erTaderTi sakiTxi ar yofila. sasa-

marTlom imsjela individis cilismwamebluri gancxadebebisgan dacvis

Sesaxebac. sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom sajaro pirebisaTvis dacvis meqaniz-

mi SeiZleba iyos TviTdaxmareba. es gulisxmobs xelmisawvdomi saSuale-

bebis gamoyenebas, raTa SeewinaaRmdego mcdar gancxadebas, an gamoasworo

mcdari faqti da amiT Seamciro reputaciis Selaxvis savalalo Sedegi.

sajaro moxeleebs da sajaro pirebs, rogorc wesi, ufro meti SesaZleb-

loba aqvT komunikaciis saSualebebis gamosayeneblad, vidre kerZo indi-

videbs. Sesabamisad, kerZo individebisaTvis zianis miyenebis ufro meti

SesaZlebloba arsebobs da saxelmwifosac ufro gazrdili aqvs maTi

dacvis interesi. amis Semdeg sasamarTlom isaubra imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom

200


arian sajaro pirebi da sajaro moxeleebi sazogadoebis mxridan ufro

meti kontrolis qveS: `individi, romelic gadawyvets, rom saxelmwifo

samsaxurSi imuSaos, iRebs garkveul Sedegebs, romelic am samsaxurs sdevs

Tan. igi Tavs uqvemdebarebs sazogadoebis mxridan ufro met kontrols,

vidre kerZo piri~. uzenaesma sasamarTlom saqmeSi garisoni luizianas

winaaRmdeg aRniSna, rom sazogadoebis kontroli da interesi sajaro

moxeleebisadmi ar Semoifargleba mxolod maTi oficialuri funqciebiT.

sazogadoebrivi interesi vrceldeba nebismier sakiTxze, romelsac kav-

Siri aqvs piris kompetenturobasTan: maT Sorisaa misi piradi Tvisebebi,

patiosneba, arasaTanado motivacia da sxva faqtorebi, romlebic gav-

lenas axdenen piris saqmianobis Sedegze.

kerZo pirs ki ufleba aqvs, hqondes ufro meti dacva, vidre sajaro

moxeles, radgan kerZo pirebs ar daukavebiaT sajaro Tanamdeboba da arc

sazogadoebrivi sakiTxebis gadawyvetaSi iReben aqtiur monawileobas;

agreTve, maT uari ar uTqvamT sakuTari saxelis da Rirsebis dacvaze.

Sesabamisad, kerZo individebis SemTxvevaSi ara mxolod meti Sansi arse-

bobs zianis miyenebisa, aramed isini metad imsaxureben cilismwamebluri

gancxadebebiT miyenebuli zianisgan dacvas.

amrigad, sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom Seusabamo iqneboda, kerZo indi-

videbis SemTxvevaze `niu iork taimsis~ standarti gagvevrcelebina. Tum-

ca, am konkretul saqmeSi sasamarTlom daiwyo imis ganxilva, SeiZleboda

Tu ara apelantis kerZo pirad miCneva. imis miuxedavad, rom gerci ram-

denime wlis win qalaqis meris mier Seqmnili gansaxlebis komitetis wevri

iyo, saqmis ganxilvis dros mas raime sajaro Tanamdeboba ar ekava. sasa-

marTlom ganixila is sakiTxic, rom sakmaod cnobil saqmeSi advokatobam

mas popularoba moutana. Tumca, am logikiT, yvela iuristi sajaro pirad

unda iqnas cnobili. `niu iork taimsi~ salivanis winaaRmdeg saqmis stan-

dartis gamoyeneba ki namdvilad miuRebelia, radgan sasamarTlom daad-

gina, rom sazogadoebriv saqmeebSi monawileoba ar aris piris sajaro fi-

gurad ganxilvis erTaderTi safuZveli. xandaxan piri SeiZleba sajaro

figura gaxdes, rodesac igi sakuTari nebiT CaerTveba konkretul, SezRu-

dul sazogadoebriv saqmeSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi, ar SeiZleba, rom es piri

sajaro figurad ganvixiloT nebismier viTarebaSi. Tu piri ar aris popu-

laruli da ueWvelad cnobadi, igi ar unda ganixilebodes sajaro pirad

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela aspeqtSi. umjobesia, rom piris sajaro

201

sasamarTlo praqtika

figurad ganxilvis sakiTxis gadawyvetisas ganvixiloT individis sazoga-

doebriv saqmeSi monawileobis konteqsti da xasiaTi, _ SeeZlo Tu ara am

faqtorebs ciliswamebis safuZvlis Seqmna.

amrigad, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom zemoaRniSnuli koncefciis mixed-

viT, apelanti ar aris sajaro figura. Sesabamisad, niu iork taimsi sa-

livanis winaaRmdeg saqmis standarti ar aris am saqmis Sesabamisi. radgan

nafic msajulTa sasamarTos ufleba misces, rom daedgina pasuxismgeb-

loba bralis gareSe da daekisrebina zianis anazRaureba zianis miyenebis

mtkicebis gareSe, saWiroa axali sasamarTlo procesis daniSvna.

1974 weli

`maiami heraldi~ tornilos winaaRmdeg

418 U.S. 241

faqtebi: 1972 wels mopasuxe, floridis maswavlebelTa asociaciis

aRmasrulebeli direqtori, pet tornilo floridis warmomadgenelTa

palatis arCevnebSi monawileobda. imave wlis 20 da 29 seqtembers momCi-

vanma, gazeTma `maiami heraldma~ gamoaqveyna kritikuli masala mopasuxis,

pet tornilos Sesaxeb. am statiis pasuxad, tornilom gazeTs Sepasuxebis

gamoqveyneba mosTxova. tornilo sapasuxo statiaSi floridis maswavle-

belTa asociacias icavda da xazs usvamda organizaciis sazogadoebriv

rols. apelantma Sepasuxebis gamoqveynebaze uari ganacxada. Sesabamisad,

pet tornilom sarCeli Seitana saolqo sasamarTloSi 5000 dolaris ode-

nobiT zianis anazRaurebisa da pasuxis iZulebis wesiT gamoqveynebis moT-

xovniT.

pasuxis uflebis Sesaxeb sarCeli floridis kanons eyrdnoboda, rom-

lis Tanaxmadac, Tu gazeTi Tavad gamoaqveynebs an sxvas dauTmobs saga-

zeTo farTobs arCevnebSi monawile kandidatis Seuracxmyofeli infor-

maciis gansaTavseblad, am pirs ufleba aqvs, moiTxovos gazeTisagan misi

pasuxis ufasod dabeWdva. Sepasuxeba Tanazomadi formiT unda moxdes:

imave adgilas da imave SriftiT, rogorc Seuracxyofad miCneuli publi-

202


kacia iyo gamoqveynebuli. kanonis am moTxovnisadmi daumorCilebloba

pirveli xarisxis samarTaldarRvevas warmoadgens.

am saqmeSi ganxilulia sakiTxi imis Taobaze, arRvevs Tu ara konsti-

tuciis pirveli SesworebiT garantirebul presis Tavisuflebas arCev-

nebSi monawile politikuri kandidatis mier pasuxis uflebis gamoyeneba.

apelantma ganacxada, rom kanonis muxli ar Seesabameboda konstitu-

cias.

saolqo sasamarTlo daeTanxma am mosazrebas da ganacxada, rom gaze-

TisaTvis imis miTiTeba, Tu ra unda dabeWdos da sad, arafriT gansxvav-

deba cenzurisagan.

pirdapiri gasaCivrebis safuZvelze floridis uzenaesma sasamarTlom

gaauqma aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba da daadgina, rom sadavo kanoni Seesaba-

meboda konstitucias.

sasamarTlom miuTiTa, rom pasuxis uflebis Sesaxeb floridis kanoni

araTu zRudavs, aramed icavs sityvis Tavisuflebas, `radgan informaciis

Tavisufali gavrcelebis sazogadoebriv interess icavs~. amis Semdeg saq-

me Semdgomi ganxilvisaTvis pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos daubrunda,

romlis gadawyvetilebac ar unda mosuliyo winaaRmdegobaSi floridis

uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosazrebasTan.

apelanti miuTiTebda, rom sadavo kanoni aregulirebs gazeTis Sina-

arss, rac konstituciis pirvel Sesworebas ewinaaRmdegeba. misi azriT,

sadavo kanoni bundovania, radgan arc erT gamomcemels ar SeuZlia zus-

tad icodes, Tu ra tipis informaciis gavrceleba aamoqmedebs pasuxis

uflebas. apelanti aseve acxadebda, rom kanoni mkafiod ar gansazRvravs,

Tu romeli kritikuli mosazreba iTvleba Seuracxmyofelad da romeli

ara.

mopasuxe mxare am mosazrebis sawinaaRmdegod acxadebda, rom mTavro-

bas akisria valdebuleba, uzrunvelyos gansxvavebuli mosazrebebis mi-

tana sazogadoebamde. man aseve ganacxada, rom 1791 wels, rodesac kons-

tituciis pirveli Sesworeba amoqmedda, presa farTod gamoxatavda im

xalxis interesebs, romelsac emsaxureboda. maSin, rodesac gazeTebi Zi-

riTadad partiuli iyo da redaqcia metwilad viwro partiuli Sexedu-

lebebiT xelmZRvanelobda, presa mTlianobaSi mkiTxvelebs gansxvavebul

mosazrebebs awvdida _ masalis dabeWdva iyo Zviri, xolo pamfletebi da

wignebi arapopularuli azrebis gasavrceleblad organizebuli presis

203

sasamarTlo praqtika

seriozul alternativas warmoadgenda. namdvili ideaTa bazari swored

am periodSi arsebobda da komunikaciis saSualebebi yvelasaTvis xelmi-

sawvdomi iyo.

saqmeSi `niu-iork taimsi~ salivanis winaaRmdeg sasamarTlom xazgasmiT

aRniSna, rom debatebi sajaro sakiTxebze unda iyos mwvave, SeuzRudavi

da Ria. arsebobs aseve mosazreba, rom debatebi Ria da xelmisawvdomia

mxolod presis monopolistebisaTvis. procesze agreTve aRiniSa aTi wlis

win mosamarTle duglasis mier gamoTqmuli mosazreba presis monopoli-

zebasTan dakavSirebiT: `gazeTi, romelsac monopolizebuli aqvs konk-

retuli areali, iSviaTad aCvenebs sakiTxis orive mxares. is xSirad erT

konkretul ideologiur an politikur xazs misdevs da uars ambobs xal-

xis ganaTlebasa da debatebis waxalisebaze. nacvlad amisa, igi cdilobs

mkiTxveli erT filosofias da midgomas SeaCvios. gazeTebi, romlebic

warmoaCenen aTasgvar gansxvavebul mosazrebas, sul ufro iSviaTi xdeba.

savaraudoa, rom es problema momavalSi kidev ufro gamwvavdeba.~

momCivanma mouxmo profesor tomas emersonis sityvebs: `presis xel-

misawvdomobis SezRuduli uflebis ganxorcieleba yovelgvari dabrko-

lebebis gareSea SesaZlebeli.~ profesori aqve dasZens, rom mTavrobam

xeli unda Seuwyos da waaxalisos presis axali saSualebebis Seqmna da

ganviTareba da ar aiZulos ukve arsebuli mcirericxvovani media, dabeW-

dos yvelas azri.

aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom gaauqma

floridis uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba.

sasamarTlos mosazreba: sasamarTlom precedentis saxiT `kolumbiis

samauwyeblo sistema nacional-demokratiuli komitetis winaaRmdeg~

saqmeSi dadgenili standartebic gaiTvaliswina: `kerZo gazeTis ufleba,

_ ganaviTaros sakuTari politikuri, sazogadoebrivi da ekonomikuri

Sexedulebebi, _ SezRudulia mxolod ori faqtoriT: saWiro raodenobis

mkiTxvelebis da Sesabamisad, reklamis ganmTavseblebis mozidviT, finan-

suri warmatebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT da meore, sakuTari redaqto-

rebis da gamomcemlobebis keTilsindisierebis da patiosnebis SenarCune-

biT.~

mogvianebiT, saqmeze pitsburgis presa pitsburgis adamianuri kavSi-

rebis komitetis winaaRmdeg, sasamarTlom akrZala dasaqmebis Sesaxeb ise-

Ti gancxadebebis ganTavseba, romelic iTvaliswinebda upiratesobis

204


miniWebas sqesobriv safuZvelze. pitsburgis saqmeSi mosamarTle sti-

uartisa da mosamarTle duglasis mier dafiqsirebul gansxvavebul

mosazrebaSi miTiTebulia, rom `arc erT samTavrobo uwyebas _ adgilob-

rivs, saxelmwifoebrivsa Tu federalurs, ar SeuZlia ukarnaxos presas,

Tu risi dabeWdvis ufleba aqvs da risi ara.~

`asoSeiTid presis~ saqmeze sasamarTlom xazi gausva agreTve sakiTxs

mTavrobis mier dawesebuli SezRudvebisa da moTxovnebis Sesaxeb, romle-

bic presas avaldebulebs im masalebis dabeWdvas, romelic sxva viTarebaSi

ar gamoqveyndeboda. SeiZleba calsaxad iTqvas, rom presis iZuleba, da-

beWdos masala, romlis gamoqveynebisgan Tavis Sekavebis `mizezi~ ar-

sebobs, antikonstituciuria. pasuxismgeblobis grZnobiT ganmsWvalu-

li presis arseboba misasalmebelia, magram amasTan erTad isic unda aRi-

niSnos, rom presis valdebulebebi ar aris asaxuli konstituciaSi da ar

SeiZleba gaxdes sakanonmdeblo regulirebis sagani.

am saqmeSi mTavari kiTxva mopasuxis argumentTan dakavSirebiT Cndeba.

am argumentis Tanaxmad, floridis kanoni ar zRudavs mosarClis sityvis

Tavisuflebas, radgan kanons ar aukrZalavs gazeT `maiami heraldisTvis~

imis gamoqveyneba, rac mas surda. Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom floridis ka-

noni moqmedebs rogorc imperatiuli norma, romelic ukrZalavs mosar-

Cles raimes dabeWdvas.

floridis kanoni awesebs pasuxismgeblobas gazeTis Sinaarsis gamo.

pasuxis gamoqveynebis Taobaze gazeTze dakisrebul valdebulebasTan er-

Tad saxezea ramodenime sanqcia: Sepasuxebis dabeWdvis xarjebi, misi mom-

zadebisTvis saWiro dro da sagazeTo farTobi, romelsac gazeTi sxva,

misTvis sasurvel masalas dauTmobda. Tumca mopasuxe marTebulad SeniS-

navs, rom pasuxis uflebis gamoyenebiT gazeTi ar awydeba iseT teqnikur

sirTuleebs, rogorsac televizia. Tumca arc imis Tqma iqneboda swori,

rom gazeTi ar ganicdis ekonomikur zarals, rodesac aqveynebs mTavrobis

Tu kanonis mier nakarnaxev informacias.

kanoniT dawesebulma sanqciebma SesaZloa, gamomcemeli im daskvnamde

miiyvanos, rom gazeTisaTvis gacilebiT usafrTxo iqneba politikuri

da samarTlebrivi Tematikis gaSuqebisaTvis Tavis arideba, rac pasuxis

uflebis gamo arasasurveli publikaciebis ganTavsebis valdebulebas ga-

moricxavs. aseTi tendencia ki politikuri da saarCevno cxovrebis srul

paralizebas gamoiwvevs.

205

sasamarTlo praqtika

im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu gazeTi ar aris valdebuli, pasuxis gamosaqvey-

neblad saWiro damatebiTi xarjebi dafaros, floridis kanoni mainc ver

gansazRvravs mkafiod, ra SemTxvevaSia dasaSvebi redaqtoris funqciebSi

aseTi SeWra. gazeTi aris ufro meti, vidre axali ambebis, komentarebis

Tu reklamis ubralo gamtari. gadawyvetilebis miReba imis Taobaze, Tu

ra Sinaarsis masala unda gavides gazeTSi, ra farTobi daeTmos mas da ra

pozicia daikavos sajaro sakiTxebTan Tu sajaro pirebTan mimarTebaSi,

redaqtoris prerogativaa. aqedan gamomdinare, aSkaraa, rom pasuxis ga-

moqveynebis ufleba ewinaaRmdegeba aSS-s konstituciis pirveli Seswo-

rebiT garantirebul sityvis Tavisuflebas.

1974 weli

koqsis samauwyeblo korporacia konis winaaRmdeg

420 U.S. 469

faqtebi: es saqme Seexeba piradi saidumlos xelmyofi samarTaldar-

Rvevis iseT saxes, romelsac jorjiaSi `sajarod gamJRavnebis samarTal-

darRveva~ uwodes da rasac mosarCle asaCivrebda. misi sarCeli ukavSir-

deba uflebas, iyos daculi piradi saqmeebis arasasurveli sajaroobis-

gan, rac namdvilad Seuracxmyofelia adamianisTvis. am saqmeSi piradi sa-

idumloebis ufleba sityvisa da presis konstituciur Tavisuflebebs

upirispirdeba.

media saSualeba amtkicebs, rom dauSvebelia presas daekisros sisxlis

samarTlis an samoqalaqo pasuxismgebloba iseTi informaciis gamoqvey-

nebis gamo, romelic arc yalbia da arc arazusti, miuxedavad imisa, ram-

denad sazianoa es informacia adamianis reputaciisaTvis an ramdenad

Selaxavs mis pirad grZnobebs.

am saukuneSi Zlieri mxardaWera hqonda e.w. piradi cxovrebis saidum-

loebis uflebas. piradi saidumloebis ufleba axali ar aris arc jorjiis

samarTalwarmoebisTvis, romelmac garkveuli formiT es ufleba adre,

1905 wels ganixila saqmeSi pavesiCi axali inglisis sicocxlis dazRvevis

kompaniis winaaRmdeg.

206


es mniSvnelovani mandatia piradi saidumloebis uflebis dacvis Tval-

sazrisiT, Tumca am saqmeSi ar ganixileba am uflebis xelmyofi qmedeba,

rac vinmes saxelis an fotosuraTis unebarTvod gamoyenebas, pirad

sferoSi fizikur an sxvagvar arsebiT Carevas da piradi informaciis ga-

moqveynebas gulisxmobs. aseT saqmeebSi SesaZloa, informacia iyos yalbi,

Tumca ara aucileblad difamaciuri.

pirad saidumloebasa da presis TavisuflebasTan dakavSirebuli ko-

liziebis SemTxvevaSi orive mxaris interesebi sazogadoebaSi gabatone-

bul Sexedulebebsa da tradiciebSi iRebs saTaves. sakiTxis ufro farTo

WrilSi ganxilvas _ SesaZlebelia Tu ara iseTi swori informaciis Sem-

cveli publikaciebi odesme daeqvemdebaros samoqalaqo an sisxlissamar-

Tlebriv pasuxismgeblobas piradi cxovrebis arasasurveli sajaroobi-

sagan dacvis mizniT, sjobs, yuradReba gamaxvildes presisa da piradi

saidumloebis ufro konkretul urTierTgadakveTaze. am SemTxvevaSi

unda gairkves, aqvs Tu ara Stats ufleba, daawesos sanqciebi gaupati-

urebis msxverplis vinaobis, anu im informaciis sworad gamoqveynebis-

Tvis, romelic sasamarTlos Canawerebidanaa mopovebuli. sasamarTlo

Canawerebi keTdeba sajaro braldebasTan dakavSirebiT da sazogadoebi-

saTvis xelmisawvdomia. sasamarTlos miaCnia, rom Stats amis ufleba ar

aqvs.

sazogadoeba, sadac, rogorc wesi, TiToeul pirovnebas SezRuduli

dro da resursebi aqvs xelisuflebis moqmedebebisaTvis Tvalyuris dev-

nebisaTvis, ZiriTadad presas eyrdnoba, raTa xelisuflebis saqmianobis

Sesaxeb Seityos. udidesi pasuxismgebloba ekisreba axali ambebis medias,

romelmac srulad da sworad unda gaaSuqos xelisuflebaSi mimdinare

procesebi. mediisaTvis ki xelisuflebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb informaciis

ZiriTadi wyaro Ria dokumentebi da Canawerebia.

sasamarTlo procesze mopasuxe mxarem ganacxada, rom misi piradi sa-

idumloebis ufleba presis saqmianobis Sedegad Seilaxa, roca informacia

misi qaliSvilis gaupatiurebis Sesaxeb mTeli msoflios masStabiT gavr-

celda. sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulis Cadena, misgan gamomdinare bralde-

bebi da sasamarTlo procesi, romelic am braldebebs mohyveba, im tipis

movlenebs ganekuTvneba, romlebic sazogadoebis legitimuri interesis

sagania da presis movaleobaa maT Sesaxeb informaciis gavrceleba.

aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: konstituciis pirveli

207

sasamarTlo praqtika

da meToTxmete SesworebebiT uzrunvelyofili presis Tavisuflebis

dacva ukrZalavs jorjiis Stats apelantis pasuxisgebaSi micemas mis mier

momzadebuli telereportaJis gamo.

sasamarTlos mosazreba: sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom Camoyalibebis

procesSi myofi kanoni piradi saidumloebis xelmyofi marTlsawinaaRm-

dego qmedebis Sesaxeb, aRiarebs presis privilegias, gaavrcelos amomwu-

ravi informacia sasamarTlo procesebze ganviTarebuli movlenebis Se-

saxeb.

samarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsis sacdeli proeqti #13 piradi saidum-

loebis xelmyof samarTaldarRvevas oTx nawilad hyofs. piradi cxov-

rebis Sesaxeb arasasurvel publikaciasTan dakavSirebiT 652d muxlis

komentarSi naTqvamia: `pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi ar daismeba, Tu dasacav-

ma pirma mosarClis Sesaxeb gamoaqveyna iseTi informacia, romelic ukve

cnobilia sazogadoebisTvis. amrigad, pasuxismgebloba ar dgeba mosarC-

lis cxovrebis Sesaxeb iseTi faqtebis gamoqveynebisTvis, romlebic sazo-

gadoebrivi gansjis sagans warmoadgens~. am proeqtis mixedviT, sajaro

ganxilvis sagnis Sinaarsis gamoqveynebas ubralod ar Seexeba aseTi saxis

piradi saidumloebis damcavi meqanizmebi.

amrigad, piradi saidumloebis xelyofis Sesaxeb ZiriTadi kanonic ki

aRiarebs, rom piradi saidumloebis interesi mcirdeba, rodesac ganxilu-

li informacia ukve sazogadoebis gansjis sagnad aris qceuli. daskvna

ucvlelia im SemTxvevaSic, Tu sakiTxs konstituciis pirveli da meToT-

xmete Sesworebebisa da presis mimarT sazogadoebis aqtiuri interesis

fonze ganvixilavT. jorjiis sarCelis safuZvlidan (romelic piradi sa-

idumloebis xelyofas exeba, rac gaupatiurebis msxverplis saxelis sazo-

gadoebisTvis gamJRavnebaSi gamoixata) gamomdinare, dawesebulia sanq-

ciebi publikaciis SinaarsisTvis da ara moqmedebis an sityvieri da ara-

sityvieri elementebis kombinaciisTvis, romelic sxvagvarad SeiZleba

daeqvemdebaros regulirebas an akrZalvas.

informaciis ganTavsebisas sazogadoebisTvis xelmisawvdom adgilas

sasamarTlos oficialur CanawerebSi, savaraudoa, rom Statma sazogado-

ebrivi interesis dakmayofilebac dauSvas. sasamarTlo iZulebulia, air-

Cios kursi, romelic sajaro Canawerebs xelmisawvdoms gaxdis mediisTvis,

magram akrZalavs publikacias, Tu is Seuracxmyofeli iqneba saRad

moazrovne adamianis grZnobebisTvis. aseTi wesi Zalian gaarTulebs me-

208


diisTvis moqalaqeTa informirebas, Tumca es iqneba kanonieri. es wesi

xels Seuwyobs TviTcenzuras da gamoiwvevs bevri iseTi publikaciis Sez-

Rudvas, romelic sxva SemTxvevaSi gamoqveyndeboda. konstituciis pirve-

li da meToTxmete Sesworebebi ar dauSvebs presis pasuxisgebaSi micemas

im namdvili informaciis Semcveli publikaciisTvis, romelic sasamarT-

los oficialur, sajaro Canawerebze dayrdnobiT gamoqveynda. Tu saWi-

roa piradi saidumloebis interesebis sasamarTlos meSveobiT dacva, ma-

Sin Statebma unda mimarTon Sesabamis zomebs, rom Tavidan aicilon sa-

jaro dokumentaciis an piradi informaciis sxvagvari gamJRavneba. poli-

tikurma institutebma unda Seadaron piraduli interesebi informaciis

miRebaze sazogadoebriv interessa da presis interesebTan. rogorc ki

informacia sajaro sasamarTlo dokumentebSi aisaxeba, presas aRar SeiZ-

leba aekrZalos misi gamoqveyneba. am SemTxvevaSic unda daveyrdnoT im

pirTa gansjas, romlebic wyveten, Tu ra unda gamoqveyndes da gavides

eTerSi.

apelant uaselis tele-reportaJi sasamarTlo procesis msvlelobi-

sas gakeTebul Canawerebs emyareboda. xolo msxverplis saxeli Jurnalis-

tma sabraldebo dokumentebidan gaigo, romelic procesze gamocxade-

buli Sesvenebis dros gamoiTxova. mopasuxe ar amtkicebda, rom saxeli

arasaTanado gziT iyo mopovebuli an es ar iyo sazogadoebisTvis Ria,

oficialuri sasamarTlo dokumenti.

1975 weli

virjiniis Statis farmacevtTa sabWo

virjiniis momxmarebelTa sabWos winaaRmdeg

425 U.S. 748

faqtebi: virjiniis momxmarebelTa sabWo am saqmeSi uCioda virjiniis

Statis farmacevtTa sabWos da mis individualur wevrebs. isini asaCiv-

rebdnen virjiniis Statis kanons da daobdnen, rom igi ewinaaRmdegeboda

konstituciis pirvel da meToTxmete Sesworebebs. es kanoni licenzire-

209

sasamarTlo praqtika

bul farmacevtebs ukrZalavda receptiT gamosaweri medikamentebis fa-

sebis reklamas. olqis sasamarTlom kanoni baTilad gamoacxada da ape-

lantebs misi gamoyeneba aukrZala. virjiniis Statis farmacevtTa sabWom

olqis sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaes sasa-

marTloSi gaasaCivra.



sasamarTlos mosazreba warmoadgina mosamarTle blekmanma: mosar-

Cle-apelanti am saqmeSi asaCivrebda virjiniis Statis kanons, romlis

mixedviTac, licenzirebuli farmacevti damnaSaved CaiTvleba, Tu igi `(3)

pirdapir an arapirdapir, nebismieri formiT gamoaqveynebs, populari-

zacias moaxdens an reklamas gauwevs receptiT misaRebi medikamentis

fass, Rirebulebas an masze fasdaklebas.~ olqis sasamarTlom kanonis ze-

moaRniSnuli norma baTilad gamoacxada da virjiniis Statis farmacev-

tTa sabWos misi gamoyeneba aukrZala.

am saqmeSi mosarCleebi arian kerZo pirebi, romelTa mkurnalobasac

eqimis mier receptiT gamosaweri medikamentis regularulad miReba sWir-

deba. saqmeSi mosarCleebad gamodian arasamTavrebo organizaciebic. mo-

sarCleebi daoben, rom pirveli Sesworeba maT uflebas aZlevs, miiRon

ama Tu im medikamentis Sesaxeb is informacia, romlis gavrcelebac far-

macevtebs surT reklamis an raime sxva formiT.

udavoa, rom aseTi informacia mniSvnelovania. gansakuTrebiT maSin,

rodesac cnobilia, rom virjiniis sxvadasxva qalaqSi erTsa da imave medi-

kaments gansxvavebuli fasi aqvs.

am saqmeSi Semdeg kiTxvaze unda gaeces pasuxi: aris Tu ara gamoxatva,

romlis erTaderTi mizanicaa komerciuli garigebis dadeba, imdenad mok-

lebuli ideebis komunikciasa da gadmocemas, rom igi ar sargeblobs kons-

tituciuri dacviT? Cven am kiTxvaze uaryofiTad vpasuxobT.

sityvis Tavisufleba Tavis TavSi moicavs pirs, romelsac surviliaqvs, isaubros. Tumca, sadac saubris msurveli arsebobs (rogorc, maga-liTad, am saqmeSi), maSin dacvis meqanizmebi vrceldeba rogorc gavrce-lebul informaciaze, aseve mis wyarozec da mis mimRebzec. es cxadia amsasamarTlos mier gadawyvetili sxva saqmeebidan. Tu arsebobs reklamisufleba, maSin arsebobs Sesabamisi ufleba, rom pirma miiRos am reklamiTgavrcelebuli informacia.

210


apelantebi daobdnen, rom medikamentebis Sesaxeb reklamiT gavrcele-

buli informacia ar sargeblobs pirveli Sesworebis dacviT, radgan igi

`komerciuli gamoxatvaa~. udavoa, rom uzenaesma sasamarTlom gadawyve-

tilebis miRebisas warsulSi ukve ganacxada, rom `komerciuli gamoxatva~

ar aris daculi pirveli SesworebiT _ rasac eyrdnobodnen kidec apelan-

tebi (aseTi gadawyvetileba miiRo sasamarTlom 1942 wels saqmeSi valen-

tain krestensenis winaaRmdeg 316 US 52, 54).

am saqmeSi sakiTxi Semdegnairad dgas: aris Tu ara gamoxatva, romlis

erTaderTi mizanicaa mxolod da mxolod komerciuli garigebis dadeba

(Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Common Human Relations), imdenad mokle-

buli nebismieri ideis gamoxatvas (Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire) da simarT-

les, mecnierul, moralur da kulturul Rirebulebebs, rom igi ar sar-

geblobs araviTari dacviT.

Cven SegviZlia miviCnioT, rom reklamis gamavrceleblis interesi mo-

cemul saqmeSi wminda ekonomikuri xasiaTisaa, rac, TiTqos, aseT gamoxat-

vas pirveli Sesworebis dacvis miRma ayenebs. rac Seexeba momxmareblis

interess komerciuli informaciis mimoqcevaSi, es interesi sakmaod mZaf-

ria, _ imdenadve mZafri, ramdenadac misi interesi im dRis mniSvnelovani

politikuri debatebisadmi. sadavo kanoni yvelaze metad vnebs Raribi

fenis warmomadgenlebs _ avadmyofebsa da moxucebs. maTi Semosavlis didi

nawili receptiT misaReb medikamentebze ixarjeba; maT ki saSualeba ar

aqvT, miiRon informacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor dazogon ase gaWirvebiT

naSovni TiTeuli dolari.

reklama, ramdenad ugemovno da gazviadebulic unda mogveCvenos, mainc

Seicavs informacias, Tu ra produqcia iyideba, ra fasad da sad SeiZleba

misi SeZena. sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi, Cveni resursebis ganawileba

umeteswilad damokidebulia kerZo ekonomikur gadawyvetilebebze. Sesa-

bamisad, arsebobs sazogadoebrivi interesi, rom adamianebs mieceT saSu-

aleba, miiRon informirebuli da gonivruli gadawyvetilebebi. am mizni-

saTvis ki komerciuli informaciis Tavisufali mimoqceva xelSeuvalia.

amis miuxedavad, Cven ar vambobT, rom `komerciuli sityva~ ar SeiZleba

daregulirdes raime formiT. aseve, ar arsebobs raime mtkiceba imisa,

rom akrZalva efuZneba safrTxes, TiTqos, receptiT misaRebi medikamen-

tebis reklama mcdaria da mas SecdomaSi Sehyavs myidveli. mcdari gamo-

xatva arasodes yofila daculi. cxadia, rom `komerciuli gamoxatvis~

211

sasamarTlo praqtika

umetesi nawili mcdari ar aris; igi, SesaZloa, SecdomaSi Semyvani aRmoC-

ndes. amitom, Cven migvaCnia, rom Statebs ar ekrZalebaT misi regulireba

pirveli SesworebiT. pirveli Sesworeba ar ukrZalavs Statebs, uzrun-

velyon komerciuli informaciis sufTad da Tavisuflad gavrceleba.

1976 weli

bakli valeios winaaRmdeg

424 U.S. 1

faqtebi: 1975 wlis 2 ianvars SeerTebuli Statebis saolqo sasamarT-

loSi senatorma jeims baklim, prezidentobis kandidatma iujin makartim

da sxvebma sarCeli Seitanes federaluri saarCevno komisiis, senatis mdiv-

nis, generaluri prokuroris, warmomadgenelTa palatis klerkis da safi-

nanso sakontrolo uwyebis direqtoris winaaRmdeg. apelantebi moiTxov-

dnen 1971 wlis federaluri saarCevno komunikaciebis aqtis qvemoT

moyvanili debulebebis antikonstituciurad cnobas. pirveli instanciis

da saapelacio sasamarTloebma mxari dauWires sadavo normebis konsti-

tuciurobas. mosarCeleebma SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaes sasamarTlos

mimarTes.

1971 wlis federaluri saarCevno komunikaciebis aqti, romelSic 1974

wels cvlilebebi Sevida, a) awesebda SezRudvebs individebis da pirTa

jgufis mier federaluri politikuri kandidatebisaTvis Semowirulo-

bebis Tanxaze, romelic 1000 dolarze meti ar unda yofiliyo; aseve, awe-

sebda SezRudvas politikuri komitetebis Semowirulobebze 5000 dola-

ris odenobiT da SezRudvas adgenda mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi individu-

aluri kontribuciisaTvis 25 000 dolaris odenobiT; b) SezRudvebs ad-

genda individebis an jgufis mier `naTlad identificirebadi kandidati-

saTvis~ daxarjul Tanxaze 1000 dolaris odenobiT _ TiTo kandidati-

saTvis TiToeul arCevnebze; aseve, zRudavda kandidatis mier misi piradi

da ojaxis Tanxidan gaweuli xarjis odenobas _ Tanxa damokidebuli iyo

im federalur postze, romelzec kandidati airCeoda; g) moiTxovda, rom

212


politikur komitetebs ewarmoebinaT da SeenaxaT Semowirulobebis da

xarjebis Sesaxeb is dokumentacia, romelic moicavda Semdeg monacemebs:

yvela im piris saxels, gvars da misamarTs, romlebmac kampanias 10 dolar-

ze meti Sewires; aseve, im pirebis saxels, gvars, misamarTs da samuSao

adgils, romlebmac 100 dolarze meti Sewires saarCevno kampanias; imav-

droulad, moiTxovda, rom politikur komitetebs federaluri saarCev-

no komisisaTvis waredginaT werilobiTi angariSi, sadac miTiTebuli iq-

neboda yvela im Semowirulobis wyaro, romelic 100 dolars aRematebo-

da; miTiTebuli iqneboda, agreTve, 100 dolarze meti Tanxis mimRebi piri

da Tavad xarjis daniSnulebac. kanoni aseve avalebda individebs da jgu-

febs _ politikuri komitetebisa da politikuri kandidatebis garda _

rom komisiaSi SeetanaT angariSi yvela im xarjis Sesaxeb, romelic maT

saarCevno kampaniisaTvis gaiRes da romlis odenoba 100 dolars aRema-

teboda.

amasTan, sagadasaxado kodeqsis mixedviT, dadgenilia saarCevno subi-

eqtebis sami kategoria, romlebisTvisac gaTvliswinebulia saxelmwifo

dafinanseba: a) `ZiriTadi partiebi~ (romelTa kandidatebmac bolo ar-

CevnebSi xmebis 25 an meti procenti moagroves) iReben srul dafinansebas;

b) `patara partiebi~ (romelTa kandidatebmac bolo arCevnebSi moipoves

xmebis 5%-dan 25%-mde) iReben ZiriTadi partiebis mier miRebuli Tanxis

garkveul procents; g) `axali partiebi~ iReben SezRudul dafinansebas

arCevnebis Semdgom, Tuki maTi kandidati saarCevno xmebis 5%-ze mets mi-

iRebs. xolo partiis mier dasaxelebuli prezidentobis kandidati, ro-

melic aranakleb 20 Statidan kerZo TanxebiT 5000 dolarze mets moag-

rovebs (am TanxaSi igulisxmeba mxolod individualuri Semowirulobebi,

romelTa Soris TiTo Semowirulobis odenoba ar aRemateba 250 dolars),

iRebs Sesabamis saxelmwifo dafinansebas.

uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: sarCeli nawilobriv dakma-

yofilda.

aRniSnul saqmeSi apelantebi daobdnen, rom federaluri kanoni, ro-

melic saarCevno kampaniis dros Tanxebis gamoyenebas zRudavs, ewinaaR-

mdegeba konstituciis pirveli SesworebiT aRiarebul gamoxatvis Tavi-

suflebas; kerZod, SeuZlebelia mniSvnelovani politikuri ideebis ga-

moxatva fuladi saxsrebis gareSe. sasamarTlo nawilobriv eTanxmeba ape-

lants da miiCnevs, rom kampaniis dros Semowirulobebis da xarjebis Sez-

213

sasamarTlo praqtika

Rudva mniSvnelovanwilad amcirebs gamoxatvis odenobas, ganxiluli sa-

kiTxebis ricxvs, siRrmiseul analizs da im auditoriis masStabs, romel-

zec aRniSnuli gamoxatvaa gaTvlili. amis mizezi ki isaa, rom dRevandel

realobaSi TiTqmis yoveli ideis irgvliv komunikacia dakavSirebulia

fulad xarjebTan. sasamarTlo adgens, rom politikur gamoxatvaze am-

gavari SezRudva SeiZleba gamarTldes mxolod mniSvnelovani saxelmwifo

interesis safuZvelze.

SezRudvebi Semowirulobebze _ sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom saarCevno

kampaniisas SezRudvebi xarjebze mniSvnelovanwilad zRudavda politi-

kuri gamoxatvis xarisxs, odenobas da mravalferovnebas; Tumca, SezRud-

vebi Semowirulobebze moicavs mxolod individis limitirebul SezRud-

vas (regulirebas), rom CaerTos politikuri komunikaciebis procesSi.

es SezRudva, marTalia, xels uSlis individs, rom simbolurad gamoxatos

sakuTari mxardaWera kandidatisadmi Tanxis meSveobiT, Tumca, ar zRu-

davs individs, rom Tavisuflad isaubros da ganixilos kandidatis dade-

biTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi. Semowiruloba moicavs mesame piris gamo-

xatvas da ara Semomwirvelis mier ideis gamoxatvas. sasamarTlom gansaz-

Rvra, rom Semowirulobebze SezRudva warmoadgenda saarCevno kanonis

mTavar meqanizms politikur kandidatebze msxvili damfinanseblebis ze-

gavlenisgan dasacavad da maTze damokidebulebis Tavidan asacileblad.

marTalia, sasamarTlo aRiarebda, rom amgvari limiti zRudavda poli-

tikur gamoxatvas, magram, amis miuxedavad, sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom es

emsaxureboda mniSvnelovan saxelmwifo interess: saarCevno procesis

mTlianobas da xelSeuvalobas. sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom Semowirulo-

bebis SezRudva ar niSnavs saarCevno procesisaTvis xelis SeSlas. es Sez-

Rudva emsaxureba im mizans, rom politikurma kanidadatebma sazogado-

ebis ufro farTo wreebidan da wyaroebidan moizidon Tanxebi. amrigad,

sasamarTlom mxari dauWira saarCevno komunikaciebis aqtis im normas,

romelic adgenda SezRudvas Semowirulobebze.

SezRudvebi saarCevno kampaniisas xarjebze _ sasamarTlom daadgina,

rom Semowirulebebisagan gansxvavebiT, SezRudvebi saarCevno subieqtebis

mier gaweul xarjebze adgenda pirdapir da mniSvnelovan SezRudvas po-

litikuri gamoxatvis mimarT. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom gaauqma is, ro-

gorc pirveli Sesworebis sawinaaRmdego norma.

sasamarTlom gaauqma federaluri saarCevno komunikaciebis aqtiT

214


dadgenili zeda zRvari saarCevno kampaniis dros saarCevno subieqtebisa

da individebis mier daxarjul Tanxebze. mopasuxeebi daobdnen, rom aR-

niSnuli norma emsaxureboda sazogadoebriv interess da warmoadgenda

saarCevno subieqtebs Soris SesaZleblobebis gaTanabrebis meqanizms.

Tumca, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom saarCevno kampaniis dros daxarjuli

Tanxebi unda gansxvavdebodes, es gansxvaveba ki damokidebulia saarCevno

subieqtis mxardaWeris intensivobasa da xarisxze. ufro metic, ar aris

gamoricxuli, rom saarCevno kampaniis dros danaxarjebze SezRudvis

dadgena kandidatebs Soris SesaZleblobebis gaTanabrebas ki ar moemsa-

xuros, aramed xeli SeuSalos im kandidats, romelic kampaniis dawyebamde

cnobadi da popularuli ar iyo. apelantebi aseve daobdnen, rom federa-

luri saarCevno komunikaciebis sadavo norma mniSvnelovanwilad Seamci-

rebda saarCevno kampaniaze daxarjul Tanxas, rac, maT mier moyvanili

statistikis mixedviT, bolo wlebSi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. sasamarT-

lom daadgina, rom pirveli Sesworebis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifos ar aqvs

ufleba, gansazRvros, rom fulis daxarjva vinmes politikuri ideebis

popularizaciisTvis aragonivruli da fuWia. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom

xarjebze zeda limitis daweseba antikonstituciuria.

apelanti daobda, rom federaluri saarCevno komunikaciebis aqtiT

dawesebuli SezRudva, romlis mixedviTac dadgenili iyo zRvari 1000

dolaris odenobiT im pirebisaTvis, romlebic `naTlad identificire-

badi kandidatis mimarT awarmoeben agitacias mis dasamarcxeblad an asar-

Cevad~, warmoadgenda antikonstituciur normas da ewinaaRmdegeboda

pirveli SesworebiT garantirebul gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas. sasamarT-

lo ar daeTanxma saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas am sakiTxze,

sadac saapelacio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom aRniSnuli SezRudva

aucilebeli iyo korufciis gamosavlenad da aRmosafxvrelad. uzenaesma

sasamarTlom Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi aRniSna, rom politikuri kandida-

tisgan damoukdebeli danaxarjebi ar warmoadgenda imave safrTxes saar-

Cevno sistemisTvis, rasac didi Semowirulobebi kandidatis saarCevno

fondSi. radgan kandidatsa da Tanxis Semomwirvels Soris SeTanxmebis da

koordinaciis ararseboba amcirebs imis safrTxes, rom es xarjebi poli-

tikur kandidats garkveuli, arasaTanado dapirebis safuZvelze miecema.

amrigad, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom damoukidebeli pirebisaTvis saar-

Cevno kampaniisas danaxarjebis SezRudva ar emsaxureba raime saxelmwifo

215

sasamarTlo praqtika

interess. sasamarTlom gansazRvra, rom aseTi danaxarjebi daculia pir-

veli Sesworebis Tanaxmad, rogorc politikuri diskusia da gamoxatva.

rac Seexeba normas, romelic SezRudvas awesebs politikuri kandida-

tis mier misi personaluri Tanxis gamoyenebaze, sasamarTlom aRniSna,

rom es norma ewinaaRmdegeba individis aRiarebul da dacul uflebas,

romelic gulisxmobs `piris uflebas, CaerTos sajaro diskusiaSi da da-

uRalavad da energiulad mouwodos mis asarCevad~. sasamarTlom aRiSna,

rom am SemTxvevaSic ar iyo saxeze saxelmwifo interesi, romelic am Sez-

Rudvas gaamarTlebda. metic, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom kandidatis mier

misi personaluri Tanxebis gamoyeneba amcirebs kandidatis damokidebu-

lebas gare dafinansebasa da Semowirulobebze, es ki aneitralebs kandi-

datze zewolis risks, ris winaaRmdegac mimarTulia SezRudva Semowiru-

lobebze.

sasamarTlom, sabolood, ar gaauqma sagadasaxado kodeqsiT dadgenili

normebi saarCevno kampaniis dafinanasebis Sesaxeb. sasamarTlom aRniSna,

rom SezRudvebi, romlebic dadgenelia saprezidento kandidatebis mier

danaxarjebis SezRudvebTan dakavSirebiT, legitimuria, radgan saxelm-

wifo dafinanasebis miReba saprezidento kandidatebisaTvis nebayoflo-

biTia. Sesabamisad, saxelmwifos mier dafinansebuli saarCevno kampaniisas

sazogadoebrivi da saxelmwifo interesi danaxarjebTan dakavSirebiT

ufro didia, amitom sasamarTlo am sadavo normas ar auqmebs.

1976 weli

nebraskis presis asociacia stiuartis winaaRmdeg

427 US 539

faqtebi: 1975 wlis 18 oqtombers nebraskis Statis patara qalaq suder-

lendSi, sadac daaxloebiT 850 adamiani cxovrobda, policiam aRmoaCina

henri kelis ojaxis eqvsi mokluli wevri. meore dilas policiam daakava

eWvmitanili ervin simantsi, romelsac bralad edeboda henri kelis oja-

xis wevrebis mkvleloba. am danaSaulma umalve miipyro presis yuradReba.

216


mkvlelobidan sami dRis Semdeg olqis prokurorma da simantisis advo-

katma olqis sasamarTloSi waradgines Suamdgomloba, sadac moiTxovdnen

mediisaTvis SemzRudveli brZanebis gamocemas. am brZanebis safuZvelze

medias aekrZaleboda aRniSnuli danaSaulis detalebis da samarTlebrivi

procesebis gaSuqeba. mosamarTlem Suamdgomloba daakmayofila, ris Sem-

degac yvela pirs aekrZala saqmeSi arsebuli mtkicebulebebis da Cvene-

bebis sajaro gavrceleba.

mosarCeleebma, romelTa Sorisac iyo presisa da mauwyebelTa ramde-

nime asociacia, gamomcemlebi da ramdenime damoukidebeli Jurnalisti,

nebraskis uzenaes sasamarTlos mimarTes mediis SemzRudveli brZanebis

gauqmebis moTxovniT. nebraskis uzenaesma sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom sa-

zogadoebas da individ braldebuls, iseve, rogorc sasamarTlos, am saq-

meSi gaaCnda mniSvnelovani interesi, rom simants hqonoda samarTliani

sasamarTlo miukerZoebeli nafici msajulebiT. vinaidan linkolnis ol-

qidan sxva olqSi saqmis gadatanas azri ar hqonda, radgan am saqmis gaSu-

qeba imavenairad xdeboda sxva olqebSic, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom si-

mantsis samarTliani sasamarTlos uflebas safrTxe emuqreboda. nebras-

kis uzenaesma sasamarTlom ZalaSi datova SemzRudveli brZaneba, Tumca

Secvala misi pirobebi Semdegnaiard: brZanebis mixedviT aikrZala mxolod

sami saxis informaciis gaSuqeba: a) braldebulis mier samarTaldamca-

vebisaTvis micemuli nebismieri Cvenebis an aRiarebiTi Cvenebis arseboba

da misi detalebi; b) nebismieri Cveneba an aRiarebiTi Cveneba, romelic

mesame pirebTan gakeTda, garda presis warmomadgenlebisa; g) sxva faqtebi,

romlebic braldebulis gamovlenis seriozul safuZvels iZleva.

mosarCleebma SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaes sasamarTlos mimarTes.

im droisaTvis, rodesac uzenaesma sasamarTlom saqmis ganxilva daiwyo,

simantsis sasamarTlo procesi pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi ukve

dasrulda. igi braldebulad cnes mkvlelobaSi. man saapelacio saCivari

nebraskis uzenaes sasamarTloSi Seitana.

uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: nebraskis uzenaesi sasamarT-


sasamarTlos mosazreba warmoadgina sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare

burgerma: am saqmeSi warmodgenili sakiTxebi iseTive Zvelia, rogorc res-

publika. arc konstituciaSi da arc Tanamedrove naSromebSi ar gvxvdeba

konfliqti am or mniSvnelovan uflebas Soris. Tumca gaugebaria, acnobi-

217

sasamarTlo praqtika

erebdnen Tu ara konstituciis mamebi potenciuri konfliqtis SesaZleb-

lobas samarTliani sasamarTlos uflebasa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas

Soris.

konstituciis meeqvse Sesworebis Tanaxmad, garantirebulia `sasamar-

Tlo mosmena, miukerZoebeli nafici msajulebis monawileobiT~. sasa-

marTlom aRniSna, rom arsebobda realuri riski imisa, rom potenciuri

nafici msajulebi axali ambebis gaSuqebis Sedegad Seityobdnen im danaSa-

ulebebis Sesaxeb, romelTa ganxilvaSic SesaZloa, momavalSi mieRoT mo-

nawileoba. umetesoba saqmeebSi aseTi safrTxe naklebad arsebobs, Tumca

sensaciuri danaSaulis SemTxvevaSi _ rogoric winamdebare saqmeSi gvaqvs

_ sakiTxi presis ufro met yuradRebas iqcevs, vidre sxva trivialuri

saqmeebi. Tumca sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom axali ambebis gaSuqeba da da-

naSaulis Sesaxeb informaciis gavrceleba aucileblad ar iwvevs nafic

msajulTa mikerZoebas. magram nafic msajulebze zegavlena, rogorc wesi,

gamowveulia axali ambebis gaSuqebis toniT da masStabiT, im gancxade-

bebiT, romlebsac mxareTa advokatebi, samarTaldamcavebi da sxva ofi-

cialuri pirebi akeTeben. mosamarTlis gancxadebebi sasamarTloSi Tu

mis gareT aucileblad moxvdeba mediis yuradRebis centrSi. amitom, saq-

mis ganmxilvel mosamarTles am SemTxvevaSi didi pasuxismgebloba ekis-

reba. Sesabamisad, is zomebi, rasac mosamarTle iRebs danaSaulis Sesaxeb

gavrcelebuli informaciis Sedegebis Sesamsubuqeblad, gansazRvravs

imas, Tu ramdenad samarTliani sasamarTlo eqneba braldebuls.

dRemde Cvens mier gadawyvetili arc erTi saqme ar Sexebia sasamarTlos

mier presis SezRudvas braldebulis dacvis mizniT. Tumca winaswari

SezRudvebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos mosazrebebi am saqmeSi relevanturia.

winaswari SezRudvebis daweseba mediisaTvis pirveli Sesworebis yvelaze

seriozuli da yvelaze naklebad Sesaguebeli darRvevaa. ciliswamebis

saqmeebSi arsebobs uamravi meqanizmi, maT Soris, sanqciis - anu sasjelis

aRsrulebis gadavadeba manam, vidre gasaCivrebis yvela instancia ar amo-

iwureba. mxolod saboloo gadawyvetilebis Semdeg iwyeba sanqciis sru-

lad amoqmedeba. amisgan gansxvavebiT, winaswar SezRudvebs myisieri da

Seuqceveli efeqti aqvs. Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ciliswamebis sanqciebi

publikaciaze e.w. `gamyinavi efeqtiT~ moqmedebs, maSin winaswar SezRud-

vebs udavod aseTive efeqti aqvs sityvis Tavisuflebaze. winaswari Sez-

Rudvis safrTxe gansakuTrebulia, rodesac igi exeba mimdinare movle-

218


nebis gaSuqebas da aseve sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze sasamarTlo mosmenis

msvlelobas.

sabolood, sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom SemzRudveli brZanebebi, ro-

gorc aseTi, antikonstituciuri ar aris, Tumca daadgina sakmaod mkacri

kriteriumebi misi kanonierebisaTvis. sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom imis da-

sadgenad, Tu ramdenad iyo saWiro gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis SezRudva

winamdebare saqmeSi, sasamarTlom unda ganixilos is mtkicebulebebi, rom-

lebic pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos winaSe iyo wardgenili; manve unda

gansazRvros Semdegi garemoebebi: a) wina sasamarTlo stadiaze rogori

iyo axali ambebis gaSuqebis buneba da masStabi; b) SesaZlebeli iyo Tu ara

imgvari zomebis miReba, rac SeuzRudavi axali ambebis gaSuqebis Sedegebs

Seamsubuqebda; g) ramdenad efeqturia SemzRudveli brZanebis gamoyeneba

konkretul saqmeSi.

a) pirvel sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos

mosamarTlem sworad daadgina, rom saqme intensiurad da siRrmiseulad

Suqdeboda. misi daskvna imis Sesaxeb, rom aseTi gaSuqeba safrTxes uqmnida

braldebulis samarTliani sasamarTlos uflebas, spekulacia iyo, radgan

is exeboda faqtorebs, romelTa Sesaxeb veravis ecodineboda.

b) saqmeSi ar arsebobs mtkicebulebebi, romlebic daadgenda imas, rom

sxva zomebi, garda SemzRudveli brZanebisa, ver daicavda braldebulis

uflebas. nebraskis uzenaesma sasamarTlom mxolod iribad miuTiTa, rom

sxva zomebi araefeqturi iqneboda.

g) winamdebare saqmeSi ar aris naTeli, rom braldebulis uflebebis

dacva efeqturad moxerxdeboda SemzRudveli brZanebiT, radgan arse-

bobda Semdegi praqtikuli problemebi: SezRuduli teritoriuli iuris-

diqcia pirveli instanciis sasamarTlosaTvis; im informaciis identifi-

cirebis siZnele, romelic uSualod Seuqmnida safrTxes nafic msajulTa

miukerZoeblobas; da is faqti, rom danaSauli moxda patara qalaqSi, sadac

informacia da Worebi Zalian swrafad vrceldeba.

1976 weli

219

sasamarTlo praqtika

komunikaciebis federaluri komisia

`Pacifica Foundation ~-is winaaRmdeg

438 U.S. 726

faqtebi: satirikosma iumoristma jorj kardinma kaliforniis Teat-

ris auditoriis winaSe waikiTxa TormetwuTiani monologi, saTauriT

`binZuri sityvebi~. gamosvla daiwyo skeCiT `sityvebze, romlebsac saja-

rod ver warmovTqvam, radiotalRebzec ver moismen, da romelTac namd-

vilad arasodes ityvi~. Semdeg man daiwyo am sityvebis CamoTvla da maTi

ganmeoreba sxvadasxva kiloze.

1973 wlis 30 oqtombers, daaxloebiT SuadRis 2 saaTze, mopasuxis sa-

kuTrebaSi arsebulma niu-iorkis radiosadgurma `Pacifica Foundation~

eTerSi gauSva monologi `binZuri sityvebi~. ramdenime kviris Semdeg ko-

misiaSi Sevida saCivaris werili kacisagan, romelic amtkicebda, rom

manqaniT mgzavrobisas moismina monologi mcirewlovan SvilTan erTad.

misive TqmiT, mas kargad esmoda, rom `Canawerebi gaiyida kerZo gamoyene-

bisTvis, magram amasTanave gaugebari iyo maTi im eTerSi gaSveba, romel-

sac komisia akontrolebda~.

aRniSnuli saCivari radiosadgurs komentarisaTvis gadaegzavna. pa-

suxad `Pacifica~-m axsna, rom monologi eTerSi gauSves mxolod mas Semdeg,

rac msmenelebi gaafrTxiles, rom programa Seicavda `saCoTiro gamonaT-

qvamebs, romlebic SesaZloa, maTTvis Seuracxmyofeli yofiliyo~.

1975 wlis 21 Tebervals komisiam gamosca brZaneba, sadac naTqvami iyo,

rom `pasifikas~ `SesaZloa, administraciuli sanqciebi daekisros~. komi-

siam Tavi Seikava sanqciebis dakisrebisagan, magram ganacxada, rom saCivari

daerTveboda sadguris salicenzio fails, da im SemTxvevaSi, Tu kvlav

Semovidoda msgavsi saCivrebi, komisia gansazRvravda kongresis mier mi-

niWebuli sanqciebidan romels gamoiyenebda.

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis kolumbiis olqis saapelacio sasamarT-

lom es brZaneba gaauqma.

am saqmeSi uzenaes sasamarTlos unda gadaewyvita, iyo Tu ara ufleba-

mosili komunikaciis maregulirebeli federaluri komisia, daereguli-

rebina da SeezRuda uxamsi, magram ara uwmawuri radiomauwyebloba.

220


aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: saapelacio sasamarT-


sasamarTlos mosazreba: sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom `pasifikas~ mier

eTerSi gadacemuli monologis Sinaarsi iyo udavod vulgaruli, Seurac-

xmyofeli, Sokis momgvreli da amgvari Sinaarsis masalebi ar aris daculi

absoluturi konstituciuri privilegiiT. yvela SemTxvevaSi, sasamarT-

lom unda ganixilos misi konteqsti, raTa ganisazRvros federaluri ko-

misiis moqmedebis konstituciuroba.

sasamarTlom jer kidev didi xniT adre saqmeSi iosef burStini vil-

sonis winaaRmdeg, aRniSna, rom TiToeuli media saSualeba warmoadgens

pirveli Sesworebis problemebs da masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebebs

Soris mauwyebloba pirveli Sesworebis yvelaze limitirebuli dacviT

sargeblobs. Sesabamisad, mas, SesaZloa, CamoerTvas licenzia an droebiT

SeuCerdes mauwyebloba, Tu komisia gadawyvets, rom amgvari moqmedeba

emsaxureba `sazogadoebriv interesebs da keTildReobas da aucileblo-

bas warmoadgens~.

amgvari gansxvavebebis mizezebi kompleqsuri da rTulia, magram ori

maTgani gansakuTrebiT miesadageba gansaxilvel saqmes.

pirveli, eleqtronul medias TiToeuli amerikelis cxovrebaSi gansa-

kuTrebuli adgili ukavia da faqtobrivad, igi yoveli ojaxis stumaria.

radiotalRebiT gavrcelebuli aSkarad uxamsi da uwmawuri masala, moqa-

laqeebs ara marto sajaro TavSeyris adgilebSi, aramed saxlSic aSfo-

Tebs, sadac individis ufleba, ganmartovdes, gadawonis mediis pirveli

SesworebiT dacul uflebas. msmeneli radiomimRebs mudmivad sixSiridan

sixSireze rTavs, ris gamoc winaswari gafrTxilebebi gadacemis Sinaarsis

Sesaxeb araefeqturia. Tu vityviT, rom pirs SeuZlia Tavi aaridos Sem-

dgom Seuracxyofas radios gamorTviT, es igivea, rac sityvierad Seurac-

xyofil pirs urCio, miyenebuli zianis asanazRaureblad gaeqces Seuracx-

myofels. pirs SeuZlia dakidos telefoni, Tuki mas esmis Seuracxm-

yofeli sityvebi, Tumca es ar aris konstituciuri imuniteti an ukve

miyenebuli zianisagan Tavis aridebis saSualeba.

meore, eleqtronuli mediis mosmenis da yurebis saSualeba im bavSveb-

sac ki aqvT, romlebmac jer kiTxvac ki ar ician. Seuracxmyofeli Tu sxva

formis komunikacia, SesaZloa, SeezRudos arasrulwlovans misi Tavda-

pirveli wyaros SezRudvis gareSe. magaliTad, wignebis maRaziebs, kinoTe-

221

sasamarTlo praqtika

atrebs SeuZliaT, SezRudon bavSvebis daSveba uxams masalebze. saqmeSi

ginzbergi niu-iorkis winaaRmdeg sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom mTavrobis

interesebi `misi axalgazrda Taobis keTildReobasTan dakavSirebiT~

amarTlebs sxva SemTxvevebSi daculi gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis SezRud-

vas.

bavSvebis mier amgvari samauwyeblo Sinaarsis miRebis SesaZlebloba,

ginzbergis saqmeSi dafiqsirebul mosazrebasTan erTad, amarTlebs uxamsi

mauwyeblobis specialuri regulirebis (SezRudvis) saWiroebas.

saqme ar exeba ormxriv radiosaubars dijeisa da manqanis mZRols So-

ris. komisiis gadawyvetileba eyrdnoboda mauwyeblis mier masalis eTerSi

gaSvebis konteqsts. komisiam xazi gausva aseve drois mniSvnelobas, rom-

lis ganmavlobaSic monologi eTerSi gadaicemoda. komisiis mier gadawy-

vetilebis miRebisas mniSvnelovani iyo aseve programis Sinaarsi da gan-

sxvaveba, romelic arsebobs radio, televiziasa da komunikaciis kodi-

rebul saSualebebs Soris. rogorc mosamarTle sazerlendma aRniSna, rom

Tu komisia daadgens, rom Rori Sevida sastumro oTaxSi, mis mier maregu-

lirebeli uflebamosilebebis gamoyeneba ar unda iyos damokidebuli

mtkicebaze, rom Rori uxamsia.

1977 weli

CBS-i komunikaciebis

federaluri komisiis winaaRmdeg

453 US 367(1981)

faqtebi: am saqmeSi aSS-s uzenaesma sasamarTlom ganixila sakiTxi imis

Taobaze, ewinaaRmdegeba Tu ara pirvel Sesworebas komunikaciis Sesaxeb

federaluri kanonis 312(a) 7-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli `federaluri

politikuri kandidatisaTvis media saSualebebis xelmisawvdomoba~. jimi

karteri sami wamyvani televiziisgan moiTxovda saeTero dros 30 wuTiani

programisaTvis 1979 wlis dekemberSi da samive SemTxvevaSi man uari miiRo.

312 (a)(7)-e muxlze dayrdnobiT, karteris saprezidento komitetma

222


iCivla komunikaciis federalur komisiaSi. komisiam daadgina, rom tele-

viziebma daarRvies 312(a) 7-e muxli, romelic mauwyeblebisgan `yoveli

konkretuli kandidatisadmi individualur midgomas moiTxovs~. ase rom,

kanonis es muxli Seesabameboda pirvel Sesworebas. CBS-ma ganacxada, rom

tornilosa da CBS dekis winaaRmdeg saqmeebis fonze kanonis 312(a) 7-e

muxli arRvevda pirvel Sesworebas.

aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: saapelacio sasamarT-

los gadawyvetileba ZalaSi darCa.

sasamarTlos mosazreba: mosarCleebi amtkicebdnen, rom 312(a)(7)-e

muxlis komisiiseuli interpretacia arRvevs pirvel Sesworebas, radgan

iWreba mediis saredaqcio kompetenciis sferoSi. maTi azriT, aseT SemTx-

vevaSi irRveva is `delikaturi balansi~, romlis miRwevac mauwyeblebis

mizania.

`Tavisufali da eqskluziuri gamoyenebisTvis licenzirebul mauw-

yebels delegirebuli aqvs sajaro sakuTrebis nawili, romelic mniSvne-

lovan sajaro pasuxismgeblobas iTvaliswinebs~. sasamarTlom ganixila

licenzirebul mauwyeblobebTan dakavSirebiT dadgenili SezRudvebi:

`licenzia mauwyeblobis uflebas iZleva, Tumca licenziis mflobels

ara aqvs sixSiris monopolizebis konstituciuri ufleba. pirvel Seswo-

rebaSi araferia naTqvami imaze, rom mTavrobas ekrZaleba kuTvnili sixSi-

ris sxva subieqtebisTvis ganawilebis ufleba (samauwyeblo kompania Red

Lion komunikaciebis federluri komisiis winaaRmdeg). Tumca samauwyeblo

industria pirveli Sesworebis Tanaxmad uflebamosilia isargeblos

`sajaro valdebulebebTan SeTavsebuli farTo Jurnalisturi Tavisuf-

lebiT~. saqmeSi CBS erovnul demokratiuli komitetis winaaRmdeg sa-

samarTlom daadgina: `mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom es aris msmenele-

bisa da mayureblebis, da ara mauwyeblebis ufleba _ pirveli Sesworebis

mizania SeinarCunos ideaTa bazari, sadac simarTle yovelTvis imarjvebs

da ara is, rom gagrZeldes samauwyeblo bazris monopolizeba. sazoga-

doebas xeli unda miuwvdebodes socialur, politikur, esTetikur, mo-

ralur da sxva ideebsa da gamocdilebaze, rasac am SemTxvevaSi gadamw-

yveti mniSvneloba eniWeba~.

kandidatebisa da amomrCevlebis, iseve, rogorc mauwyeblebis pirveli

SesworebiT garantirebuli ufleba gamyarebulia 312(a)(7)-e muxliT. sa-

samarTlo srulad acnobierebs sakiTxis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas:

223

sasamarTlo praqtika

kandidatebs aqvT SesaZlebloba, gaavrcelon sakuTari mosazrebebi arCev-

nebamde, raTa eleqtoratma Seafasos kandidatis pirovnuli Tvisebebi

da maTi mosazrebebi mniSvnelovan sajaro sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT.

aqedan gamomdinare, 312(a)(7)-e muxli xels uwyobs sityvis Tavisufle-

bas, radgan kandidatebs demokratiuli procesis funqcionirebisaTvis

saWiro informaciis gavrcelebis saSualebas aZlevs, xolo sazogadoebas

am informaciis miRebis uflebas aniWebs.

sasamarTlo daeTanxma mosarCles, rom sasamarTlos arasodes uRiare-

bia media saSualebebze zogadi daSvebis ufleba. (ix. KFK Midwest videos

winaaRmdeg,) 312 (a) (7)-e muxli awesebs `gonivruli~ daSvebis mxolod Sez-

Rudul uflebas, romlis gamoyenebac mxolod kanoniT uflebamosil fe-

deralur kandidatebs SeuZliaT, saarCevno kampaniis dros mxolod saku-

Tari kandidatebis ukeT warmoCenis mizniT. komisiam daadgina, rom sadavo

kanoni `mauwyeblebs lavirebis saSualebas miscems da ar iqneba mxolod

maTi gadawyvetilebebis marTebulobis de novo3 Seafasebis mcdeloba.~

312(a)(7)-e muxli gamoxatavs kongresis miswrafebas, uzrunvelyos mniS-

vnelovani resursis, radio da satelevizio sixSireebis gamoyeneba sazo-

gadoebis interesebis Sesabamisad. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom mediis sa-

SualebebisaTvis kanoniT garantirebuli ufleba dasaSvebia komisiis mier

ganmartebuli saxiT da marTebulad abalansebs sazogadoebis, mauwyeb-

lebis da kandidatebis pirveli SesworebiT garantirebul uflebebs.

Separdi maqsvelis winaaRmdeg

692 F.2d 207 (10th circuit 1982)

faqtebi: momCivans brali edeboda colis mkvlelobaSi. winaswari ga-

moZiebis dros saqmis warmoudgenelma da inkriminaciuli xasiaTis saja-

roobam aRniSnuli saqme cnobili gaxada qveynis masStabiT. momCivanis da-

kiTxva sasamarTlo procesamde 3 TviT adre gaimarTa da Tanac uCveulo

pirobebSi: sami dRis ganmavlobaSi mas sportdarbazSi dReSi xuTi saaTi,

3 saqmis xelaxla ganxilva (laT.).

224


advokatis gareSe, ramdenime aseuli piris TandaswrebiT hkiTxavdnen. pro-

cesamde daaxloebiT sami kviriT adre gazeTebma procesze miwveuli na-

fici msajulebis vinaoba gamoaqveynes. procesis dawyebamde ori kviriT

adre, mosamarTlis postze gansakuTrebiT konkurentuli, daZabuli ar-

Cevnebi Sedga, romelSic erTmaneTs adgilobrivi prokurori da procesis

mwarmoebeli mosamarTle upirispirdebodnen. sasamarTlo procesis pe-

riodSi reportiorebs TiTqmis mTeli sasamarTlo darbazis gadaRebis

ufleba miecaT. darbazSi am dros momCivani da procesis monawileTa

umravlesoba imyofeboda. ocamde Jurnalists adgili nafic msajulebTan

da braldebulis damcvelebTan axlos miuCines. Sesabamisad, sxdomaTa

darbazSi Jurnalistebis yovelgvari gadaadgileba xmaurs da procesis

Sewyvetas iwvevda. mobiluri satelevizio sadguri nafic msajulTa oTa-

xis gverdiT ganTavsda. saTaTbiro oTaxSi gasvlamde nafic msajulebs

SeeZloT, SeuzRudavad gacnobodnen axal ambebs nebismier arxze. miuxe-

davad SezRudvisa, nafic msajulebs verdiqtze muSaobisaTvis gaTvalis-

winebuli 5 dRisa da 4 Ramis ganmavlobaSi arasaTanadod kontrolirebadi

ramdenime satelefono zaris gakeTebis SesaZleblobac hqondaT. saqmem

warmoudgeneli sajarooba SeiZina, Jurnalistebis mier gavrcelebuli

informacia Ria sasamarTloze jerac ganuxilvel mamxilebel faqtebs

Seicavda, naficma msajulebma ki Zalian male popularoba moipoves.

procesis dawyebisTanave mosamarTlem ganacxada, rom arc mas da arc

vinme sxvas winasasamarTlo stadiaze ar SeeZlo informaciis gavrcelebis

raime formiT SezRudva. miuxedavad imisa, rom winaswari gamoZiebis dros

arsebuli zRvargadasuli sajaroobis Sesaxeb icoda procesis mwarmo-

ebelma mosamarTlem, man ar miiRo saTanado zomebi im gansakuTrebuli

sajaroobis aRsakveTad, romlis fonzec procesi warimarTa.

apelantma waradgina peticia habeas korpusis darRvevis Sesaxeb da ga-

nacxada, rom sajaroobis gamo ar mieca samarTliani sasamarTlos ufle-

bis realizebis saSualeba.

gadawyvetileba: me-10 olqis sasamarTlom daadgina, rom presa ara-

keTilsindisierad moqmedebda, ris gamoc dairRva braldebulis ufleba

samarTlian sasamarTloze.

motivacia: sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom `pasuxismgeblobiT moqmedi

presa yovelTvis iTvleboda marTlmsajulebis efeqturi administri-

rebis aucilebel komponentad, gansakuTrebiT sisxlis samarTlis sfe-

225

sasamarTlo praqtika

roSi. presa ara mxolod avrcelebs informacias procesis Sesaxeb, aramed

sasamarTlo procesis obieqturad Catarebis garantiaa, uzrunvelyofs

ra sasamarTlos, policiisa da prokuraturis qmedebebis farTo sazoga-

doebriv ganxilvasa da diskusias. sasamarTlo, Sesabamisad, naklebadaa

dainteresebuli presis tradiciuli Tavisuflebis SezRudviT, romlis

Tanaxmadac, `informacia imaze, Tu ra xdeba sasamarTlos sxdomaTa dar-

bazSi, sazogadoebriv sakuTrebas warmoadgens.~

aqve sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom sityvis Tavisuflebis realizeba ara-

sodes unda moxdes samarTliani sasamarTlos uflebis Selaxvis xarjze.

sasamarTlom aseve aRniSna, rom `sasamarTlo procesebi ar hgavs ar-

Cevnebs, romelSic SesaZloa, gaimarjvo an damarcxde radiosa Tu gazeTe-

bis gamoyenebiT.~ aravin unda daisajos danaSaulisaTvis, `Tu samarTlian

sajaro tribunalze mas ar daudasturdeba wayenebuli braldeba, yovel-

gvari winaswar Camoyalibebuli azris, emociebisa da Zalauflebis gada-

metebis gareSe.~

diskusiis Tavisufleba unda iqnes garantirebuli, Tu igi Seesabameba

samarTliani sasamarTlos da marTlmsajulebis aRsrulebis aucilebel

moTxovnebs. nafici msajulebis verdiqti unda eyrdnobodes mxolod Ria

sasamarTloze ganxilul mtkicebulebebs da ara sxva, damatebiTi wya-

roebidan miRebul informacias.

sasamarTlom aseve Seafasa is araordinaruli sajarooba, romlis fon-

zec procesi warimarTa, gansakuTrebiT sasamarTlos Senobasa da sxdo-

maTa darbazSi. sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom dairRva apelantis ufleba

samarTlian sasamarTloze da gansazRvra aucilebeli RonisZiebebi, rom-

lebic procesis mwarmoebel mosamarTles unda gaetarebina:

SeemuSavebina gacilebiT mkacri wesebi sxdomaTa darbazSi repor-

tiorebis qmedebebis dasaregulireblad.

saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi sxva darbazSi gaegrZelebina saqmis ganxilva.

gamoecalkevebina mowmeebi presisgan.

aekrZala nebismieri mxaris iuristisTvis, procesis mxarisaTvis, mow-

meebisa da mosamarTleebisaTvis iseTi komentarebis gakeTeba, rac sasa-

marTlos saboloo gadawyvetilebis gamotanamde saqmis jer kidev ucnob

garemoebebs da detalebs gaamJRavnebda.

SeeZlo moeTxova Sesabamisi qalaqis an olqis Tanamdebobis pirisaganim wesebis SemuSaveba da gamocxadeba, romliTac daregulirdeboda maT-

226


dami daqvemdebarebuli moxeleebis mier saqmis Sesaxeb informaciis gam-JRavneba.

gaefrTxilebina Jurnalistebi sasamarTloze jer kidev ganuxilve-li argumentebisa da saqmis detalebis gamoqveynebis aramarTebulobisTaobaze.

Tumca sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom ar arsebobda saqmis Sesaxeb infor-maciis gavrcelebaze totaluri akrZalvis gamoyenebis aucilebloba.

sasamarTlom daadgina, rom ar arsebobs raime akrZalva presisaTvissasamarTlos sxdomaTa darbazSi momxdari movlenebis gaSuqebasTan da-kavSirebiT. magram, rodesac sakmaod maRalia imis albaToba, rom sxdomisdawyebamde mediaSi saqmis detaluri gaSuqeba xels SeuSlis samarTliansasamarTlos, mosamarTle valdebulia, saqmis ganxilva gaagrZelos manam,vidre safrTxe umniSvneloa, an saqme gadaugzavnos im olqs, sadac amgvarisajarooba kanoniTaa akrZaluli. Tuki procesis sajarooba safrTxesuqmnis samarTliani sasamarTlos uflebis ganxorcielebas, unda dainiS-nos saqmis xelaxali ganxilva. sasamarTlom unda mimarTos kanoniT gaTva-liswinebul zomebs, raTa ar dauSvan procesis dawyebamde sazogadoebaSiwinaswari azris Camoyalibeba. arc prokurorebs, arc advokatebs, bral-debuls, mowmeebs, sasamarTlos personals da arc samarTaldamcavi orga-noebis warmomadgenlebs, romlebic eqvemdebarebian am konkretul sasa-marTlos ar unda hqondeT ufleba, gadauxvion sakuTari valdebule-bebisa da funqciebis Sesrulebas. SezRudvebis da regulirebis garda, imadvokatebisa da Jurnalistebis mimarT, romlebic safrTxes uqmnian sa-marTliani sasamarTlos uflebis ganxorcielebas, dasaSvebia cenzuraan disciplinuri devnac ki.

1982 weli

Harper -i da Row

`Nation ~-is winaaRmdeg

471 US 539, 549

faqtebi: 1977 wlis TebervalSi, mas Semdeg, rac yofilma prezidentma

jerald fordma TeTri saxli datova, man kontraqti gaaforma momCivan-

227

sasamarTlo praqtika

Tan, Harper-isa da Row-s sagamomcemlo saxlTan da mkiTxvelTa asociaci-

asTan. SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad, gamomcemlobas misi jer kidev dauwereli

memuarebi unda gamoeca. wignSi unda Sesuliyo gamouqveynebeli masalebi,

romelic asaxavda uotergeitis krizisis, fordis mier prezident niqso-

nisaTvis bodiSis moxdis im droisTvis ucnob detalebs, aseve Seexeboda

mis Tanamedrove moRvaweebsa da moralis sakiTxebs.

garda imisa, rom fordis memuarebi wignis saxiT unda gamocemuliyo,

SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad, momCivanebs eniWebodaT aRniSnuli memuarebidan

amonaridebis winaswari publikaciebis eqskluziuri ufleba, rac inte-

leqtualur samarTalSi cnobilia, rogorc `pirveli seriuli uflebebi~.

ori wlis Semdeg, rodesac memuarebis wera dasasruls uaxlovdeboda,

apelantebma `pirveli seriuli uflebebis~ gacemis Sesaxeb xelSekruleba

gaaformes yovelkvireul Jurnal `taimTan~.

`taimi~ Tanaxma iyo, gadaexada 25 000 dolari, aqedan 12 500 dolari

winaswar, xolo danarCeni 12 500 dolari batoni fordis mier niqsonisaT-

vis moxdili bodiSis Taobaze 755 sityvis moculobis svetis dabeWdvis

Semdgom.

saJurnalo publikaciis gamosvla dagegmili iyo wignebis maRaziebSi

memuarebis gamoCenamde erTi kviriT adre. am garigebaSi eqskluziuroba

mniSvnelovan faqtors warmoadgenda. xelSekrulebaze xelis mowerisas

Harper-ma da Row-m meore mxare daavaldebules, daecva xelnaweris avto-

ris konfidencialoba, xolo `taimma~ ufleba daitova, ar gadaexada Tan-

xis meore nawili, Tuki mis mier SeZenili wignis fragmenti sxvagan gamoq-

veyndeboda JurnalSi dabeWdvamde.

`taimSi~ statiis dabeWdvamde ori-sami kviriT adre, konfidencialur-

ma pirma fordis xelnawerebi saidumlod gadasca viqtor navaskis, poli-

tikur Jurnal `Nation~-is redaqtors.

citatebidan, perifrazebidan da xelnawerebidan amokrefili faqtebis

safuZvelze navaskim, rogorc Tavad Tvlida, `marTlac cxel-cxeli axali

ambavi~ Seqmna. batoni navaskis surda aRniSnuli statia fordis wignis

gamoqveynebamde daebeWda, amitom siCqareSi masalas ar daurTo sakuTari

komentarebi. statiis gamoqveynebis gamo `taimma~ gamomcemlobasTan ga-

formebuli xelSekruleba Sewyvita da darCenili 12 500-is gadaxdaze uari

ganacxada.

memuarebis Tavi, sadac fordi bodiSs uxdis niqsons `taimis~ redaqci-

228


am aRwera rogorc nawarmoebis yvelaze amaRelvebeli nawili. batonma na-

vaskim sasamarTloze micemul CvenebaSi aRniSna, rom man amonaridebi gad-

moiRo sityvasityviT mxolod imitom, rom informaciis perifrazirebis

SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebeli iqneboda, srulyofilad warmoCeniliyo batoni

fordi, aseve garTuldeboda imis Cveneba, rom `es marTlac fordis sit-

yvebi iyo~. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom navaskim aRniSnuli nawyvetebis pirdapiri

citireba moaxdina im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom isini yvelaze kargad

aRwerda mxolod fordisaTvis damaxasiaTebel Tavisebur metyvelebas.

aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom

`Nation~-ma daarRvia keTilsindisieri gamoyenebis principi da saqme ukan

daubruna saolqo sasamarTlos am gadawyvetilebis Semdgomi ganxilvisaTvis.

sasamarTlos mosazreba: pirveli gamoqveynebis ufleba moicavs av-

toris arCevans, Tu sad da ra formiT gamoices misi namuSevari. pirveli

gamoqveyneba gansxvavdeba 106-e paragrafiT garantirebuli sxva uflebe-

bisgan, romlis Tanaxmadac, mxolod erTi piri SeiZleba iyos pirveli ga-

momcemeli, rogorc amas `taimis~ kontraqtic iTvaliswinebs. proeqtis

komerciuloba gamoqveynebis uflebis eqskluziurobaSi mdgomareobs. Se-

sabamisad, sasamarTlo Tvlis, rom nawarmoebis gamouqveynebloba warmo-

adgens sakvanZo, Tumca ara gadamwyvet faqtors, romelic abaTilebs mtki-

cebas keTilsindisieri gamoyenebis Sesaxeb.

pirveli gamoqveynebis ufleba iTvaliswinebs ara mxolod dabeWdvis

an misgan Tavis Sekavebis uflebas, aramed gamoqveynebis droisa da adgi-

lis arCevis uflebas.

kanoni sasamarTlosagan imis gansazRvrasac moiTxovda, Tu ra mocu-

lobis masala gamoqveynda saavtoro uflebiT daculi nawarmoebidan.

mTlianobaSi, citatebis saxiT gamoqveynebuli sityvebis raodenoba ar

warmoadgenda memuarebis mniSvnelovan nawils, Tumca saolqo sasamar-

Tlom miiCnia, rom `Nation~-ma dabeWda swored is, rac warmoadgenda gamo-

sacemi wignis `guls~, mis umniSvnelovanes nawils.

`Nation~-is~ mier `taimis~ masalebis mitacebis xasiaTisa da miznis Se-

fasebisas ar SeiZleba yuradReba ar mieqces im faqts, rom Jurnalis mier

statiis gamoqveyneba SemTxveviTi ar yofila _ igi gamiznuli iyo saavto-

ro uflebis mflobelisaTvis pirveli gamoqveynebis uflebis CamosarT-

mevad.

im faqts, rom naSromi jer kidev gamouqveynebeli iyo gadamwyveti mniS-

229

sasamarTlo praqtika

vneloba eniWeba. Tumca didi raodenobiT gamoqveynebuli citatebis4

SemTxvevaSic SesaZlebelia keTilsindisieri gamoyenebis kvalifikaciis

miniWeba, magram avtoris ufleba, gaakontrolos sakuTari naSromis pir-

veli sajaro gamoqveyneba, gadawonis pirvel dabeWdvamde aseTi saxis ga-

moyenebis uflebas.

sasamarTlo daeTanxma saapelacio sasamarTlos mosazrebas, rom saav-

toro ufleba gamiznulia inteleqtualuri saqmianobis nayofierebis

xelSesawyobad da ara piriqiT. Tumca, amasTan erTad sasamarTlo ver

adasturebs, rom saolqo sasamarTlom Sesabamisad gaacnobiera CarCo rac

dadgenilia saavtoro uflebebis Sesaxeb kanoniT, romlis mizania, origi-

naluri nawarmoebebisaTvis upiratesobis miniWeba. saavtoro uflebebi

imisTvis arsebobs, rom waaxalisos mwerali da uzrunvelyos misi Sromis

samarTliani anazRaureba.

mopasuxeebi acxadebdnen, rom pirveli SesworebiT deklarirebuli fa-

seulobebi am saqmis garemoebebTan dakavSirebiT gansxvavebul midgomas

moiTxovs. sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom `keTilsindisieri gamoyenebis farg-

lebi gacilebiT ufro farToa, rodesac gamoqveynebuli masala sajaro

interesis Semcvel movlenebs moicavs~.

amonaridebis mxatvruli Rirebulebis Sedarebisas da maTi rolis gan-

sazRvrisas saavtoro uflebis darRvevis konteqstSi, sasamarTlo ar da-

eTanxma saolqo sasamarTlos mosazrebas, rom `Jurnalma `Nation~ gamo-

iyena fordis sityvebis mxolod mcire da umniSvnelo nawili~.

gadamwyveti faqtori, romelic sasamarTlom gadawyvetilebis miRebisas

gaiTvaliswina iyo `saavtoro uflebiT daculi nawarmoebis gamoyenebiT misi

sabazro RirebulebisaTvis miyenebuli ziani~. es faqtori keTilsindisieri

gamoyenebis dasadgenad aucileblad gasaTvaliswinebelia. keTilsindisieri

gamoyeneba limitirebulia sxvaTa mier aslebis gadaRebiT, riTac nawarmo-

ebis gayidvisunarianobas ziani ar adgeba. saolqo sasamarTlom daadgina

ara potenciuri, aramed ukve realuri zaralis odenoba. `taimis~ mier

xelSekrulebis darRveva da darCenili 12 500 dolaris gadaxdaze uaris

Tqma saavtoro uflebebis darRvevis pirdapiri Sedegi iyo. amasTan dakav-

SirebiT sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom iSviaTia saavtoro uflebebTan dakav-

Sirebuli saqme, romelic ase naTlad asaxavs miyenebul zarals.4 es citatebi adre presisa da sxva sainformacio saSualebebiTac iyo

gavrcelebuli.

230


keTilsindisieri gamoyeneba ganimarteba, rogorc saavtoro uflebe-

bis mflobelis garda, sxva piris privilegia avtoris Tanxmobis gareSe,

gonivrulad gamoiyenos nawarmoebi.

saavtoro uflebis Sesaxeb 1976 wlis aqtis formulireba asaxavs kong-

resis miswrafebas, moaxdinos saerTo samarTlis kodificireba. 107-e seq-

cia moiTxovs, rom keTilsindisieri gamoyenebis sakiTxis dadgena moxdes

yoveli saqmis faqtobrivi garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

`avtoris Tanxmoba misi sakuTari nawarmoebis gonivrul gamoyenebaze

sasamarTloebs yovelTvis miaCndaT mecnierebisa da gamoyenebiTi xelov-

nebis progresis konstituciuri politikis aucilebel elementad~.

Tumca mopasuxeebis Teoria keTilsindisieri gamoyenebis farTo gage-

bis Taobaze, SesaZloa, sajaro piris nawarmoebze saavtoro uflebebis

gasanadgureblad iqnas gamoyenebuli. Tu nawarmoebi daculi ar iqneba sa-

avtoro uflebiT, aseTi tipis memuarebis Seqmna da dafinanseba naklebad

momgebiani gaxdeba, rac sazogadoebas istoriuli informaciis miRebis

SesaZleblobebs SeuzRudavs. saavtoro uflebebi mxolod cariel sity-

vebad darCeba, Tuki keTilsindisieri gamoyenebis interpretaciis xarjze

nawarmoebis unebarTvo gamoyeneba `axali ambebis~ sababiT gamarTldeba.

saavtoro samarTlis fundamentur princips warmoadgens sazogado-

ebrivi interesis xarisxi konkretuli nawarmoebis mimarT. kerZod, rac

ufro didia es interesi, miT ufro sustdeba avtoris uflebebi. Tumca

amgvari ganmarteba Zirs uTxris saavtoro uflebebis dacvas da zians

ayenebs rogorc avtors, ise sazogadoebas.

sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom keTilsindisieri gamoyenebis doqtrinis

gagebisas, ar unda iqnas daSvebuli gamonaklisebi sajaro figurebis mier

Seqmnil nawarmoebebTan dakavSirebiT. iyo Tu ara sajaro piris xelnawe-

ris es sityvasityviTi kopireba keTilsindisieri gamoyeneba, tradiciul

kriteriumebiT unda dadgindes.

saavtoro uflebebis Sesaxeb kanoniT kongresma gaiTvaliswina oTxi

faqtori, romelTa Sejerebis Sedegad SeiZleba dadgindes aris Tu ara

saxeze keTilsindisieri gamoyeneba: 1. gamoyenebis mizani da xasiaTi; 2.

saavtoro uflebiT daculi nawarmoebis xasiaTi; 3. gamoyenebuli nawilis

moculoba Tavdapirvel nawarmoebTan mimarTebaSi; 4. gavlena saavtoro

uflebiT dacul nawarmoebze an mis potenciur sabazro Rirebulebaze.

1985 weli

231

sasamarTlo praqtika

Uhaul International -i Jartran -is winaaRmdeg

(9TH

CIRC. 1986)

faqtebi: Uhaul-is sistemas wlebis ganmavlobaSi wamyvani adgili ekava

mZime samrewvelo industriaSi. 1979 wlisTvis Jartran-ic SeuerTda am in-

dustriis erovnul bazars da mTeli qveynis masStabiT gazeTebSi sarek-

lamo kampania wamoiwyo, romlis farglebSic igi Tavs Uhaul-s adarebda.

sareklamo kampania 1979 wlis zafxulidan 1980 wlis dekembramde mimdi-

nareobda da 41 Stati da kolumbiis olqi moicva. Sedegad Jartrani-s Se-

mosavlebi 1979 wels dafiqsirebuli 7 milionidan 1980 wlisaTvis 80 mi-

lionamde gaizarda maSin, rodesac Uhaul-is sistemis Semosavlebi pirve-

lad misi arsebobis ganmavlobaSi 395 milionidan 378 milionamde daeca.

sareklamo kampaniis uzarmazari warmateba ara marto Semosavlebis zrda-

ze aisaxa, aramed jarTranis mier prestiJuli `oqros efis~ jildoTic

aRiniSna, romelsac amerikis marketingis asociacia saukeTeso da efeqtu-

ri sareklamo kampaniebisaTvis yovelwliurad awesebs.

raTa saapelacio saCivarSi moyvanili sakiTxebi marTebulad iqnes aRq-

muli, saWiroa, gaviazroT urTierTdamokidebuleba, romelic arsebobda

Uhaul-sa da im kompaniebs Soris, romlebic uhaulis savaWro niSans iye-

nebdnen da masTan asocirdebodnen. momCivani, Uhaul International, Inc, flobs

uhaulis savaWro niSans da moqmedebs rogorc centraluri safinanso an-

gariSsworebis rgoli Uhaul-is vagonebisa da trailerebis distribuci-

isaTvis da sxvadasxva iuridiuli pirisaTvis saangariSsworebo momsaxu-

rebis gawevisas. Tumca, igi ar aris vagonebisa da trailerebis mesakuTre

_ maT did nawils uhauli sxvadasxva kompaniisagan qiraobs. Uhaul-i

AMERCO-s Svilobili organizaciaa, romelic flobs 100% wils rogorc

Uhaul International, Inc-Si. am organizaciebidan TiToeuli konkretul re-

gionSi saqmianobis eqskluziur uflebas flobs. saboloo jamSi ki Uhaul-

is sistemaSi gaerTianebulia 6700 dileri anu adgilobrivi biznesmeni,

romelTac dadebuli aqvT kontraqtebi uhaulis lokalur kompaniebTan.

sasarCelo warmoeba 1980 wlis 16 ivniss mas Semdeg daiwyo, rac Uhaul-

ma zianis anazRaureba da Semdgomi reklamirebis akrZalva moiTxova.

1983 wlis gazafxulze pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom Lanham-is

232


aqtsa da saerTo samarTalze dayrdnobiT saqme Uhaul-is sasargeblod ga-

dawyvita. sasamarTlom zaralis odenoba ori gansxvavebuli meTodis

gamoyenebiT gamoTvala. pirveli meTodi eyrdnoboda Jartran-is reklame-

bis gamo Uhaul-saTvis miyenebul zarals. am garemoebaze dayrdnobiT,

sasamarTlom zaralis odenoba 20 milioni dolariT gansazRvra. meore

meTodi Jartran-is sareklamo kampaniis 6 milioni dolaris odenobiT xar-

jebs eyrdnoboda, da Uhaul-is sistemis mier gamaneitralebel reklamebze

daxarjul 13,6 milion dolars iTvaliswinebda.

kompania Jartran-s sasamarTlom 40 milionis gadaxda daakisra. Jartran-

ma olqis mosamarTlis gadawyvetileba 3 ZiriTad motivze dayrdnobiT

gaasaCivra:

1. Jartran-i amtkicebda, rom Uhaul-is zarali ar aris Jartran-is moqmede-

bebTan sakmarisad pirdapir kavSirSi, raTa Lanham-is kanoniT anazRaure-

bas daeqvemdebaros;

2. Jartran-i aseve acxadebda, rom momxmareblis SecdomaSi Seyvanis faq-

tis dadasturdeba SesaZlebelia, mxolod Tavad momxmareblis mier;

3. ar SeiZleba momxmareblis SecdomaSi Seyvanis dadasturdeba mxolod

imiT, rom Jartran-is ganzraxva swored es iyo.

Jartran-is argumentebis sapasuxod Uhaul-ma moiSvelia arakeTilsindi-

sieri reklamis Sesaxeb makneilagi amerikis Sida produqtebis korpora-

ciis winaaRmdeg saqme, sadac sasamarTlom sarCelis uzrunvelyofis

RonisZiebad gamoiyena mcdari reklamebis droebiTi akrZalva da zianis

anazRaurebis Sesaxeb ori yvelaze cnobili saqme _ neiSenal van lainsi-i

dinis winaaRmdeg da neiSenal ledi vulfis winaaRmdeg.

Jartran-ma warmoadgina araerTi argumenti Tanxis raodenobis gansaz-

Rvris Taobaze saolqo sasamarTlos mier gakeTebul daskvnasTan dakavSi-

rebiT. radganac saolqo sasamarTlom gaaerTiana erTi da igive moculo-

bis Tanxa ori gansxvavebuli Teoriis safuZvelze, sasamarTlom saWirod

CaTvala imis gansazRvra, Tu ramdenad iyo miyenebuli zaralis odenoba

swori romelime Teoriis mixedviT. sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom zianis daan-

gariSebis principi, romelic Uhaul-is mier gamaneitralebel reklamebze

daxarjul Tanxas eyrdnoboda, rasac Lanhem-is kanonis 35-e muxli iTva-

liswinebda, iyo swori.

Jartran-s sadavod ar gauxdia kontrreklamebze daxarjul Tanxebze

dayrdnobiT gamoTvlili zaralis odenoba. Tumca amtkicebda, rom saolqo

233

sasamarTlo praqtika

sasamarTlos ufleba ar hqonda, daekisrebina gamaneitralebel reklamebze

daxarjuli Tanxis anazRaureba, rac Tavdapirveli sareklamo danaxarjebis

ormag odenobas warmoadgenda. jarTrani eyrdnoboda gadawyvetilebas

saqmeze big o taier dilersi gudiar taiersis da rubberis winaaRmdeg (1977).

gadawyvetileba: me-9 olqis sasamarTlom gaauqma nafic msajulTa ver-

diqti.

sasamarTlos mosazreba: sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom mopasuxeebis

dajarimeba gamaneitralebel reklamebze daxarjuli odenobiT SezRu-

duli iyo 25%-mde. Tumca aRniSnuli mosazreba sasamarTlom ar gaiTva-

liswina, radgan am saqmeSi mosarCles ar gauwevia araviTari danaxarjebi

gamaneitralebeli reklamebis ganTavsebaze. Sesabamisad, ar arsebobda sa-

olqo sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis safuZvlebi gamaneitra-

lebeli reklamebis ganTavsebaze gaweul xarjebTan dakavSirebiT.

amasTanave, sasamarTlom gaiTvaliswina 1980 wels central hadsonis

(1980) saqmeSi dadgenili oTxnawiliani testi, romelic imis gasarkvevad

gamoiyeneba, Tu rodis ar SeiZleba komerciuli sityvis Tavisuflebis

SezRudva:

1) komerciuli gamoxatva ar unda exebodes kanoniT akrZalul saqmi-

anobas;

2) is ar unda iyos mcdari an SecdomaSi Semyvani;

3) saxelmwifom unda daadasturos is arsebiTi interesi, romlis gamoc

xdeba komerciuli gamoxatvis regulireba an SezRudva;

4) regulireba unda emsaxurebodes samTavrobo interess, romelic

maqsimalurad konkretul cnebebSia gamoxatuli.

sabolood saolqo sasamarTlom uhaulis sasargeblod miiRo ganCineba

momavalSi jarTranis mcdari reklamebis gavrcelebis akrZalvis moT-

xovniT. sasamarTlo aseT gadawyvetilebamde mivida, radgan komerciuli

sityvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb arsebul kanonmdeblobaSi araferia naTq-

vami imis Taobaze, rom mcdari komerciuli gamoxatva upirobod SezRud-

vas eqvemdebareba. am ganCinebis Tanaxmad, jarTrans aekrZala momavalSi

SedarebiTi reklamebis (maT Soris keTilsindisierisac) ganTavseba, riTic

nawilobriv SeizRuda `informirebuli gadawyvetilebis~ principi, rom-

lis gatarebasac keTilsindisieri reklama uwyobs xels.

1986 weli

234


`florida stari~ B.J.F -is winaaRmdeg

491 US 254

faqtebi: gazeTma `florida starma~ gamoaqveyna gaupatiurebis saqmeSi

arsebuli msxverplis saxeli, romelic sasamarTlos Ria Canawerebidan

moipova. Tavad gaupatiurebis saqmis sasamarTlo ganxilva Ria iyo sazoga-

doebisTvis.

sadavo informacia xelmisawvdomi iyo aseve policiis sainformacio

samsaxurSi.

B.J.F.-ma mimarTa sasamarTlos da ganacxada, rom gazeTma daarRvia misi

valdebuleba, ar miuTiTos seqsualuri Zaladobis msxverplis sruli sa-

xeli. pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom saqme gadawyvita `Florida Star~-is

sawinaaRmdegod. gazeTma gaasaCivra aRniSnuli gaadwyvetileba Tumca

floridis uzenaesma sasamarTlom uari ganacxada, ganexila saapelacio

saCivari. amis Semdeg gazeTma mimarTa aSS-s uzenaes sasamarTlos da ganac-

xada, rom sasamarTlos amgvari gadawyvetilebiT dairRva misi ufleba

romelic mas garantirebuli aqvs pirveli SesworebiT.

aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlos azriT,

zianis anazRaurebis dakisreba apelantisTvis, B.J.F.-is saxelis gamoqvey-

nebis gamo, arRvevs konstituciis pirvel Sesworebas, Tumca ara im mize-

zebidan gamomdinare, romelzec apelanti afuZnebs Tavis moTxovnas.

sasamarTlos mosazreba: miuxedavad am saqmis didi msgavsebisa koqsis

samauwyeblo kompaniis saqmesTan, am SemTxvevaSi, es ukanaskneli ar SeiZ-

leba CaiTvalos warmmarTvelad.

sasamarTlos azriT, saTanadod moxda am saqmis analizi, konstituciis

pirveli Sesworebis SezRudul interesTan mimarTebaSi. faqtobrivad, es

is SemTxvevaa, romelic sasamarTlom dawvrilebiT Camoayaliba gazeT

`deili meili~-s adre ganxilul saqmeSi, saxeldobr: `Tu gazeTi kanoni-

erad moipovebs swor informacias sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis sakiTxze,

saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis pirebs ufleba ar aqvT, konstituciurad, pa-

suxismgebloba daaweson am informaciis publikaciisTvis, Tu es ar gamom-

dinareobs saxelmwifos uzenaesi interesebidan~. presis mixedviT, am prin-

cipiT uzrunvelyofili saTanado dacva gamyarebulia, sami sxvadasxva

235

sasamarTlo praqtika

mosazrebiT mainc. ra Tqma unda, amas emateba gavrcelebuli `sazogado-

ebrivi interesi, romelic daculia konstituciiT, simarTlis gavrce-

lebisas~ (koqsis samauwyeblo kompaniis saqme). saqmeebi, romelsac `deili

meilis~ sinTezi efuZneboda, gamoxataven am mosazrebebs.

1. vinaidan `deili meilis~ formulirebiT daculia mxolod iseTi in-

formaciis publikacia, romelic gazeTs `mopovebuli [aqvs] kanonierad~

(443 aSS., 103), xelisufleba inarCunebs im interesebis dacvis mniSvnelovan

saSualebebs, romlebsac SeiZleba publikacia Seexos, maT Sorisaa gaupa-

tiurebis msxverplis anonimurobis dacva. im farglebSi, romelSic deli-

katuri informacia pirad sferoSi rCeba, xelisuflebas, garkveul gare-

moebebSi SeuZlia, akrZalos misi mopoveba Tanxmobis gareSe, amasTan, win

wamowios `deili meilis~ principi, aseTi gziT mopovebul informaciasTan

dakavSirebiT. iqidan gamomdinare, rom delikaturi informacia xelisuf-

lebis kontrols eqvemdebareba, mas ufro meti Zalaufleba aqvs, aRkveTos

an Seamciros misi gamoqveynebiT gamowveuli ziani. xelisuflebam SeiZleba

moaxdinos garkveuli informaciis klasifikacia, daawesos da ganaxor-

cielos procedurebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofs mis redaqtirebas, da ga-

avrcelos zianis anazRaurebis valdebuleba xelisuflebaze an misi Ta-

namdebobis pirebze, rodesac xelisuflebis mier delikaturi informa-

ciis borotad gamoyenebas mohyveba misi gavrceleba. rodesac informa-

cias gaandoben xelisuflebas, TiTqmis yovelTvis moiZebneba swori in-

formaciis publikaciisTvis gaTvaliswinebul sasjelze ufro naklebad

mkacri saSualebebi, piradi faqtebis gavrcelebisgan dasacavad.

2. meore mosazrebas, romelic amyarebs `deili meilis~ princips, war-

moadgens is faqti, rom presis pasuxisgebaSi micema im informaciis gavrce-

lebisTvis, romelic ukve cnobilia sazogadoebisTvis, naklebad exmaure-

ba im interesebs, romelTa dasacavadac Stati moqmedebs. ra Tqma unda,

yovelTvis ise ar xdeba, rom presis mier kanonierad mopovebuli infor-

macia cnobili an misawvdomi iyos sxvebisTvis. Tumca, rodesac garkveuli

informacia xelisuflebis mier aris qceuli sazogadoebisTvis xelmi-

sawvdomad, sruliad anomaliuri iqneba daisajos vinme sxva, garda im pi-

rovnebebisa, romlebic warmoadgenen informaciis gamoqveynebis wyaros.

`deili meilis~ formulirebis mixedviT, miuxedavad imisa, rom garkveuli

informacia xelmisawvdomi iyo sazogadoebisTvis, sinamdvileSi mxolod

ramdenime SemTxveva iyo, rodesac presis msgavsad, sxva pirebsac aekrZa-

236


laT gamocemis gagrZeleba, arsebiTi sazogadoebrivi interesebidan

gamomdinare. oklahomis gamomcemlobis saqmis analizisas `deili meilSi~

aRniSnulia, rom `rodesac swori informacia `sajarod gamomzeurebuli~

an `sazogadoebis xelSi~ iyo, sasamarTlos aRar SeeZlo konstituciurad

SeezRuda misi gavrceleba� (443 aSS, 103).

3. mesame mosazreba Seexeba `moridebulobas da TviTcenzuras~, rac

SeiZleba mohyves mediis pasuxisgebaSi micemas garkveuli swori informa-

ciis publikaciisTvis. koqsis mauwyeblobis saqmeSi (496) apelanti gamoT-

qvamda pretenzias zedmeti winaaRmdegobebis gamo, romelic mas Sexvda

oficialur sasamarTlo Canawerebze dafuZnebuli informaciis gavrce-

lebis gamo. sawinaaRmdego wesi, romelic dacvis gareSe datovebda maT,

vinc damokidebulia xelisuflebis mier miTiTebul kanonierebasa da gav-

rcelebaze, daakisrebda medias valdebulebas, analizi gaekeTebina xeli-

suflebis sagazeTo gamocemebis, reportaJebisa da gancxadebebisTvis,

raTa amoeRo publikaciidan masala, romlis kanoniereba sadavo iqneboda;

es ki presas mZime tvirTad daawveboda.

meore sakiTxia, ramdenad emsaxureba apelantisTvis pasuxismgeblobisdakisreba, `saxelmwifos uzenaes interesebs~ (`deili meili~, 443 aSS, 103).apelaciis mopasuxe mxare amtkicebs, rom publikaciisTvis sasjelis gamo-yenebis wesi emsaxureba sam erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebul interess:seqsualuri Zaladobis msxverplTa piradi saidumloebis dacvas; immsxverplTa fizikur usafrTxoebas, romlebzec SeiZleba Suri iZion, TumaTi saxelebi cnobili gaxdeba TavdamsxmelebisTvis; da aseTi danaSa-ulebis msxverplTa waqezebis mizans, rom ganacxadon am samarTaldarR-vevebis Sesaxeb, gamoaSkaravebis SiSis gareSe.

im droSi, rodesac yoveldRiurad aqvs adgili gaupatiurebis SemTxve-vebs, udavoa, rom Zalian mniSvnelovan interesebs emsaxureba floridiskanonmdebelTa aSkara mcdeloba, dacul iqnas es interesebi iseTi sisxlissamarTlis statutis miRebiT, romelic krZalavs msxverplis vinaobisidentificirebas. Sesabamisad, dauSvebelia im SesaZleblobis gamoricxva,rom Sesabamis SemTxvevaSi, samoqalaqo sanqciebis daweseba, gaupatiurebismsxverplis saxelis publikaciisTvis, SeiZleba imdenad aucilebeli iyosam interesTa dasacavad, rom `deili meilis~ standartebic ki daakmayo-filos. Tumca, sami damoukidebeli mizezis gamo, JurnalistisTvis pasu-xismgeblobis dakisreba, am SemTxvevaSi Zalian mkacri saSualebaa am inte-resTa dasacavad:

237

sasamarTlo praqtika

1) pirveli argumenti Seexeba saSualebas, romliTac apelantma moipova

sadavo saidentifikacio informacia. rodesac xelisufleba TviTon awv-

dis medias informacias, savaraudoa, rom informaciis gavrcelebisgan

dasacavad, xelisuflebas hqonda, magram ver gamoiyena, swori publika-

ciisTvis pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebaze bevrad ufro SezRuduli saSu-

alebebi. rodesac xelisufleba ver axerxebs sakuTari Tavis kontrols,

informaciis gavrcelebisas, rogorc es mocemul SemTxvevaSi moxda, koq-

sis mauwyeblobis, oklahomas gamomcemlobis da `lendmark qomuniqe-

iSenis~ saqmeebidan aSkara xdeba, rom presisTvis zianis anazRaurebis da-

kisreba, misi Tanamdevi publikaciisTvis, naklebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos

anonimurobis dasacav swor saSualebad.

`2) meore problema, romelic ukavSirdeba floridis mier publikaci-

isTvis pasuxismgeblobis dawesebas, aris gaufrTxileblobis standarti,

romelic Seexeba samoqalaqo sarCelis safuZvels. pirad saidumloebaSi

Carevis saerTosamarTlebriv danaSaulTan dakavSirebuli sarCelebisgan

gansxvavebiT, 794.03 muxlze dafuZnebuli sarCelebi ar moiTxovs saqmeebis

mixedviT imis kvlevas, iqneboda Tu ara pirovnebis piradi cxovrebis Sesa-

xeb faqtis gamJRavneba saRad moazrovne adamianisTvis Seuracxmyofeli.

piriqiT, sasamarTloebis mier miRebuli gaufrTxileblobis Teoriis mi-

xedviT, pasuxismgebloba avtomaturad momdinareobs publikaciidan.

3) 794.03-e muxlis Sinaarsi, erTi SexedviT, iwvevs seriozul eWvebs

imis Taobaze, namdvilad cdilobs Tu ara florida am statutiT samsa-

xuris gawevas mniSvnelovani interesisTvis, romelsac apelaciis mopasuxe

mxare mtkicebisTvis iyenebs. floridis statutis 794.03 muxli krZalavs

saidentifikacio informaciis publikacias mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is

`masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebaSi~ moxvdeba, Tumca am terminis defi-

nicias statuti ar iZleva. 794.03 muxli ar krZalavs seqsualuri Zalado-

bis msxverplTa vinaobis sxva saSualebebiT gamJRavnebas. aseve araferia

naTqvami im piris Sesaxeb, romelic boroti ganzraxviT amJRavnebs gaupa-

tiurebis msxverplis vinaobas, miuxedavad imisa, rom aseTi informaciis

miwodebam msxverplis mezoblebisTvis an TanamSromlebisTvis, SeiZleba

gamoiwvios iseTive gamanadgurebeli Sedegi, rogoric misi saxelis uam-

ravi ucxo pirisTvis gamJRavnebam.

es dadgenileba SezRudulia. sasamarTlo ar adgens, rom swori infor-

maciis publikacia avtomaturad daculia konstituciiT da arc imas, rom

238


ar arsebobs piradi saidumloebis sfero, romlis farglebSic Statma

SeiZleba daicvas piri presis Carevisgan; sasamarTlo arc imaze miuTi-

Tebs, rom Stats arasodes SeuZlia daawesos pasuxismgebloba sqesobrivi

danaSaulis msxverplis saxelis gamoqveynebisTvis. sasamarTlo mxolod

adgens, rom rodesac gazeTi aqveynebs kanonieri gziT mopovebul swor

informacias, pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba, Tu es saerTod ganxorciel-

deba, SeiZleba iyos kanonieri mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac es gamom-

dinareobs Statis uzenaesi interesidan. am saqmeSi arsebuli faqtebidan

gamomdinare, aseTi interesi ar aris srulyofilad daculi 794.03 muxlis

mixedviT, apelantisTvis pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebisas.

1989 weli

texasi jonsonis winaaRmdeg

491 U.S 397 (1989)

faqtebi: 1984 wels, rodesac texasis Statis qalaq dalasSi respubli-

kuri partiis erovnuli Sekreba imarTeboda, mopasuxe jonsoni sapro-

testo demonstraciaSi monawileobda. rogorc demonstraciis monawi-

leTa mier gavrcelebuli masalebidan irkveva, demonstraciis mizani iyo

reiganis administraciisa da dalasSi arsebuli ramdenime korporaciis

politikisadmi protestis gamoxatva. demonstrantebi dalasis quCebSi

modiodnen politikuri `sloganebis~ SeZaxilebiT. isini ramdenime adgil-

ze gaCerdnen, raTa daedgaT sikvdilis scena, romlis mizani iyo birTvu-

li omis Sedegebis dramatizeba. ramdenimejer demonstrantebma saRebavi

Seasxes Senobebs da gadaatriales quCaSi mdgari yvavilebis qoTnebi, Tum-

ca gregori li jonsons amaSi monawileoba ar miuRia. demonstracia das-

rulda dalasis meriis Senobis win, sadac jonsonma SeerTebuli Statebis

droSas cecxli waukida da dawva. am dros gaismoda demonstrantebis SeZa-

xilebi. demonstraciis dros aravin daSavebula, Tumca iq myofi ramdenime

adamiani sakmaod Seuracxyofili darCa droSis dawviT. 100 demonstran-

tidan brali mxolod jonsons wauyenes. texasis Statis kanonze dayr-

239

sasamarTlo praqtika

dnobiT, sasamarTlom mas miusaja orwliani patimroba da 2000 dolariani

jarimis gadaxda pativcemuli obieqtis (am SemTxvevaSi, droSis) Seurcx-

yofisaTvis. saapelacio sasamarTlom ZalaSi datova pirveli instanciis

gadawyvetileba, Tumca texasis uzenaesma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom

saxelmwifos ar hqonda ufleba, sisxlis samarTlebrivi pasuximgebloba

daekisrebina jonsonisTvis, radgan droSis dawva eqspresiuli qmedeba

iyo; es ki pirveli SesworebiT aris daculi. Statis uzenaesma sasamarT-

lom aseve aRniSna, rom kanoni ar iyo viwrod formulirebuli mxolod

imisaTvis, rom daesaja droSis dawva, rac safrTxes Seuqmnida sazogado-

ebriv wesrigsa da simSvides. jonsonis mier droSis dawva ki sazogadoeb-

rivi wesrigis TvalsazrisiT safrTxes ar qmnida. mosarClem SeerTebuli

Statis uzenaes sasamrTlos mimarTa.

uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: texasis uzenaesi sasamarT-

los gadawyvetileba ZalaSi darCa.

sasamarTlos mosazreba warmoadgina mosamarTle brenanma: jonsons

sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgebloba daakisres droSis dawvisaTvis da ara

sityvebis gamoTqmisaTvis. es faqti ramdenadme arTulebs Cvens mier jon-

sonis pasuxismgeblobis gadaxedvis sakiTxs. Tavdapirvelad Cven unda

davadginoT, aris Tu ara droSis dawva eqspresiuli qmedeba, romelsac

pirveli Sesworeba icavs. Tuki es dadgindeba, Semdgom sasamarTlo miub-

rundeba im sakiTxs, Tu ramdenad SeeZlo Stats am gamoxatvis akrZalva.

sityvasityviT, pirveli Sesworeba krZalavs `sityvis~ Tavisuflebis Sez-

Rudvas. Tumca uzenaes sasamarTlos mravaljer uRiarebia, rom pirveli

SesworebiT dadgenili garantiebis moqmedeba ar mTavrdeba gamoTqmul

an daweril sityvaze. Cven davadgineT, rom saWiroa, qmedeba sakmarisad

gajerebuli iyos komunikaciuri elementebiT, rom is pirveli da meToT-

xmete Sesworebebis dacvis qveS moeqces. imis gadasawyvetad, Tu ramdenad

saTanado komunikaciur elements Seicavs qmedeba, saWiroa dadgindes, ar-

sebobs Tu ara garkveuli `mesijis~ gadacemis mizani da imis albaToba,

rom am qmedebis mayurebeli pirebi `mesijs~ adekvaturad gaigeben.

am saqmeSi yuradReba unda mieqces sasamarTlos wina gadawyvetilebebs,

sadac aRiarebul iqna droSasTan dakavSirebuli qmedebebis komunikaci-

uri elementi (Spence v. Washington, Stromberg v. California, Smith v. Goguen).

Cveni erovnuli droSa aris Cveni qveynis simbolo; is erT-erTi vizualuri

240


gamoxatulebaa imisa, rom Cveni saxelmwifo 200 welia arsebobs. Tumca,

droSasTan dakavSirebul yvela qmedebas avtomaturad ver mivaniWebT

eqspresiul bunebas. am saqmeSi texasis Statma aRiara, rom jonsonis qme-

deba eqspresiul xasiaTs atarebda. jonsonma droSa dawva demonstraciis

kulminaciisas. es kulminacia emTxveoda respublikuri partiis erovnul

Sekrebas, sadac roland reigani kvlav daasaxeles prezidentobis kandi-

datad. am SemTxvevaSi naTelia qmedebis eqspresiuli da Riad politikuri

xasiaTi, aseve, misi miznobrioba da sicxade. Sesabamisad, Cven migvaCnia,

rom jonsonis mier droSis dawva `sakmarisad gajerebuli iyo komunika-

ciuri elementebiT.~

amis Semdeg sasamarTlo ixilavs, Tu ramdenad amarTlebs Statis inte-

resi _ daicvas droSa, rogorc saxelmwifoebriobis da eris mTlianobis

simbolo _ jonsonis sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobas. sasamarTlos

mxedvelobaSi aqvs is faqti, rom eqspresiuli qmedeba ufro metad SeiZ-

leba SeizRudos, vidre gamoTqmuli sityvebi; Tumca, saxelmwifos ar aqvs

ufleba, SezRudos garkveuli qmedeba mxolod imis gamo, rom is eqspre-

siul elementebs Seicavs. SezRudvis kanonierebis gansasazRvrad mniSvne-

loba eniWeba ara gamoxatvis verbalur Tu araverbalur xasiaTs, aramed

saxelmwifos interess, rom moawesrigos es qmedeba.

amrigad, imis gasamarTleblad, rom jonsonis sisxlissamarTlebrivi

pasuxismgebloba Seesabameboda konstitucias, saxelmwifom unda aCvenos,

rom moqmedebda legitimuri miznis misaRwevad da dasacavad, rac ar iyo

dakavSirebuli droSis dawviT gamoxatul politikur gancxadebasTan.

mosarClem am saqmeSi warmoadgina ori interesi: pirveli _ sazogadoebrivi

wesrigis dacva; da meore _ droSis, rogorc saxelmwifoebriobis da eris

mTlianobis simbolos, dacva. pirvel interesTan dakavSirebiT unda aRi-

niSnos, rom am saqmeSi sazogadoebriv wesrigs safrTxe ar Seqmnia. mxolod

daSveba, rom auditoriam SesaZloa, Seuracxmyofelad miiRos gamoxatva

da amis gamo safrTxe Seeqmnas sazogadoebriv wesrigs, arasakmarisia gamo-

xatvis SezRudvisaTvis. sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom sityvis Tavisuflebis

funqciaa diskusiis gamowveva. am funqciam mis umaRles mizans SesaZloa

maSin miaRwios, rodesac igi iwvevs mRelvarebas, qmnis ukmayofilebas da

gabrazebamde mihyavs xalxi.

Cven ufleba ar migvicia mTavrobisTvis, rom provokaciuli ideis yo-

velgvari gamoxatva man areulobis gamomwvevad miiCnios. amis nacvlad,

241

sasamarTlo praqtika

saWiroa, rom ganxilul iqnas garemoebebi, romlebSic xdeba gamoxatva da

dadgindes, mimarTulia Tu ara es gamoxatva ukanono qmedebis myisieri

gamowvevisken, an, Tundac, waqezebisken.

rac Seexeba arguments, rom jonsonis dasja saWiro iyo droSis, ro-

gorc simbolos dasacavad. sasamarTlo adgens: jonsonis dasjaSi igulis-

xmeba, rom igi daisaja im politkuri mesijis gamo, ris gamoxatvasac dro-

Sis dawviT cdilobda. dauSvebelia misi dasja mxolod imitom, rom misi

qmedeba Seuracxmyofelia; radgan saxelmwifos ufleba ar aqvs, akrZalos

an SezRudos gamoxatva mxolod imitom, rom sazogadoeba aseTi gamoxat-

viT Seuracxyofilia da mas miuReblad miiCnevs. Tundac saxelmwifoeb-

riobis iseTi centraluri simbolo, rogoric saxelmwifo droSaa, ar dgas

gamoxatvis Tavisuflebaze maRla.

amrigad, mopasuxisaTvis sisxlis samarTlis pasuximgeblobis dakis-

reba ewinaaRmdegeba konstituciis pirvel Sesworebas.

1989 weli

vaineri FBI-is winaaRmdeg

943 F2d 972, 977(9th circuit 1991)

faqtebi: kaliforniis universitetis profesorma jonaTan vainerma

Ziebis federaluri biurodan informaciis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb aqtis

safuZvelze moiTxova `biTlzis~ yofili wevris, jon lenonis mkvlelobis

gamoZiebis masalebi. profesor vainers masalebi jon lenonis cxovrebaze

samecniero kvlevisaTvis sWirdeboda. mas surda daedasturebina, rom

Ziebis federaluri biuros mier 1960-iani wlebis dasasruls da 1970-iani

wlebis dasawyisSi j. lenonis mkvlelobis gamoZieba naTlad asaxavda aR-

masrulebeli xelisuflebis mcdelobas, CaexSo gansxvavebuli politi-

kuri mosazrebebi.

Ziebis federalurma biurom ar daakmayofila moTxovna zogierTi sa-

idumlo masalis gacemis Taobaze. sapasuxod vainerma aRniSnuli masalebis

gacemis moTxovniT sarCeli saolqo sasamarTloSi Seitana da Ziebis fe-

deraluri biurosagan masalebis gacemaze uaris ganmarteba da dasabu-

242


Teba moiTxova. Ziebis federalurma biurom sakuTari ori agentisa da

centraluri sadazvervo sammarTvelos agentis xelmoweriT gasca weri-

lobiTi pasuxi, romelSic zogadi ganmartebebiT xsnida uars informa-

ciis gacemaze.

saolqo sasamarTlom Ziebis federalur biuros ubrZana, daxurul sa-

samarTlo sxdomaze warmoedgina ufro myari da detaluri argumentebi

informaciis gacemaze uarTan dakavSirebiT. Ziebis federalurma biurom

sasamarTlos warudgina gaucemeli dokumentebis aslebi, ris Semdegac

sasamarTlom informaciis gacemaze misi uari mizanSewonilad miiCnia.

vaineris saapelacio saCivari ZiriTadad 2 arguments eyrdnoboda:

1) federalur biuros werilobiTi uari ar iyo dasabuTebuli;

2) saolqo sasamarTlos daskvnebi saqmis faqtobrivi da samarTlebrivi

mxaris Sesaxeb ar iyo sakmarisi.

Ziebis federalurma biurom informaciis gacemaze uaris oTxi kanoni-

eri argumenti moiyvana:

1) erovnuli usafrTxoebis dacva, romelSic moiazreboda: a) informa-

ciis wyaros konfidencialoba; b) saidumlo samsaxuris aqtivobebi da

muSaobis meTodebi; g) informacia ucxoeTis mTavrobebTan kavSiris Sesaxeb;

2) uari aRniSnuli tipis informaciis gacemaze nebadarTulia sxva ka-

nonebiT. Ziebis federalurma biurom daasaxela: a)savizo ganacxadTan da-

kavSirebuli monacemebis saidumloeba; b) centraluri sadazvervo sammar-

Tvelos informaciebis saidumloeba;

3) piradi cxovrebis saidumloebis dacva;

4) konfidencialuri wyaroebis gamJRavnebis Tavidan acileba.

gadawyvetileba: me-9 olqis saapelacio sasamarTlom gaauqma saolqo

sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba da faqtobrivi garemoebebis ukeT Seswavlis

mizniT saqme ukan daabruna.

sasamarTlos mosazreba: sasamarTlom Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi aRniSna,

rom rogorc wesi, saqmis masalebi cnobilia orive mxarisaTvis sasamarT-

los dawyebamde. es saWiroa, raTa sasamarTlom mxareTa mier mtkicebule-

bebis Sesaxeb gamoTqmul mosazrebebze dayrdnobiT gadawyvitos maT Soris

arsebuli dava. Tumca informaciis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb saqmeebSi mxolod

im mxares aqvs yvela dokumentis gacnobis ufleba, romelic informaciis

gasaidumloebas ewinaaRmdegeba. `Tu informaciis gamJRavnebis momxre

mxares saqmis masalebze xeli ar miuwvdeba, es seriozulad arRvevs Cveni

samarTlebrivi sistemis tradiciul SejibrebiT bunebas.~ mxare, romelic

243

sasamarTlo praqtika

iTxovs informaciis gasaidumloebas, unda eyrdnobodes misi mowinaaRmdegis

mosazrebebs informaciis argacemis mizezebis Sesaxeb. xolo sasamarTlo

moklebulia SesaZleblobas, moisminos mowinaaRmdege mxaris argumentebi

informaciis gacemaze uaris usafuZvlobis Sesaxeb.

sasamarTlom aseve aRniSna, rom `aragonivrulia saqmis ganxilvaSi mo-

nawile mosamarTles mosTxovo, rom iazrovnos da saqmis masalebi Seafa-

sos ise, rogorc amas dainteresebuli mxare akeTebs~. amasTanave sasa-

marTlom aRniSna, rom samTavrobo uwyebebi, romlebic uars acxadeben

mxarisaTvis informaciis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb aqtis safuZvelze infor-

maciis miwodebaze, valdebuli arian, mowinaaRmdege mxaresa da sasamar-

Tlos dausaxelon TiToeuli gaucemeli dokumenti, kanonis muxli, ro-

melic aRniSnul gamonakliss awesebs da dasabuTebuli argumentacia, Tu

rogor SeuZlia konkretuli dokumentis gasaidumloebas ziani miayenos

maT mier dasaxelebul interess.

gaucemeli dokumentebis ganxilva daxurul sasamarTlo sxdomaze ar

iZleva efeqturi advokatirebis saSualebas. amitomac, daxurul sasamar-

Tlo sxdomaze saqmis ganxilva mizanSewonilia mxolod mas Semdeg, rac

`mTavroba warmoadgens detalur argumentacias informaciis gacemaze

uaris Sesaxeb~.sasamarTlom aseve ganacxada, rom `saidumlo grifis~ mizani ar aris

mxolod is, rom Ziebis federalurma biurom ganmcxadebels konkretulidokumentis gasaidumloebaze uari uTxras erTi an ramdenime kanonierimiznis safuZvelze. grifis mizania misces ganmcxadebels dokumentis ga-saidumloebis marTlzomierebis arasajarod dasabuTebis, xolo sasamar-Tlos dokumentisaTvis miniWebuli grifis mizanSewonilobis SeafasebisSesaZlebloba, Tundac daxurul sxdomaze.

1991 weli

R.A.V qalaq seint polis winaaRmdeg

505 U.S. 377 1992

faqtebi: 1990 wlis 21 ivniss mosarClem da ramdenime axalgazrdam ga-

texili skamidan gaakeTes jvari, romelic Savkaniani mezobeli ojaxis sax-

244


lis ezoSi ganaTavses da dawves. im droisaTvis arasrulwlovani mosarCle

dasajes minesotas kanonis Tanaxmad, romelic adgenda:

`piri, romelic sajarod an kerZo sakuTrebaSi ganaTavsebs cecxlwaki-

debuli jvris an svastikis simbolos, obieqts, dasaxelebas, aRwerilobas

an warweras; da Tu piri acnobierebs _ an aqvs gonivruli safuZveli,

gaacnobieros _ rom es qmedeba iwvevs sxva pirebis gabrazebas, Seuracx-

yofas an SiSs maTi rasis, kanis feris, warmoSobis, religiis, msoflmxed-

velobis an sqesis gamo, _ Cadis kanoniT dasjad danaSauls.�

mosarClem es braldeba pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi gaasaCivra,

sadac daobda, rom aRniSnuli kanoni arsebiTad farTo moqmedebis iyo

da warmoadgenda gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis dauSvebel Sinaarsobriv re-

gulirebas, amitom pirvel Sesworebas ewinaaRmdegeboda. pirveli instan-

ciis sasamarTlo mosarCles daeTanxma, Tumca minesotis uzenaesma sasa-

marTlom es saqme mosarClis winaaRmdeg gadawyvita da pirveli instanciis

sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba gaauqma. minesotis uzenaesi sasamarTlo mo-

sarCles ar daeTanxma, rom sadavo kanons moqmedebis arsebiTad farTo

areali hqonda; radgan kanonis fraza: �iwvevs sxva pirebis gabrazebas,

Seuracxyofas an SiSs� aviwroebda kanonis moqmedebas mxolod iseT gamo-

xatvaze, romelic pirveli SesworebiT ar iyo daculi. uaryofil iqna

argumenti, rom sadavo kanoni warmoadgenda dauSvebel Sinaarsobriv re-

gulirebas: sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom kanoni warmoadgenda viwrod

formulirebul saSualebas saxelmwifos interesis dasacavad, rac mdgo-

mareobs sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebisa da wesrigis dacvaSi.

uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: minesotis uzenaesi sasamarT-


sasamarTlos mosazreba warmoadgina mosamarTle skaliam: sanam se-

int polis kanonis interpretacias SevudgebodeT, saWiroa ganvixiloT

Tu rogor ganmarta sakanonmdeblo norma minesotis uzenaesma sasamar-

Tlom. Cven veTanxmebiT minesotis uzenaesi sasamarTlos gancxadebas,

romlis mixedviTac, kanoni exeba mxolod im gamoxatvas, romelic Caplin-

skis saqmeSi dadgenili standartis mixedviT, warmoadgens �individualu-

ri SuRlis gaRvivebas�. mosarCle moiTxovs Caplinskis saqmeSi dadgenili

standartis da sadavo kanonis gauqmebas, rogorc arsebiTad farTod

formulirebuli normisas. Cven vadgenT: marTalia, sadavo gamoxatva in-

dividualuri SuRlis gaRviveba. doqtrinis Tanaxmad aikrZaleboda, mag-

245

sasamarTlo praqtika

ram sadavo kanoni konstitucias ewinaaRmdegeba, radgan krZalavs sxva

SemTxvevaSi daSvebul da kanonier gamoxatvas mxolod imis safuZvelze,

Tu vis mimarT aris es gamoxatva mimarTuli.

pirveli Sesworeba ukrZalavs saxelmwifos iseTi gamoxatvis akrZal-

vas, romelic Tavad saxelmwifos sworad ar miaCnia. Sesabamisad, arsebobs

mkacri prezumfcia imisa, rom ar moxdes Sinaarsobrivi regulireba. Tum-

ca 1791 wlidan moyolebuli, Cvenma sazogadoebam, sxvebis msgavsad, dauSva

SezRudvebi garkveuli kategoriis gamoxatvaze. imis miuxedavad, rom pir-

veli Sesworebis Tanaxmad ciliswamebisa da uxamsobis standartebi da-

viwrovda, mainc rCeba gamoxatvis garkveuli kategorebi, romlebic pir-

veli Sesworebis dacviT ar sargeblobs. aseve unda aRiniSnos, rom gamo-

xatviTi qmedeba SesaZloa, aikrZalos mxolod misi formis da ara im ide-

ebis gamo, romelTa gavrcelebasac isaxavs miznad.

am principebis Tanaxmad, Cven vadgenT, rom seint polis kanoni, miuxe-

davad minesotis uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier misi viwro interpretaciisa,

arakonstituciuria. erTi frazis garda (�iwvevs sxva pirebis gabrazebas,

Seuracxyofas an SiSs�), romelic minesotas uzenaesi sasamarTlos ganmar-

tebiT, vrceldeba mxolod iseT simboloebze, romlebic warmoadgens

individualuri SuRlis gaRvivebas, sadavo aqtis danarCeni nawili krZa-

lavs aseTi sityvebis gamoyenebas, Tu isini Seuracxyofas ayenebs, an iwvevs

Zaladobas rasis kanis feris, msoflmxedvelobis, religiis an sqesis gamo.

Tumca gamoxatva, romelic warmoadgens individualuri SuRlis gaRvi-

vebas, magram exeba politikur sakiTxebs, dasaSvebia. pirveli Sesworeba

ar aZlevs Statebs imis uflebas, rom daaweson specialuri akrZalvebi im

mosazrebebze, romlebic arasasurvel sakiTxebs exeba.

kanoni, praqtikuli gamoyenebisas, ufro Sors midis, vidre Sinaarsob-

rivi diskriminaciaa; is diskriminacias awesebs Tvalsazrisis gamoxatva-

zec. magaliTad, plakati, romelzec gamoxatulia odiozuri rasobrivi

epiTetebi, ikrZaleba nebismieri Tvalsazrisis mqone adamianisTvis. �indi-

vidualuri SuRlis gaRviveba, rac TavisTavad ar Seuracxyofs piris

rasas, kanis fers, msoflmxedvelobas, religias an sqess, Tavisuflad Se-

iZleba gamoyenebul iqnas TanasworobisTvis da tolerantobisTvis brZo-

laSi, magram ara am faseulobebis oponentebis mier. amrigad, qalaq seint

polis mTavrobas ufleba ar aqvs, debatebis erT mxares neba darTos, gamo-

xatos sakuTari Tvalsazrisi, xolo maT mowinaaRmdegeebs Suasaukuneebis

wesebi dauwesos.

246


am saqmeSi saxezea ara individualuri SuRlis gaRvivebis akrZalva,

romelic garkveuli piris an pirTa jgufisadmia mimarTuli (rac Tavis-

Tavad antikonstituciuri iqneboda), aramed _ iseTi gamoxatvis akrZalva,

romelic �mikerZoebulad motivirebul� siZulvils gamoxatavs, kerZod,

am saqmeSi _ rasobriv siZulvils.

mopasuxem saqmis warmoebisas aRiara, rom sadavo kanoni exeba mxolod

�rasobrivad, religiurad da sqesobrivad� specifikur simboloebs, ro-

goricaa cecxlwakidebuli jvari an svastika. Tumca mopasuxe daobs, rom

sadavo kanoni saWiroa aucilebeli saxelmwifo interesis dasacavad, ker-

Zod ki, im pirTa uflebebis dasacavad, romlebic istoriulad diskrimi-

nirebuli iyvnen, es ufleba moicavs maT SesaZleblobas, icxovron mSvid

pirobebSi. sasamarTlos eWvi ar Seaqvs aseTi interesis arsebobaSi. Tumca,

imisaTvis, rom Sinaarsobrivi regulirebisas Tavidan iqnes acilebuli

cenzuris safrTxe, unda arsebobdes mkacrad aucilebeli interesi Tval-

sazrisis gamo diskriminaciis gasamarTleblad. Cven aseT interess am

saqmeSi ver vxedavT. qalaq seint polis politikosebs SesaZlebloba aqvT,

gamoTqvan maTi mtruli mosazrebebi, Tumca, maT mowinaaRmdegeebs es ekr-

ZalebaT.

SecdomaSi rom ar SegiyvanoT, vacxadebT, rom vinmes ezoSi jvris dawva

namdvilad braleuli qmedebaa. Tumca qalaq seint pols aqvs sxva SesaZ-

leblobebi, raTa es qmedeba ise daareguliros, rom pirvel Sesworebas

ar waukidos cecxli.

1992 weli

SeerTebuli Statebi katleris winaaRmdeg

58 F.3d (2nd circuit, 1995)

faqtebi: procesi exeboda kriminalur Seuracxyofas, romelic saTaves

goTis saqmidan iRebs. katleri goTis procesSi CarTuli iyo rogorc

misi advokati 1991 wlis agvistomde, anu im dromde, sanam xsnebul saqmes

mas ar Camoacilebdnen. mosamarTle glaserma, romelic goTis saqmes uZ-

247

sasamarTlo praqtika

Rveboda, katleris acilebamde orive mxaris advokatebs ramodenimejer

mouwoda, damorCilebodnen niu-iorkis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT mdebare

aSS-is sasamarTloebs da saolqo sasamarTloebis sisxlis samarTlis sap-

roceso kodeqsis me-7 muxls.

me-7 muxlis Tanaxmad, (a) advokati valdebulia, ar gaamJRavnos da xeli

ar Seuwyos sisxlis samarTlis mimdinare saqmesTan dakavSirebiT im in-

formaciis an mosazrebebis gaJonvas, romelic, SesaZloa, masobrivi in-

formaciis saSualebebiT gavrceldes, Tuki arsebobs gonivruli varaudi,

rom informaciis gavrceleba xels SeuSlis samarTlian sasamarTlos an

sxvagvarad Seaferxebs marTlmsajulebis aRsrulebas.

amave muxlis mixedviT, advokatma sasamarTlos gareT ar unda gaakeTos

gancxadebebi, romelTa sajarod gavrceleba isedac mosalodnelia, inter

alia5 informacia `braldebulis reputaciis an xasiaTis, savaraudo mow-

meebis vinaobis, maTi Cvenebebis sarwmunoobis an maTi Sinaarsis Sesaxeb.~

aseve `nebismieri mosazreba, romelic exeba braldebulis braleulobas

Tu udanaSaulobas da saqmeSi arsebul mtkicebulebebs.~

goTis saqmesTan dakavSirebiT sagazeTo publikaciebSi araerTxel mox-

da katleris citireba, igi satelevizio programebSic monawileobda ro-

gorc goTis advokatobis, ise misi advokatobidan diskvalifikaciis Sem-

deg. 1991 wlis noemberSi katleris sajaro komentarebis pasuxad, mosamar-

Tle glaserma specialuri prokurori daniSna, `raTa aSS-s saxeliT ga-

moeZiebinaT brius katleris mier sasamarTlos ganzrax Seuracxyofa,

riTac katlerma sasamarTlos brZanebulebebi da adgilobrivi sisxlis

samarTlis kodeqsis me-7 muxli daarRvia~.

1992 wlis aprilSi mosamarTle glaserma xeli moawera brZanebas, ro-

melSic ganmartavda, Tu ratom Tqva uari katleris winaaRmdeg sisxlis

samarTlis devnis gagrZlebaze. amis Semdeg mosamarTle glaserma sakuTar

Tavs acileba misca, xolo procesis gagrZeleba SemTxveviTi SerCevis

principiT daevala sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare plets, romelic Jiuris

gareSe warmarTavda process. specialurma prokurorma da katleris ad-

vokatma daayenes Suamdgomloba, sasamarTlo sxdomaze daebarebinaT re-

portiorebi. prokuroris specialuri sanqciis Tanaxmad, reportiorebs

Cvenebebi unda miecaT eTerSi gasuli brius katleris gancxadebebis Ta-

5 maT Soris (laT.).

248


obaze. prokurori WNYW-isgan 1990 wlis dekembridan 1991 wlis 13

agvistomde `foqsis~ niu-iorkis adgilobrivi axali ambebis programaSi

jon goTis Sesaxeb gasuli masalebis aslebs moiTxovda. si-bi-esis winaaR-

mdeg gacemuli sanqciiT, televizias 1991 wlis 7 aprilsa da 11 agvistos

niu-iorkis me-2 arxze gasuli programis da `60 wuTis~ video aslebi unda

waredgina.

advokatis mier si-bi-es-isaTvis dakisrebuli sanqciebis Tanaxmad, te-

levizias `reportiorebis mier momzadebuli statiebis Canawerebi~ da

`mTavrobis warmomadgenlebis, maT Soris prokurorebis, Ziebis federa-

luri biuros agentebis da aSS-s prokuroris an iusticiis departamentis

yvela moxelis mier goTis saqmeze da Tavad jon goTis Sesaxeb gakeTebu-

li yvela gancxadebis Canaweri~ unda warmoedgina. advokatis sanqciebi

WNYW-s winaaRmdeg iTvaliswinebda WNYW-is mier axali ambebis gamoS-

vebebSi goTis saqmis Sesaxeb gasuli yvela siuJetis Canaweris wardgenas

da brius katlerTan an sasamarTlo procesTan dakavSirebul videomasa-

las, miuxedavad imisa, gadaica Tu ara masala eTerSi. advokatis sanqciebi

si-bi-es-is winaaRmdeg moiTxovda 1991 wlis 1 agvistodan 1991 wlis 12

agvistos CaTvliT jon goTis saqmis Sesaxeb eTerSi gasul videomasalas

da 1991 wlis 7 aprilis `60 wuTis~ videoCanawerebs, romelic eTerSi gavida

saxelwodebiT `briusifikacia~ da ganmeorebiT iqna naCvenebi 1991 wlis

11 agvistos. moTxovna exeboda brius katlerisa da jon goTis saqmesTan

dakavSirebul srul masalas, imisda miuxedavad, gamoyenebuli iyo Tu ara

es segmentebi filmSi~.

reportiorebma da telekompaniebma sapasuxo sarCelis Setana gadawy-

vites. maT sanqciebis gauqmeba an arsebulis alternatiuli saxis sanqci-

ebiT Canacvleba moiTxoves, radgan zogierTi, gansakuTrebiT ki advoka-

tis sanqcia, federaluri kanonmdeblobiT garantirebul Jurnalistur

privilegiebs ewinaaRmdegeboda. sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare pletisTvis

zepiri axsna-ganmartebebis micemisas katleri daTanxmda sanqciebis Sez-

Rudvas:

(1) reportiorebi ar iqnebodnen valdebulni, sasamarTlosaTvis

waredginaT katleris da mTavrobis Tanamdebobis pirebis jer kidev

gamouqveynebeli Canawerebi:

(2) tele-radio sadgurebs unda warmoedginaT mxolod katleris

interviuebis video Canawerebi.

249

sasamarTlo praqtika

gadawyvetileba: me-2 olqis sasamarTlom Tavmjdomare pletma sanq-

ciebi ar gaauqma da reportiorebsa da tele-radio sadgurebs ubrZana,

damorCilebodnen modificirebul sanqciebs.

faqtebi: meore dRes sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare pletTan misulma

reportiorebma sasamarTlos ganucxades, rom mzad iyvnen, Cveneba miecaT

statiebis zogierTi aspeqtis Taobaze, magram ar surdaT konfidenci-

aluri wyaroebis gamJRavneba an jer kidev gamouqveynebeli masalebis

sasamarTlosaTvis wardgena manam, vidre amas saapelacio sasamarTlo ar

daakisrebda. telekompaniebma sasamarTlos ganucxades, rom isini ar wa-

radgendnen katleris advokatis Sesaxeb arsebul Canawerebs, magram da-

Tanxmdnen, eCvenebinaT sasamarTlosTvis masalebi in camera daxurul

sxdomebze. maT wamoayenes damatebiTi pirobac: Tu saolqo sasamarTlo

miiCnevda, rom Canawerebi saqmesTan kavSirSi iyo, televiziebs miecemodaT

SesaZlebloba, gaesaCivrebinaT saolqo sasamarTlos ganCineba Statis fe-

deralur sasamarTloSi, Tavad katlerisaTvis Canawerebis Cvenebamde.

sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare pletma uaryo SeTavazebuli winadadeba,

sisxlis samarTlis pasuxisgebaSi mieca Jurnalistebi da tele-radio kom-

paniebi sasamarTlos Seuracxyofis gamo da daavaldebula isini, jarimis

saxiT gadaexadaT 1 dolari yoveli dRisTvis, sanam sasamarTlos miTi-

Tebebs ar Seasrulebdnen.

gabatonebuli standarti. am saqmesTan dakavSirebiT precedentad ga-

nixileba procesi aSS burkis winaaRmdeg, sadac sasamarTlom gaauqma san-

qcia braldebulis Sesaxeb JurnalSi gamoqveynebuli statiis dokumen-

tebisa da Canawerebis sasamarTlosaTvis wardgenis Taobaze. Jurnalis

statiis Tanaavtorebi iyvnen braldebulis mTavari mowme da Jurnalis

reportiori. braldebuli statiaSi mowmes akritikebda. Jurnalma gaasa-

Civra sanqcia, im argumentze dayrdnobiT, rom `pirveli Sesworeba icavda

reportiorebis privilegias~. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom `sxva gamamar-

Tlebel mtkicebulebebTan SedarebiT, Jurnalistis samuSao furcle-

bidan mopovebuli informacia ubralod gaamyarebda sxva mtkicebule-

bebs da Sesabamisad, sanqcia ar Selaxavda pirveli SesworebiT garanti-

rebul Jurnalistur privilegias~.

axal ambebTan dakavSirebuli masalebis gamoTxovnis Taobaze saolqo

sasamarTlos es standarti gansakuTrebiT mkafiodaa Camoyalibebuli sa-

moqalaqo saqmeebSi:

250


`icavs ra reportiorebisa da sazogadoebis dainteresebas Jurnalis-

tis informaciis wyaros konfidencialobis dacvis Taobaze, olqis kanon-

mdebloba adgens, rom wyaros gamJRavnebis davaldebuleba SesaZlebelia

mxolod iseT SemTxvevebSi, rodesac arsebobs imis damadasturebeli ga-

mokveTili da gansakuTrebuli garemoebebi, rom informacia aris: gansa-

kuTrebiT relevanturi da aucilebeli procesis monawile mxaris pozi-

ciis dasadastureblad da informaciis mopoveba SeuZlebelia sxva arse-

buli wyaroebidan. (beikeri f. da f. investmentis winaaRmdeg, akordi da

zerili smitis winaaRmdeg, silkvudi ker-mak g. korespondentis winaaR-

mdeg).

branzburgis saqmis Semdeg beikeris saqme Jurnalisturi privilegiebis

pirveli Sefaseba iyo. beikeris saqmeSi sasamarTlom gamoiyena branzbur-

gis standarti, radgan beikeris samoqalaqo saqme mxolod nawilobriv

exeboda mas. amis Semdeg petrolium produqtis antitrast litideiSenSi

(1982), sasamarTlom kvlav samoqalaqo konteqstSi daadgina wesi, romelic

mTlianad beikeris saqmeze gadawyvetilebas eyrdnoboda. bolos burkis

saqmeSi sasamarTlom gaacnobiera, rom Jurnalisturi privilegiebis Se-

saxeb, samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebSi ar arsebobs araviTari

mizezi gansxvavebebis dasadgenad da miiCnia, rom petrolium produqtSi

Camoyalibebuli wesebi aseve miesadageba sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebs.

sakiTxebis gadawyveta saapelacio instanciaSi. me-2 olqis sasamar-

Tlom ganixila katleris Tanxmoba, mieca Cveneba da sasamarTlosaTvis

waredgina jer kidev gamouqveynebeli Canawerebi. qvemoT moyvanili mize-

zis gamo sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom katlers SeeZlo, Jurnalistebisagan

moeTxova Cvenebis micema da masalebis warmodgena.

sasamarTlos mosazreba: sasamarTlom Tavi valdebulad CaTvala,

branzburgis saqmeze gadawyvetilebisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba

mieniWebina, radgan aSS-Si arsebobda da dRemde arsebobs precedentuli

samarTali. erT-erTma reportiorma, romelic branzburgis saqmesTan da-

kavSirebiT mowmis statusiT iyo gamoZaxebuli, `uari ganacxada pasuxi

gaeca im kiTxvebze, romlebic exeboda mis mier nanax da publikaciaSi

aRweril kriminalur qmedebebs~. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom katleris mier sa-

samarTlos Seuracxyofa Jurnalistebma da telekompaniebma daafiqsires.

specialuri prokuroris sanqciebi aRar warmoadgens davis sagans,

Tumca aSkaraa, rom statiebi da eTerSi gasuli videomasala, romelTa

251

sasamarTlo praqtika

wardgenasac prokuroris sanqcia iTvaliswinebda, SesaZloa, miCneul iqnes

mtkicebulebad katleris saqmeSi. katleri uflebamosilia dakiTxos re-

portiorebi gansaxilvel sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli konteqstisa da

Sinaarsis Taobaze, detalurad Seamowmos relevanturi da jer kidev

gamouqveynebeli sagazeTo Tu video masalebi, rac kriminalur Seuracx-

yofad miCneuli braldebisagan Tavis dacvis saSualebas miscems. Tavad

katleris Cvenebis gamoricxvis SemTxvevaSi, reportiorebisa da televi-

ziebis Cvenebebi SesaZloa, iyos erTaderTi mniSvnelovani mtkicebuleba

braldebulis gasamarTleblad an gasamtyuneblad. dabolos, katleris

dacvis taqtikis ZiriTadi argumenti iyo is, rom misTvis braldebad waye-

nebuli Seuracxmyofeli qmedebebi sinamdvileSi iyo misi pasuxi wayenebul

braldebebze. katleri ver ganaviTarebda dacvis am xazs, Tu igi Jurna-

listebisagan sakuTari gancxadebebis konteqstisa da Sinaarsis Sesaxeb

Sesabamis mtkicebulebebs ver moipovebda.

mediis warmomadgenlebma ganacxades, rom ar iyvnen valdebuli, wared-

ginaT katleris mier gakeTebul gancxadebebTan dakavSirebiT raime masa-

la, vidre mosamarTle maT brZanebiT ar daakisrebda aseT sanqcias.

televiziebis warmomadgenlebma aseve ganacxades, rom saolqo sasamar-

Tlom Secdoma dauSva, rodesac ar daakmayofila maTi Suamdgomlobebi

sanqciebis gauqmebis Sesaxeb da daxurul sxdomaze ar ganixila videoCa-

nawerebi.

burkis saqmeSi sasamarTlom upiratesoba in camera ganxilvas mianiWa,

rogorc optimalur zomas, raTa Tavidan aecilebina privilegirebuli

masalebis sajaro gaxmaureba. katleris poziciasTan dakavSirebiT vide-

oCanawerebis gansakuTrebuli relevanturobis fonze, sasamarTlom

miiCnia, rom burkis saqmeSi araferi iyo iseTi, rac saolqo sasamarTlos

maTi in camera ganxilvis diskrecias miscemda, maTi katlerisaTvis gasa-

idumloebis Taobaze gadawyvetilebis miRebamde.

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mniSvneloba ara aqvs sakiTxi bran-

zburgis standartiT gadawydeba Tu burkis specialuri testiT. katle-

ris argumenti reportiorebis Cvenebasa da jer kidev gamouqveynebel Ca-

nawerebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic mTavrobis warmomadgenlebis gancxa-

debebs Seicavs, SeiZleba ganvixiloT Jurnalistur privilegiaze upira-

tes moTxovnad.

1995 weli

252


Princeton University Press -i

Michigan Document Service Inc. -is winaaRmdeg

(6th circ. 1996)

faqtebi: mopasuxe, miCiganis dokumenturi samsaxuri, warmoadgenda

komerciul maRazias, romelic samecniero literaturisa da naSromebis

tiraJirebiT iyo dakavebuli. masalas kinZavda kursis saxelmZRvanelo-

ebis saxiT da yidda miCiganis universitetis studentebze. maRazia amgvar

produqcias awarmoebda saavtoro uflebebis mflobelebis nebarTvis ga-

reSe da mTavar sakiTxs am saqmeSi, Sesabamisad, warmoadgenda imis dadgena,

Tu ramdenad aucilebelia amgvari nebarTvis qona `keTilsindisieri gamo-

yenebis~ doqtrinis Sesabamisad.

konkretuli kursis sagnis ganviTarebiT dainteresebuli da swavle-

baze pasuxismgebeli profesoris poziciidan gamomdinare, amgvar saxelm-

ZRvaneloebs didi upiratesoba aqvT; sxvadasxva wyaroebidan masalebis

SerCevis gziT profesoris mier Sedgenili saxelmZRvanelo emsgavseba an-

Tologias, romelic mTlianad Seesabameba im saleqcio kurss, romlis way-

vanac profesors evaleba.

kursis saxelmZRvanelos arsebiTi SemuSaveba xdeba Tavad komerciuli

maRaziis mier. profesori aZlevs maRazias im masalebs, romlisganac unda

damzaddes kursis saxelmZRvanelo, xolo yvela danarCen moqmedebebs

maRazia Tavad axorcielebs. maRazia saxelmZRvanelos adebs ydas, sarCevs,

kinZavs da Sesabamis fasad mas studentebs awvdis. maRaziis mesakuTre

gaxldaT jeims smiti. igi sxva konkurenti mewarmeebisagan gansxvavebiT,

saavtoro uflebebis mflobelTagan ar iTxovda nebarTvas da maT arc

saavtoro honorars uxdida.

mister smiti ewinaaRmdegeboda sistemas, romelis Tanaxmadac, misi

konkurentebi ixdidnen SeTanxmebul honorarebs an `nebarTvis mosakre-

bels~. `kinkos~ saqmis Semdeg msgavsi produqciis mwarmoeblebis umete-

sobam daiwyo amgvari nebarTvebis winaswar mopoveba. mister smitma gadaw-

yvita ar daecva es wesi. man konsultacia gaiara sakuTar advokatTan da

mis rCevaze dayrdnobiT unebarTvod muSaoba gadawyvita, radgan advoka-

tis TqmiT, `kinkos~ saqmeze gadawyvetilebaSi arsebobda `xvrelebi~ ro-

melTa gamoyeneba mas Tavis sasargeblod SeeZlo.

253

sasamarTlo praqtika

mister smitma sagamomcemlo industriis yuradReba miipyro. gamomcem-

lebma, `prinston universiti presma~ da makmilanma, sasamarTloSi mis-ter smitisa da misi korporaciis winaaRmdeg sarCeli Seitanes.

gadawyvetileba: me-6 olqis sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom adgili hqondasaavtoro uflebebis Sesaxeb kanonis darRvevas, radgan mopasuxe

arakeTilsindisierad moqmedebda.sasamarTlos mosazreba: keTilsindisieri gamoyenebis doqtrina,

romelic iTvaliswinebs gamonaklisebs saavtoro uflebebis monopoliisfarglebSi, `nebas rTavs (da avaldebulebs kidec) sasamarTloebs, Tavi

Seikavon saavtoro uflebebis Sesaxeb kanonis normebis mkacri gamoyene-bisagan, rodesac es sanqciebi safrTxes uqmnis SemoqmedebiT procesebs,

romelTa wasaxaliseblad saboloo jamSi miRebulia es kanoni~.Tu am debulebas mTlianobaSi ganvixilavT, cxadi xdeba, rom saavtoro

uflebiT daculi nawarmoebis iseTi keTilsindisieri miznebisaTvis gamo-yeneba, rogoricaa swavleba (maT Soris saswavlo mizniT mravali aslis

gakeTeba), ar CaiTvleba saavtoro uflebebis darRvevad.imis dasadgenad, Tu ra SemTxvevaSi CaiTvaleba gamoyeneba keTilsin-

disierad, aSS-s uzenaesma sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom am dros gansakuT-rebuli yuradReba unda mieqces testis meoTxe nawils _ `saavtoro

uflebis gamoyenebis efeqti da gavlena saavtoro uflebis potenciurbazarsa an mis literaturul Rirebulebaze, anu primus inter pares~.6

Tuki saavtoro uflebiT daculi nawarmoebis gasaCivrebuli gamoye-neba arakomerciuli tipisaa, bazarze gavlenis moxdenis Sesaxeb mtkicebis

tvirTi saavtoro uflebis mflobels awevs. xolo Tu gasaCivrebuligamoyeneba komerciuli xasiaTisaa, mtkicebis tvirTi saavtoro uflebiT

daculi nawarmoebis gamomyeneblis movaleobaa. (soni korp. universitistudios winaaRmdeg).

sasamarTlo daeTanxma mosazrebas, rom studentebis mier, romlebicubralod yiduloben saxelmZRvanelos, saavtoro uflebiT daculi masa-

lebis gamoyeneba arakomerciulia. magram studentebis mier masalebis ga-moyeneba am saqmeSi ar aris sadavo arc mosarCleebis mxridan. gamomcem-

lebi asaCivreben saavtoro uflebiT daculi nawarmoebis duplikaciaskomerciuli organizaciis mier, romelmac ganizraxa sakuTari Semosav-

lebis gazrda saavtoro uflebebis mflobelTaTvis honorarebis arga-daxdis saSualebiT.

mopasuxis mier wignebidan garkveuli nawilebis gamoyeneba aranaklebi

6 aRmatebuli TanasworTa Soris (laT).

254


komerciuli bunebis qmedeba iyo, vidre harpertrouSi Jurnal `neiSenis~

mier saavtoro uflebiT daculi masalis gamoyeneba, sadac mokle statiisgamoqveyneba, romelic Seicavda mcire amonarids prezident fordis jer

kidev gamouqveynebeli wignidan, arakeTilsindisier gamoyenebad CaiT-vala. im studentebis msgavsad, romlebmac SeiZines nebarTvis gareSe da-

beWdili kursis saxelmZRvaneloebi, Jurnalis SemZenebi ar iyenebdnen in-formacias komerciuli miznebisTvis, Tumca uzenaesi sasamarTlosTvis

es ar iyo sakmarisi faqtori, raTa mopasuxis qmedeba `arakomerciulixasiaTis publikaciad~ ganexila.

imis dasadgenad, Tu ramdenad zemoqmedebda bazarze am tipis gamoye-neba, uzenaesma sasamarTlom sonis, harperisa da rous, da kempbelis saq-

meSi ganmarta: `sakmarisia pirma daamtkicos, rom aseTi gamoyenebis gaxSi-rebis SemTxvevebi saavtoro uflebiT daculi nawarmoebebis potenciur

bazarze sazianod aisaxeba~. am testis mixedviT, sasamarTlom miiCnia, rommosarCleebma SeZles keTilsindisieri gamoyenebis Sesaxeb mopasuxis

argumentebis gabaTileba.mopasuxis konkurenti maRaziebis umetesoba mudmivad ixdida hono-

rars saavtoro uflebiT daculi nawarmoebebidan amonaridebis tiraJi-rebisaTvis. samive mosarCle erT weliwadSi daaxloebiT 500 000 dolaris

Semosavals iRebda maT mier gamoSvebuli publikaciebidan gadabeWdvisnebarTvisTvis mosakreblebis saxiT. Tuki maRaziebi mTeli qveynis masS-

tabiT danergavdnen imas, rasac mopasuxeebi akeTebdnen, maTi SemosavalimniSvnelovnad Semcirdeboda, iseve rogorc maT mier gamocemuli saav-

toro uflebiT daculi nawarmoebis sabazro Rirebuleba.mopasuxeebi ganmartavdnen, rom arasworia midgoma, roca saavtoro

uflebis mflobeli uflebamosilia nebarTvis gacemaze Tanxa moiTxovosda Semdeg sabazro danakargebi am Tanxis gadauxdelobiT gazomos. isini

amtkicebdnen, rom bazrisTvis miyenebuli zarali, SesaZloa, gaizomosmxolod ararealizebuli wignebis safasuriT da ara nebarTvis TanxebiT.

magaliTad, mopasuxeebma moawyves presis stamba da analogiuri repro-duqciebis keTeba daiwyes imis safuZvelze, rom amgvari reproduqcia war-

moadgenda im wignis `keTilsindisier gamoyenebas~, romelzec saavtorouflebebi maT ar gaaCndaT. mopasuxeebis logikis mixedviT, araswori

iqneboda saavtoro uflebis mflobels emtkicebina bazrisaTvis miyene-buli zaralis odenoba miuRebeli honorarebis gamo. (ra Tqma unda, Tu

SeiZleba imis varaudi, rom saavtoro uflebis mflobels gaaCnia uflebaaseT Semosavalze).

255

sasamarTlo praqtika

sasamarTlom aseve ganixila testis danarCeni sami nawilic, Tumca aR-

niSna, rom konkretul situaciaSi isini naklebad mniSvnelovania:a) rac Seexeba ,gamoyenebis mizansa da xasiaTs, sasamarTlom calsaxad

daadastura, rom gansaxilveli gamoyeneba komerciuli xasiaTis iyo.mopasuxeebi amtkicebdnen, rom gansaxilvel saqmeSi nawarmoebis repro-

duqcia unda ganxiluliyo rogorc `aramomgebiani _ saswavlo~, radganacigi ganxorcielebuli iyo Tavad studentebisa da profesorebis mier.

mopasuxeebi amtkicebdnen, rom maT SeeZloT moexdinaT uamravi aslis dam-zadeba imaze nakleb Tanxad, vidre igives gakeTeba Tavad profesorebsa

da studentebs daujdebodaT.b) testis I I nawili, `saavtoro uflebiT daculi nawarmoebis buneba~

am saqmeSi ar iyo sadavo. mopasuxeebma gaacnobieres, rom kursis saxelmZ-RvanelosaTvis gadaRebul amonaridebs SemoqmedebiTi Rirebuleba hqon-

da da maTi ganxilva SesaZlebeli iyo rogorc `gamoxatvis~; gadaRebulimasala namdvilad ar iyo satelefono cnobari, rac aseve SesaZloa, mimar-

Tuli iqnas keTilsindisieri gamoyenebis argumentis winaaRmdeg.g) testis bolo nawili sasamarTlosgan moiTxovda Sefasebas, `Tu ra

moculobiT moxda mTlianobaSi saavtoro uflebiT daculi nawarmoebisgamoyeneba~. `rac ufro didia gamoyenebuli nawyvetis moculoba, miT

ufro metad zaraldeba saavtoro uflebis mflobeli, Sesabamisad, am qme-debis keTilsindisier gamoyenebad miCnevis albaToba mcirdeba~. PierreN Leval, Toward a Fair use Standayt, 105 Hary. L. Rev. 1005, 1122 (1990).

1996 weli

reno - SeerTebuli Statebis generaluri

prokurori - amerikis samoqalaqo uflebebis

kavSiris winaaRmdeg

521 US 844

faqtebi: 1996 wlis komunikaciebis aqti miznad isaxavda arasrulwlov-

nebis dacvas mavne zegavlenis mqone masalebisgan, romlebic internetiT

256


gavrcelda. aqtis Tanaxmad, dasjadia uxamsi da Seuferebeli mesijebis/

gzavnilebis ganzrax dagzavna 18 wlamde asakis mimRebebTan. aqtis 223-e

nawili krZalavs 18 wlamde asakis pirebisaTvis iseTi mesijebis da masalis

ganzrax dagzavnas, `romelic sqesobriv aqts an organoebs aRwers, an maT

warmoadgens aSkarad Seuracxmyofeli saxiT, rac gansazRvrulia Ta-

namedrove sazogadoebrivi standartebiT.~ aseTi qmedebisaTvis dacvad

gamoiyeneba piris `keTilsindisieri da efeqturi moqmedeba~ zemoaRniS-

nuli masalebis SesazRudad. aseTi meqanizmebi SeiZleba iyos informaciis

xelmisawvdomoba asakis Sesabamisad, magaliTad, sakredito baraTiT an

piradobis damadasturebeli mowmobis nomriT. ramdenime mosarClem sasa-

marTloSi Seitana sarCeli, sadac isini daobdnen, rom aRniSnuli aqti

antikonstituciuria. pensilvaniis olqis sasamarTlos kolegiam _ sami

mosamarTlis SemadgenlobiT _ winaswari gadawyvetileba miiRo saqmeze

da saqmis saboloo gadawyvetamde akrZala aqtis sadavo nawilebis moqme-

deba. sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, saxelmwifos ekrZaleba aqtis 223-e

nawiliT dadgenili akrZalvebis ganxorcieleba, Tumca, ufleba rCeba,

gamoiZios da sisxlis samarTlebrivi devna ganaxorcielos aSkara uxamso-

basa da bavSvTa pornografiaze. saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebma pensil-

vaniis olqis sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaes

sasamarTloSi gaasaCivres: isini miiCnevdnen, rom olqis sasamarTlom

araswori gadawyvetileba miiRo, rodesac daadgina, rom sadavo aqti kon-

stituciis pirvel da mexuTe Sesworebebs ewinaaRmdegeboda.



SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosazreba warmoad-

gina mosamarTle stevensma, romelmac sityva internetis mimoxilviT

daiwyo: `interneti _ es aris urTierTdakavSirebuli kompiuterebis

saerTaSoriso qseli, romelic daibada 1969 wels Seqmnili samxedro prog-

ramidan; am programas arpaneti ewodeboda. interneti bolo wlebis gan-

mavlobaSi sagrZnoblad gaizarda. saqmis ganxilvisas daaxloebiT 40 mi-

lioni adamiani sargeblobs internetiT da mosalodnelia, rom es cifri

1999 wlisTvis 200 milionamde gaizardos. is adamianebi, romlebsac xeli

miuwvdebaT internetze, sargebloben komunikaciebis da informaciis

miRebis mravali meTodiT, maT Sorisaa: `imeili~, `listserverebi~, `Cet-

rumebi~, `niusgrupebi~ da msoflio sakomunikacio qseli (world wide web).

257

sasamarTlo praqtika

am saSualebebiT SesaZlebelia teqstis, xmis, imijis da video imijebis

gavrceleba. yvela es saSualeba erTad warmoadgens kiber sivrces, ro-

melSi Sesvla SeuZlia nebismier adamians, Tuki misTvis xelmisawvdomia

interneti. amave dros, nebismier pirs, romelsac aqvs interneti, SeuZlia

masSi informaciis ganTavseba. gamomcemlebs SeuZliaT, es informacia yve-

lasTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxadon, an SezRudon misi momxmareblebi, maga-

liTad, sakredito baraTiT. internets arc erTi organizacia ar akont-

rolebs da ar arsebobs sistema, romlis mixedviTac centralizebulad

daiblokeboda romelime veb-gverdi an raime sxva momsaxureba. gadaWar-

beba ar iqneba, Tu vityviT, rom internetSi ganTavsebuli informaciis

Sinaarsi iseve mravalferovania, rogorc adamianis fiqri.

internetSi mravlad gvxvdeba teqstebi, fotoebi an saubrebi (`Ceti~),

romlebic pornografiul elementebs Seicavs. imis miuxedavad, rom in-

ternetSi aseTi masala mravlad arsebobs, Zalian iSviaTad Tu wavawydebiT

mas SemTxveviT. dokumentis an failis saTauri, rogorc wesi, aRwers mis

Semadgenel masalas. TiTqmis yvela masala, romelic pornografiul ele-

mentebs Seicavs, garkveul gamafrTxilebel warweras atarebs. amrigad,

televiziisagan da radiosagan gansxvavebiT, Zalian mciredia imis alba-

Toba, rom internetiT aseT informacias SemTxveviT waawydeT. interne-

tiT informaciis miRebas sWirdeba garkveuli moqmedebebis Catareba da

zomebis miReba. bavSvs sWirdeba garkveuli unar-Cvevebi imisaTvis, rom

internetiT informacia miiRos da Semdeg es informacia damoukideblad

gamoiyenos. amasTan, ukve arsebobs sistemebi da programebi, romlis meSve-

obiTac mSoblebs SeuZliaT, sakuTar kompiuterze dablokon garkveuli

saxis informacia maTive Svilebisagan.

rac Seexeba asakis damadasturebel meqanizmebs, aq olqis sasamarTlom

kategoriulad aRniSna, rom ar arsebobs araviTari efeqturi meqanizmi

imis Sesamowmeblad, Tu ramdeni wlisaa piri, romelic `imeils~ amowmebs,

an `CetrumebSi~ Tu `niusgrupebSi~ Sedis. marTalia, arsebobs sakredito

baraTiT momxmareblebis SezRudvis meqanizmi, magram aseTi meqanizmi

gamoiwvevs bevri arakomerciuli veb-gverdis daxurvas da iseTi momxma-

reblebis SezRudvas, visac sakredito baraTi ar gaaCnia.

1996 wlis komunikaciebis aqti sakmaod mniSvnelovani sakanonmdeblo

dokumentia, romlis mTavari mizania `telekomunikaciebis axali teqno-

logiebis swrafi danergvisTvis xelSewyoba da regulirebis Semcireba~.

258


am aqtis mexuTe nawili, Seicavs normebs, romlebic cnobilia, rogorc

àrasaTanado (arawesieri) gadacemis~ da àSkarad Seuracxmyofeli de-

monstrirebis~ normebi.

am saqmeSi saxelmwifo daobs, rom aqti ar ewinaaRmdegeba pirvel Ses-

worebas da eyrdnoba am sasamarTlos wina sam gadawyvetilebas: Ginsberg

v. New York 390 US 629 (1968), FCC v. Pacifica Foundation 438 US 726 (1978);

Renton v, Playtime Theatres, Inc, 475 US 42 (1986). sasamarTlo aRniSnavs,

rom am saqmeebis detaluri analizi ufro amZafrebs eWvs, rom sadavo

aqti antikonstituciuria.

imis miuxedavad, arRvevs Tu ara sadavo aqti konstituciis mexuTe Ses-

worebas, bevri orazrovani da bundovani norma problemas qmnis pirveli

Sesworebis miznebisaTvis. aqtis orive sadavo norma sxvadasxva fraze-

ologias iyenebs: pirvel normaSi gamoyenebulia sityva àrawesieri~, xo-

lo meore saubrobs `sqesobrivi aqtis an ereqciuli funqciis iseT aR-

werasa da warmodgenaze, romelic aSkarad Seuracxmyofelia Tanamed-

rove sazogadoebrivi standartebis mixedviT~. aqtSi arc erTi zemoaRniS-

nuli termini ganmartebuli ar aris. SeiZleba Tu ara, rom amis gamo pirma

daaskvnas, rom masala homoseqsualizmze, Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego saSuale-

bebsa da gaupatiurebis Sedegebze ar daarRvevs sadavo aqts? es bundo-

vaneba sadavo aqtSi badebs eWvs, rom igi viwrod da faqizad formulire-

buli ar aris.

sadavo aqtis bundovaneba safrTxes qmnis ori mizezis gamo: pirveli _

sadavo aqti warmoadgens sityvis Tavisuflebis Sinaarsobriv regulire-

bas; da meore _ igi sisxlis samarTlis kanonia. nasamarTleobasTan erTad,

aqti or wlamde patimrobis sanqciebs Seicavs. am regulirebis Sedegad,

arakanonieri teqstebis, imijis an ideis komunikacias, SesaZloa, ama Tu

im pirma gaCumeba arCios. saxelmwifo mxars uWers pozicias, rom sadavo

aqtis normebi imaze bundovani ar aris, vidre mileri kaliforniis wina-

aRmdeg saqmeSi dadgenili samwverovani testi. Tumca es ase ar aris, rad-

gan mileris saqmeSi sasamarTlom samwverovani testi daadgina, sadavo

aqti ki mxolod mis erT komponents iyenebs (àSkarad Seuracxmyofeli~).

amasTan, mileris gadawyvetilebaSi sasamarTlom daadgina, rom akrZalu-

li masalebi unda ganimartos Statis kanonmdeblobiT.

sasamarTlo darwmunebulia, rom sadavo aqts aklia is sizuste, rac,

konstituciis mexuTe Sesworebis Tanaxmad, aucilebelia gamoxatvis

259

sasamarTlo praqtika

regulirebisTvis. arasrulwlovnebis dacvis mizniT, sadavo aqti krZa-

lavs iseT masalebs, romelzec konstituciuri ufleba aqvT srulwlovan

adamianebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom am sasamarTlos mravaljer uRiarebia

saxelmwifo interesi bavSvTa dacvis sferoSi, es interesi ver amarTlebs

informaciis iseTi farTo sferos akrZalvas, rogoric sadavo aqtSia mo-

cemuli.

sadavo aqtis moqmedebis sfero sakmaod vrcelia. misi areali vrcel-

deba rogorc komerciul sityvasa da komerciul dawesebulebebze, aseve

arakomerciul, aramomgebian dawesebulebebze da individebze, romlebsac

sakuTar kompiuterSi SeiZleba hqondeT aqtiT akrZaluli masalebi da

romlebsac SeuZliaT es masalebi arasrulwlovnebs aCvenon. aqtis bun-

dovani terminebiT akrZalul masalebs ki, SesaZloa, seriozuli saganma-

naTleblo an sxva faseuloba hqondes. sadavo aqtiT, SesaZloa, aikrZalos

diskusia gaupatiurebis an sqesobrivi aqtis Sesaxeb da am siaSi, albaT,

karnegis biblioTekis katalogic moxvdeba. aqtis mixedviT, mSobels uf-

leba ar aqvs, rom 17 wlis Svils ufleba misces, gamoiyenos ojaxis kom-

piuteri, raTa moipovos da aCvenos mas informacia, romlis Cvenebasac

Tavad saWirod miiCnevs. agreTve, mSobels cixeSi gamoketaven, Tu igi 17

wlis Svils informacias miawvdis Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego saSualebebze.

aqtis Sinaarsobrivi regulirebis farTo areali saxelmwifos akisrebs

sakmaod mkacr mtkicebis tvirTs, rom ganmartos, ratom ar SeiZleba, aras-

rulwlovnebis dasacavad naklebad mkacri zomebi gamoiyenebodes. saxel-

mwifos aRniSnuli ar daumtkicebia.

sabolood, sasamarTlo ar eTanxmeba saxelmwifos arguments, rom in-

ternetis regulireba mis zrdas uwyobs xels: `Cven migvaCnia, rom saxel-

mwifos mxridan sityvis Tavisuflebis Sinaarsobrivi regulireba ufro

xels SeuSlis, vidre xels Seuwyobs ideebis Tavisufal gacvlas. demokra-

tiul saxelmwifoSi sityvis Tavisuflebis dacvis interesi ufro metia,

vidre cenzuris nebismieri Teoriuli, magram daumtkicebeli dadebiTi

mxareebi~. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom sadavo aqti ewinaaRmdegeba kons-

tituciis pirvel Sesworebas.

1997 weli

260


bartniCki vuperisa da aka uiliamsis winaaRmdeg

(U.S. 2001)

faqtebi: pensilvaniis saSualo skolis maswavlebelTa uflebebis dac-

vis asociaciisa da adgilobrivi skolis sameurveo sabWos Soris mimdi-

nareobda koleqtiuri savaWro molaparakeba. am molaparakebis dros uc-

nobma pirovnebam asociaciis mxridan, mTavar mwarmoebelsa da asociaciis

prezidents Soris Semdgari satelefono saubari Caiwera. mas Semdeg, rac

mxareebi pirobebze SeTanxmdnen, mopasuxem, radio komentatorma vuperma,

molaparakebebis dasrulebis Semdeg miRweuli Sedegebis gaSuqebis kon-

teqstSi radio eTerSi faruli satelefono Canaweri gauSva.

momCivanebma zianis anazRaurebis moTxovniT sasamarTlos mimarTes.

isini eyrdnobodnen satelefono Canawerebis Sesaxeb federalur da aseve,

adgilobriv kanonmdeblobas.

apelantebi acxadebdnen, rom maTi satelefono saubris Cawera moxda

farulad, ucnobi piris mier.

mopasuxe, iukumma, adgilobrivi organizaciis liderma, romelic aso-

ciaciis moTxovnebs ewinaaRmdegeboda, moipova aRniSnuli Canaweri da

ganzrax gadasca igi inter alia mediis warmomadgenlebs.

mediis warmomadgenlebma dauyonebliv gamoaqveynes Canaweri, miuxeda-

vad imisa, rom icodnen an unda scodnodaT, rom igi ukanonod iyo mopo-

vebuli.

saolqo sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom kanonis Tanaxmad, mediis wamomad-

geneli arRvevs federalur kanonmdeblobas, rodesac ganzrax aqveynebs

eleqtronuli komunikaciis Sinaarss, romlis ukanonod mopovebis Taoba-

ze misTvis cnobilia an unda iyos cnobili, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu igi

uSualod ar yofila CarTuli am procesSi.

sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom satelefono saubris ganzrax Caweris faqtis

dadgenas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeboda.

sasamarTlom ar gaiziara mopasuxeTa argumentebi, rom maT pirveli

Sesworeba im SemTxvevaSic icavs, Tu informaciis gamJRavneba arRvevs ka-

nonis moTxovnebs, radgan kanonebi Sinaarsobrivad neitraluri aqtebia,

romlebic ar iTvaliswinebs sityvis Tavisuflebis winaswar SezRudvas

261

sasamarTlo praqtika

an meqanizmebs, romelTac SeuZliaT `gamyinavi efeqti~ iqonion informa-

ciis mopovebasa da gavrcelebaze.

aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom miiCnia,

rom radiosadgurebis qmedeba ar arRvevda pirvel Sesworebas da saqme

xelaxali ganxilvisaTvis imave sasamarTlos daubruna.

sasamarTlos mosazreba: sasamarTlos azriT, sadavo kanoni Seicavs

xarvezs _ igi ufro metad zRudavs sityvis Tavisuflebas, vidre amas

calkeuli adamianebis interesebis dacva moiTxovs.

sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom konstituciis pirveli Seworeba icavs mo-

pasuxeebis moqmedebas:

(a) satransporto danaSaulebis kontrolisa da usafrTxo quCebis Se-

saxeb 1968 wlis kanonis I I I Tavi krZalavs satelefono, eleqtronuli an

zepiri saubrebis Caweras. 2511-e muxli, (1)(a) exeba im pirebs, vinc ganzrax

iwers amgvar saubrebs, (g) yvela im pirs, vinc icis an unda icodes, rom

komunikaciis Semcveli masala mopovebulia arakanonieri gziT da ganzrax

aqveynebs mis Sinaarss.

(b) Sinaarsobrivad 2511 (1) (c)-e muxli neitraluri kanonia, romlis

mizania, daicvas eleqtronuli da zepiri komunikaciebis piraduli xasi-

aTi. kanoni amgvar komunikaciebs icavs ara marto Sinaarsis, aramed maTi

mopovebis kanonierebis gaTvaliswinebiT. meores mxriv, gamJRavnebis akr-

Zalva samarTlianad iTvleba gamoxatvis regulirebis erT-erT formad.

(d) saqmeSi _ `niu-iork taimsi~ SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg uze-

naesma sasamarTlom daadastura presis ufleba, gamoaqveynos mesame mxa-

ris mier moparul dokumentebze dayrdnobiT mopovebuli mniSvnelovani

sazogadoebrivi interesis Semcveli informacia. amis dadgenisas sasamar-

Tlom yuradReba gaamaxvila moparuli dokumentebis xasiaTsa da sajaro

gasaidumloebis Sedegebze da ara dokumentebis moparvis faqtze. sasamar-

Tlom aseve Riad datova sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad SeeZlo mTav-

robas, aRekveTa ara mxolod Tavdapirveli ukanonoba, aramed Semdgomi

gamoqveyneba im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac informacia mopovebul iqna uka-

nonod gazeTis an wyaros mier. am saqmeSi sakiTxi ufro konkretulad dgas:

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gamomcemelma informacia kanonierad miiRo wyarosgan,

romelmac igi arakanonieri gziT moipova, SeuZlia Tu ara mTavrobas, da-

sajos bolo publikacia Tavdapirveli efeqtis gamo?

262


Sesabamisad, arsebuli faqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT, sasamarTlo ganixi-

lavs sakiTxs, gamarTlebulia Tu ara gamoxatvis SezRudva 2511 (1) (c)-e

muxlSi nagulisxmevi interesebiT.

(e) mTavrobis mier dasaxelebuli pirveli interesi, daukargon cal-

keul pirebs kerZo saubrebSi SeWris survili, ar amarTlebs 2511 (1) (c)-e

muxlis gamoyenebas sajaro informaciis uwyinari gamJRavnebis mimarT.

arakanonieri qmedebis aRkveTis normaluri meTodia samarTaldamrRvevis

dasja. aRsaniSnavia, rom informaciis ukanono mflobelis gamoxatvis Ta-

visufleba SeiZleba SeizRudos marTlzomierad moqmedi mesame piris uka-

nono moqmedebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, roca 2511 (a) (c), an (1) SemTx-

vevebiT gaTvaliswinebul darRvevebSi `SemWrelis~ vinaoba cnobilia. ar

arsebobs araviTari safuZveli imis savaraudod, rom akrZalva amcirebs

amgvari ukanono SeWris albaTobas.

(v) mTavrobis meore interesi _ ukanono SeWriT dazaralebuli adami-

anebisaTvis miyenebuli zianis minimumade dayvana, udavod ufro Zlieria.

komunikaciis saidumloeba mniSvnelovani interesia. Tumca sazogadoeb-

riv interesTan dakavSirebuli movlenebis Sesaxeb informaciis gamoqvey-

nebis interesi gadawonis piradulobis dacvis interess. sajaro sferoSi

saqmianobis erT-erTi sazRauri xom swored piradulobis garkveuli do-

ziT daTmobaa. saqmeSi _ `niu-iork taimsi salivanis winaaRmdeg~ _ sasa-

marTlom daadgina, rom rodesac saqme exeba sajaro piris kritikas saja-

ro movlenebze, debatebi SeuzRudavi, mkacri da Ria unda iyos.

2001 weli

263

sasamarTlo praqtika

hendisaidi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg

faqtebi: mosarClem, romelic beWdviT kompanias warmoadgenda, da-

beWda wigni, saTauriT `patara wiTeli wigni~. es wigni xelmisawvdomi gaxda

skolis im moswavleebisTvis, romlebsac 12 weli SeusruldaT, aseve mozr-

dilebisTvisac. wigni Seicavda nawils seqsis Sesaxeb, sadac iyo Tavebi

masturbaciis, kontraceptivebis, menstruaciis, pornografiis, homoseq-

sualizmis, abortis Sesaxeb. wignSi mocemuli iyo im saagentoebis misamar-

Tebi da telefonis nomrebi, sadac moswavleebs SeeZloT miemarTaT dax-

marebis aRmoCenis TxovniT. wigni Tavdapirvelad gamoqveynda daniaSi, Sem-

dgom luqsemburgSi, avstriaSi, saberZneTSi, islandiaSi, italiaSi, holan-

diaSi, norvegiaSi, germaniis federaciul respublikaSi da zogierT ara-

evropul qveyanaSi.

ramdenime saCivris miRebis Semdeg policiam gaCxrika mosarClis ofisi

da aRniSnuli wignebi daayadaRa. mosarCle daadanaSaules uxamsi masale-

bis flobisaTvis da moaxdines konfiskacia wignebisa, romlebic ganad-

gurda. SemdgomSi gamoqveynda wignis redaqtirebuli versia, saidanac gar-

kveuli nawilebi amoiRes.

mosarCelem evropis adamianis uflebebis sasamarTlos mimarTa.

gadawyvetileba: adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom cameti

xmiT erTis winaaRmdeg daadgina, rom konvenciis me-10 muxli ar darR-

veula.

motivacia: konvenciis me-10 muxlis Sesabamisad: `1. yvelas aqvs gamo-

xatvis Tavisufleba. es ufleba moicavs adamianis Tavisuflebas, hqondes

mosazrebebi, miiRos da gaavrcelos informacia da ideebi sajaro xeli-

suflebis Carevis gareSe da sazRvrebis miuxedavad. es muxli ar uSlis

SFDB 66FLFVBFYBC EAKT<FSF

TDHJGEKB CFCFVFHSKJC GHFMNBRF

264


xels saxelmwifoebs, moiTxovon radiomauwyeblobis, televiziis an kino-

warmoebis licenzireba.

2. am uflebaTa ganxorcieleba moicavs valdebulebebsa da pasuxis-

mgeblobas; amitomac SeiZleba daeqvemdebaros iseT formalobebs, piro-

bebs, SezRudvebs an sasjels, romlebsac iTvaliswinebs kanoni da rom-

lebic aucilebelia demokratiul sazogadoebaSi erovnuli usafrTxo-

ebis, teritoriuli mTlianobis an sazogadoebrivi wesrigis uzrunvel-

sayofad, uwesrigobisa da danaSaulis aRsakveTad, janmrTelobisa da mo-

ralis, sxvaTa reputaciis an uflebebis dasacavad, konfidencialurad

miRebuli informaciis gamJRavnebis Tavidan asacileblad, sasamarTlo

xelisuflebis avtoritetisa da miukerZoeblobis SesanarCuneblad.~

arc erT mxars sadavod ar gauxdia saxelmwifo organoebis mxridan

saCivris warmdgenis sityvis Tavisuflebis ganxorcielebaSi Careva, rac

gamoixata saCivris warmdgenisaTvis sasjelis SefardebaSi, ramdenime ase-

uli wignisa da dakabadonebuli masalis konfiskaciaSi.

imisaTvis, rom Careva konvenciis me-10 muxlis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad

ganxorcieldes, aucilebelia, rom igi `gaTvaliswinebuli iyos kanoniT~.

adamianis uflebaTa evropul sasamarTlos miaCnia, rom konvenciis me-10

muxlis me-2 punqtis es moTxovna daculi iqna, radgan Careva ganxorci-

elda 1959 da 1964 wlis sakanonmdeblo aqtebis Sesabamisad. amave dros,

arc saCivris warmdgeni acxadebda, rom zemoaRniSnuli kanonebi araswo-

rad gamoiyenes.

adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom saWirod miiCnia, daed-

gina, Tu ramdenad Seesabameboda Careva adamianis uflebebis evropuli

konvenciis me-10 muxlis me-2 punqtis aramarto pirvel, aramed danarCen

moTxovnebsac. sasamarTlos unda daezustebina, ramdenad aucilebeli

iyo Careva `demokratiul sazogadoebaSi~ `moralis dasacavad~.

adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom gaiziara gaerTianebuli

samefos mTavrobisa da komisiis gadawyvetileba da miiCnia, rom 1959 da

1964 wlis kanonebi miznad isaxavda sazogadoebrivi zneobis dacvas.

adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom unda daadginos, demok-

ratiul sazogadoebaSi zneobis dacva ramdenad saWiroebda iseTi zomebis

miRebas, rogoric saCivris warmdgenis winaaRmdeg gatarda.

gaerTianebuli samefos mTavrobasa da komisiis wevrTa umravlesobam

miiCnia, rom inglisis sasamarTlom imoqmeda gonivrulad da keTilsin-

gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi

265

sasamarTlo praqtika

disierad. mas ar daurRvevia me-10 muxlis me-2 punqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli

monawile saxelmwifoebisaTvis dadgenili diskreciuli uflebamosilebis

farglebi. meore mxriv, komisiis umciresobaSi darCenilma wevrebma aR-

niSnes, rom sasamarTlom inglisis sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba ki ar

unda Seafasos, aramed unda daadginos, ramdenad Seesabameba es saskolo

saxelmZRvanelo konvenciis moTxovnebs.

adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom miuTiTa, rom konvenciiT

dawesebul dacvis instrumentebs subsidiuri xasiaTi aqvs adamianis uf-

lebaTa dacvis erovnul sistemebTan mimarTebiT. konvenciiT gaTvalis-

winebuli dacvis meqanizmi mxolod maSin unda amoqmeddes, rodesac samar-

Tlebrivi dacvis yvela Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi SesaZlebloba amoiwureba.

SeuZlebelia, sazogadoebrivi zneobis Taobaze erTiani evropuli Se-

xeduleba arsebobdes. monawile saxelmwifoebSi zneobrivi moTxovnebi

SeiZleba icvlebodes droisa da adgilis mixedviT, gansakuTrebiT, Tana-

medrove epoqaSi. adgilobrivma sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom konvenciis me-10

muxlis me-2 puqtSi mocemuli sityva àucilebelia~, marTalia, ar aris

`Seucvlelis~ sinonimi, magram mas ar axasiaTebs is moqniloba, rac maga-

liTad, aqvs sityvebs: `dasaSvebia~, `rogorc wesi~, `mizanSewonilia~ da

a.S. sityva àucilebelia~ gulisxmobs `gadaudebeli socialuri moTxov-

nilebis~ arsebobas.

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom konvenciis

me-10 muxlis me-2 punqti saxelmwifoebs garkveul diskreciul uflebas

utovebs imis gansazRvisas, Tu ras niSnavs termini àucilebelia~. miuxe-

davad zemoTqmulisa, me-10 muxlis me-2 punqti maT SeuzRudav diskreciul

uflebamosilebas ar aniWebs. mxolod adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasa-

marTloa uflebamosili, miiRos saboloo gadawyvetileba, Tu ramdenad

Seesabameba monawile saxelmwifoebis mier dawesebuli SezRudvebi konven-

ciis me-10 muxliT dacul uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs. adamianis ufle-

baTa evropuli sasamarTlos kontrols eqvemdebareba rogorc Sidasa-

xelmwifoebrivi diskreciuli uflebamosileba, ise kanonmdebloba da aR-

masrulebeli Tu sasamarTlo xelisuflebis mier miRebuli gadawyveti-

lebebi.

kontrolis ganxorcielebisas adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo

valdebulia, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcios `demokratiuli sazoga-

doebisaTvis~ damaxasiaTebel umTavres principebs. konvenciis me-10 muxlis

266


pirveli punqtiT garantirebuli sityvis Tavisufleba demokratiuli sa-

zogadoebis umTavresi sayrdenTagania da misi progresis erT-erTi umniS-

vnelovanesi pirobac aris. sityvis Tavisufleba moicavs ara marto imgvar

informacias an ideas, romelsac keTilganwyobiT xvdebian an romelic neit-

raluria, aramed iseT informaciasac, romelic Seuracxmyofeli, Sokis mom-

gvreli an amaRelvebelia. swored aseTia Semwynareblobis, liberalizmisa da

pluralizmis moTxovnebi, romelTa gareSec demokratiuli sazogadoeba

warmoudgenelia. es ki imas niSnavs, rom sityvis Tavisuflebis sferoSi ne-

bismieri ̀ pirobis~ daweseba, `Careva~ Tu `sasjeli~ dasaxuli kanonieri miznis

proporciuli unda iyos.

meore mxriv, sityvis Tavisuflebis ganxorcielebisas nebismier pirs

SeiZleba daekisros valdebulebebi da pasuxismgebloba, romelTa mocu-

lobac damokidebulia im situaciaze, romelSic es piri imyofeba; agreTve,

mis mier gamoyenebul gamoxatvis saSualebebze. adamianis uflebaTa ev-

ropul konvencias mxedvelobidan ar unda gamorCes aseTi pasuxismgeb-

loba da valdebulebebi.

zemoaRniSnuli principebis gaTvaliswinebiT, adamianis uflebaTa ev-

ropul sasamarTlos miaCnia, rom misi amocanaa ara erovnuli sasamarT-

loebis Canacvleba, aramed maTi gadawyvetilebebis Sesabamisobis dadgena

konvenciis me-10 muxlis moTxovnebTan.

adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom erovnuli sasamarTlos

gadawyvetileba izolirebulad ki ara, saqmis yvela garemoebis gaTvalis-

winebiT unda Seafasos. sasamarTlom saqmeSi arsebuli faqtebis srulyo-

fili analizis Sedegad unda daadginos, ramdenad proporciuli da efeq-

turia mTavrobis mier gamoyenebuli SezRudva.

zemoaRniSnuli meTodis safuZvelze adamianis uflebaTa evropulma

sasamarTlom Seafasa, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba konvenciis me-10 muxlis

me-2 punqtis moTxovnebs londonis sasamarTlos mier miRebuli gadawyve-

tileba.

adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom yuradReba miaqcia im ga-

remoebas, rom erovnuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaSi gaTvliswinebu-

lia saskolo saxelmZRvanelos mkiTxvelTa wre. wigni gankuTvnili iyo

bavSvebisTvis da 12-dan 18 wlamde asakis mozardebisTvis. saCivris warm-

dgenma ganmarta, rom am saxelmZRvanelos farTod gavrcelebas apirebda.

rogorc erovnuli sasamarTloc adasturebs, saxelmZRvanelos meS-


267

sasamarTlo praqtika

veobiT gamoqveynebuli informacia faqtobrivi xasiaTis iyo da, ZiriTa-

dad, sinamdviles Seesabameboda. amave dros, wignis erT-erT TavSi moce-

mul mosazrebebs SeiZleba mozardi Taoba waexalisebina maTTvis saziano

da naadrevi qmedebebisken, agreTve, zogierTi danaSaulis Casadenad. imis

miuxedavad, rom zneobisa da ganaTlebis Sesaxeb mosazrebebi inglisur

sazogadoebaSi mudmivad viTardeba, ingliselma mosamarTleebma diskre-

ciuli uflebamosileba gamoiyenes da wignis akrZalva sazogadoebrivi

zneobis dasacavad aucilebel RonisZiebad miiCnes.

adamianis uflebaTa evropul sasamarTlos miaCnia, rom 1959/1964 wlis

kanonis ZiriTadi amocana _ àxalgazrdobis zneobis dacva~ _ konvenciis

me-10 muxlis me-2 punqtis Sesabamisi legitimuri mizania.

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo valdebulia, daadginos,

àucilebeli~ iyo Tu ara Careva `demokratiuli sazogadoebisaTvis~. ada-

mianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos wevrebis umciresobam yuradReba

im faqtze gaamaxvila, rom wigni akrZaluli ar yofila CrdiloeT irlan-

diaSi, Sotlandiasa da menis kunZulze. 1971 wlis inglisis sasamarTlos

gadawyvetileba realuri àucileblobidan~ ar gamomdinareobda, xolo

inglisi diskreciuli uflebamosilebis miRma moqmedebda.

saCivris warmdgenma da mosamarTleTa umciresobam miuTiTes, rom wig-

nis daniuri originali da misi sxvadasxva enaze Targmnili egzemplarebi

evropis sabWos wevr qveynebSi yovelgvari SezRudvis gareSe iyideboda.

mosamarTleTa umravlesobam ki miiCnia, rom saxelmwifos aqvs diskre-

ciuli uflebamosileba da `SezRudvisa~ da `sasjelis~ SerCevis ufleba.

saxelmwifoebs ufleba aqvT, konkrtuli situaciisa da teritoriis mi-

xedviT gadawyviton sazogadoebrivi moralis dacvis sakiTxi. sxva qvey-

nebis mier gansxvavebuli gadawyvetilebis miReba ar niSnavs, rom inglisma

`SezRudvis~ dawesebiT konvencia daarRvia.

saqmis yvela garemoebaze dayrdnobiT, adamianis uflebaTa evropulma

sasamarTlom konvenciis me-10 muxlis darRvevis faqti ver daadgina.

1976 weli

268


`sandi taimsi~ gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg

faqtebi: 1959-1962 wlebSi britanuli farmacevtuli kompania, `disti-

lersi~ awarmoebda da yidda medikamentebs, romlebic nivTiereba `tali-

domids~ Seicavda. es medikamentebi orsuli qalebisTvisac iyo gankuTv-

nili. 1959-1962 wlebSi bevri axalSobili seriozuli deformaciiT da da-

avadebebiT daibada _ tkivilgamayuCebeli wamlis `talidomidis~ gamoye-

nebis gamo. bavSvebis mSoblebma zianis asanazRaureblad kompaniis winaaR-

mdeg sarCeli Seitanes. mxareTa Soris molaparakeba ramdenime weli gag-

rZelda. yvela gazeTma, `sandi taimsis~ CaTvliT, gaaSuqa es sakiTxi. 1971

wels mxareebma wamoiwyes molaparakebebi Tandayolili simaxinjis mata-

rebeli bavSvebisaTvis saqvelmoqmedo fondis dasaarseblad. 1972 wels

`sandi taimsma~ dabeWda statia, saTauriT `Cveni talidomili bavSvebi:

erovnuli sircxvilis mizezi~. statiaSi kompania gakritikebuli iyo, erTi

mxriv, msxverplTaTvis gadaxdili Tanxis didi moculobis gamo da, meore

mxriv, saqvelmoqmedo fondSi kompaniis mier gadasaricxad gansazRvruli

Tanxis simciris gamo. `sandi taimsis~ statiaSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom gazeTi

momavalSic gaagrZelebda am tragediis garemoebebis aRweras da Semogv-

Tavazebda informacias imis Sesaxeb, Catarda Tu ara saTanado testebi

wamlis gavrcelebamde; agreTve, icoda Tu ara kompaniam, rom `talido-

midi~ uaryofiT gavlenas iqoniebda Canasaxis janmrTelobaze.

`distilersis~ warmomadgenlebma generaluri prokuroris ofiss mi-

marTes. maT moiTxoves Suamdgomlobis dayeneba sasamarTloSi, raTa gace-

muliyo SemzRudveli brZaneba, romliTac `sandi taimss~ aukrZalavda am

saqmis gaSuqebas _ sasamarTloSi sakiTxis ganxilvamde. kompaniis moTxov-

niT, generalurma prokurorma sasamarTlos mimarTa gazeTis winaaRmdeg

brZanebis misaRebad. prokurori eyrdnoboda im mosazrebas, rom gamosaq-

veynebeli statiis Sinaarsi xels SeuSlida sasamarTlos meSveobiT simar-

Tlis dadgenas. brZaneba gaica da, mis Sesabamisad, `sandi taimsma~ aRar

gamoaqveyna statia. sadavo statia Seicavda informacias wamlis warmo-

ebaze, testirebasa da distribuciaze, agreTve, amtkicebda, rom kompaniam

wamali daamzada da gayida zogierTi eqspertis mxridan gafrTxilebis

miuxedavad. sasamarTlos brZaneba mosarCelem saapelacio sasamarTloSi

gaasaCivra, Tumca, akrZalva ZalaSi datoves. SemzRudveli brZaneba mxo-

lod 1976 wels gauqmda, rodesac saqmeze bolo morigeba dasrulda.


269

sasamarTlo praqtika

aRniSnuli saqme evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlom 1979 wels

ganixila. momCivans warmoadgenda inglisuri gazeTi `sandi taimsi~, xolo

mopasuxes _ gaerTianebuli samefo.

gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daadgina konvenciis me-10 muxlis dar-

Rveva.

motivacia: evrosasamarTlom Tavdapirvelad imis ganxilva daiwyo, iyo

Tu ara Careva kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli. sasamarTlom aRniSa, rom sityva

`kanoni~ moicavs rogorc sakanonmdeblo aqtebs, aseve precedentul sa-

marTalsac. Sesabamisad, ar aqvs mniSvneloba imas, rom sasamarTlos upa-

tivcemulobis Sesaxeb normebi saerTo samarTlis normebia da ar aris

asaxuli sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi. mosarCle am saqmeSi amtkicebda, rom `ka-

noniT gaTvaliswinebuli~ gulisxmobs sakanonmdeblo aqtis arsebobas.

sasamarTlom daadgina, rom termini `kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli~ gulis-

xmobs or moTxovnas: kanoni unda iyos xelmisawvdomi da ganWvretadi. sasa-

marTlom daadgina, rom mosarCles saSualeba hqonda, ganeWvrita saku-

Tari qmedebis Sedegebi. amrigad, sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom Careva gaTva-

liswinebuli iyo kanoniT.

`sandi taimsis~ saqmeSi didi britaneTis mTavrobam statiis gamoqvey-

nebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb sasamarTlo brZaneba gaamarTla marTlmsajule-

bis miukerZoeblobis dacviT da sasamarTlo Tanamdebobis pirebisadmi

ndobis SenarCunebiT. sasamarTlo daeTanxma mopasuxes, rom mas gaaCnda

legitimuri mizani, raTa daecva sasamarTlo xelisuflebis avtoriteti

da miukerZoebloba, _ radgan publikacias winaswar SeeZlo gavlena moex-

dina sasamarTlos SesaZlo gadawyvetilebaze, aseve statia zewolas mo-

axdenda kompania `disitilersze~ molaparakebebis procesSi.

amis Semdeg sasamarTlom imis garkveva daiwyo, Tu ramdenad iyo Sez-

Rudva aucilebeli demokratiul sazogadoebaSi. sasamarTlom sakiTxis

ganxilva daiwyo imis SexsenebiT, rom `sityvis Tavisufleba warmoadgens

demokratiuli sazogadoebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan monapovars~ da es

realoba esadageba aramarto iseT informacias, romlis miReba `sasiamov-

no an uwyinaria, aramed iseTsac, romelic Seuracxyofs, Soks mohgvris

an aaforiaqebs saxelmwifos Tu mosaxleobis romelime seqtors~.

`es principebi... Tanabrad Seesabameba marTlmsajulebis administri-

rebis sferos, romelic emsaxureba sazogadoebis interesebs da moiTxovs

TanamSromlobas saqmeSi Caxedul xalxTan. es im faqtis aRiarebaa, rom

270


sasamarTloebs ar SeuZliaT vakuumSi moqmedeba. ufro metic, sanam mar-

Tlmsajulebis WeSmariti administrirebisaTvis dawesebul sazRvrebs ar

gadaabijebs, manam masmedia valdebulia, gaavrcelos is informacia da

ideebi, romlebic ganixileba sasamarTloze an sajaro interesebis mata-

rebel sxva sferoebSi. aramarto masmedias aqvs informaciisa da azrebis

gavrcelebis valdebuleba: xalxsac aqvs ufleba, miiRos isini~.

saqmis konkretuli garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, sasamarTlom SeniS-

na, rom `salidomidis ubedureba~ ueWvelad warmoadgenda sajaro inte-

resis sagans. dabolos, tragediasTan dakavSirebul ojaxebs, iseve, ro-

gorc zogadad sazogadoebas, hqondaT am sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli faq-

tebis gacnobis ufleba.

interesTa dabalansebisas sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom gazeTis winaaR-

mdeg miRebuli brZaneba `ar efuZneboda imdenad Zlier socialur moT-

xovnas, romelic balanss sityvis Tavisuflebis winaaRmdeg gadawyvetda...

SezRudva ar warmoadgenda kanonieri miznis proporciuls da ar iyo

aucilebeli demokratiul sazogadoebaSi marTlmsajulebis avtorite-

tulobis SesanarCuneblad~.

1979 weli

bartoldi germaniis winaaRmdeg

faqtebi: aRniSnuli saqme evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlom

1985 wels ganixila. momCivani iyo germaneli veterinari bartoldi, xolo

mopasuxe ki _ germania.

momCivani, qirurgi-veterinari, daavadebuli katebis patronebis bolo

nugeSi iyo, radgan erTaderTi saswrafo daxmareba hamburgSi mxolod

mas hqonda. bartoldis mier micemuli intervius safuZvelze, Jurnalis-

tma mogvianebiT dawera statia regionSi am Sinauri cxovelis keTildRe-

obis Sesaxeb.

statia ganixilavda Ramis saaTebSi veterinarebis xelmisawvdomobis

problemas. statia aRwerda erT konkretul incidents, rodesac katis

patronebi cdilobdnen, dakavSirebodnen or veterinars da saswrafo

daxmarebis samsaxurs, Tumca ver SeZles maTgan daxmarebis miReba kriti-


271

sasamarTlo praqtika

kul mdgomareobaSi myofi katisTvis, vidre saqmeSi ar Caeria momCivani.

amas Semdeg statiaSi ganxiluli iyo Ramis periodSi Sesabamisi veteri-

naruli daxmarebis miRebis SesaZleblobis sakiTxi da gamoqveynebuli iyo

momCivanis foto.

bartoldis konkurentebma aRZres sarCeli mis winaaRmdeg arakeTil-

sindisieri konkurenciis braldebiT, radgan man xalxi Tavis sasargeblod

ganawyo. germaniis sasamarTloebma miiCnies, rom marTlac adgili hqonda

arakeTilsindisier reklamas. Sesabamisad, veterinars aekrZala momavalSi

msgavsi Sinaarsis Semcveli reklamis ganTavseba.

aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba bartoldma evropis adamianis uflebaTa

sasamarTloSi gaasaCivra.

gadawyvetileba: evrosasamarTlom miiCnia, rom sadavo reklama ufro

sajaro interesis sagans exeboda, vidre mxolod komerciuls, amitom ad-

gilobrivi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba usamarTlod CaiTvala. sasamar-

Tlom daadgina konvenciis me-10 muxlis darRveva.

motivacia: `...[bartoldis ganaCeni] Seicavs imis risks, rom Tavisufali

profesiis adamianebma guli aicruon sazogadoebrivi interesis mqone

informaciis miwodebaze im SemTxvevaSic, rodesac aseT informacias

axasiaTebs sicruis maRali albaToba. amave TvalsazrisiT, im kriteri-

umebs, romelTac Seicavs ganaCeni, SeuZliaT, xeli SeuSalon presas Tavisi

- rogorc informaciis mompoveblis da sazogadoebrivi darajis - rolis

SesrulebaSi.~

sasamarTlos azriT, zedsarTavi `aucilebeli~ ar aris sinonimi sity-

visa `indispensable~; aseve, is ar miesadageba iseT gamonaTqvamebs, rogori-

caa `misaRebi~, `Cveulebrivi~, `sasargeblo~, `gonivruli~ an `sasurveli~.

es zedsarTavi `Zlier socialur moTxovnilebas~ gulisxmobs. am Tvalsaz-

risiT, wevri qveynebi diskreciuli uflebamosilebiT sargebloben, mag-

ram es uflebamosileba mkacrad eqvemdebareba evrosasamarTlos zedam-

xedvelobas, rac didwilad ganisazRvreba konkretul saqmeSi arsebuli

garemoebebis SefasebiT; saboloo jamSi, mainc sasamarTlos gadasawyvetia

sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad esadageba konkretuli Careva amgvar

moTxovnilebas, ramdenad warmoadgens is `kanonieri miznis proporci-

uls~ da ramdenad aris `relevanturi da sakmarisi~ erovnuli mTavrobis

mier mis gasamarTleblad moyvanili mizezebi.

ufro metic, sasamarTlom xazgasmiT aRniSna, rom gamoxatvis Tavisuf-

272


lebas ukavia mniSvnelovani adgili demokratiul sazogadoebaSi, sityvis

Tavisufleba warmoadgens demokratiuli sazogadoebis erT-erT yvelaze

mniSvnelovan baziss da misi progresis erT-erT bazisur pirobas. amitom,

am Tavisuflebis SezRudvis kanonieri miznebi mkacrad unda ganisazR-

vros.

sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom akrZalvis brZaneba iyo SezRuduli xasiaTis

da momavalSi is unarCunebda momCivans mis uflebas, rom gamoeTqva mosaz-

reba hamburgSi Ramis saaTebSi veterinari qirurgebis momsaxurebasTan

dakavSirebiT, Tundac, saxeli mieTiTebina, an foto gamoeqveynebina da

gaevrcelebina informacia, rom es adamiani veterinaluri klinikis direq-

tori iyo.

Tumca sasamarTlom ar gaamarTla akrZalvis ganCineba im motiviT, rom

is momCivans ukrZalavda raime statiis gamoqveynebas sakuTari praqti-

kuli gamocdilebis Sesaxeb.

Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom akrZalvis brZaneba ar iyo pro-

porciuli kanonieri miznisa da Sesabamisad, ar iyo àucilebeli demokra-

tiul sazogadoebaSi sxvaTa uflebebis dasacavad~.

1985 weli

lingensi avstriis winaaRmdeg

faqtebi: mosarCele lingensma, romelic venis erT-erTi gazeTis Jur-

nalisti iyo, 1975 wlis oqtomberSi, avstriis mTavari arCevnebis Semdeg

gamoaqveyna ori statia, sadac akritikebda arCevnebSi gamarjvebul fe-

deralur kancler bruno kraiskis. kritika exeboda kancleris gadawyve-

tilebas, koalicia Seeqmna im partiasTan, romelsac nacisturi warsulis

mqone adamiani xelmZRvanelobda. statiaSi mxilebuli iyo kancleris mier

yofili nacistebisaTvis sistematiuri politikuri Tanadgomis gawevis

mcdelobac. kancleris qceva Sefasebuli iyo, rogorc àmoraluri~ da

ùRirsi~. kancleris kerZo saCivris safuZvelze, avstriis sasamarTlo-

ebma es gancxadebebi Seuracxmyofelad miiCnies da Jurnalisti daajari-

mes 15 000 SilingiT.

erovnulma sasamarTloebma gadawyvites, rom Jurnalistma ver SeZlo


273

sasamarTlo praqtika

daemtkicebina Tavisi braldebis simarTle. kancleris samoqalaqo sar-

Celi zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb ar dakmayofilda, Tumca sasamarTlo-

ebma gasces brZaneba Jurnalis egzemplarebis dayadaRebisa da Jurnalis

xarjiT sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis dabeWdvis Sesaxeb. mister lingensma

evropuli sasamarTlos winaSe ganacxada, rom mis mimarT gamotanili

ganaCeni da erovnuli sasamarTloebis mier miRebuli zomebi arRvevda

me-10 muxls. avstriis mTavroba ki amtkicebda, rom gamoyenebuli zomebi

gamiznuli iyo kancleris reputaciis dasacavad..

lingensma evropis adamianis uflebebis sasamarTlos mimarTa.

gadawyvetileba: evropis adamianis uflebebis sasamarTlom daadgina,

rom dairRva konvenciis meaTe muxli. sasamarTlom avstriis saxelmwifos

daakisra 284,538.60 Silingis gadaxda lingensis sasargeblod.

motivacia: evropulma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom avstriis sasamarT-

loebis midgoma mcdari iyo, radgan mosazrebis (SefasebiTi msjelobis)

faqtebiT damtkiceba SeuZlebelia; amitom, arc is SeiZleba, rom vinmes

am mosazrebebis sisworis damtkiceba daevalos. Jurnalistis braldebis

safuZvelze miTiTebiT, sasamarTlom xazgasmiT aRniSna politikuri de-

batebis dros presis Tavisuflebis mniSvneloba: `am principebs gansakuT-

rebuli Rirebuleba aqvs, radgan presas exeba. maSin, rodesac presa mova-

lea, ar gadaabijos dawesebul sazRvrebs, maT Soris, `sxvaTa reputaciis

dacvis~ saxiT, is arasdros aris valdebuli, politikur sakiTxebTan da-

kavSirebiT informacia miawodos imgvaradve, rogorc amas akeTebs sajaro

interesis sxva sferoebSi. informaciis miwodebis amocana aramarto

presis winaSe dgas: xalxsac aqvs ufleba, miiRos informacia.

amasTan dakavSirebiT, evrosasamarTlom ar gaiziara venis saapelacio

sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaSi gamoxatuli mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom

`presis amocana mxolod informaciis miwodebaa, xolo interpretireba

mkiTxvels unda mivandoT~.

imave gadawyvetilebaSi sasamarTlom daadgina, rom presis Tavisuf-

leba sazogadoebas saSualebas aZlevs, Camoayalibos azri ama Tu im poli-

tikosis ideebis an poziciis Sesaxeb; politikuri debatebis Tavisufleba

ki demokratiuli sazogadoebis arsia. swored amitom aniWebs sasamarTlo

presas me-10 muxliT gaTvaliswinebul Zlier dacvas politikur disku-

siebTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze.

lingensis saqmeSi sasamarTlom proporciulobis principis safuZvel-

274


ze daabalansa sityvis, presis Tavisufleba da maRali Tanamdebobis piris

ufleba reputaciaze.

imis ganxilvisas, aucilebeli iyo Tu ara sityvis TavisuflebaSi Careva

`demokratiul sazogadoebaSi~, sasamarTlom ramdenime Zalian mniSvne-

lovani principi ganaviTara da daadgina, rom politikosebma mediis mxri-

dan kritikisas didi TavSekaveba unda gamoamJRavnon. manve ganmarta, Tu

ratom: `presis Tavisufleba sazogadoebas aZlevs saukeTeso saSualebas,

politikuri liderebis poziciebisa da ideebis Sesaxeb sakuTari azri

Camoayalibos. ufro zogadad, politikuri debatebis Tavisufleba war-

moadgens demokratiuli sazogadoebis koncefciis birTvs, rasac konven-

ciaSi upiratesi adgili ukavia. asatani kritikis farglebi politiko-

sisTvis gacilebiT ufro farToa, vidre individisTvis. am ukanaskneli-

sagan gansxvavebiT, pirveli gardauvlad da gacnobierebulad debs Tavis

yovel sityvas sazogadoebis samsjavroze da, Sesabamisad, Semwynareblo-

bis maRali xarisxic unda gamoavlinos.~

politikosis reputaciis dacva sasamarTlom ar gamoricxa, magram ga-

naxcada, rom `aseT SemTxvevebSi dacvis moTxova Sepirispirebuli unda

iyos politikuri sakiTxebis Sesaxeb sajaro diskusiis interesebTan~.

kancleris reputaciis winaaRmdeg sityvis Tavisuflebis dabalansebisas

sasamarTlom yuradReba miaqcia dapirispirebuli sakiTxebis politikur

konteqsts: `sadavo gamoxatvebi ganxilul unda iqnes postsaarCevnod gan-

viTarebuli politikuri dapirispirebis fonze. am brZolaSi TiToeulma

gamoiyena is iaraRi, rac gaaCnda; da mwvave politikuri brZolis piro-

bebSi, amaSi uCveulo araferia~.

presis Tavisuflebaze mosarClis winaaRmdeg gamotanili ganaCenis Se-

fasebisas sasamarTlom ganacxada: `rogorc mTavrobam aRniSna, sadavo

statiebi im dros ukve farTod iyo gavrcelebuli, ase rom, Tumca avto-

ris winaaRmdeg miRebuli sanqcia, uxeSad rom vTqvaT, ver SeuSlida mas

xels sakuTari Tavis gamoxatvaSi, es sanqcia mainc gadaiqceoda erTgvar

SezRudvad, rac Jurnalists aiZulebda, momavalSi amgvari kritikisagan

Tavi Seekavebina. msgavsi sanqcia Jurnalists gadaafiqrebinebs, rom saja-

ro diskusiaze gaitanos sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze zegavlenis mqone sa-

kiTxebi. amgvar sanqcias SeuZlia, xeli SeuSalos Jurnalists, rogorc

informaciis mompovebelsa da sazogadoebriv darajs.~

avstriis sasamarTloebis midgoma faqtebis sizustis mtkicebasTan da-


275

sasamarTlo praqtika

kavSirebiT sasamarTlom arasworad miiCnia. sasamarTlom xazgasmiT aR-

niSna `faqtebsa~ da `SefasebiT msjelobebs~ Soris arsebuli gansxvaveba

da dasZina, rom `SefasebiTi msjelobis~ simarTlis damtkiceba gadauW-

reli amocanaa. mosarClis mosazrebebi kancleris politikuri qcevebis

Sesaxeb warmoadgenda ufro azrebisa da Setyobinebis martiv gamoxatu-

lebas, vidre informaciis gacemis uflebas. faqtis arsi SeiZleba demons-

trirebul iqnes, magram SefasebiTi msjelobis simarTle ar SeiZleba,

mtkicebis sagani iyos. SefasebiTi msjelobebis simarTlis damtkicebis

moTxovna warmoadgens ieriSis mitanas azris Tavisuflebaze. sasamarT-

lom aseve SeniSna, rom faqtebi, romlebzec mister lingensma Tavisi Se-

fasebiTi msjeloba daafuZna, ar iyo sakamaTo, radganac igi keTilsindi-

sierad moqmedebda. dabalansebis procesis dasrulebisas sasamarTlom

daadgina, rom mister lingensis sityvis TavisuflebaSi Careva ar iyo

`aucilebeli demokratiul sazogadoebaSi sxvaTa reputaciis dasacavad;

is iyo araproporciuli kanonieri miznisa».

1986 weli

miuleri da sxvebi Sveicariis winaaRmdeg

faqtebi: 1981 wels Sveicariis qalaq fraiburgSi ramdenime mxatvarma

moawyo Tanamedrove xelovnebis nimuSebis gamofena, romelic daemTxva

fraiburgis kantonis Sveicariis konfederaciasTan SeerTebis iubiles.

gamofenis gaxsnamde masmediiT da sxva saSualebebiT misi farTo rekla-

mireba xdeboda. gamofenaze, sxva namuSevrebTan erTad, batonma miulerma

gamoitana sami tilo, romlebzec aRwerili iyo oraluri seqsi, zoofi-

luri da sodomuri scenebi. gamofena asakis SeuzRudavad, ufasod iyo

xelmisawvdomi farTo publikisaTvis. gamofenis gaxnis dRes olqis pro-

kurorma SuamdgomlobiT mimarTa gamoZiebis mosamarTles da moiTxova

Sveicariis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 204-e muxlis Tanaxmad, gamofenis

daxurva da namuSevrebis konfiskacia. prokurori eyrdnoboda erT-erTi

mamakacis Cvenebas. misi Svili imdenad Seuracxyofili darCa namuSevrebis

xilviT, rom sakmaod agresiuli da Zaladobrivi reaqcia gamoavlina. imave

dRes gamoZiebis mosamarTlem moinaxula gamofena, mis organizatorebs

276


tiloebis Camoxsna ubrZana da daayadaRa isini. am gadawyvetilebis apela-

cia zemdgomma sasamarTlom warmoebaSi ar miiRo. mogvianebiT, miuleri

da sxvebi sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 204-e muxlis Tanaxmad (kodeqsis es

muxli danaSaulad acxadebs Seuracxmyofeli xelnawerebis, suraTebis da

filmebis qonas maTi gayidvis, gavrcelebis an sajarod gamofenis mizniT),

damnaSaveebad cnes da daajarimes. rac Seexeba tiloebs, isini Tavdapir-

velad daayadaRes, Semdeg ki daabrunes. dayadaRebuli naxatebi Sesanaxad

xelovnebis muzeumSi gadagzavnes, Tumca roca es tiloebi baton miulers

mainc daubrunes, man da gamofenis organizatorebma komisiaSi iCivles.

maT ganacxades, rom dajarimebiT, iseve, rogorc dayadaRebiT, dairRva

maTi sityvis Tavisufleba.

gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daadgina, rom konvenciis me-10 muxli

ar darRveula da erovnuli mosamarTleebis mosazreba naxatebis mavne

seqsualuri zegavlenis Sesaxeb gonivruli iyo.

motivacia: Tavdapirvelad sasamarTlo Seexo meaTe muxlis gavrce-

lebas xelovnebis saxviT gamoxatvaze. sasamarTlom aRniSna: miuxedavad

imisa, rom meaTe muxlSi araferia naTqvami xelovnebis saxviT gamoxatvis

Tavisuflebaze, isic mxedvelobaSia misaRebi, rom meaTe muxli gamoxatvis

sxvadasxva formas ar asxvavebs. amrigad, sasamarTlos winaSe warmdgari

yvela mxare acnobierebs imas, rom meaTe muxliT daculi gamoxatvis

Tavisufleba moicavs xelovnebis saxviT gamoxatvasac, radgan informa-

ciis gavrceleba da miReba, rac meaTe muxlSia aRniSnuli, moicavs in-

formaciis miRebisa da gavrcelebis uflebas kulturis, politikis, so-

cialur sakiTxebs da xelovnebis sferos Sesaxeb.

sasamarTlom daadgina, rom Careva am konkretul saqmeSi kanoniT iyo

dadgenili. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 204-e muxli akmayofilebda sasa-

marTlos mier SemuSavebul standartebs kanonis ganWvretadobasa da xel-

misawvdomobasTan dakavSirebiT. sasamarTlom es daskvna gaakeTa imis sa-

fuZvelze, rom sadavo kanonis muxli mravaljer iyo gamoyenebuli da

ganmartebuli federaluri sasamarTloebis mier da Sesabamis gadawyve-

tilebebs sazogadoebac icnobda. am ganmartebebiT xelmZRvanelobdnen

qveda instanciis sasamarTloebic.

sasamarTlom aseve dadebiTi pasuxi gasca kiTxvaze, hqonda Tu ara sa-

xelmwifos legitimuri mizani, rom gamoxatvis TavisuflebaSi Careva ga-

nexorcielebina. es legitimuri interesi mdgomareobda sxvaTa intere-


277

sasamarTlo praqtika

sebis da moralis dacvaSi, rac, sasamarTlos TvalTaxedviT, gadajaWvu-

lia erTmaneTTan.

sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom termini àucilebeli~ gulisxmobs `Zlieri

socialuri aucileblobis~ arsebobas. wevr saxelmwifoebs Tavisufali

moqmedebis garkveuli farglebi aqvT imis dasadgenad, arsebobs Tu ara

aRniSnuli aucilebloba. Tumca, es diskrecia arsebobs evropul zedam-

xedvelobasTan erTad, romelic moicavs sasamarTloebis gadawyvetile-

bebs da sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis mier miRebul kanonebs. miuleris

saqmeSi erovnuli xelisuflebis mier sityvis TavisuflebaSi ganxorci-

elebuli Careva sasamarTlom miiCnia gonivrulad da, `moralis~ dacvis

miznidan gamomdinare, `saWirod demokratiul saxelmwifoSi~.

imis dasadgenad, iyo Tu ara sityvis TavisuflebaSi Careva àucilebe-

li demokratiul sazogadoebaSi~, sasamarTlo Seexo moralis erTiani

koncefciis ararsebobas wevri saxelmwifoebis teritoriaze. sasamarT-

lom miiCnia, rom `moralis~ sakiTxis gadawyvetis dros erovnuli sasamar-

Tloebi gacilebiT ukeTes mdgomareobaSi arian, vidre saerTaSoriso mo-

samarTleebi, radgan erovnul mosamarTles pirdapiri Sexeba aqvs saku-

Tari qveynis realobasTan. sasamarTlom aseve ganacxada, rom `naxatebi

uxeSad gamoxatavdnen seqsualur urTierTobas, kerZod ki - adamianebsa

da cxovelebs Soris... mTel sazogadoebas hqonda Tavisufali daswrebis

saSualeba, radgan organizatorebma ar gaiTvaliswines raime asakobrivi

an finansuri SezRudva. naxatebi gamofenaze gamotanili iyo SeuzRuda-

vad, mTeli sazogadoebis winaSe~.

sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom erovnul xelisuflebas hqonda kanoni-

eri ufleba, rom `moralis~ dacvis àucilebel~ zomad jarimis dakisreba

ganesazRvra. sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom naxatebis dayadaReba aseve àuci-

lebeli~ iyo maTi sajaro demonstrirebis aRsakveTad. rodesac sasamarT-

lom es gadawyvetileba miiRo, iqve aRniSna, rom mxatvars nebismier dros

SeeZlo, moeTxova naxatis dabruneba, radgan yadaRa droebiTi iyo.

1988 weli

278


Markt Intern Verlag Gmbh -i da

klaus birmani germaniis winaaRmdeg

faqtebi: mosarCle, romelic sagamomcemlo kompanias warmoadgenda,

gamoscemda Jurnals, romelic gankuTvnili iyo mcire da saSualo savaW-

ro obieqtebisTvis. amgvar obieqtebs did konkurencias uwevdnen msxvili

supermarketebi da didi savaWro qselebi. 1975 wels JurnalSi daibeWda

statia inglisuri kompaniis Sesaxeb, romelic safosto SekveTebiT parfi-

umerias yidda. statiaSi moTxrobili iyo imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor ver mi-

iRo verc parfiumeria, verc sakuTari fuli da verc raime kompensacia

adgilobrivma germanelma qimikosma qalbatonma, romelmac kompanias pro-

duqcia fostiT SeukveTa. Jurnalma komentari sTxova am kompanias, rom-

lis uflebamosilma warmomadgenelma ganacxada, rom araferi icoda am

faqtis Sesaxeb da piroba dado, rom aucileblad gamoiZiebda mas. germa-

nulma sasamarTlom, inglisuri kompaniis moTxovniT, mosarClis winaaR-

mdeg gasca SemzRudveli brZaneba, riTic maT aekrZalaT msgavsi infor-

maciis gacema, radgan es ewinaaRmdegeboda germaniis kanons `arakeTil-

sindisieri konkurenciis Sesaxeb~. mosarClis sarCeli ar dakmayofilda

arc apelaciisas da arc germaniis federaluri sakonstitucio sasamar-

Tlos mier.

mosarCleebma evropis adamianis uflebebis sasamarTlos mimarTes, sa-

dac daobdnen, rom SemzRudveli brZanebis gacemiT dairRva konvenciis

meaTe muxli.

saCivris warmdgenis azriT, ganxorcielebuli Careva `kanoniT gaTva-

liswinebuli~ ar yofila, radgan aseTi Sedegis winaswar ganWvreta SeuZ-

lebeli iyo. germaniis kanonmdeblobaSi naTlad ar aris gamijnuli sity-

vis Tavisufleba da arakeTilsindisieri konkurencia.

mTavrobis warmomadgeneli ki amtkicebda, rom 1909 wels miRebuli ka-

nonis am kuTxiT gamoyenebis mniSvnelovani sasamarTlo praqtika arse-

bobs, rac saCivris warmdgensac unda scodnoda.

gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom cxra xmiT cxris winaaRmdeg (Tavmjdoma-

ris gadamwyveti xmiT) daadgena, rom konvenciis me-10 muxli ar darRveula.

motivacia: adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom

xSirad kanonebi absoluturi sizustiT ar aris Camoyalibebuli. es gansa-


279

sasamarTlo praqtika

kuTrebiT exeba antimonopolur kanonmdeblobas, sadac situacia mudmi-

vad icvleba sabazro urTierTobebis ganviTarebasTan erTad. mocemul

SemTxvevasTan dakavSirebiT ki germaniaSi sakmarisi sasamarTlo praqtika

arsebobs, raTa komerciis sferoSi momuSave pirebma SeZlon sakuTari

qmedebis Sedegebis winaswar ganWvreta.

germaniis uzenaesi sasamarTlos 1980 wlis gadawyvetilebidan naTelia,rom `Carevis~ mizani iyo `sxvaTa uflebebis~ dacva. es mizani ki kanonieriakonvenciis me-10 muxlis me-2 muxlis Sesabamisad.

saCivris warmdgeni amtkicebda, rom Careva ar iyo `aucilebeli demok-ratiuli sazogadoebisaTvis~. komisiam es pozicia gaiziara.

mTavrobis mosazrebiT, saCivris warmdgenis mier gamoqveynebuli bi-uleteni miznad ar isaxavda sajaro interesis mqone sakiTxze diskusiisgamarTvis xelSewyobas. mTavroba biuletenSi gamoqveynebul informaciasganixilavda arakeTilsindisier konkurenciad, romlis Sesabamisadac,gamomcemloba moqmedebda konkretuli jgufis interesebis sasargeblod_ bazarze sxva kompaniis Sesaviwroeblad.

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom wevri sa-xelmwifoebisTvis diskreciuli uflebamosileba gansakuTrebiT mniSvne-lovania komerciul sferoSi, raTa saxelmwifoebma SeZlon arakeTilsin-disieri konkurenciis SezRudva.

mocemul SemTxvevaSi adamianis uflebaTa evropul sasamarTlos undadaedgina, iyo Tu ara Careva miznis proporciuli. amisTvis mas erTmane-TisaTvis unda Seepirispirebina `sxvaTa reputaciisa da uflebebis~ dac-vis mniSvneloba da am tipis informaciis gamoqveynebis ufleba.

saCivris warmdgenis mier gavrcelebulma informaciam garkveuli dade-biTi Sedegi gamoiwvia. Tavis mxriv, kompaniam Tavisi dapireba Seasrula damomxmarebelTa 11 870 saCivari daakmayofila. germaniis Sesabamisma sasamar-Tlom sakiTxis gadawyvetisas proporciulobis principi gamoiyena.

biznesis sferoSi ama Tu im piris saqmianobaze informaciis miReba kon-kurenti kompaniebis bunebrivi interesis sagania. kompaniis komerciulistrategia da misi aRsrulebis sakiTxi, SesaZlebelia, momxmarebelTamxridan kritikis obieqtic gaxdes. amitom, specializebul presas SesaZ-lebloba unda mieces, momxmarebelTaTvis saintereso informacia gamoaq-veynos da amiT biznesis gamWvirvalobas Seuwyos xeli.

amave dros, zogierT SemTxvevaSi garkveuli tipis informaciis gamoq-veyneba unda SeizRudos, Tundac, es informacia sinamdviles Seesabame-bodes. es ganpirobebulia sxva adamianis pirad cxovrebaSi Caurevlobisa

280


da komerciuli saidumlos dacvis aucileblobiT. calkeuli gamonakli-sebis Taobaze informaciis gamoqveynebisas garkveuli sifrTxilea saWi-ro, raTa es gamonaklisebi sazogadoebam zogad wesad ar aRiqvas. komer-ciul sakiTxebze gamoTqmuli mosazrebebis Sefasebisas unda moxdes yvelaam aspeqtis gaTvaliswineba.

mocemul SemTxvevaSi saCivris warmdgeni inglisuri kompaniis konku-

renti ar yofila, Tumca igi miznad isaxavda afTiaqebisa da parfiumeruli

maRaziebis mflobelTa interesebis dacvas. marTalia, statiaSi moyvanili

zogierTi faqti sinamdviles Seesabameboda, magram avtori eWvqveS aye-

nebda inglisuri kompaniis sandoobas. statia sxva momxmareblebsac mo-

uwodebda, piradi gamocdilebis safuZvelze moewodebianaT informacia

realuri situaciis Sesaxeb imis Semdeg, rac kompaniam momxmarebelTa pre-

tenziebis dakmayofileba ikisra.

germaniis sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaSi miTiTebulia, rom aseTi

informaciis gamoqveyneba ar iyo aucilebeli, radgan inglisurma kompa-

niam pasuxismgebloba aiRo yvela momxmareblis pretenziis dakmayofi-

lebaze. Tavad gamomcemlobisTvisac kargad iyo cnobili is garemoeba,

rom aseT situaciaSi informaciis naadrevad gavrceleba gaumarTlebeli

iqneboda da inglisur kompanias araxelsayrel mdgomareobaSi Caayenebda.

aseTi winaswari informaciis gavrceleba mcire savaWro obieqtebis upi-

ratesobas gamokveTda.

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom germaniis uzenaesi

da sakonstitucio sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebebs diskreciul ufle-

bamosilebaTa sazRvrebi ar daurRveviaT. konvenciis me-10 muxli valde-

bulebasa da pasuxismgeblobasac iTvaliswinebs. sasamarTlos miaCnia, rom

miRebuli zomebi aucilebeli iyo da, Sesabamisad, konvenciis me-10 muxli

ar darRveula.

1989 weli

Autronic AG -i Sveicariis winaaRmdeg

faqtebi: mosarCles am saqmeSi warmoadgenda SveicariaSi eleqtroni-

kis sferoSi licenzirebuli SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis kompania Aut-


281

sasamarTlo praqtika

ronik-i. 1980 wlisaTvis kompania yidda 90 santimetrian satelevizio ante-

nebs, romelTa meSveobiTac SesaZlebeli iyo satelitiT gadacemuli prog-

ramebis miReba. am periodisTvis msgavsi antenebiT miiReboda sabWoTa kav-

Siris sakomunikacio satelitis _ horizontis _ mier gadacemuli prog-

ramebi. 1982 wlis gazafxulze mosarCelem mimarTa fostisa da teleko-

munikaciebis erovnuli maregulirebeli komisiis mTavari ofisis Tanam-

debobis pirs _ im programebis naxvis nebarTvisTvis, romelTa miRebac

SesaZlebeli iyo zemoxsenebuli antenebiT. komisiam amis Sesaxeb miswera

bernSi sabWoTa kavSiris saelCos, romelmac programebis translaciis

nebarTva mxolod gamofenis mimdinareobis periodisaTvis gasca. 1982

wlis zafxulSi mosarCelem msgavsi TxovniT kvlav mimarTa komisias sxva

savaWro gamofenasTan dakavSirebiT. Txovna kvlav gaegzavna sabWoTa kav-

Siris saelCos, magram maT pasuxi ar gauciaT. amitom komisiam mosarCles

Seatyobina, rom mas ar SeeZlo nebarTvis gacema, radgan sabWoTa mTavro-

bis Tanxmobis gareSe translireba Sveicariis radiowesebis darRveva iyo.

mosarClem komisias ganumarta, rom arakodirebuli satelevizio prog-

ramebis personalur miRebas ar esaWiroeboda saxelmwifos warmomadgen-

lebis Tanxmoba da moiTxova gadawyvetilebis miReba. Tumca, komisiam uari

ganacxada da mosarClis Semdgomi saapelacio gancxadebebic ar dakmayo-

filda.

kompania Autronic AG evropis adamianis uflebebis sasamarTlos mimar-

Ta, sadac daobda, rom jer komisiis da Semdgom sasamarTloebis gadawy-

vetilebebiT dairRva konvenciis meaTe muxli.

gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daadgina, rom konvenciis me10 muxli

dairRva.

motivacia: Tavdapirvelad sasamarTlo saqmis ganxilva daiwyo im kiT-

xviT, iyo Tu ara es saqme dakavSirebuli gamoxatvis TavisuflebasTan,

Tu igi mxolod satelituri antenebis komerciul gayidvas exeboda. sa-

samarTlom daaskvna, rom gamoxatvis TavisuflebiT sargeblobs yvela,

rogorc fizikuri, aseve iuridiuli piric; da sasamarTlos precedente-

bidan kargad Cans, rom es ufleba komerciul dawesebulebebzec vrcel-

deba. sasamarTlom aqve daamata, rom meaTe muxli icavs ara mxolod in-

formaciis Sinaarssa da ideebs, aramed _ misi gadacemis formebs da meTo-

debsac.

am saqmeSi mosarCle daobda, rom dairRva misi ufleba, romelic mo-

282


icavs informaciis miRebas da gavrcelebas, sazRvrebis miuxedavad. sasa-

marTlom amasTan dakavSirebiT aRniSna, rom satelevizio programebis

miReba meaTe muxlis dacviT sargeblobs.

amis Semdeg, sasamarTlo Seudga imis ganxilvas, iyo Tu ara Careva `gan-

sazRvruli kanoniT~. am sakiTxze sasamarTlos ar umsjelia, magram aRi-

niSna, rom sasamarTlos azriT, Careva ar aris gamarTlebuli.

rac Seexeba legitimur mizans, saxelmwifo daobda, rom is CareviT or

kanonier mizans icavda. pirveli mizani telekomunikaciebis sferoSi are-

ulobis da qaosis Tavidan acilebaa. amgvari miznis dacva, Tavis mxriv,

ganpirobebulia sami mizeziT: 1. arsebuli sixSireebis SezRuduli ricxvi;

2. im anarqiis Tavidan acileba, rac informaciis SeuzRudavma gavrcele-

bam SeiZleba gamoiwvios; 3. kulturuli da politikuri pluralizmis uz-

runvelyofa. meore legitimuri mizani, romelsac Sveicariis mTavroba

eyrdnoboda, mdgomareobda konfidenciuri informaciis gamJRavnebis Ta-

vidan acilebaSi: telekomunikaciebis saidumlo, romelic satelevizio

gadacemebs moicavs, daculia telekomunikaciebis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso

konvenciiT. sasamarTlo daeTanxma mTavrobis pozicias da aRniSna, rom

am saqmeSi arsebobda legitimuri miznis dacva.

amis Semdeg sasamarTlo Seudga imis ganxilvas, aucilebeli iyo Tu

ara Careva demokratiul sazogadoebaSi. mosarCle Tavdapirvelad daob-

da, rom misTvis nebarTvis gacemaze uaris Tqma ar iyo ganpirobebuli

mZafri socialuri moTxovnilebiT. imis Semdeg, rac samauwyeblo kompa-

niebi moaxdendnen programebis kodirebas, SezRudva aRar iqneboda auci-

lebeli konfidenciuri informaciis gamJRavnebis Tavidan asacileblad.

sasamarTlom aRniSna is garemoeba, rom wevri saxelmwifoebi sargeblo-

ben garkveuli diskreciiT, raTa gansazRvron Carevis aucilebloba; Tum-

ca, es diskrecia unda ganxorcieldes evropuli zedamxedvelobis qveS

da faseulobebis dacviT. sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom man gadawyvetilebis

gadasinjvisas mxedvelobaSi unda miiRos im droisaTvis arsebuli ram-

denime garemoeba, gansakuTrebiT ki unda gaiTvaliswinos is cvlilebebi,

rac boloxans moxda samarTlebrivi da teqnikuri ganviTarebis kuTxiT.

samarTlebrivi kuTxiT ganviTreba ki ganpirobebulia 1989 wlis 5 maiss

evropis transsasazRvro mauwyeblobis konvenciis xelmoweriT. sasamar-

Tlom aRniSna, rom am droisaTvis ramdenime saxelmwifom ukve dauSva

arakodirebuli satelevizio programebis miReba im saxelmwifo warmo-


283

sasamarTlo praqtika

madgenlebis Tanxmobis gareSe, sadac satelituri mowyobilobebia gan-

lagebuli. es ukanaskneli relevanturia, radgan saerTaSoriso trans-

sasazRvro organizaciebs amaze uari ar ganucxadebiaT. zemoT CamoTv-

lili garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom am saq-

meSi adgili hqonda konvenciis meaTe muxlis darRvevas.

1990 weli

Groppera Radio AG -i Sveicariis winaaRmdeg

faqtebi: mosarCeles warmoadgenda radiosadguri, mopasuxes ki _

Sveicaria.

wardgenili iyo kanonproeqti, romliTac mosarClis radiosadgurs

ekrZaleboda sakabelo gadamcemebis gamoyeneba. mosarCle samauwyeblo

kompanias hqonda Zlieri gadamcemi da antena mTis mwvervalze italiaSi,

Sveicariis sazRvridan 6 kilometris daSorebiT. man daiwyo radioprog-

ramebis gadacema SveicariaSi. mauwyebloba xorcieldeboda mxolod adgi-

lobriv Sveicarul dialeqtze. maT gadaecaT sadguri kompaniisgan, ro-

melsac SeeZlo licenziis mopoveba adgilobrivi radiogadacemebisTvis

SveicariaSi, sadac jer kidev arsebobda saxelmwifo samauwyeblo mono-

polia. mosarClis mauwyeblobis miReba SeeZloT avtomanqanebSi radiomim-

Rebebisa da sxva personaluri mowyobilobebis mflobelebs, iseve, ro-

gorc sakabelo kompaniebs, romlebic Semdeg signals sakuTar momxmareb-

lebs gadascemdnen. mosarCeleTa mier mauwyeblobis dawyebidan erTi wlis

Semdeg Sveicariis Tanamdebobis pirebma gamosces ordonansi, romelic

kerZo da sajaro radiomimRebebisTvis, arsebuli licenziis garda, mo-

iTxovda calke licenzias saerTo antenis instalaciisTvis. saerTo

antenis licenzia uflebas aZlevda mis mflobels, radiomauwyebloba

ganexorcielebina saerTaSoriso gadamcemebis meSveobiT, magram mxolod

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es Seesabameboda saerTaSoriso wesebs. Sedegad, Sveicariis

sakabelo kompaniebis umetesobam Sewyvita mosarClis programebis gada-

cema, Tumca, zogierTi sazogadoebrivi gaerTianeba ganagrZobda maT

eTerSi gaSvebas. mogvianebiT adgilobrivi telekomunikaciebis ofisma

Seatyobina erT-erT sazogadoebriv gaerTianebas, rom mas mouxdeboda

284


mosarClis mauwyeblobis gadacemis Sewyveta, vinaidan es ar Seesabameboda

moqmed saerTaSoriso normebs. am gaerTianebam da misma orma xelmomwerma

es gadawyvetileba gaasaCivres. maT mosarCeleebic SeuerTdnen. Tumca sa-

Civris ganxilvamde gadamcems mexi daeca da gadacema droebiT Sewyda.

gasaCivreba uSedego aRmoCnda imis gamo, rom mauwyebloba ar xorciel-

deboda da, Sesabamisad, apelantebis interesi saqmeSi ar fiqsirdeboda.

wamoiWra sakiTxi imis Taobaze, hqonda Tu ara adgili mosarClis Tavi-

sufali gamoxatvis uflebis SezRudvas. mopasuxe saxelmwifo miuTiTebs,

rom gadacema ar ukavSirdeba Tavisufal gamoxatvas da, amasTan, sadguris

mier gaSvebuli musika ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos `informaciad an mosazre-

bebad~.


ar darRveula.

motivacia: eTerSi programebis gaSvebasa da amave programebis kabelis

meSveobiT gadacemaze vrceldeba Tavisufali gamoxatvis ufleba da ar

aris saWiro gansxvavebis gakeTeba programis Sinaarsis mixedviT.

amasTanave, gamoyenebuli zomebi warmoadgenda Tavisufali gamoxatvis

uflebis SezRudvas, rac legitimur mizans emsaxureboda. sadavo iyo,

Tu ramdenad `Seesabameboda es kanons~ da ramdenad `aucilebeli iyo

demokratiuli sazogadoebisTvis~.

sasamarTlom kidev erTxel aRniSna, rom gatarebuli RonisZieba daS-

vebuli unda iyos kanoniT, romelic imdenad xelmisawvdomi da zustia,

rom TiToeul adamians SeuZlia winaswar gansazRvros misi praqtikaSi ga-

moyenebis SesaZlebloba. aseT SemTxvevaSi, is SeiZleba CaiTvalos `kanoniT

gaTvaliswinebulad~. sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom es cneba sxvadasxva

situaciaSi sxvadasxvagvarad gamoiyeneba:

winaswar gansazRvrulobisa da xelmisawvdomobis cnebebis farglebi,

garkveulwilad, damokidebulia gansaxilveli saSualebis Sinaarsze, sfe-

roze, romlisTvisac is gankuTvnilia da im pirTa statussa da raodeno-

baze, romlebzec vrceldeba.

sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom am konkretul saqmeSi saerTaSoriso tele-

komunikaciebis samarTlis Sesabamisi debulebebi sakmaod rTuli da teq-

nikuri xasiaTis iyo; garda amisa, isini ZiriTadad gankuTvnili iyo spe-

cialistebisTvis, romlebic erkveodnen am meqanizmebSi. amasTan, biznes

kompaniisgan, romelsac, mosarCelis msgavsad, sazRvars miRma surda mauw-


285

sasamarTlo praqtika

yeblobis ganxorcieleba, mosalodneli iyo, rom moepovebina sruli in-

formacia Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi reJimis Sesaxeb; saWiroebis SemTxve-

vaSi ki iuriskonsultantebis daxmareba gamoeyenebina. Sesabamisi xelSek-

rulebebi da ordonansebi srulad iyo gamoqveynebuli da mosarCles ad-

vilad SeeZlo, saWiro normebs gacnoboda; miT umetes, rom es normebi

sakmarisad gasagebad da zustad iyo Camoyalibebuli. aqedan gamomdinare,

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom SezRudva iyo `kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli~.

sasamarTlom daadgina, rom ordonansis amoqmedebis Semdeg sakabelo

kompaniaTa umetesobam Sewyvita mosarClis sadguris eTerSi gaSveba. amas-

Tan, Sveicarias ar SeuSlia xeli mwvervalis gadamcemidan mauwyeblobis-

Tvis, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi swvdeboda rogorc italias, aseve saerTa-

Soriso satelekomunikacio kavSirsac. sadavo akrZalva dauwesda Sveica-

riis kompanias, romlis yvela xelmomweri Sveicariis teritoriaze cxov-

robda da kvlavac iRebda programebs ramdenime sxva sadguridan. sasamar-

Tlom aRniSna, rom gatarebuli RonisZieba SeiZleboda miCneuliyo auci-

leblad kanonis ugulebelyofis Tavidan asacileblad. es iyo ara cenzu-

ris erT-erTi saxe, mimarTuli aRniSnuli programebis Sinaarsis an ten-

denciebis winaaRmdeg, aramed im radiosadguris mimarT gatarebuli Ro-

nisZieba, romelic mopasuxe saxelmwifos Tanamdebobis pirebs namdvilad

SeeZloT CaeTvalaT Sveicarul sadgurad, romelic funqcionirebda saz-

Rvris meore mxares _ raTa gverdi aevlo SveicariaSi moqmedi kanoniT

dadgenili satelekomunikacio sistemisTvis. am argumentebidan gamom-

dinare, sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom SezRudva iyo `aucilebeli demok-

ratiuli sazogadoebisTvis~.

1990 weli

oberSliki avstriis winaaRmdeg (N1)

faqtebi: ganmcxadebelma da sxvebma Seitanes sarCeli politikosis wi-

naaRmdeg, romelic daobda, rom avstrieli qalebisTvis saojaxo daxma-

reba 50%-iT unda gaizardos, raTa Tavidan iqnes acilebuli finansuri

mizeziT ganpirobebuli abortebi; rac Seexeba emigrant dedebs, maTi dax-

mareba 50%-iT unda Semcirdes. ganmcxadebelma sarCeli gamoaqveyna ga-

286


zeTSi, romlis redaqtoric Tavad iyo. man politikosis winadadeba nacis-

tebis gamocdilebas Seadara. politikosma sarCeli Seitana Jurnalistis

winaaRmdeg _ kerZo devnis safuZvelze. regionulma sasamarTlom aRniSna,

rom mopasuxem ver daadgina gamoqveynebuli gancxadebis simarTle; amis

gamo, mas 5000 Silingis gadaxda daakisra da 25 dRiT Tavisuflebis aRk-

veTa Seufarda. oberSlikma evropis adamianis uflebebis sasamarTlos

mimarTa, sadac daobda, rom misTvis Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT da jarimis

dakisrebiT dairRva misi gamoxatvis Tavisufleba.


Rveva.

motivacia: sasamarTlom Tavdapirvelad isaubra gamoxatvis Tavisuf-

lebis mniSvnelobaze demokratiul sazogadoebaSi.

sasamarTlom xazgasmiT aRiSna politikuri debatebis dros presis

Tavisuflebis mniSvneloba: `es principebi gansakuTrebulia, radgan pre-

sas exeba. maSin, rodesac presa movalea, ar gadaabijos dawesebul sazRv-

rebs, maT Soris, `sxvaTa reputaciis dacvis~ saxiT, Jurnalisti ar aris

valdebuli, politikur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT gamoiCinos imdenive

sifrTxile, ramdenic _ sajaro interesis sxva sferoebSi. informaciis

miwodebis amocana aramarto presis winaSe dgas: xalxsac aqvs ufleba,

miiRos informacia.~

sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom presas akisria sazogadoebrivi guSagis ro-

li da politikosebic mzad unda iyvnen maTi saqmianobis mkacri kontro-

lisTvis. presis Tavisufleba erT-erTi saukeTeso saSualebaa imisaTvis,

rom sazogadoebam informacia miiRos politikuri liderebis Sesaxeb. Se-

sabamisad, dasaSvebi kritikis farglebi politikosebTan mimarTebaSi uf-

ro farToa, vidre kerZo pirebTan dakavSirebiT: sajaro pirebi gacnobi-

erebulad da ganzrax aqceven sakuTar Tavs sazogadoebis da Jurnalis-

tebis yuradRebis centrSi.

aucilebeli iyo Tu ara SezRudva demokratiul sazogadoebaSi? am

sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom statia Seexeboda sa-

jaro debatebs sazogadoebisTvis saintereso politikur Temaze. amave

Temaze mniSvnelovani debatebi gaimarTa ara mxolod avstriaSi, aramed

sxva evropul qveynebSic. sakiTxi Seexeboda sxva qveynis moqalaqeebisadmi

gansxvavebuli reJimis SemoRebas. sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom ganmcxadeb-

lis statia provokaciuli iyo, Tumca, is gamoqveynda Sokis momgvreli


287

sasamarTlo praqtika

gancxadebis sapasuxod. am SemTxvevaSi, politikoss sakmaod mkacri pasuxis

da kritikis molodini unda hqonoda. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom sadavo

gancxadebebi aanalizebda politikosis pozicias, rac mxolod SefasebiT

msjelobad CaiTvleba. misi gancxadebebi warmoiSva politikosis ideebisa

da nacisturi partiis politikis Sedarebis Sedegad. amrigad, ganmcxade-

belma gamoaqveyna swori faqtebi, am faqtebTan dakavSirebul SefasebiT

msjelobasTan erTad. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeuZlebelia iTqvas, rom

ganmcxadebelma gadaabija gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis farglebs.

1991 weli

`obzerveri~ da `gardiani~

gaerTianebuli samefos winaRmdeg

faqtebi: britaneTis usafrTxoebis samsaxuris yofilma TanamSromel-

ma, piter raiTma, samsaxuridan gadadgomis Semdeg dawera memuarebi, saTa-

uriT `jaSuSTa Sempyrobi~. raiTma britanuli saidumlo samsaxurisagan

nebarTvis miRebis gareSe dado kontraqtebi am publikaciis avstraliis

teritoriaze dasabeWdad da gasavrceleblad. wignSi naTqvami iyo, rom

1970-iani wlebis bolos saidumlo samsaxuri awarmoebda ukanono moqme-

debebs, maT Soris, megobari qveynebis saelCoebis ukanono mosmenebs da

saelCoebSi farul SeWras. amis Sedegad, sisxlissamarTlebrivi proce-

durebi daiwyo avstraliaSi, raTa akrZaluliyo wignis gamocema an masSi

arsebuli nebismieri informaciis gaJonva. maSin, rodesac avstraliaSi

Sesabamisi procedurebi mimdinareobda, momCivnebma _ yoveldRiurma bri-

tanulma gazeTebma _ dabeWdes mokle statiebi. publikaciebi Seexeboda

avstraliaSi mosalodnel sasamarTlo process aRwerdnen saqmeze mosme-

nas da aRwerda `jaSuSTa Sempyrobis~ Sinaarsis detalebs. amis gamo sa-

xelmwifo sasamarTlo procedurebi daiwyo inglisSic, sadac moiTxoves

Sualeduri gadawyvetilebis gacema. am gadawyvetilebebiT unda akrZalu-

liyo msgavsi Sinaarsis mqone nebismieri publikaciis gavrceleba manam,

vidre avstraliuri sasamarTloebi saqmeze saboloo gadawyvetilebas ga-

moitandnen. inglisSi sasamarTlom saxelmwifos moTxovna daakmayofi-

288


la: gaica Sualeduri SezRudvis brZaneba, riTac momCivan da sxva gazeTebs

aekrZalaT memuarebis Sinarsis an sxva detalebis gamoqveyneba.

amis Semdeg, sajarod gavrcelda informacia, rom `jaSuSTa Sempyro-

bis~ gamocema igegmeboda aSS-ic. sxva gazeTma moipova xelnaweris asli

amerikeli gamomcemlebisagan da daiwyo maTi nawil-nawil gamocema. bri-

taneTis mTavrobam wamoiwyo sasamarTlos upativcemulobis procedu-

rebi am gazeTis winaaRmdeg, radgan dairRva sasamarTlos Sualeduri Sez-

Rudvis brZaneba. Tumca sasamarTlos ar miuRia raime samarTlebrivi aqti,

romelic akrZalavda wignis dabeWdvas aSS-Si. Sesabamisad, aSS-Si vizitad

myofma britaneTis moqalaqeebma an im pirebma, romlebmac safosto Sek-

veTis momsaxurebiT isargebles, aSS-s wignis maRaziebis meSveobiT brita-

neTSi Semoitanes wignis egzemplarebis mniSvnelovani nawili. amasobaSi,

avstraliaSi mimdinare samarTlebrivi procedurebis Sedegad, avstra-

liis umaRlesma sasamarTlom ar daakmayofila Suamdgomloba da uari

Tqva gaeca droebiTi akrZalva wignis gamocemaze. Sesabamisad, `jaSuSTa

Sempyrobi~ avstraliaSic daibeWda da gavrcelda. wigni evropisa da aziis

ramdenime qveyanaSi gamoica. Tumca, wignis detalebis dabeWdvasa da gav-

rcelebaze dawesebuli sxvadasxva saxis akrZalvebi kvlav ZalaSi rCebo-

da rogorc avstraliaSi, aseve im gazeTis mimarT, romelmac memuarebis

nawil-nawil gamocema daiwyo.

generaluri prokuroris moTxovniT, 1986 wlis ivlisSi britaneTis sa-

samarTloebma gasces droebiTi brZaneba, romlis mixedviTac, `obzervers~

da `gardians~ aekrZalaT britaneTis saidumlo samsaxurebis Sesaxeb

informaciis dabeWdva. informacia mopovebuli iyo wignis xelnaweridan, ro-

melic dasaTaurebuli iyo, rogorc `jaSuSTa Sempyrobi~. akrZalvis moT-

xovnis momentisaTvis wigni jer kidev ar iyo dabeWdili. generaluri pro-

kuroris sarCeli daefuZna arguments, rom Tavidan unda yofiliyo aci-

lebuli erovnuli uSiSroebis sistemaSi arsebuli saidumlos gamJRavneba.

mister raiTis wigni moicavda braldebebs saidumlo samsaxurisa da

misi agentebis ukanono moqmedebebis Sesaxeb. igi amtkicebda, rom MI5-is

samsaxurebi usmendnen 1950-1960 wlebSi londonSi Catarebul yvela dip-

lomatiur konferencias, iseve, rogorc zimbabves damoukideblobis Se-

saxeb warmoebul molaparakebebs 1979 wels. wignSi aseve naTqvami iyo, rom

MI5-i usmenda frang, germanel, berZen da indoneziel diplomatebs iseve,

rogorc batoni xruSCovis britaneTSi vizitisas 1950 wels usmenda sabWo-


289

sasamarTlo praqtika

Ta kavSiris sazRvargareTul sakonsuloebs; rom MI5-ma suecis krizisis

dros warumateblad ganaxorciela mkvlelobis SeTqmuleba egviptis pre-

zident naseris winaaRmdeg; rom MI5-i awyobda SeTqmulebas harold vil-

sonis winaaRmdeg 1974-1976 wlebSi misi premier-ministrobis dros; da rom

MI5-i flangavda Tavis resursebs britaneTis memarcxene politikuri

jgufebis saqmianobis gamoZiebaSi. 1987 wlis ivlisSi wigni aSS-Si daibeWda

da misi egzemplarebi did britaneTSic gavrcelda. miuxedavad am faqtisa,

droebiTi sasamarTlo akrZalva SenarCunda 1988 wlis oqtombramde _ sa-

nam lordTa palatam uari ar ganacxada generaluri prokuroris mier

moTxovnili mudmivi akrZalvis gacemaze.

òbzerverma~ da `gardianma~ adamianis uflebaTa komisiaSi iCivles da

ganacxades, rom droebiTma sasamarTlo akrZalvam daarRvia maTi sityvis

Tavisufleba. britaneTis mTavrobam komisias ganucxada, rom Carevis

safuZveli iyo `marTlmsajulebis miukerZoeblobisa da damoukideblo-

bis SenarCuneba~. mTavrobam sasamarTloze gamosvlisas Carevis safuZ-

vels daumata èrovnuli usafrTxoeba~, imaze miTiTebiT, rom droebiTi

sasamarTlo akrZalvis gacemis dros piter raiTis mier mopovebuli in-

formacia saxelmwifo saidumloebas warmoadgenda. Tuki es informacia

gamoqveyndeboda, britaneTis saidumlo samsaxurs, mis agentebsa da mesame

mxareebs didi ziani miadgebodaT, radgan amas mohyveboda agentebis vina-

obis gamxela; didi ziani miadgeboda, aseve, mokavSire qveynebTan urTi-

erTobas; organizaciebsa da xalxs britaneTis saidumlo samsaxurisadmi

ndoba gauqrebodaT. dabolos, mTavrobam gamoTqva mosazreba, rom mi-

ster raiTis magaliTs moqmedi an yofili agentebic mibaZavdnen. wignis

gamoqveynebis Semdeg mTavroba eyrdnoboda mxolod èrovnuli uSiSro-

ebis~ safuZvels da acxadebda, rom erovnuli uSiSroeba marTlac safrT-

xis winaSe idga, radganac britaneTs mouxdeboda, Tavisi mokavSire qvey-

nebisaTvis daemtkicebina, rom mis saidumlo samsaxurs saidumlo infor-

maciis dacva SeeZlo. mTavroba miiCnevda, rom process efeqturad SeaCe-

rebda da dausjelad ar datovebda konfidencialobis darRvevas im ofic-

rebis mxridan, romlebsac evalebodaT, ar gaemJRavnebinaT saidumlo.

momCivani gazeTi ki acxadebda, rom wignis aSS-Si gamoqveynebis Semdeg

mTavrobis es argumenti usafuZvlo iyo.

gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daadgina, rom dairRva konvenciis me-

10 muxli.

290


motivacia: saqmeSi `gardiani~ didi britaneTis winaaRmdeg sasamarT-

lom ganacxada, rom `aucilebeli~ im mniSvnelobiT, rogorc es me-10 mux-

lis me-2 punqtSia, esadageba `Zlieri socialuri moTxovnilebis~ Sinaarss.

sasamarTlom gaiTvaliswina mTavrobis mier `kanonier miznebad~ dasa-

xelebuli orive safuZveli da saqmis ganxilva ganagrZo imis SemowmebiT,

warmoadgenda Tu ara droebiTi sasamarTlo akrZalva `aucilebels de-

mokratiul sazogadoebaSi�. sasamarTlom mouxmo sityvis Tavisuflebas-

Tan dakavSirebuli Tavisi sasamarTlo praqtikis ZiriTad principebs:

`sityvis Tavisufleba demokratiuli sazogadoebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi

monapovaria. sityvis Tavisufleba moicavs ara marto imgvar informacias

an ideas, romelsac keTilganwyobiT xvdebian an romelic neitraluria,

aramed iseT informaciasac, romelic Seuracxmyofeli, Sokis momgvreli

an amaRelvebelia. es principebi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, radganac

presas exeba. ara marto presaa valdebuli, informacia gaavrcelos sa-

jaro interesis mqone movlenebis Sesaxeb, aramed xalxsac aqvs maTi mi-

Rebis ufleba. sxvagvarad rom yofiliyo, presa ver SeZlebda `sazogado-

ebrivi darajis� sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani rolis Sesrulebas. sasamar-

Tlom mogvianebiT aRniSna, rom gamoqveynebamde akrZalvebis daweseba

sasamarTlos mxridan moiTxovs Zalze frTxil Seswavlas: `winaswari ak-

rZalvebidan momdinare safrTxe imdenad didia, rom sasamarTlosgan yu-

radRebiT Seswavlas moiTxovs. miT umetes, rodesac es presas exeba. axali

ambebi, rogorc `malefuWebadi produqti, Seyovnebis SemTxvevaSi swrafad

kargavs arsebiT faseulobasa da interess�. am principebis gaTvaliswi-

nebiT da mTavrobis mier moyvanili ganmartebebis SemowmebiT, sasamarT-

lom gadawyvita, rom droebiTi akrZalva gamarTlebuli iyo manam, vidre

wigni gamoqveyndeboda. mas Semdeg, rac wigni gamoqveynda aSS-Si, informa-

ciam dakarga konfidenciuri xasiaTi da, Sesabamisad, `jaSuSTa Sempyrob-

Si� moyvanilma monacemebma dakarga misi saidumlod Senaxvis interesi. am

pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ar arsebobda `sakmarisi~ saWiroeba imisTvis,

rom sasamarTlo akrZalva gacemuliyo. generaluri prokuroris imgvari

argumentebi, rogoricaa britaneTis saidumlo samsaxurebis reputaciisa

da efeqturobis SenarCuneba da piter raiTis magaliTis mibaZvisagan

britaneTis sxva moqmedi Tu gadamdgari saidumlo agentebis dacva,

sasamarTlom miiCnia arasakmarisad, raTa gaemarTlebina Careva. manve


291

sasamarTlo praqtika

dasZina, rom: `1987 wlis Semdeg Careva aRar iyo aucilebeli demok-

ratiul sazogadoebaSi~.

nawilobriv gansxvavebul mosazrebaSi mosamarTle petitim ganacxa-

da, rom droebiTi akrZalva ar iyo gamarTlebuli wignis britaneTis far-

glebs gareT gamoqveynebamde: `rodesac mimdinare movlenebis gadacemis

dayovneba exeba presas, es Jurnalistis statias didwilad ukargavs

interess�.

baton petitis mosazrebiT, Careva warmoadgenda informaciis miRebis

uflebis SezRudvas, radgan `sazogadoebisTvis saxelmwifo organoebis

funqcionirebis Sesaxeb informaciis miRebis akrZalva warmoadgens de-

mokratiis fundamenturi uflebis darRvevas�. mosamarTlem aRniSna, rom

sasamarTlo akrZalvis gaxangrZliveba iqneboda cenzuris SeniRbuli

forma da presis Tavisuflebis gauqmeba. evropuli sasamarTlos mier

dadgenili dasaSvebi kritikisas mosamarTlem ganacxada, rom `sityvis Ta-

visufleba erT romelime qveyanaSi ar SeiZleba iyos imis ganmsazRvreli,

daibeWdos Tu ara masala sxva qveyanaSi. satelituri televiziis xanaSi

SeuZlebelia, davyoT teritoriebi da SevzRudoT im qveynis moqalaqeTa

infromaciis Tavisufleba, sadac akrZalulia gazeTis dabeWdva�. amgva-

rad, mosamarTle petitim daaskvna, rom me-10 muxli droebiTi akrZalvis

moqmedebis mTel periodSi iyo darRveuli.

meore nawilobriv gansxvavebul mosazrebaSi mosamarTle de meieri

daeTanxma mosamarTle petitis da dasZina: `presa unda iyos Tavisufali

axali ambebis dabeWdvis dros, miuxedavad wyarosi, nebismieri saxis cen-

zurisa, sasamarTlo akrZalvebis an winaswar SezRudvisa.~

`obzerveris~ saqmeze miRebul gadawyvetilebaSi ori mniSvnelovani

principia SemuSavebuli:

pirveli principi gulisxmobs, rom Tuki erovnuli usafrTxoebis Se-

saxeb informacia Tundac erTxel gaxda sajaro, SemdgomSi misi brunvidan

amoReba, akrZalva an gamavrceleblis dasja ar SeiZleba.

meore principi gulisxmobs, rom zogierTi informacia erovnuli

uSiSroebis Sesaxeb marTlac SeiZleba iyos konfidenciurad miCneuli,

Tu arsebobs seriozuli safuZveli, rom aseTi informaciis sajarooba

zians miayenebs erovnul usafrTxoebas. ufro metic, informaciis sta-

tusi SeiZleba ganisazRvros garkveuli vadiT da am statusis SenarCu-

292


nebis sakiTxi periodulad gadaisinjos. erovnul uSiSroebasTan dakav-

Sirebuli informaciis klasificirebisas mxedvelobaSia misaRebi amgvari

informaciisadmi sazogadoebis interesi.

1991 weli

kastelsi espaneTis winaaRmdeg

faqtebi: aRniSnul saqmeze momCivans warmoadgenda espaneTis moqalaqe

migel kastelsi, xolo mopasuxes ki _ espaneTi.

batoni kastelsi iyo espaneTis parlamentis senatori, romlis poli-

tikuri organizacia mxars uWerda baskeTis damoukideblobas. 1979 wels

yovelkvireul `Punto y Hora de Euskalherra~-Si man gamoaqveyna statia, saTa-

uriT `aRmaSfoTebeli dausjeloba�. b-ni kastelsi mTavrobas adanaSa-

ulebda baskeTSi momxdari mkvlelobebis gamouZieblobis gamo da acxa-

debda: `am danaSaulebrivi qmedebebis Camdenni, totaluri dausjelobis

gamo, dResac agrZeleben muSaobas pasuxismgebel Tanamdebobebze. maT

dasapatimreblad araviTari safuZveli ar gamoiZebna~. imavdroulad, igi

brals sdebda mTavrobas, rogorc Tanamonawiles am danaSaulSi: `memar-

jveneebs, romlebic dRes xelisuflebaSi arian, yvela berketi (policia,

sasamarTloebi, cixeebi) aqvT, raTa moZebnon da dasajon amdeni danaSa-

ulis Camdeni, magram Tqvenc ar momikvdeT[...]. es uflebamosilebebi wes-

rigis dasacavad da damnaSaveebis dasasjelad dResac imgvaria, rogoric

adre iyo~.

danaSaulTa CadenaSi braleul xalxze man dasZina, rom: `maT aqvT iara-

Risa da fulis mniSvnelovani maragi. maT aqvT SeuzRudavi saxsrebi da

wyaroebi da moqmedeben sruli dausjelobiT... SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maT

winaswarve aqvT garantirebuli samarTlebrivi imuniteti.�

batonma kastelsma aseve dasZina: ,,am aqtebis ukan SeiZleba idges mxo-

lod mTavroba, misi partia da personali. Cven viciT, rom isini apireben,

gamoiyenon politikuri instrumentebi bask disidentebze sanadirod da

maT fizikurad gasanadgureblad�...

batoni kastelsi mTavrobis SeuracxyofisaTvis gaamtyunes. procesis


293

sasamarTlo praqtika

dros erovnulma sasamarTloebma ar daakmayofiles mosarClis moTxovna

mowmeebis dakiTxvisa da dokumentebis dasaSvebobis Sesaxeb. sasamarTlo-

ebi miiCnevdnen, rom aseTi mtkicebulebebi ar iyo dasaSvebi, rodesac bral-

deba moicavda mTavrobis (da ara misi romelime wevris) Seuracxyofas, da

rom sisxlis samarTlis kanonis mixedviT, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis

organoebi sargebloben dacvis ufro maRali xarisxiT, vidre individebi.

mas miesaja erTwliani patimroba, romelic arasdros mouxdia. kas-

telsma evropis adaminis uflebaTa sasamarTlos mimarTa.

sasamarTlos winaSe momCivanma ganacxada, rom Seilaxa misi sityvis Ta-

visufleba. xolo espaneTis xelisuflebam SezRudvis kanonier miznad da-

asaxela `areulobis da danaSaulis Cadenis Tavidan acileba�. mosarClis

azriT, ganaCenis gamotanis erTaderT mizans mTavrobis Rirsebis dacva

warmoadgenda.

gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daadgina, rom dairRva konvenciis me-10

muxli.

motivacia: im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, iyo Tu ara Careva `aucilebeli

demokratiul sazogadoebaSi�, sasamarTlom daadgina: `maSin, rodesac

sityvis Tavisufleba aucilebelia yvelasTvis, is gansakuTrebul mniSv-

nelobas xalxis mier arCeuli warmomadgenlebisaTvis iZens. igi warmo-

adgens Tavis eleqtorats, angariSs uwevs maT pozicias da icavs maT inte-

resebs. Sesabamisad, mosarClis _ rogorc parlamentis opoziciis warmo-

madgenlis _ sityvis TavisuflebaSi Careva moiTxovs sasamarTlos mxridan

yuradRebiT Seswavlas�.

sasamarTlom aseve SeniSna, rom batonma kastelsma sakuTari mosazre-

bebi gamoxata ara senatis tribunidan, rac yovelgvari sanqciebis dakis-

rebis gareSe SeeZlo gaekeTebina, aramed amoirCia periodikis furclebi.

es ki sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom man dakarga mTavrobis kritikis ufleba.

sasamarTlom xazi gausva aseve presis rols demokratiul sazogado-

ebaSi: `presis Tavisufleba sazogadoebas aZlevs saukeTeso saSualebas,

aRmoaCinos da Camoayalibos azri politikuri liderebis ideebsa da pozi-

ciebze. politikosebs ki saSualeba eZlevaT, warmoaCinon da komentari

gaukeTon sazogadoebriv azrs. es ki, Tavis mxriv, yvelas aZlevs saSu-

alebas, monawileoba miiRos politikur debatebSi, rac demokratiuli

sazogadoebis safuZvelia~.

294


Semdeg sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom mTavrobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli

mosarClis braldebebi sazogadoebis did interess iwvevda, rac daadas-

tura gamocemis tiraJis realizaciis maCveneblebma. politikuri kriti-

kis SezRudvasTan dakavSirebiT sasamarTlom ganacxada: `dasaSvebi kri-

tikis sazRvrebi mTavrobis SemTxvevaSi gacilebiT farToa, vidre kerZo

moqalaqis an, Tundac, politikosis mimarT. demokratiul sazogadoebaSi

mTavrobis moqmedeba Tu umoqmedoba unda gaxdes dawvrilebiTi ganxil-

vis obieqti aramarto sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo organoebis, ara-

med, presisa da sazogadoebrivi azris mxridan.~

sasamarTlom gadamwyveti mniSvneloba mianiWa aseve im faqts, rom erov-

nulma sasamarTloebma dauSveblad miiCnies mosarCelis mier SeTavaze-

buli mtkicebulebebi. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom me-10 muxlSi Careva ga-

umarTleblad Seafasa.

1992 weli

torgeir torgeisoni islandiis winaaRmdeg

faqtebi: torgeisonis saqmeSi mosarClem (mister torgeisonma) presaSi

gaakeTa gancxadeba, romelic islandiaSi gavrcelebul policiur simxe-

ces exeboda. man policiis oficrebi `uniformian mxecebs~ Seadara. bral-

debebi exeboda im `individebs, romlebic, oficrebis mier spontanurad

ganxorcielebuli ucnauri dakavebebis Sedegad, axalSobili bavSvis Wku-

is mqone adamianebad gadaiqcnen.� policiis qceva daxasiaTebuli iyo, ro-

gorc `daSinebiTi, gayalbebuli, ukanono, crumorwmuneobiTi, daudevari

da uniWo�.

mosarClem (mweralma) yoveldRiur gazeTSi gamoaqveyna ori statia

politikuri simxecis Sesaxeb. pirveli statia iyo Ria werili iusticiis

ministris mimarT, romelsac mouwodebdnen, Seeqmna komisia `reikiavikis

policiis simxecis Sesaxeb xalxSi gavrcelebuli Worebis� gamosaZieblad.

mosarCles ar dausaxelebia policiis ukanono qmedebis romelime msxver-

plis saxeli, garda erTi Jurnalistisa. mister torgeisoni policiis

oficrebis sisastikes aRwerda da ministrs mimarTavda: `Tqven brZande-


295

sasamarTlo praqtika

biT iusticiis ministri da, maSasadame, ufrosi im uniformiani mxecebisa,

romlebic Cveni qalaqis Ramis junglebSi uxmod an xmaurianad daZrwian.

erTi axalgazrda kacis Tanamacxovreblebma miambes, rom ziani mas res-

tornis dacvam da policielma miayenes. Tavidan amis dajereba gamiWirda;

amitomac am SemTxvevis Sesaxeb cnobebi saavadmyofos TanamSromlebSi

moviZie da _ diax, swored isini iyvnen im Rames; Cven saxeze gvyavs reiki-

avikis Ramis razmis msxverpli... Semdeg davadgine, rom adamianebma ician

istoriebi uniformiani mxecebis aseT da amaze ufro cud gamocdilebaze.

am istoriebis mSvidad mosmena SeuZlebelia.~

am statiis Sinaarsi satelevizio programebmac ganixiles. orma poli-

cielma uaryo yvela braldeba da warmoadgina im adamianis werili, rome-

lic baton torgeisons moixsenebda, rogorc TaRliTs da arasando adami-

ans. mosarClem gamoaqveyna meore statia, romelic acxadebda, rom: `[po-

liciis] qceva swored imgvari iyo, rogori warmodgenac arsebobs xalxSi

policiis TviTdacviTi Zaladobis Sesaxeb: daSineba, gayalbeba, ukanono

moqmedebebi, crumorwmuneoba, daudevroba da uunaroba�.

reikiavikis policiis asociaciis TxovniT, saxalxo bralmdebelma mo-

sarClis winaaRmdeg sisxlis samaraTlis saqme aRZra. mas brali edeboda

policiis arakonkretizebuli wevrebis ciliswamebaSi.

procesis ganmavlobaSi mosarCelem uari ganacxada policiis mier

uflebadarRvevebis identificirebaze. man sasamarTlos ganucxada, rom

`adamianisTvis imis moTxovna, rom gaixsenos Svidi wlis win SemTxveviT

nanaxi pirovneba, sruli absurdia da mimarTulia adamianis gonebis bu-

nebis winaaRmdeg~.

erovnul doneze mister torgeisoni damnaSaved cnes policiis im wev-

rebis ciliswamebisTvis, romlebic sadavo gamonaTqvamSi calsaxad iden-

tificirebulebi ar iyvnen. mosarCles jarimis gadaxda daakisres.

mister torgeisonma evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlos mimarTa.

evropis sasamarTlos winaSe mTavrobam ganacxada, rom ganaCenic da

sasjelic mimarTuli iyo `sxvaTa... reputaciis~, konkretulad ki _ poli-

ciis oficrebis dasacavad.


muxli.

motivacia: evropis sasamarTlom daadgina, rom mosarClem wamoWra

sakuTar qveyanaSi policiuri mxecobis Tema, xolo `presa valdebulia,

296


xalxs Seatyobinos sazogadoebrivad mniSvnelovani informacia da ide-

ebi�. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom `mis precedentul samarTalSi ar arse-

bobs raime safuZveli, rom erTmaneTisagan ganvasxvavoT... politikuri

da sajaro interesis mqone sxvadasxva sferos diskusiebi~. sabolood,

sasamarTlom ganaCeni daaxasiaTa rogorc: `sajaro interesis sakiTxebze

diskusiis gamarTvis SemzRudavi~.

torgeisonis saqmeSi policiis winaaRmdeg gakeTebuli gancxadebebi

Segrovebuli iyo mravali wyarodan, Tumca, ZiriTadad, statia Seicavda

xalxSi gavrcelebul Worebs. mopasuxe saxelmwifo acxadebda, rom mosar-

Clis statias aklda obieqturi da faqtobrivi safuZveli, radgan mas ar

SeeZlo gacxadebulis sisworis damtkiceba. miuxedavad amisa, sasamarT-

lom miiCnia, rom am SemTxvevaSi simarTlis moTxovna iqneboda aragoniv-

ruli, SeuZlebelic ki, da ganacxada, rom presa TiTqmis verafers ver

dabeWdavda, Tuki mas mosTxovdnen mxolod sruliad damtkicebuli faq-

tebis gamoqveynebas.

mocemul saqmeSi sasamarTlom presis Tavisufleba ganixila samoqa-

laqo moxeleebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli kritikis konteqstSi.

sasamarTlos miaCnia, rom `yuradReba, unda gamaxvildes presis pri-

oritetul rolze samarTlebriv saxelmwifoSi, sadac kanonis uzenaeso-

baa. sanam presa ar gadaabijebs `sxvaTa... reputaciis dacvis� sazRvrebs,

manam is valdebulia, rom gaavrcelos saWiro interesis Semcveli infor-

macia. aramarto medias akisria aseTi informaciis gavrcelebis valde-

buleba, xalxsac aqvs misi miRebis ufleba. sxvagvarad rom yofiliyo,

presa ver Seasrulebda `sazogadoebrivi darajis� rols. mTavrobis im

gancxadebaze, rom dasaSvebi kritikis farTo sazRvrebi mxolod poli-

tikuri gamosvlebisTvis aris gaTvaliswinebuli, sasamarTlom SeniSna,

rom mis praqtikaSi ar moiZebneba raime safuZveli politikuri diskusiisa

da sajaro interess mikuTvnebul sakiTxebze diskusiebis gansasxvaveblad.

saqmis konkretuli garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, sasamarTlom mar-

Tebulad ar miiCnia mTavrobis mtkiceba, romlis mixedviTac, mosarClis

statiaSi gamoTqmul mosazrebebs aklda faqtobrivi safuZveli. udavoa,

rom es incidenti [policiis mxecobis msxverpl JurnalistTan dakavSi-

rebiT] namdvilad moxda. statiis faqtobrivi elementebis gaTvaliswi-

nebiT, sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom statia arsebiTad Sedgeboda `istori-

ebis� an `Worebisagan�, _ romlebic momdinareobda ara mosarClisagan,


297

sasamarTlo praqtika

aramed, sxva adamianebisagan _ an `sazogadoebrivi azrisagan�, romelic

Seicavda braldebebs policiur simxeceze[...]. da kvlavac, pirveli statiis

mixedviT, mosarClem uamravi adamianisagan Seityo msgavsi istoriebi, rac

Znelad dasajerebelia, rom sicrue yofiliyo. amdenad, mosarCle mxolod

axmovanebda imas, rac sxvebisgan moismina policiis sisastikesTan dakavSi-

rebiT[...] sasamarTlos azriT, mosarCle aRmoCnda aragonivruli da, SesaZ-

loa, gadauWreli amocanis winaSe maSin, rodesac mas sakuTari gancxade-

bebis sisworis damtkiceba daavales.

sasamarTlo ar daeTanxma mTavrobis im mosazrebasac, TiTqos, mosar-

Clis mizani iyo reikiavikis policiis reputaciisaTvis zianis miyeneba.

sasamarTlom daadgina, rom mosarCle cdilobda, iusticiis ministri-

saTvis daemtkicebina gamoZiebis damoukidebeli organos Seqmnis auci-

lebloba, rac xels Seuwyobda policiis sisastikeze arsebuli saCivrebis

gamoZiebas. rac Seexeba mosarClis mier gamoyenebul gamomxatvelobiT

enas, sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom `orive statia savse iyo mkvaxe termi-

nebiT. Tumca im miznisa da SesaZlo zemoqmedebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romlis

gamoc statia daiwera, sasamarTlos miaCnia, rom gamoyenebuli ena ar Se-

iZleba Sefasdes zRvargadasulad�.

saboloo Sefasebisas, sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom `ganaCens da sasjels

SeeZlo gamoewvia sazogadoebrivi interesis Semcveli movlenebis

Sesaxeb sajaro diskusiisaTvis xelis SeSla~, da rom mTavrobis mier wa-

moyenebuli mizezebi ver amtkicebda Carevis proporciulobas mis kano-

nier mizanTan. Sesabamisad, mosarClis mimarT gamotanili ganaCeni ar iyo

`aucilebeli demokratiul sazogadoebaSi�.

1992 weli

Informationsverein Lentia da sxvebi

avstriis winaaRmdeg

faqtebi: avstriis kanonmdeblobam avstriis samauwyeblo kompania er-

TaderT nacionalur mauwyeblobad aRiara. es aris avtonomiuri sajaro

samarTlis korporacia, romelsac evaleba mimdinre movlenebis, maT So-

298


ris, axali ambebis, komentarebis da kritikuli mosazrebebis amomwuravi,

obieqturi da mravalferovani gadmocema. masSi mauwyeblobs ori sate-

levizio arxi da sami radiosadguri. mosarCleebi, romelTagan yvelam

uari miiRo damoukidebeli televiziis da radiosadgurebis gaxsnis li-

cenziaze, Ciodnen, rom es iyo Tavisufali gamoxatvis uflebasTan Seusa-

bamo monopolia. mopasuxe saxelmwifo ki aRniSnavda, rom es iseve auci-

lebeli iyo mauwyeblobis xarisxis, mravalferovnebis, obieqturobisa da

miukerZoeblobis uzrunvelsayofad, rogorc kerZo kompaniisTvis mo-

nopoliis CamoyalibebaSi xelis SeSla.

gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daadgina, rom dairRva konvenciis me-10muxli.

motivacia: pluralizmis principi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania sama-uwyeblo mediasTan mimarTebaSi:

sasamarTlo xSirad xazgasmiT aRniSnavs gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis ar-sebiT rols demokratiul sazogadoebaSi, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesacpresis saSualebiT is emsaxureba saintereso informaciisa da ideebis gav-rcelebas, romelTa miRebis moTxovnis ufleba sazogadoebas kidec aqvs.aseTi pasuxismgebloba saTanadod ver ganxorcieldeba, Tu mas safuZvladar udevs pluralizmis principi, romlis ZiriTadi garanti saxelmwifoa.es miniSneba gansakuTrebiT miesadageba audio-vizualur medias, romlisprogramebi xSirad Zalian farTo masStabiT gadaicema.

meaTe muxlis pirveli punqtis mesame winadadebis mixedviT, saxelmwi-foebma SeiZleba SemoiRon licenzirebis sistema samauwyeblo mediisTvis.aman SeiZleba gamoiwvios garkveuli SezRudvebi, romlebic gamarTlebu-li unda iyos meore punqtis Sesabamisad. amasTan, im dros, rodesac mono-poliuri sistema (romelic saCivris sagans warmoadgens) kanonis safuZ-velze Camoyalibda da moqmedebda gadacemebis xarisxisa da balansis uz-runvelsayofad, gasarkvevi iyo aseTi sistemis aucilebloba demokrati-ul sazogadoebaSi.

mopasuxe saxelmwifos monopoliuri sistema gamoxatvis Tavisuflebisseriozuli SezRudvaa:

am faseulobaTa pativiscemis uzrunvelsayof yvela saSualebas Sorismonopolia erTaderTia, romelic awesebs udides SezRudvebs gamoxatvisTavisuflebaze; kerZod, sruliad SeuZlebels xdis nacionaluri siste-misgan damoukideblad mauwyeblobas, _ mxolod iSviaT SemTxvevebSi,Zalian SezRudul farglebSi uSvebs adgilobrivi sakabelo sadgurebis


299

sasamarTlo praqtika

funqcionirebas. aseTi SezRudvebis farTod gamoyeneba ki gamarTlebu-lia mxolod gadaudebeli aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi.

teqnikuri progresi imas niSnavs, rom `samauwyeblo sixSireebis xel-misawvdomobis~ gamarTlebas aRar aqvs iseTi Zala, rogoric ramdenimeaTwleulis win hqonda. amasTan, ucxouri satelevizio programebi avst-riel mayurebels ukve miewodeba kabelis saSualebiT da sxva qveynebisgamocdilebamac aCvena, rom kerZo mauwyeblobebis bazarze daSveba avto-maturad ar iwvevs `kerZo monopoliebis~ Camoyalibebas. gadacemebis mra-valferovnebis da xarisxis uzrunvelyofis legitimuri mizani SeiZlebamiRweul iqnes iseTi naklebad SemzRudavi saSualebebiT, rogoricaa sxva-dasxvagvari Sinaarsis pirobebiT licenziebis gacema, anda nacionalurikorporaciis saqmianobaSi kerZo pirebis monawileobis formebis dadgena.zemoT aRniSnuli miznebisTvis saxelmwifo monopoliurma sistemam gana-xorciela Tavisufali gamoxatvis SezRudva, rac ar iyo miznis proporci-uli da demokratiuli sazogadoebisTvis aucilebeli.

1993 weli

oto premingeris instituti avstriis winaaRmdeg

faqtebi: ganmcxadebeli insbrukSi, tirolis olqSi daarsebuli kerZoasociacia iyo. oto premingeris instituts hqonda kinos saxli, sadacdrodadro filmebs aCvenebda. institutma gamoacxada ramdenime filmisCveneba, maT Soris, filmisa, romelsac erqva `samoTxis sabWo~. filmisCvenebis Sesaxeb sazogadoebas sxvadasxva sainformacio saSualebam auwya.kinoTeatrSi ki gamoqveynda afiSa, romelzec aRniSnuli iyo, rom 17 wlam-de asakis pirebs filmis naxva ekrZalebodaT. afiSaze qristianuli re-ligiis trivialuri da absurduli imiji karikaturis stilSi iyo moce-muli. kaTolikurma eklesiam prokurors mimarTa, raTa aRZruliyo sis-xlis samarTlis saqme oto premingeris institutis winaaRmdeg. amis Sem-deg filmi daayadaRes da mogvianebiT moaxdines misi konfiskacia: dairRvasisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis normebi, romelTa mixedviTac, dasjadadcxaddeba religiuri wes-Cveulebebis damcireba.

evropis sasamarTlom Tavdapirvelad ganixila, isaxavda Tu ara Carevalegitimur mizans.

gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daadgina, rom konvenciis me-10 muxliar darRveula.

300


motivacia: sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom miRebuli zomebis mizani iyo

moqalaqeTa im uflebis dacva, romlis Tanaxmadac, sajaro gamoxatvam ar

unda Seuracxyos maTi religiuri grZnobebi da Sexedulebebi. Sesabami-

sad, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom saxeze iyo legitimuri mizani: sxvaTa

uflebebis dacva.

sasamarTlom aqve aRniSna, rom gamoxatvis Tavisufleba icavs Sokis

momgvrel da Seuracxmyofel ideebsac; Tumca im pirebs, romlebic gamo-

xatvis TavisuflebiT sargebloben, ekisrebaT valdebuleba, daicvan kon-

venciis meaTe muxlis meore nawilSi moyvanili valdebulebebi.

sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom meaTe muxlis meore nawili moicavs valde-

bulebas _ maqsimalurad iqnes Tavidan acilebuli iseTi gamoxatva, rome-

lic gaumarTleblad Seuracxmyofelia sxvebisaTvis, laxavs maT ufle-

bebs da ar Seaqvs wvlili sajaro debatebSi. zogierTi demokratiuli sa-

xelmwifosTvis savsebiT dasaSvebia sanqciebis daweseba da arasaTanado

kritikis SezRudva, roca saqme exeba religiur doqtrinas da wes-Cve-

ulebebs; Tumca, im SeniSvniT, rom aseTi SezRudva proporciuli unda

iyos da legitimur mizans unda emsaxurebodes.

imis gamo, rom SeuZlebelia mTel evropaSi erTiani Sexedulebis Seqmna

religiis mniSvnelobaze, saxelmwifoebs rCebaT garkveuli diskrecia am

sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.

sadavo filmis Cveneba ganixileba, rogorc sajaro qmedeba, romelic

zians ayenebs sxvebs. tirolelebis umetesoba _ sadac filmis Cveneba

moxda _ kaTolikea. filmis konfiskaciisas saxelmwifom uzrunvelyo re-

ligiuri simSvide da daicva moqalaqeTa religiuri grZnobebi Seuracx-

yofisgan.

1994 weli

kasado koka espaneTis winaaRmdeg

faqtebi: am saqmeSi momCivans warmoadgenda espaneli advokati kasado

koka, xolo mopasuxes _ espaneTi.

1982 wlis oqtombridan moyolebuli, espaneTis qalaq valdoreixtis

mcxovrebTa da sakuTrebis mflobelTa asociaciis gazeTSi ibeWdeboda


301

sasamarTlo praqtika

gancxadebebi, romlebic detalur informacias sTavazobda mkiTxvels gan-

mcxadeblis iuridiuli praqtikis Sesaxeb. xsenebuli gancxadebebi gver-

dis daaxloebiT erT mesameds ikavebda da moicavda ganmcxadeblis saxelsa

da gvars, profesias _ iuristi, ofisis misamarTsa da telefonis nomers.

am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, advokatTa sabWom erTxel wamoiwyo dis-

ciplinaruli procesi batoni pablo kasados winaaRmdeg. 1983 wlis 6 ap-

rils man kvlav miiRo werilobiTi gafrTxileba profesiuli reklamis

akrZalvis ugulebelyofis gamo7 . advokatTa erovnulma sabWom, romelic

am jarimas daeTanxma, miiCnia, rom, Tavisi bunebidan gamomdinare, aRniS-

nuli gancxadebebi gascda barselonas advokaturis mier dawesebuli Sesa-

bamisi wesebiT daSvebul sazRvrebs. barselonas teritoriulma sasamar-

Tlomac, imave mosazrebebis safuZvelze, jarimas mxari dauWira. sasa-

marTlom aRniSna, rom zemoxsenebuli wesebi uSvebs reklamirebas mxolod

garkveul SemTxvevebSi _ konkretulad, praqtikis dawyebis an wevrobis,

misamarTis an telefonis nomris Secvlisas. amis gamo, akrZalva ar iyo

absoluturi.

kasado kokam evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlos mimarTa.

gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daadgina, rom 10-e muxli ar darRveula.

motivacia: pirvel rigSi, sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom 10-e muxli

uzrunvelyofs `yvelas~ gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas. is ar arCevs mizans _

komerciuls Tu aramomgebians8 . Tumca, am ori sferosadmi gansxvavebulma

midgomam SesaZloa, winaaRmdegobaSi mogviyvanos me-14 muxlTan.

evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlos mier 1985 wels ganxilul

saqmeSi _ bartoldi germaniis winaaRmdeg9 , sasamarTlom ar upasuxa kiT-

xvas imis Taobaze, xvdeba Tu ara komerciuli reklama me-10 muxlis dacvis

arealSi. Tumca, SemdgomSi, precedentulma samarTalma am sakiTxSi sic-

xade Seitana. 10-e muxli ar Seexeba mxolod garkveuli tipis informacias,

ideas an gamoxatvis formas10 , gansakuTrebiT ki _ politikuri xasiaTisas;

rogorc komisiam samarTlianad aRniSna, is aseve moicavs mxatvrul gamo-

7 1982 wlis 24 ivliss gamocemuli samefo gankargulebis #2090/82 muxli 31

safuZvlad udevs advokatTa Sesaxeb kanons _ ix. punqti 22.8 ix. Autronic AG Sveicariis winaaRmdeg, gv. 280.9 gv. 270.10 Markt Intern Verlag GmbH-i da klaus birmani germaniis winaaRmdeg. gv. 278.

302


xatvas, komerciuli bunebis informacias da televiziiT gadacemul msu-

buq musikasa da reklamebsac ki11 .

mocemul saqmeSi ganmcxadeblis saxelis, gvaris, misamarTis da tele-

fonis nomris gamoqveynebas, ra Tqma unda, wminda sareklamo mizani hqonda,

magram, meore mxriv, es iyo saWiro informacia im adamianebisTvis, visac

iuridiuli daxmareba esaWiroeboda da, Sesabamisad, visTvisac samarTlis

xelmisawvdomobas uzrunvelyofda. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, muxli 10

am saqmeze vrceldeba.

mTavrobam da komisiam miiCnies, rom advokaturis wevrebis mier advo-

katTaTvis profesiuli reklamis akrZalvis mizans warmoadgenda `sxvebis

uflebebis dacva~. konkretulad, es exeba sazogadoebisa da advokaturis

sxva wevrebis uflebebs. mTavrobam, agreTve, aRniSna, rom reklama yovel-

Tvis miCneuli iyo SeuTavseblad am profesiis RirsebasTan, advokaturis

wevrebis saTanado pativiscemasTan da sazogadoebis interesTan.

moqalaqeebisaTvis reklamireba warmoadgens maTTvis SeTavazebuli

momsaxurebisa da produqtebis maxasiaTeblebis aRmoCenis saSualebas. mi-

uxedavad amisa, zogjer reklama SesaZloa, aikrZalos. gansakuTrebiT ki

_ arakeTilsindisieri konkurenciis an araswori da mcdari informaciis

gavrcelebis aRkveTis mizniT. zogierT SemTxvevaSi, SesaZlebelia obieq-

turi da marTebuli reklamis akrZalvac, Tuki es miznad isaxavs sxva pi-

rovnebis uflebebis pativiscemis uzrunvelyofas. akrZalva SeiZleba

efuZnebodes, agreTve, biznesis saqmianobis an profesiis gansakuTrebul

garemoebebs. Tumca, yoveli amgvari akrZalva yuradRebiT unda iyos Ses-

wavlili sasamarTlos mier, romelmac unda gaarkvios am gansakuTrebuli

garemoebebis aucilebloba. Cvens SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlom sadavo jarima

yvela am garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda Seafasos..

ganmcxadebelma da komisiam ikamaTes im gansxvavebaze, rac arsebobs

iuridiul kompaniebisa da kerZo advokatebis mier TavianTi saqmianobis

reklamirebis SesaZleblobis TvalsazrisiT.

sasamarTlos azriT, iuridiuli kompaniebi ver Seedrebian kerZo ad-

vokatebs, romelTac gansakuTrebuli statusi aqvT sasamarTloSi saqmis

warmarTvis procesSi, rogorc Suamavlebs sazogadoebasa da sasamarTlos

Soris. amgvari mdgomareoba xsnis advokaturis wevrebis qcevasTan da-

11 Groppera Radio AG Sveicariis winaaRmdeg. gv. 283.


303

sasamarTlo praqtika

kavSirebiT dawesebul Cveul SezRudvebs da, aseve, advokatTa sabWoebi-

saTvis miniWebul sazedamxedvelo da kontrolis uflebamosilebas.

miuxedavad amisa, profesiis maregulirebeli wesebi, gansakuTrebiT

ki _ reklamirebis ganxriT, gansxvavdeba qveynebis mixedviT, gamomdinare

maTi kulturuli Taviseburebebidan. metic, konvenciis mraval wevr

qveyanaSi, maT Soris, espaneTSic, garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi arse-

bobda tendencia, rom sazogadoebaSi momxdari cvlilebebis kvaldakval

wesebi SeesustebinaT.

mTavrobam magaliTad moitana evrogaerTianebis iuristTa qcevis ko-

deqsi (strasburgi, 28 oqtomberi, 1988) da evropis advokatTa konferen-

ciis gadawyvetileba (krakovo, 24 maisi, 1991); reklamirebis principis

mxardaWerasTan erTad, es dokumentebi advokaturis wevrebs uflebamo-

silebas aniWebs, gamoxaton sakuTari Tvalsazrisi masmediiT, gaacnon

sakuTari Tavi sazogadoebas da monawileoba miiRon sajaro debatebSi.

am instruqciebis Tanaxmad, kataloniis advokatTa sabWos mier miRebuli

kanoni reklamaze (1991 wlis 4 ivlisi) mis wevrebs uflebas aZlevs, gamos-

cen prospeqtebi, statiebi, maT Soris, presaSic. am kanonis Semdeg mTav-

robam daiwyo axali kanonproeqtis Seswavla, romelic am mxriv met Tavi-

suflebas iTvaliswinebs.

wesebis farTo speqtri da evropis sabWos wevrebis cvlis gansxvave-

buli tempi am sakiTxis sirTuleze miuTiTebs. Tavis wevrebTan pirdapiri,

uwyveti kontaqtis gamo advokaturis xelmZRvanelebi da qveynis sasamar-

Tloebi ukeTes poziciaSi arian saerTaSoriso sasamarTloebTan Sedare-

biT, roca saqme exeba sxvadasxva interesis swor dabalansebas; _ konkre-

tulad, am interesebs Soris aris: samarTlis marTebuli administrirebis

moTxovna; profesiuli Rirseba; nebismieri piris ufleba, miiRos infor-

macia iuridiuli daxmarebis Sesaxeb; advokaturis wevrebisaTvis maTi saq-

mianobis reklamirebis uflebis micema.

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, sasamarTlom miiRo gadawyvetileba, rom

procesis periodSi _ 1982-83 wlebi _ Sesabamisi xelisuflebis reaqcia

ar SeiZleba miCneuliyo arasaTanadod dasaxul mizanTan mimarTebaSi.

sasamarTlo mivida daskvnamde, rom 10-e muxli ar darRveula.

1994 weli

304


jersildi daniis winaaRmdeg

faqtebi: jersildis saqmeSi mosarCeles warmoadgenda televiziis

Jurnalisti, romelic adgilobrivma sasamarTloebma gaasamarTles

rasistuli gamonaTqvamebis gavrcelebisaTvis xelSewyobis braldebiT.

man sakuTar Tavze aiRo im programis momzadeba, sadac moiwvies rasis-

tuli ideebis matarebeli sami axalgazrda. Jurnalistma icoda, rom in-

tervius dros SeiZleba gakeTebuliyo rasistuli gancxadebebi. interviu

gadaica seriozul satelevizio programaSi, romelic gamiznuli iyo

farTo socialuri da politikuri sakiTxebiT dainteresebuli audito-

riisaTvis, iseve, rogorc imigraciis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT kargad

informirebuli auditoriisaTvis. mayurebels saSualeba hqonda, moesmina

msgavsi gancxadebebi: `rasistad yofna kargia. Cven gvjera, rom dania mxo-

lod danielebisTvisaa~; `xalxs ufleba unda mivceT, iyolion monebi~.

`mxolod aiReT gorilas foto... Semdeg SexedeT zangs, es aris sxeulis

erTi da igive struqtura... Tavidan bolomde~; axalgazrdebs aseve hkiT-

xes maTi sacxovrebeli da samuSao adgilebisa da kriminaluri warsulis

Sesaxeb.

maRali ierarqiis mRvdlis mier Setanili saCivris safuZvelze mister

jersildis saqme gamoiZies. mosarCle pasuxisgebaSi misces imis gamo, rom

man xeli Seuwyo sam axalgazrdas, teleeTeriT gaekeTebinaT rasistuli

gancxadebebi. adgilobrivi sasamarTlo gamoZiebis dros mosarClem ga-

nacxada, rom mis mizans sulac ar warmoadgenda sxvebis dayolieba amgvari

mosazrebebis gasaziareblad, ufro piriqiT. programa warmoadgenda mxo-

lod axalgazrdebis gulwrfel pasuxebs maTTvis dasmul kiTxvebze. aman

ki sibraluli gamoiwvia im axalgazrdebis mimarT, romelTac Tavi gaimas-

xaraves. mosarClem aseve aRniSna, rom programa translirebuli iyo sa-

jaro debatebis konteqstSi. ZiriTadi mizezi, ris gamoc erovnulma sa-

samarTloebma mosarCle braleulad cnes, is iyo, rom Jurnalistma gada-

cemis daskvniT nawilSi ar gaakritika intervius dros gamoTqmuli rasis-

tuli frazebi. mosarClem evropul sasamarTloSi iCivla misi sityvis

Tavisuflebis darRvevis gamo. mTavrobam mosarClis mimarT gamotanili

ganaCeni daasabuTa im pirTa uflebebis dacvis aucileblobiT, romlebic

Seuracxyofili darCnen rasistuli gamonaTqvamebiT.


305

sasamarTlo praqtika

gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daadgina, rom dairRva evrokonvenciis

10-e muxli.

motivacia: sasamarTlo _ romelmac mxedvelobaSi miiRo es argumen-

tebi, rogorc kanonieri mizani _ proporciulobis wesis safuZvelze

Sedga. imis garkvevisas, iyo Tu ara ganaCeni àucilebeli demokratiul

sazogadoebaSi~, sasamarTlom xazi gausva rasobrivi diskriminaciis yvela

formis aRmofxvris aucileblobas da im faqts, rom mosarClis mier gace-

muli informacia _ sazogadoebis didi interesis sagania. rac Seexeba

programis momzadebasa da misi warmodgenis maneras, sasamarTlom aRniSna:

òbieqturad ar Cans, iyo Tu ara programis mizani rasistuli ideebis

propaganda. meore mxriv, aSkaraa erovnuli sasamarTloebis midgoma Jur-

nalistis mier rasistuli gamonaTqvamebis kritikasTan dakavSirebiT. sa-

samarTlom ganacxada, rom obieqturi da dabalansebuli reportaJis mom-

zadebis meTodebi SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxvagvari. arc am sasamarTlos da

arc erovnuli sasamarTloebis gadasawyvetia, reportaJis gadmocemisas,

ra teqnika unda gamoiyenos Jurnalistma~.

intervius safuZvelze momzadebuli masalis gaSuqebis mizanSewoni-

lobis sakiTxis ganxilvisas sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom informaciis am

formiT gavrceleba warmoadgenda èrT-erT im mniSvnelovan mizezs, ris

gamoc presas SeuZlia, Seasrulos sazogadoebrivi darajis roli~. sabo-

loo Sefasebisas sasamarTlom daadgina, rom mosarClis mimarT gamota-

nili ganaCeni ar iyo àucilebeli~ zoma `demokratiul sazogadoebaSi~.

interviuSi sxva pirovnebis mier gakeTebuli gancxadebis gamo Jurnalis-

tis dasja `seriozulad SeuSlis xels presas sajaro interesis mqone mov-

lenebis gatanaSi sazogadoebriv diskusiaze; Jurnalistis dasja ar SeiZ-

leba manam, vidre amisTvis ar arsebobs Zalze seriozuli mizezebi. amis

gaTvaliswinebiT, sasamarTlo ver gaiziarebs mTavrobis mosazrebas jari-

mis SezRuduli bunebis marTebulobis Sesaxeb~.

Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom daadastura evrokonvenciis 10-e muxlis

darRveva.

1994 weli

306


Vereniging Weekblad Bluf! -i holandiis winaaRmdeg

faqtebi: mocemul saqmeSi momCivans warmoadgenda holandiuri Jur-

nali `Bluf!~-i, xolo mopasuxes _ holandia.

amsterdamSi dafuZnebuli asociacia, beWdavda yovelkvireul Jur-

nals `Bluf!�. aRniSnuli Jurnali gaTvaliswinebuli iyo memarcxene frTis

mkiTxvelTaTvis. 1987 wels `Bluf!�-ma moipova holandiis saidumlo sam-

saxuris perioduli moxseneba. 1981 wliT daTariRebul moxsenebas hqonda

grifi `saidumlo� da Seicavda informacias holandiis saidumlo samsaxu-

rebis maSindeli interesebis Sesaxeb. moxseneba exeboda holandiis komu-

nistur partiasa da antibirTvul moZraobas; masSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom

arabuli liga gegmavda haagaSi ofisis gaxsnas; iZleoda informacias aseve

poloneTis, rumineTisa da Cexoslovakiis saidumlo samsaxurebis holan-

diaSi moqmedebis Sesaxeb.

Jurnalis gamomcemelma gamoaqveyna moxseneba komentariTurT. imave

dRes holandiis Sidasaidumlo samsaxurma saxalxo prokurors gaugzavna

werili, sadac amtkicebda, rom moxsenebis gavrceleba sisxlis samarTlis

danaSauli iyo. moxsenebaSi arsebuli saidumlo xasiaTis informaciis

gaTvaliswinebiT, man gansakuTrebiT aRniSna, rom `Tumca ... faqtebi calke

aRebuli ar (an aRar) Seicavs saxelmwifo saidumlos, erTad aRebuli da

erTmaneTTan kavSirSi arsebuli, warmoadgens saxelmwifos an mis mokav-

SireTa saidumlo informacias. faqtebis Sedareba saSualebas iZleva, Seg-

viqmnas warmodgena saidumlo samsaxurebisa da BLD-s saqmianobisa da

meTodebis Sesaxeb.~

Sedegad, Jurnalis dabeWdvamde da distribuciamde gamoZiebis mosa-

marTlis brZanebis safuZvelze gaiCxrika `Bluf!�-is saTavsoebi. xolo Jur-

nalis 29 aprilis egzemplarebi, danarTebis CaTvliT, daayadaRes.

RamiT, xelisuflebis organoebisagan farulad, `Bluf!�-is TanamSro-

melma gaamravla Jurnali 2500 egzemplarad da meore dRes quCebSi da-

uriga amsterdamis mosaxleobas. xelisuflebis organoebma ar SeaCeres

distribucia. 1987 wlis maisSi gamoZiebis mosamarTlem `Bluf!�-is TanamS-

romlis winaaRmdeg aRZruli saqme yovelgvari sasjelis dakisrebis ga-

reSe Sewyvita. amasobaSi, Jurnalma moiTxova konfiskebuli egzemplarebis

ukan dabruneba, magram Txovna ar dakmayofilda. 1988 wlis martSi, sa-


307

sasamarTlo praqtika

xalxo prokuroris moTxovniT, holandiis sasamarTloebma `Bluf!�-is yvela

egzemplaris brunvidan amoRebis gadawyvetileba gamoitanes. sasamarT-

loebma brZanebas safuZvlad daudes erovnuli uSiSroebis dacva da aR-

niSnes, rom am masalebis arauflebamosili floba warmoadgenda kanon-

darRvevas da mimarTuli iyo sazogadoebis interesebis winaaRmdeg.

Jurnalma evropis adamianis uflebaTa komisiaSi iCivla da ganacxada,

rom holandiis xelisuflebam daarRvia maTi ufleba, gaTvaliswinebuli

konvenciis me-10 muxliT. mTavrobam ganacxada, rom mosarClis sityvis

TavisuflebaSi Careva kanonierad ganpirobebuli iyo èrovnuli usafrT-

xoebis dacviT, radgan im individebisa an jgufebisaTvis, romelTac surT,

erovnul usafrTxoebas miayenon safrTxe (ziani), moxsenebis wakiTxviT

naTeli gaxdeba holandiis saidumlo samsaxuris moqmedebis Tavisebure-

bani, misi sisusteebi da Zlieri mxareebi~.

gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlos azriT, mocemul SemTxvevaSi dairRva

me-10 muxli.

motivacia: `Bluf!�-is egzemplarebis dayadaRebasTan da misi brunvidan

amoRebis `kanonier mizanTan~ dakavSirebiT sasamarTlom gaacnobiera, rom

demokratiuli sazogadoebis funqcionirebisaTvis (arsebobisaTvis)

aucilebelia saidumlo samsaxurebis konfidencialurobis dacva. sasa-

marTlos azriT, es iZleva saSualebas, saxelmwifom Tavi daicvas im in-

dividebisa da jgufebis saqmianobisagan, romelTac surT, Ziri gamouT-

xaron demokratiuli sazogadoebis ZiriTad Rirebulebebs. Sesabamisad,

sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom dayadaRebasa da brunvidan amoRebas hqonda

èrovnuli usafrTxoebis~ `kanonieri mizani~.

amis Semdeg sasamarTlom Seafasa, iyo Tu ara dayadaReba da brunvidan

amoReba àucilebeli demokratiul sazogadoebaSi� da daaskvna, rom:

msjelobis sagania, iyo Tu ara moxsenebaSi moyvanili informacia sakmari-

sad mgrZnobiare, raTa gagvemarTlebina misi gavrcelebis akrZalva. do-

kumenti iyo 6 wlis siZvelis... uSiSroebis samsaxuris ufrosma 1987 wels

ganacxada, rom informaciis Semadgeneli erTeulebi, cal-calke aRebuli,

aRar warmoadgenda saxelmwifo saidumlos; meorec, moxseneba dasaTa-

urebuli iyo, rogorc `konfidencialuri�, rac saidumloebis yvelaze

dabal xarisxs ganekuTvneba[...]. mimoqcevidan amoReba... ganxilul unda iq-

nes movlenebTan urTierTkavSirSi. mas Semdeg, rac gazeTi daayadaRes,

308


gamomcemlebma gadabeWdes misi mravali egzemplari da gaavrceles ams-

terdamis yvelaze xalxmraval quCebSi. Sesabamisad, Jurnalis mimoqce-

vidan amoRebisas informacia ukve farTod iyo gavrcelebuli[...]. am uka-

nasknelTan dakavSirebiT, sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom ukve aRar aris saWiro

informaciis gasaidumloebisTvis xelis SeSla, radgan is gaxda sajaro

da dakarga saidumlo xasiaTi[...]. informacia xelmisawvdomi da gansjadi

gaxda bevri adamianisTvis. ufro metic, es movlenebi gaSuqda mediis mier.

aqedan gamomdinare, aRniSnuli informaciis _ rogorc saxelmwifo sa-

idumloebis matarebelis _ dacva aRar iyo gamarTlebuli (aucilebeli)

da `Bluf!�-is brunvidan amoReba aRar warmoadgenda kanonieri miznis miR-

wevis saSualebas [...]. Sesabamisad, radganac es zoma ar iyo aucilebeli

demokratiul sazogadoebaSi, dairRva me-10 muxli.

1995 weli

gudvini gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg

faqtebi: aRniSnul saqmeze momCivans warmoadgenda ingliseli Jurna-

listi batoni gudvini, xolo mopasuxes - gaerTianebuli samefo.

The Engineer-is saqmeSi Jurnalistma, mister gudvinma komerciuli

organizacia Tetra Ltd-s Sesaxeb informacia miiRo `wyarosagan� telefonis

meSveobiT. wyaro amtkicebda, rom kompania apirebda, aeRo didi krediti

seriozuli finansuri problemebis Seqmnis gamo. informaciis gacemisTvis

wyaros fuli ar auRia. statiis momzadebisas Jurnalistma kompanias

sTxova, gaekeTebina komentari amis Sesaxeb. Tumca aRniSnuli informacia

ikiTxeboda `mkacrad konfidencialuris� grifiT dasaTaurebul doku-

mentSi, kompaniam aRmoaCina, rom angariSebis asli sadRac gamqraliyo.

mas Semdeg, rac Jurnalistma kompanias komentari sTxova, Tetra Ltd-m sasa-

marTlos mimarTa SuamdgomlobiT brZanebis misaRebad, radgan Tuki in-

formacia sajaro gaxdeboda, es zians miayenebda mis finansur da ekono-

mikur interesebs. brZaneba gamoica da kompaniam misi aslebi yvela mTavar

gazeTs gaugzavna.

Semdeg kompaniam sasamarTlos mimarTa TxovniT, rom Jurnalists


309

sasamarTlo praqtika

gaemxila wyaros vinaoba. moTxovna argumentirebuli iyo imiT, rom kom-

panias es daexmareboda usindiso TanamSromlis gamovlenasa da mis wina-

aRmdeg procesis dawyebaSi. Jurnalistma kategoriuli uari ganacxada,

gaemxila wyaros vinaoba sasamarTlos moTxovnis Sesabamisad. igi daaja-

rimes `marTlmsajulebisTvis xelis SeSlis~ safuZvelze.

evropuli sasamarTlos winaSe, mosarClem ganacxada, rom sasamarTlos

brZanebam wyaros gamxelis Sesaxeb, iseve, rogorc amis Seusruleblobi-

saTvis dakisrebulma jarimam, Selaxa misi sityvis Tavisufleba.

gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daadgina, rom dairRva evrokonvenciis

me-10 muxli.

motivacia: sasamarTlom gaiziara, rom Careva gamiznuli iyo `sxvaTa

uflebebis� (kompaniis uflebebis) dasacavad. amis Semdeg Seudga imis gar-

kvevas, iyo Tu ara Careva ,,aucilebeli demokratiul sazogadoebaSi�.

gaiTvaliswina ra, rom `sityvis Tavisufleba warmoadgens demokratiuli

sazogadoebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan safuZvels da rom presisaTvis Zli-

eri dacvis miniWeba gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovania�, sasamarTlom da-

adgina, rom `rogorc wevri qveynebis kanonebsa da profesiuli qcevis

kodeqsebSia mocemuli, Jurnalisturi wyaroebis dacva presis Tavisuf-

lebis umTavresi pirobaa. [...] wyaros konfidencialurobis garantiis

ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, informaciis wyaro, romelic mniSvnelovnad

exmareba presas sazogadoebis informirebaSi, Tavs Seikavebs Jurnalis-

tebTan TanamSromlobaze. Sedegad ki presa veRar SeZlebs `sazogadoeb-

rivi darajis� funqciis Sesrulebas da sazogadoebis uzrunvelyofas

zusti da sando informaciiT~.

demokratiul sazogadoebaSi presis TavisuflebisaTvis Jurnalistu-

ri wyaroebis mniSvnelobisa da wyaros gamJRavnebis Sesaxeb brZanebis `gam-

yinavi efeqtis~ SesaZleblobis gaTvaliswinebiT, sasamarTlom ganacxada,

rom amgvari zoma SeuTavsebelia konvenciis me-10 muxlTan, sanam is ar

iqneba gamarTlebuli `Zlieri socialuri interesiT�.

sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom gansaidumloebis brZaneba iyo farTo

Sinaarsis da bundovani, swored imgvari, rogoric kompaniis saidumlo

informaciis gavrcelebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb miRebuli sasamarTlo brZa-

neba. sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom ar arsebobda `gonivruli proporci-

ulobis kavSiri gansaidumloebis Sesaxeb brZanebis kanonier mizansa da

310


am miznis miRwevisTvis gamoyenebul saSualebas Soris. Sesabamisad, mosar-

Cle Jurnalistis sityvis Tavisuflebaze moqmedi gansaidumloebis Se-

saxeb brZaneba ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos aucileblad demokratiul sazo-

gadoebaSi... tetras uflebebis dasacavad... Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom miiCnia,

rom orive _ rogorc JurnalistisTvis wyaros gamJRavnebis Sesaxeb brZa-

neba, ise misi dasja am moTxovnis SeusruleblobisaTvis _ warmoadgens

sityvis Tavisuflebis uflebis darRvevas.

sabolood, sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom aseTi zomebis miReba ueWvelad

niSnavs presis TavisuflebaSi Carevas da daadgina, rom gaerTianebulma

samefom daarRvia evrokonvenciis me-10 muxli.

gudvinis saqmeze gamotanili gadawyvetilebis Semdeg, 2000 wlis 8

marts, evrosabWos ministrTa komitetma miiRo rekomendacia WoR (2000)7,

romelic exeba Jurnalistis uflebas, ar gaamJRavnos informaciis wyaro.

1996 weli

de haesi da gijselsi belgiis winaaRmdeg

faqtebi: aRniSnul saqmeze momCivnebi iyvnen yovelkvireuli Jurnal

`humos~ redaqtori da imave Jurnalis Jurnalisti, xolo mopasuxe _ belgia.

momCivanma Jurnalistebma gazeTis meSveobiT ganixiles sasamarTloSi

mimdinare procesi. maT xuT statiaSi gesliani terminebiT gaakritikes

saapelacio sasamarTlos mosamarTleebi. saqme exeboda ganqorwinebas,

romelSic saapelacio sasamarTlom bavSvebi mamas miakuTvna. mama, saqvey-

nod cnobili notariusi, adre misi colisa da colis mSoblebis mier

braldebuli iyo ori bavSvis mimarT seqsualur ZaladobaSi. ganqorwi-

nebis momentisTvis notariusis winaaRmdeg mimdinare gamoZieba Sewyve-

tili iyo sabraldebo daskvnis Sedgenis gareSe.

de haesisa da gijselsis saqmem sasamarTlos winaSe dasva sakiTxi presis

Tavisuflebisa da samarTalwarmoebis monawileTa uflebebis dacvis da-

balansebis Sesaxeb.


311

sasamarTlo praqtika

samma mosamarTlem da prokurorma gazeTis or Jurnalists uCivles

da cilismwamebluri gancxadebebis gamo moiTxoves zianis anazRaureba

samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi wesiT. samoqalaqo sasamarTloebma miiCnies,

rom am orma Jurnalistma Zlieri eWvis qveS daayena mosamarTleebis mi-

ukerZoebloba, radgan maT sasamarTlos daabrales saqmis gadawyveta

notariusis sasargeblod, am ukanasknelTan axlo politikuri kavSirebis

gamo. Jurnalistebs daevalaT zianis anazRaureba (simboluri TanxiT) da

sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis sakuTari xarjiT dabeWdva eqvs gazeTSi.

Jurnalistebma mimarTes evropul sasamarTlos da ganacxades, rom dair-

Rva konvenciis me-10 muxli.

gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daadgina me-10 muxlis darRveva.

motivacia: sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom presa asrulebs mniSvnelovan

rols demokratiul sazogadoebaSi: `misi movaleobaa... sakuTar pasuxis-

mgeblobebTan SeTavsebiT, gaavrcelos informacia da ideebi sazogado-

ebrivi interesis mqone yvela sakiTxis Sesaxeb... Jurnalisturi Tavisuf-

leba aseve faravs gazviadebas an, Tundac, provokacias... erovnuli mTav-

robis diskrecia SezRudulia sazogadoebrivi interesiT, rac gulisx-

mobs presis _ rogorc sazogadoebrivi darajis _ funqcias~.

amasTan dakavSirebiT, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom presa mniSvnelovan

rols asrulebs saxelmwifoSi, romelic kanonis uzenaesobiT imarTeba.

Tumca man ar unda gadaabijos garkveul farglebs, gansakuTrebiT, sxvaTa

uflebebTan da reputaciasTan dakavSirebiT, mis movaleobas warmoadgens

_ sakuTari valdebulebebis da pasuxismgeblobebis Sesabamisad _ mosaz-

rebebisa da informaciis gavrceleba sazogadoebrivi interesis mqone ne-

bismier sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT12.

politikuri debatebis Tavisufleba Tavisi bunebiT udavod absolu-

turia. monawile saxelmwifos SeuZlia, is SezRudvebsa da sasjelebs

dauqvemdebaros, magram sabolood mxolod sasamarTlo wyvets aRniSnuli

zomebis Sesabamisobas me-10 muxlSi gaTvaliswinebul gamoxatvis Tavisuf-

lebasTan13 . dasaSvebi kritikis sazRvrebi ufro farToa mTavrobasTan,

vidre calkeul moqalaqesTan an Tundac calkeul politikosTan mimar-

TebaSi. demokratiul sazogadoebaSi mTavrobis qmedebebi detalurad un-

12 ix. `sandi taimsi~ (#1) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg. gv. 268.13 ix. `obzerveri~ da `gardiani~ gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg. gv. 287.

312


da gaanalizdes ara mxolod sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo xelisuflebis

mier, aramed presaSi sazogadoebrivi azris meSveobiT. metic, is gansakuT-

rebuli roli, romelsac presa asrulebs, avaldebulebs mas, ganixilos

sisxlis samarTlebrivi devna (procesi) imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom presas

aqvs sxva saSualebebic, raTa pasuxi gasces usamarTlobasa da kriticizms

Tavisi mtrebis mxridan. saxelmwifos Sesabamis organoebs, rogorc sazo-

gadoebrivi wesrigis garants, ufleba aqvT, airCion, Tundac sisxlis

samarTlis kanonmdeblobis bunebidan gamomdinare, moaxdinon Tu ara

reagireba cilismwameblur braldebebze, romlebic moklebulia faqtob-

riv safuZvels, an Camoyalibebulia arakeTilsindisierad.

sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom apelantebis winaaRmdeg gamotanili gadawy-

vetileba emyareboda yvela im statias, romlebic 1986 wlis 26 ivnisidan

7 noembramde daibeWda X-is saqmis sakiTxebze. es gaTvaliswinebuli unda

iqnes gasaCivrebuli Carevis aucileblobisa da masStabis Sefasebisas.

statiebi Seicavs uamrav detalur informacias im garemoebebis Sesaxeb,

romlebSic moxda gadawyvetilebis miReba b-ni X-is bavSvebis meurveobis

Taobaze. aRniSnuli informacia emyareboda b-ni X-is winaaRmdeg bral-

debebisa da im eqspertTa mosazrebebis seriozul kvlevebs, romlebic

ganmcxadeblebs awvdidnen informacias bavSvebis interesebidan gamom-

dinare. TviT antverpenis saapelacio sasamarTloc ki adgens, rom `batoni

X-is meuRlesa da meuRlis mSoblebs, romelTa winaaRmdeg aRiZra saqme

kriminaluri ciliswamebisaTvis, ar hqondaT mizezi, eWvi SeetanaT bral-

debebis simarTleSi~.

aqedan gamomdinare, ar SeiZleba ganmcxadeblebis dadanaSauleba imaSi,

rom maT, TiTqosda, uRalates Tavis profesiul valdebulebas, rodesac

gamoaqveynes is, rac aRniSnuli saqmis Sesaxeb Seityves. informaciisa da

mosazrebebis gadacema sazogadoebisaTvis saintereso sakiTxebze presis

movaleobaa. da, aseve, sazogadoebasac aqvs maTi miRebis ufleba14 . es gan-

sakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania aRniSnul SemTxvevasTan dakavSirebiT _ bral-

debebis seriozulobidan gamomdinare, roca saqme exeba rogorc bavSvebis

beds, ise antverpenis sasamarTlo sistemis funqcionirebas. metic, ganm-

cxadeblebs am kuTxiT absoluturad naTeli pozicia ukaviaT, rodesac

14 jersildi daniis winaaRmdeg, gv. 304; gudvini gaerTianebuli samefos

winaaRmdeg, gv. 308.


313

sasamarTlo praqtika

1986 wlis 18 seqtembris statiaSi weren: `presam namdvilad ar unda

moaxdinos mosamarTlis rolis uzurpacia, magram am skandalur situaci-

aSi SeuZlebeli da dauSvebelia Cveni dumili~.

aRsaniSnavia, rom mosamarTleebsa da generalur advokats, romlebsac

procesi mihyavdaT, briuselis pirveli instanciisa da saapelacio sa-

samarTloebSi arc werilobiT da arc zepir argumentaciaSi dauyenebiaT

eWvqveS X-is bavSvebis bedis Sesaxeb gamoqveynebuli informacia, garda im

gancxadebisa, rom moxda aRniSnuli saqmis gamotana antverpenis sasamar-

Tlodan. magram am ukanaskneli punqtis mniSvneloba mTel sadavo sakiT-

xTan SedarebiT da TviT is faqtic, rom ganmcxadeblebma TviTonve Seas-

wores aRniSnuli gancxadeba, miuTiTebs, rom es incidenti eWvqveS ver

daayenebs Jurnalistebis mier Catarebuli samuSaos sandoobas.

Tumca batonebis de haesis da gijselsis komentarebi udavod metis-

metad kritikulia, isini savsebiT Seesabameba im aRSfoTebasa da aurza-

urs, rac statiebSi asaxulma braldebebma gamoiwvia. rac Seexeba Jurna-

listebis agresiul da polemikur tons, rac sasamarTlom ar moiwona, ar

unda dagvaviwydes, rom muxli 10 icavs ara mxolod gamoxatuli infor-

maciisa da mosazrebebis arss, aramed, maTi gamoxatvis formasac.

sabolood, aRniSnul saqmeze gamotanil gadawyvetilebaSi sasamar-

Tlom gaacnobiera, rom mosamarTleebi unda sargeblobdnen sazogado-

ebrivi ndobiT da, maSasadame, isini daculi unda iyvnen faqtobrivi sa-

fuZvlis armqone destruqciuli Tavdasxmebisagan. ufro metic, maT aqvT

diskreciuli valdebuleba, _ mosamarTleebs ar SeuZliaT, sajarod upa-

suxon Tavdasxmas, maSin roca, magaliTad, politikosebs amis gakeTeba xe-

lewifebaT. Semdgom sasamarTlom ganixila statiebi da aRniSna, rom maTSi

mocemulia bevri detali, maT Soris, eqspertebis mosazrebebi, rac kidev

erTxel adasturebs, rom Jurnalistebma seriozuli gamoZieba Caatares,

vidre am sakiTxs sajarod gamoitandnen. es statiebi mxolod nawili iyo

sazogadoebaSi gamarTuli im sajaro debatebisa, romelic sasamarTlos

mier incestis saqmis gadawyvetam gamoiwvia. gaiTvaliswina ra sazogado-

ebis mniSvnelovani ufleba _ iyos informirebuli sazogadoebrivi in-

teresebis momcveli movlenebis Sesaxeb _ sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom erov-

nuli sasamarTloebis gadawyvetileba ar iyo `aucilebeli demokratiul

sazogadoebaSi~ da, maSasadame, warmoadgenda me-10 muxlis darRvevas.

1996 weli

314


inkali TurqeTis winaaRmdeg

faqtebi: momCivans aRniSnul saqmeSi warmoadgenda Turqi politikosi

inkali, xolo mopasuxes ki _ TurqeTi.

inkalis saqmeSi xelisuflebis erovnulma organoebma sityvis Tavi-

sufleba SezRudes `areulobis Tavidan acilebis~ sababiT. b-ma inkalma _

erovnebiT Turqma da 1993 wels sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier gauq-

mebuli saxalxo leiboristuli partiis wevrma _ gaavrcela prokla-

maciebi, romlebic Seicavda TurqeTis samTavrobo policiis Sesaxeb

RvarZlian cnobebs da mouwodebda qurTi erovnebis mosaxleobas erTad

dgomisaken da erTiani politikuri moTxovnebis wamoyenebisaken. prok-

lamaciebi xalxs mouwodebda, amxedrebuliyvnen TurqeTis usafrTxoebis

policiisa da adgilobrivi mTavrobebis mier wamowyebuli antiqurTuli

kampaniis winaaRmdeg. am kampanias igi afasebda, rogorc `qurTi xalxis

winaaRmdeg qveyanaSi gaCaRebuli sagangebo omis nawils~. proklamaciebSi

saxelmwifos moqmedeba Sefasebuli iyo, rogorc `Turqi da qurTi pro-

letarebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli terori~. Tumca, amis miuxedavad, prok-

lamaciebi mkvlelobebisa da siZulvilis mowodebebs ar Seicavda. Tur-

qeTis uSiSroebis policiam miiCnia, rom proklamaciebi SeiZleboda Sefa-

sebuli yofiliyo, rogorc separatizmis propaganda. b-n inkals danaSa-

ulis Cadenis mcdelobisaTvis erovnuli sasamarTloebis mier mieniWa 6-

Tviani patimroba. mas aseve aekrZala samoqalaqo samsaxurSi Sesvla da

politikur organizaciebSi, asociaciebsa da savaWro gaerTianebebSi saq-

mianoba.

TurqeTis sasamarTloebis aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba b-nma inkalma

gaasaCivra evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTloSi da ganacxada, rom

TurqeTis xelisuflebam daarRvia evrokonvenciis me-10 muxli.

evropuli sasamarTlos winaSe TurqeTis mTavroba amtkicebda, rom

mosarClis mimarT gamotanili gadawyvetileba aucilebeli iyo areulo-

bis Tavidan asacileblad, radgan proklamaciebis ena iyo agresiuli, pro-

vokaciuli da stimulis mimcemi qurTi mosaxleobisaTvis, raTa maT da-

ejerebinaT, rom `sagangebo omis~ msxverplni iyvnen da, aqedan gamomdi-

nare, maT mier Tavdacvis komitetebis Camoyalibeba gamarTlebuli iyo.

mTavroba aseve amtkicebda, rom `proklamaciebis Sinaarsi erT eTnikur

jgufs aSkarad ganawyobda saxelmwifo xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg~.


315

sasamarTlo praqtika


da me-6 muxlebi.

motivacia: imis Sesafaseblad, iyo Tu ara mosarClis mimarT gamota-

nili ganaCeni `aucilebeli demokratiul sazogadoebaSi~, sasamarTlom

daadgina, rom `upirveles yovlisa, sityvis Tavisufleba mniSvnelovania

politikuri partiebisa da misi aqtiuri wevrebisaTvis�. sasamarTlom

dasZina, rom man ver SeZlo, daedgina verc erTi safuZveli, romlis gaT-

valiswinebiTac batoni inkali SeiZleboda, migveCnia pasuxismgeblad Tur-

qeTSi arsebuli terorizmis problemebis gamo[...]; dabolos, batoni in-

kalis ganaCeni iyo araproporciuli miznisa da, Sesabamisad, ar warmoad-

genda aucilebels demokratiul sazogadoebaSi. me-10 muxlis darRve-

vasTan erTad, sasamarTlom daadastura me-6 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli

samarTliani sasamarTlos uflebis darRvevac, radgan mosarCle gasa-

marTlebuli iyo sami mosamarTlisagan Semdgari sasamarTlos mier, rom-

lis erTi wevric samxedro mosamarTle gaxldaT.

1999 weli

ianovski poloneTis winaaRmdeg

faqtebi: ganmcxadebeli iyo poloneTis moqalaqe, qalaq zdunska vo-

laSis mcxovrebi Jurnalisti ianovski. 1992 wlis 2 seqtembers man qalaqis

moedanze dainaxa ramdenime municipaluri mcveli, romlebic quCaSi mo-

vaWreebs aiZulebdnen, moedani daetovebinaT da uaxloes bazarSi gada-

enacvlaT. ganmcxadebeli municipalur mcvelebs miuaxlovda da uTxra,

rom isini sakuTar uflebebs ametebdnen, radgan municipalitets Sesaba-

misi rezolucia ar miuRia. ganmcxadebelsa da mcvelebs Soris Selapa-

rakebas araerTi adamiani Seeswro. ramdenime dRis Semdeg olqis proku-

rorma sasamarTloSi sabraldebo aqti waradgina, romliTac, sisxlis sa-

marTlis kodeqsis 239-e muxlis Tanaxmad, ianovskis bralad edeboda sa-

jaro mosamsaxureebis sityvieri Seuracxyofa; xolo amave kodeqsis 59-e

muxlis Tanaxmad _ xulignoba. ganmcxadebels miusajes rva TviT Tavi-

suflebis aRkveTa, romlis aRsrulebac gadavadda pirobiT ori wlis gan-

316


mavlobaSi; mas daakisres 1 500 000 zlotis gadaxda, agreTve, _ 400 000

zlotis gadaxda saqvelmoqmedo dawesebulebebisTvis da 346 000 zlotisa

_ sasamarTlo xarjebisaTvis.

ganmcxadebelma saqme gaasaCivra regionul sasamarTloSi, sadac da-

obda, rom mas pasuxismgebloba arasakmarisi mtkicebulebebis safuZvelze

daakisres. regionulma sasamarTlom mizanSeuwonlad miiCnia ganmcxadeb-

lis pasuxismgebloba xulignobisTvis, radgan aRniSna, rom ganmcxadebeli

quCaSi movaWreebs icavda mcvelebisgan, romelTa qmedebac, misi azriT,

ukanono iyo. regionuli sasamarTlo daeTanxma ganmcxadebels, rom adgi-

lobriv municipalitets ar gamoucia werilobiT rezolucia, romelic

municipalur mcvelebs zemoaRniSnuli qmedebis uflebas miscemda. Tumca

regionulma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom olqis sasamarTlos gadawyveti-

lebaSi ar iyo moxseniebuli is sityvebi, romliTac ganmcxadebelma mcve-

lebs mimarTa. am ori sityvis safuZvelze (�suleli� da �viri�) sasamar-

Tlom daaskvna, rom ganmcxadebelma gadaabija gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis

farglebs da Seuracxyo sajaro moxeleebi. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom da-

adgina, rom ganmcxadebeli samarTlianad daisaja sisxlis samarTlis

kodeqsis 239-e muxlis safuZvelze, romlis mizania, aRkveTos sajaro

moxeleebisTvis muSaobaSi xelis SeSla.

ianovskim evropis adaminis uflebebis sasamarTlos mimarTa, sadac da-

obda, rom misTvis sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebiT

dairRva misi gamoxatvis Tavisufleba, rac evropuli konvenciis meaTe

muxliT aris gaTvaliswinebuli.


ar darRveula da Careva efuZneboda sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 236-e

muxliT.

motivacia: saxelmwifos mohyavda ori argumenti legitimuri miznis

arsebobis asaxsnelad. pirveli _ es iyo sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacva da

meore _ sajaro moxeleebis Rirsebisa da reputaciis dacva. sasamarTlo

daeTanxma saxelmwifo warmomadgenlebs, rom am SemTxvevaSi arsebobda

legitimuri mizani, kerZod, sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacva. sasamarTlo

amis Semdeg imis ganxilvas Seudga, aucilebeli iyo Tu ara Careva demok-

ratiul sazogadoebaSi. sasamarTlom kidev erTxel aRniSna gamoxatvis

Tavisuflebis mniSvneloba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi. gamoxatvis Tavi-


317

sasamarTlo praqtika

sufleba warmoadgens individis ganviTarebis safuZvels. gamoxatvis

Tavisufleba icavs ara mxolod im informaciasa da ideebs, romlebic sa-

siamovno mosasmenia, an Sefasebulia rogorc uwyinari da indiferentu-

lobis obieqti, aramed gamoxatvis Tavisufleba icavs im informaciasa

da ideebsac, romlebic wyenas mogayeneben, Soks moggvrian an agafori-

aqeben (hendisaidi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg).

sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom termini �aucilebeli� gulisxmobs �Zlieri

socialuri aucileblobis� arsebobas. wevr saxelmwifoebs gaCniaT Tavi-

sufali moqmedebis farglebi imis dasadgenad, arsebobs Tu ara aRniSnuli

aucilebloba. Tumca es diskrecia arsebobs evropul zedamxedvelobas-

Tan erTad, romelic moicavs sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebebs da saka-

nonmdeblo xelisuflebis mier miRebul kanonmdeblobas. miuleris saq-

meSi erovnuli xelisuflebis mier sityvis TavisuflebaSi ganxorciele-

buli Careva sasamarTlos mier miCneul iqna gonivrulad da `saWirod

demokratiul saxelmwifoSi~ _ `moralis~ dasacavad (lingensi avstriis

winaaRmdeg).

sasamarTlom daadgina, rom ianovski gamoxatvis dros ar iyo CarTuli

sajaro debatebSi da misTvis sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis da-

kisreba moxda ori sityvis warmoTqmis gamo. sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom am

saqmeSi Careva aucilebeli iyo demokratiul sazogadoebaSi da saxelmwi-

fos gaaCnda legitimuri mizani, gansakuTrebiT, imis gaTvaliswinebiT,

rom ganmcxadeblis patimrobis pirobiTi sasjeli apelaciisas gauqmda

da jarima minimumamde iqna dayvanili.

saqmeSi meaTe muxlis darRveva ar dadginda.

1999 weli

sureki TurqeTis winaaRmdeg (N1)

faqtebi: mosarCles am saqmeSi warmoadgenda b-ni sureki, xolo mopa-

suxes ki _ TurqeTis mTavroba.

mosarCles ekuTvnoda ZiriTadi wili kompaniaSi, romelic gamoscemda

yovelkvireul Jurnals. gamoqveynda ori mkiTxvelis statia, sadac saxel-

318


mwifo moxeleebi mkacrad iyvnen gakritikebulni imisaTvis, rom wvlili

miuZRodaT `qurTistanSi~ _ samxreT TurqeTSi _ ganxorcielebul masob-

riv mkvlelobaSi. mosarCle damnaSaved cnes saxelmwifos erTianobis wi-

naaRmdeg mimarTuli propagandis gavrcelebasa da xalxSi mtrobisa da

siZulvilis gaRvivebaSi. mas jarima daekisra.


ar darRveula.

motivacia: sajaro moxelis mxridan adgili hqonda mosarClis Tavisu-

fali gamoxatvis uflebis SezRudvas; es ganxorcielda kanonis farglebSi

da emsaxureboda legitimur mizans, kerZod, erovnuli usafrTxoebis da

saxelmwifos teritoriuli mTlianobis dacvas da areulobisa da dana-

Saulis Tavidan acilebas. sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom gamoxatvis Tavisuf-

leba warmoadgens demokratiuli sazogadoebis erT-erT ZiriTad safuZ-

vels; rogorc me-10(2) muxlis dacvis sagani, vrceldeba sawyen, Sokis mom-

gvrel da SemaSfoTebel informaciasa da ideebzec. Tavisufali gamo-

xatvis uflebasTan dakavSirebuli yovelgvari gamonaklisi unda iyos mka-

crad gansazRvruli da SezRudvebis aucilebloba damajereblad unda

Camoyalibdes.

zedsarTavi `aucilebeli~, me-10(2) muxlis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare,

gulisxmobs gadaudebeli sazogadoebrivi saWiroebis arsebobas.

mTlianad saqmis fonze, sakamaTo frazebisa da maTi konteqstis gaTva-

liswinebiT, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda daeTmos imis gansazRvras, Tu

ramdenad proporciuli iyo gansaxilveli SezRudva legitimuri miznis

mimarT da ramdenad Sesaferisi da sakmarisia xelisuflebis mier warmod-

genili argumentebi... saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis pirebma unda aCvenon, rom

maT gamoiyenes me-10 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli principebis Sesabamisi stan-

dartebi da, amasTanave, eyrdnobodnen saTanado faqtebis misaReb Sefasebas.

sadavo SezRudva ganxilul unda iqnes politikuri demokratiis sa-

Tanado funqcionirebis uzrunvelyofaSi presis arsebiTi rolis gaTva-

liswinebiT. presis movaleobaa, gaavrcelos politikuri informacia da

ideebi, romelTa Soris SeiZleba iyos uTanxmoebis gamomwvevi mosazre-

bebic; sazogadoebas ki aqvs maTi miRebis ufleba.

me-10(2) muxlis mixedviT, politikuri gamosvlisa da sazogadoebisTvis

saintereso sakiTxebze debatebis SezRudva SeiZleba mcire farglebSi.

dasaSvebi kritikis sazRvrebi ufro farToa xelisuflebasTan mimarTe-


319

sasamarTlo praqtika

baSi, gansxvavebiT kerZo pirisagan. xelisuflebis moqmedebis an umoqme-

dobis marTebuloba unda Semowmdes sazogadoebrivi azris meSveobiT. do-

minanturi pozicia aiZulebs xelisuflebas, naklebad mimarTos sisxlis-

samarTlebriv procedurebs, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac arsebobs sxva

saSualebebi oponentebis usamarTlo Setevebisa da kritikis sapasuxod.

Tumca kompetentur saxelmwifo moxeleebs mainc SeuZliaT, moaxdinon

Sesabamisi reagireba aseT SeniSvnebze da miiRon sxvadasxva, maT Soris,

sisxlissamarTlebrivi xasiaTis zomebic ki. rodesac aseTi gamonaTqvamebi

mouwodeben kerZo piris, sajaro moxelis an mosaxleobis garkveuli nawi-

lis mimarT Zaladobisken, saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis pirebs aqvT ufro

farTo ganmartebis SesaZlebloba, raTa Seamowmon gamoxatvis Tavisuf-

lebis SezRudvis saWiroeba.

mxedvelobaSi unda iqnas miRebuli saqmis garemoebebi, kerZod, tero-

rizmis prevenciasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi. sadavo werilebSi `sisx-

lisRvraze~, `Jletasa~ da `sisastikeze~ miTiTebis garda, gamoyenebuli

iyo iseTi gansazRvrebebic, rogoricaa �faSisturi Turquli armia� da

`mkvlelebis banda~. sasamarTlos azriT, es iyo sisxliani SurisZiebis

moTxovna uaryofiTi emociebis aRZvrisa da sastik ZaladobaSi ukve ga-

movlenili gaborotebuli grZnobebis gamZafrebis meSveobiT. werilebi

gamoqveynda seriozuli mRelvarebis fonze, rodesac didi iyo msxverpli

da gamocxadebuli iyo sagangebo mdgomareoba. garda amisa, am werilebs

SeuZliaT, kvlav biZgi miscen Zaladobas. erT-erT werilSi pirovnebebi

moxseniebulni iyvnen saxelebiT, rac maTze Zaladobis ganxorcielebis

safrTxes qmnida. mosarCelisTvis dakisrebuli jarima mokrZalebuli iyo.

qveynis Tanamdebobis pirebis mier wamoyenebuli argumentebi mosarClis

damnaSaved cnobasTan dakavSirebiT, Sesabamisad, saTanado da sakmarisi

iyo da SezRudvac proporciulad Seesabameboda mis legitimur mizans.

1999 weli

fresozi da rua safrangeTis winaaRmdeg

faqtebi: mosarCleebma frangul satirul gazeT `Canrad Enchaine~-Si

gamoaqveynes statia, sadac saubari iyo Semdegze: kompania `peJos~ gene-

320


ralur direqtors, baton kavats, xelfasi seriozulad gaezarda maSin,

rodesac kompaniis menejmentis samsaxuri uars eubneboda TanamSromlebs

xelfasis momatebaze. batoni fresozi, romelic satiruli gamocemis di-

reqtori iyo, da batoni rua, Jurnalisti, romelmac statia gamoaqveyna,

damnaSaved cnes. isini daadanaSaules konfidencialobis darRveviT mopo-

vebuli dokumentis gamoqveynebaSi. Tavad dokumenti miRebul iqna saga-

dasaxado samsaxuris erT-erTi TanamSromlisgan, romlis vinaobac dad-

genili ar aris.

mosarCeleebma mimarTes evropis adamianis uflebebis sasamarTlos,

sadac daobdnen, rom maTTvis pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebiT dairRva kon-

venciis meaTe muxli.


Rveva.

motivacia: sasamarTlom daadgina, rom Jurnalistebi valdebuli ari-

an, daemorCilon sisxlis samarTlis kanonebs sakuTar qveyanaSi. isini am

valdebulebisgan ar Tavisufldebian meaTe muxlis dacvis gamo. Tumca

am konkretul situaciaSi, sazogadoebrivma interesma da presis arse-

biTma rolma, SesaZloa, gaamarTlos profesiuli saidumlos darRveviT

miRebuli informaciis gamoqveyneba. im faqtidan gamomdinare, rom sagaze-

To statiam wvlili Seitana sazogadoebisaTvis saintereso sakiTxis irgv-

liv debatebSi, aseve im faqtis gamo, rom batoni kavatis xelfasis Sesaxeb

informacia ar exeboda mis pirad cxovrebas da, Tanac, es informacia ukve

cnobili iyo adamianTa sakmaod farTo wrisaTvis, _ sasamarTlom daad-

gina, rom am saqmeSi ar arsebobda sadavo informaciis konfidenciurobis

dacvis saWiroeba. sasamarTlom aqve aRniSna, rom mosarCeleebisTvis sis-

xlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba daefuZna im dokumentebis

gamoqveynebas, romelTa gamJRavneba kanons ewinaaRmdegeboda, Tumca do-

kumentebis Sinaarsi ar iyo konfidencialuri.

sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom meaTe muxli icavs Jurnalistis uflebas,

gamoaqveynos informacia sazogadoebrivi interesis sakiTxebze imis gaT-

valiswinebiT, rom imoqmedebs keTilsindisierad, zust faqtobriv gare-

moebebze dayrdnobiT da uzrunvelyofs sando da utyuar informacias

Jurnalisturi eTikis normebis Sesabamisad.

1999 weli


321

sasamarTlo praqtika

dalbani rumineTis winaaRmdeg

faqtebi: batonma dalbanma, romelic rumineTSi yovelkvireul gazeTs

gamoscemda, gamoaqveyna statia, sadac naTqvami iyo, rom saxelmwifos kuT-

vnili sasoflo-sameurneo kompaniis aRmasrulebeli direqtori batoni

j.s. CarTuli iyo finansur maqinaciebSi, ris Sedegadac kompaniam 23 000 000

lei dakarga. dalbani amave statiaSi saubrobda senator r.t.-s Sesaxeb,

romelic erT-erTi sasoflo-sameurneo kompaniis direqtorTa sabWos

wevri iyo da romelmac ukanonod isargebla sakuTari TanamdebobiT. ba-

toni dalbani damnaSaved cnes ciliswamebisTvis. mas daniSnuli sasjeli

gadauvades da daakisres sasamarTlo procesis xarjebis anazRaureba.

apelaciisas uzenaesma sasamarTlom gaamarTla dalbani baton j.s-sTan

dakavSirebiT, radgan daadgina, rom igi keTilsindisierad moqmedebda;

amavdroulad, sasamarTlom ZalaSi datova wina instanciis gadawyveti-

leba senatoris ciliswamebasTan dakavSirebiT, Tumca daxura saqme bato-

ni dalbanis sikvdilis gamo. batoni dalbanis qvrivma evropis adamianis

uflebebis sasamarTlos mimarTa, sadac daobda konvenciis meaTe muxlis

darRvevis gamo da kompensacias iTxovda.

gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daadgina, rom baton dalbanTan mimar-

TebaSi dairRva konvenciis meaTe muxli.

motivacia: sasamarTlom Tavdapirvelad kidev erTxel aRniSna gamo-

xatvis Tavisuflebis mniSvneloba, kerZod ki _ presis roli demokratiul

sazogadoebaSi; Tumca iqve dasZina, rom presam ar unda gadaabijos gark-

veul zRvars; rom Jurnalisturi Tavisufleba moicavs gazviadebis da

provokaciis garkveul xarisxsac. sasamarTlom aseve ganacxada, rom mi-

uRebeli iqneboda, Tuki Jurnalisti ver SeZlebda kritikuli Sefasebebis

gamoTqmas maTi simarTlis damtkicebis gareSe. saqmidan gamomdinare, ver

mtkicdeba, rom dalbanis statiaSi moyvanili faqtebi mcdari iyo da miz-

nad isaxavda j.s.-s da senator r.t.-s winaaRmdeg kampaniis dawyebas. saxel-

mwifos warmomadgenels sadavod ar gauxdia komisiis daskvna, rom Careva

ar iyo aucilebeli demokratiul sazogadoebaSi. sasamarTlom daadgina,

rom dalbanisTvis sisxlisamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebiT

dairRva Jurnalistis gamoxatvis Tavisufleba.

am saqmeSi aseve warmoiSva mniSvnelovani sakiTxi msxverplis statusTan

322


dakavSirebiT. sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom dalbanis sasargeblod gadawyve-

tilebis gamotana ar iyo sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom dalbanisTvis msxveplis

statusi gaeuqmebinaT, Tuki saxelmwifo organoebi konvenciis darRvevas

Riad ar aRiarebdnen da ar uzrunvelyofdnen darRveuli uflebis aRd-

genas. rumineTis uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, dalbani gaamar-

Tles j.s.-sTan dakavSirebiT, Tumca, misi uflebebi ar aRudgeniaT. uze-

naesi sasamarTlos mier senator r.t-sTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetile-

bis ZalaSi datoveba da saqmis daxurva dalbanis gardacvalebis gamo, ar

warmoadgenda konvenciis meaTe muxlis darRvevis aRiarebas.

Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom ganmcxadeblis cols Seunar-

Cundeba msxverplis statusi konvenciis 34-e muxlis miznebisTvis.

1999 weli

`bladet tromso~ da stensaasi norvegiis winaaRmdeg

faqtebi: pirveli ganmcxadebeli iyo SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis

kompania, romelic yoveldRiur gazeTs gamoscemda, meore ganmcxadebeli

ki _ am gazeTis redaqtori.

gazeT �bladet tromso�-Si gamoqveynda statia, romelic eyrdnoboda

specialurad daniSnuli inspeqtoris moxsenebas. es inspeqtori veSapebze

monadire gemze mogzaurobda wesebis dacvis Sesamowmeblad. moxsenebaSi

aRniSnuli iyo, rom monadireebma, savaraudod, daarRvies sakmaod mkacri

wesebi, romlebic dadgenili iyo am saxeobaze nadirobisaTvis. moxsenebis

gamoqveyneba TevzWeris saministrom droebiT gadado. xomaldis wevrebma

gazeTis warmomadgenlebs ciliswamebisTvis uCivles. sasamarTlom zo-

gierTi gancxadeba Seafasa, rogorc cilismwamebluri da ganmcxadeblebs

xomaldis wevrebisaTvis kompensaciis gadaxda daekisraT.

gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daadgina, rom saxeze iyo meaTe muxlis

darRveva.

motivacia: sasamarTlom Tavdapirvelad kidev erTxel aRniSna gamoxat-

vis Tavisuflebis mniSvneloba, kerZod ki, presis roli demokratiul


323

sasamarTlo praqtika

sazogadoebaSi; Tumca, iqve dasZina, rom presam ar unda gadaabijos gark-

veul sazRvrebs. sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom Jurnalisturi Tavisufleba mo-

icavs gazviadebis da provokaciis garkveul xarisxsac. xolo saxelmwifom

presas unda misces saSualeba, rom imoqmedos, rogorc sazogadoebis guSagma

da gamoaqveynos informacia sazogadoebisaTvis mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze.

sadavo gancxadebebi brals sdebda xomaldis wevrebs sisxlis samar-

Tlis danaSaulebebis CadenaSi. norvegiuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba

legitimur mizans emsaxureboda, kerZod ki _ xomaldis wevrebis uflebe-

bis dacvas. rac Seexeba gadawyvetilebis Sesabamisobas, aq unda aRiniSnos,

rom sasamarTlos mxedvelobaSi unda mieRo im droisaTvis norvegiaSi

veSapebze nadirobis Temis irgvliv warmoqmnili garemoebebi da winaaRm-

degobrivi debatebi. faqtebTan dakavSirebiT unda iTqvas, rom gazeTma

dabalansebulad gaaSuqa es Tema da warmoaCina sxvadasxva Sexeduleba am

sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.

sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom saxelmwifo organoebma gansakuTrebuli

sifrTxile unda gamoiCinon, rodesac saqme exeba sanqciis dawesebas an

sxva iseTi zomebis miRebas, romlebsac SeuZlia uaryofiTi zegavlena mo-

axdinos presis monawileobaze sazogadoebrivad mniSvnelovan debatebSi.

konvenciis meaTe muxlis meore nawilSi aRniSnulia movaleobebi, rome-

lic unda daicvas pirma, Tuki igi gamoxatvis TavisuflebiT sargeblobs.

es movaleobebi presazec vrceldeba da gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas

iZens, rodesac saqme exeba piris reputaciis Selaxvas. amasTan, xomaldis

wevrebs, konvenciis meeqvse muxlis meore nawilis Tanaxmad, icavs uda-

naSaulobis prezumfcia, sanam maTi braleuloba ar dadgindeba sasamar-

Tlo wesiT. meaTe muxlis Tanaxmadve, Jurnalistebi keTilsindisierad

unda moqmedebdnen da uzrunvelyofdnen zusti da sando informaciis

miwodebas Jurnalisturi eTikis safuZvelze.

gamoxatva am saqmeSi moicavda ara SefasebiT msjelobas, aramed _ faq-

tebs, romlebic ar iyo gamagrebuli damoukidebeli kvleviT an gamo-

ZiebiT. faqtebTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos ramdenime mniSvnelovani

garemoeba: 1. gancxadebebi statiaSi cilismwamebluri iyo ara imitom, rom

xomaldis wevrebs bralad edebodaT veSapebisadmi gamoCenili sisastike,

aramed imitom, rom im konkretul veSapebze nadiroba aralegaluri iyo;

2. statiaSi moTxrobili iyo sisastikis Sesaxebac, magaliTad is, rom xo-

324


maldis wevrebma cocxlad gaatyaves veSapebi da cemiT daemuqrnen inspeq-

tors. magram es informacia gadmocemuli iyo zogadi msjelobiT, rac

SesaZleblobas iZleoda, statiis Sesabamisi monakveTi Sefasebuliyo, ro-

gorc garkveulwilad gazviadebuli. 3. statiaSi gamoqveynebuli iyo

xomaldis im wevrTa saxelebi, romlebsac inspeqtori esaubra, Tumca ar

iyo naxsenebi arc erTi saxeli im pirTagan, romlebsac bralad edebodaT

sadavo qmedebebi; 4. radgan moxseneba Sedgenili iyo oficialuri piris

mier, gazeTs ufleba hqonda, dayrdnoboda mas; 5. saxelmwifos ar gaukeTe-

bia raime gancxadeba, romelic saeWvos gaxdida sadavo moxsenebas.

am garemoebebze dayrdnobiT, sasamarTlos ar SeuZlia ganacxados, rom

xomaldis wevrebis uflebebis dacvam gadawona sazogadoebis interesi

aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. Sesabamisad, ar arsebobda Carevis

aucilebloba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi.

1999 weli

News verlags GmbH & CoKC -i avstriis winaaRmdeg

faqtebi: aRniSnul saqmeSi mosarCles warmoadgenda media organiza-

ciis mflobeli kompania News verlags GmbH-i da CoKC-i, xolo mopasuxes

ki _ avstria.

b-s dakavebis Semdeg, im samarTaldarRvevebisTvis, romlebic dakavSi-

rebuli iyo politikosebisa da sxva sajaro pirebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul

kampaniasTan, mosarClem gamoaqveyna specialuri publikacia da mogvi-

anebiT ki werili, romlebSic saubari iyo asafeTqebel werilebze, romel-

Tac eWvmitanili �b� agzavnida. gamoqveynda b-s ramdenime suraTi, ro-

melTac Tan axlda Semdegnairi warwerebi: `damnaSaveTa SeSlili samyaro~,

`fiureris terori~ da `msxverpli da faSistebi~. suraTebs mosdevda teq-

sti, romelic miuTiTebda, rom b-s brali miuZRoda danaSaulebriv qme-

debebSi, romelTa gamoc igi daapatimres. saavtoro uflebaTa aqtis Sesa-

bamisad, b-m moipova sasamarTlos dadgenilebebi, romlebic ukrZalavdnen

mosarCles misi suraTis gamoqveynebas mis winaaRmdeg warmoebul sisxlis

samarTlis procesTan dakavSirebiT. venis saapelacio sasamarTlom daad-


325

sasamarTlo praqtika

gina, rom mosarClis mier gamoqveynebuli b-s fotoebisa da TandarTuli

teqstis kombinaciis gamo gamarTlebuli iyo mosarCle kompaniisTvis

absoluturi akrZalvis daweseba. mosarCle kompania Cioda, rom amiT dair-

Rva misi Tavisufali gamoxatvis ufleba.

gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daadgina me-10 muxlis darRveva.

motivacia: sajaro Tanamdebobis piris mxridan adgili hqonda mosar-

Clis Tavisufali gamoxatvis uflebis SezRudvas. es ganxorcielda kano-

nis farglebSi da emsaxureboda legitimur mizans, kerZod, sxvaTa repu-

taciisa da uflebebis, agreTve, sasamarTlos avtoritetisa da miukerZo-

eblobis dacvas. SezRudvis aucileblobasTan dakavSirebiT sasamarTlom

miuTiTa, rom statiebi dawerili iyo sajaro pirebisadmi mimarTuli weri-

lebiT afeTqebis seriis winaaRmdeg. amrigad, isini warmoadgenda sazoga-

doebrivi mniSvnelobis axali ambebis aqtualur nawils. statia Seexeboda

eqstremist memarjveneebs da gansakuTrebiT ki b-s, romelic dapatimre-

buli iyo.

danaSaulebrivi qmedebebi, romlebSic igi iyo eWvmitanili, warmoad-

genda demokratiuli sazogadoebis safuZvlebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul po-

litikuri xasiaTis danaSauls. arc erT fotoSi aRbeWdili ar yofila

misi piradi cxovrebis detalebi; amasTan, aRmkveT dadgenilebebs ar mo-

eZebneboda gamarTleba b-s piradi saidumloebis uflebis safuZvelze.

demokratiul sazogadoebaSi presis arsebiTi rolis gaTvaliswinebiT,

sasamarTlom daadgina: �presa uflebamosilia, gaaSuqos da komentari ga-

ukeTos sasamarTlo procesebs, rac, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ar scildeba gar-

kveul sazRvrebs, xels uwyobs maT sajaroobas da, amdenad, SesabamisobaSi

modis konvenciis me-6(1) muxlis moTxovnasTan _ sasamarTloSi saqmis mos-

mena iyos sajaro. garda imisa, rom medias akisria aseTi informaciisa da

mosazrebebis gavrceleba, sazogadoebasac aqvs maTi miRebis ufleba. es

gansakuTrebiT aSkaraa im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saqme exeba iseT pirovne-

bas, romelic TviTon gamovida sazogadoebis samsjavroze da eqstremis-

tuli mosazrebebi gamoxata. Tumca mimdinare procesebis Sesaxeb dasaS-

vebi komentarebis sazRvrebi ar SeiZleba gavrceldes gamonaTqvamebze,

romlebic ganzrax Tu uneblieT winaswarmetyveleben samarTliani sasa-

marTlos winaSe wardgenili adamianis Sansebs, an aknineben sazogadoebis

rwmenas samarTalwarmoebisas sasamarTloebis rolisadmi.

326


im dros, rodesac SeiZleboda arsebuliyo argumentebi eWvmitanilis su-

raTis gamoqveynebis sruli akrZalvisTvis, venis saapelacio sasamarTlom

Tundac erTi aseTi argumenti ar moiyvana. sasamarTlom arc b-s interesebisa

da sazogadoebis interesebis urTierTSefardeba ganaxorciela.

dadgenilebebiT SeizRuda mosarClis arCevani, Setyobinebebis gad-

mocemasTan mimarTebaSi, maSin, rodesac mediis sxva warmomadgenlebs Tavi-

suflad SeeZloT gaegrZelebinaT b-s suraTis gamoqveyneba sisxlis samar-

Tlis procesis nebismier stadiaze. b-s suraTis gamoqveynebis sruli ak-

rZalva demokratiul sazogadoebaSi aucileblobasTan mimarTebaSi zedmeti

iyo.

2000 weli

`Bergens Tidende~ norvegiis winaaRmdeg

faqtebi: yoveldRiurma gazeTma `Bergens Tidende~-m gamoaqveyna masa-

laTa seria vinme eqim R-is mier klinikaSi Catarebul warumatebel plas-

tikur operaciebze; amasTan, zogierT maTgans Tan axlda dokumenturi

fotomasala. norvegiis uzenaesma sasamarTlom `Bergens Tidende~ damna-

Saved cno difamaciaSi, ramdenadac statiebSi moyvanili mravali mtki-

cebuleba sasamarTlom dausabuTeblad miiCnia.

eqimi R iyo specialisti kosmetikur qirurgiaSi da am sferoSi 1975 wli-

dan muSaobda. 1986 wels, axali klinikis gaxsnis Semdeg, pirvelma momCivanma

dabeWda statia, romelic aRwerda eqimi R-is samuSaos da kosmetikuri

qirurgiis upiratesobas. Sesabamisad, gazeTs daukavSirda ramdenime

qalbatoni, romelTac Tavis droze eqimma R-m umkurnala. isini gamoTqvam-

dnen ukmayofilebas gaweuli samedicino momsaxurebis gamo. gazeTma dabeWda

ramdenime saCivari da Tan daurTo fotoebi, sadac operaciis xarvezebi iyo

naCvenebi. analogiuri Sinaarsis statiebi gamoqveynda gazeTis Semdeg nom-

rebSic. rogorc diskusiis nawili, gazeTma gamoaqveyna interviu saavadm-

yofos plastikur qirurgTan. interviuSi qirurgi acxadebda, rom plas-

tikur qirurgiaSi warmatebul da warumatebel operaciebs Soris Zalian

mcire zRvaria. statiaSi gamoqveynebuli iyo, aseve, interviu eqim R-sTan.


327

sasamarTlo praqtika

Tumca eqimma uari ganacxada, komentari gaekeTebina konkretul SemTxvevas-

Tan dakavSirebiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom am pacientebma igi saidumlos dacvis

movaleobisagan gaaTavisufles. statiebSi iyo interviuebi imaTTanac, vinc

kmayofili iyo eqim R-is plastikuri operaciiT.

gasaCivrebuli statiebi Seexeboda adamianis janmrTelobis mniSvnelo-

van aspeqts da ixilavda sazogadoebrivi interesis mqone seriozul sakiT-

xebs. statiebi exeboda warmoudgenel mopyrobas im kerZo eqimis mxridan,

romelmac rva aTasamde operacia Caatara. amgvarad, statiebSi wamoWrili

iyo momxmarebelTa dacvis adgilobrivi da nacionaluri donis problema.

statiebi unda ganvixiloT imave gazeTis mier eqim R-is sasargeblo

wina statiis konteqstSi. rodesac erovnuli mTavrobis mier miRebul zo-

mebs SeuZlia gamoiwvios presis mier sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis mqone

sakiTxebis gamoqveynebisagan Tavis Sekaveba, saWiroa Zalze frTxili mid-

goma. 10(2)-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli movaleobebisa da pasuxismgeblo-

bebis safuZvelze JurnalistebisaTvis garantirebulia dacva, romelic

uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebrivi interesis Semcveli movlenebis gaSuqe-

bas. es gulisxmobs, rom Jurnalistebi unda moqmedebdnen keTilsindisi-

erad, raTa gadascen swori da sando informacia _ rac Seesabameba Jur-

nalisturi eTikis normebs.

statiebis gamoqveynebis Semdeg eqim R-sTan iklo pacientebis ricxvma

da, Sedegad, 1989 wels man klinika daxura. eqimma wamoiwyo sasamarTlo

saqme momCivnebis winaaRmdeg. uzenaesma sasamarTlom saqme eqimis sasar-

geblod gadawyvita da momCivanebs zaralis anazRaureba daakisra.

jarima mTavari redaqtorisTvis da statiebis avtori Jurnaliste-

bisTvis 4 709 861 norvegiuli kronis odenobiT ganisazRvra (daaxloebiT

900 000 amerikuli dolari).

gadawyvetileba: adamianis uflebaTa dacvis evropis sasamarTlom er-

Tsulovnad aRiara, rom norvegiis mTavrobam daarRvia adamianis ufle-

baTa dacvis evrokonvenciis me-10 muxli.

motivacia: sasamarTlom Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi ganacxada, rom ga-

moxatvis Tavisufleba warmoadgens demokratiuli sazogadoebis erT-

erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan safuZvels. is iseT informaciasa da ideebzec

vrceldeba, romlebic Seuracxmyofeli, Sokis momgvreli an amaforiaqe-

belia. `aucilebloba~ 10 (2)-e muxlis mixedviT, gulisxmobs Zlier soci-

328


alur moTxovnilebas. sasamarTlom unda daadginos, ramdenad iyo Careva

kanonieri miznis proporciuli da SeiZleboda Tu ara mTavrobis mier

moxmobili mizezebis miCneva relevanturad da sakmarisad.

uzenaesma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom sadavo statiebi Seicavda cno-

bebs imis Taobaze, rom eqim R-s aklda qirurgiuli gamocdileba da, ami-

tom, misi pacientebi cudad xdebodnen mkurnalobis Semdeg; Tanac, eqimi

ganzrax Cadioda amas. sasamarTlos mizans am SemTxvevaSi warmoadgenda

imis garkveva, Tu ramdenad iyo uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier miRebuli zo-

mebi kanonieri miznis proporciuli.

yuradReba unda gamaxvildes im faqtze, rom gazeTs ar daumaxinjebia

respondenti qalebis interviuebi. arc erTi statia ar Seicavda mtkicebas

imis Taobaze, rom operaciis arasasurveli Sedegebi gamowveuli iyo da-

udevari mkurnalobiT. statiebis saerTo xazi amtkicebda mxolod imas,

rom eqimma R-m ar ganaxorciela adekvaturi postoperaciuli mkurnaloba

warumatebeli operaciebis Semdeg.

aucilebloba. yuradReba unda gamaxvildes, agreTve, obieqturi da

dabalansebuli reportaJis principis dacvaze. gasaCivrebuli statiebi

warmoadgens argumentebis mxolod erT nawils, romelic dabeWda gazeTma.

erTi mxriv, eqim R-s saSualeba mieca, daecva sakuTari poziciebi, xolo

meore mxriv, daibeWda aseve sxva pirTa mosazrebebi. saxelmwifos mier

moyvanili mizezebi iyo relevanturi, magram arasakmarisi imisaTvis, raTa

daedasturebina Carevis aucilebloba.

rac Seexeba gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis darRvevas, sasamarTlom Tavda-

pirvelad xazgasmiT aRniSna im limitebis Sesaxeb, romlebic Jurnalis-

turi TavisuflebisaTvis aris dadgenilia:

`[gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis] garantiebi, romlebic vrceldeba Jurna-

listebze im sakiTxebis gaSuqebisas, rac ganekuTvneba sazogadoebrivi

interesis sferos, eyrdnoba pirobas, rom Jurnalistebi moqmedeben ke-

Tilsindisierad (good faith), raTa, Jurnalisturi eTikis dacviT, sazoga-

doebas swori da sando informacia miawodon...~

sasamarTlos SefasebiT, samarTlebrivi dacvis arqona ar arRvevda

momCivanis uflebas samarTlian sasamarTloze. Sesabamisad, es ar warmo-

adgenda Carevas arc misi gamoxatvis TavisuflebaSi.

rac Seexeba mowmeTa amoricxvas, sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom momCi-

vansa da mis warmomadgenels procesis mimdinareobisas saSualeba hqon-


329

sasamarTlo praqtika

daT, gaesaCivrebinaT es procesualuri moqmedeba. ufro metic, radgan

momCivanma mowmeTa gamoZaxeba ukanaskenl momentSi moiTxova, sasamarT-

lom aRniSna, rom amoricxva aucilebeli iyo procesis meore mxaris uf-

lebis (gonivrul vadebSi moemzadebina saqme) dasacavad.

rac Seexeba momCivanis miTiTebas imis Taobaze, rom masze iyo statiaSi

moyvanili gancxadebebis mtkicebis tvirTi, sasamarTlom aRniSna:

`aucilebelia, arsebobdes gansakuTrebuli mizezebi, vidre gazeTi ga-

Tavisufldeba misi Cveuli movaleobisagan _ daadasturos im faqtobrivi

gancxadebebis namdviloba, romelic Sinaarsobrivad difamacias warmo-

adgens. imis garkvevisas, Tu ramdenad arsebobda aRniSnuli mizezebi, unda

Sefasdes difamaciuri gancxadebebis buneba da xasiaTi, agreTve, unda

ganisazRvros, ramdenad sarwmunoa gazeTis wyaroebi aRniSnul sakiTxTan

dakavSirebiT~.

sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom momCivans ar gadaumowmebia misi wyaroebis

namdviloba statiebis gamocemamde.

am saqmis ganxilvisas adamianis uflebaTa evropis sasamarTlom mxed-

velobaSi miiRo is faqti, rom sadavo statiaTa serialSi aRwerili iyo

konkretuli SemTxvevebi, romlebic efuZneboda im adamianebis gamocdi-

lebas, romelTa kosmetikuri operaciebi warumatebeli aRmoCnda. es Zal-

ze mniSvnelovani problemaa adamianis janmrTelobis dacvis Tvalsazri-

siT, amitom, sazogadoebrivi interesis gaTvaliswinebiT, msgavsi masalis

gamoqveyneba gamarTlebulia. sasamarTlom mxedvelobaSi miiRo isic, rom

SesaZloa, Jurnalisturi eTikis dacvis TvalsazrisiT, Jurnalistebi

arasakmarisad koreqtulad moqmedeben; magram sasamarTlo daeyrdno sa-

marTlebrivi normebis standartul midgomas, romlis Tanaxmadac, `arc

erT sasamarTlos ar SeuZlia ukarnaxos Jurnalists, rogori meTodebi

gamoiyenos movlenebis aRwerisas.~

2000 weli

fuentes bobo espaneTis winaaRmdeg

faqtebi: fuentes bobo iyo Tanaavtori 1993 wels gazeT `diario 16~-Si

gamoqveynebuli statiisa, romelSic gakritikebuli iyo espaneTis sazoga-

330


doebrivi samauwyeblo sistemis saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi

mmarTvelobiTi procesi. mogvianebiT, fuentes bobom or radioprogrmaSi

gaakritika TVE-is zogierTi menejeris saqmianoba, ris gamoc igi dis-

ciplinarul pasuxisgebaSi misces, xolo 1994 wels samsaxuridan daiTxoves.

gadawyvetileba: evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlom daaskvna,

rom dairRva konvenciis me-10 muxli, radgan samsaxuridan daTxovna war-

moadgenda gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis ukanono SezRudvas.

motivacia: sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom adamianis uflebaTa evrokonven-

ciis me-10 muxlis dacva vrceldeba rogorc TanamSromelze, aseve damqi-

ravebelze. sasamarTlom xazi gausva, rom TVE-is saqmianobis Sesaxeb kri-

tikuli gamonaTqvamebi nawili iyo Ria diskusiisa, romelic Seexeboda

sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblobis dakninebas espaneTSi. sasamarTlom mxedve-

lobaSi miiRo, agreTve, is faqti, rom bobos mier intervius dros gakeTe-

buli zogierTi gancxadeba met-naklebad provocirebuli iyo im Toq-Sous

msjelobis mimarTulebiT, romelSic igi monawileobda. ramdenadac sar-

Celi ar iyo aRZruli bobos gamonaTqvamebis Sinaarsis gamo, sasamarTlom

misi samsaxuridan daTxovna CaTvala gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis darRvevad

konvenciis me-10 muxlis mixedviT.

2000 weli

`ozgur gundemi~ TurqeTis winaaRmdeg

faqtebi: `ozgur gundemi~ aris gazeTi, romelic 1992-1994 wlebSi stam-

bulSi yoveldRe gamoicemoda. masSi aisaxeboda TurqeTSi mcxovrebi qur-

Tebis Sexedulebebi qveynis politikuri situaciis Sesaxeb. Tumca im te-

raqtebis, gatacebebis, mkvlelobis Semdeg, romlebic Turq qurTebTan

iyo dakavSirebuli, gazeTma arseboba Sewyvita. redaqciam es ambavi imiT

axsna, rom Sesabamisma saxelmwifo organoebma maT mxardaWera Seuwyvites,

radgan isini ukmayofiloni iyvnen qurTTa Sexedulebebis gavrcelebiT

masobrivi informaciis saSualebebiT. samTavrobo struqturebma miiCnies,

rom msgavsi gazeTis gamocemas SesaZloa rasobrivi da nacionaluri SuR-

li gamoewvia.


331

sasamarTlo praqtika


Rveva.

motivacia: sasamarTlom CaTvala, rom TurqeTis xelisuflebas ufro

kvalificiurad unda daecva `ozgur gundemi~. sasamarTlos gadawyveti-

lebiT, konvenciis me-10 muxlis Tanaxmad, xelisuflebam unda aRiaros

kritika misi saqmianobis mimarT im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tuki es kritika pro-

vokaciuli xasiaTisaa. sasamarTlom aseve aRniSna, rom sazogadoeba in-

formirebuli unda iyos TurqeTis samxreT-aRmosavleTSi arsebul prob-

lemebze sxvadasxva Sexedulebis Sesaxeb. evropis sasamarTlos erTsu-

lovani azriT da gadawyvetilebiT, am SemTxvevaSi adgili hqonda konven-

ciis me-10 muxlis darRvevas.

2000 weli

nadreas vabli avstriis winaaRmdeg

faqtebi: avstriis parlamentis wevrma vablma brali dasdo gazeT

`kronen-caitungs~ (Kronen-Zeitung) `Jurnalistur faSizmSi~, ramdenadac

aRniSnulma gazeTma citireba moaxdina policielis sityvebisa, romelmac

vablisgan moiTxova, gaevlo testi sisxlSi alkoholis Semcvelobaze

(BUZ). erT-erTi saprotesto mitingis dros vablma am policiels xeli

mostexa. vablis winaaRmdeg aRZruli saqme damTavrda Semdegi gadawyve-

tilebiT: vablma aRar unda gamoiyenos Tavis gmonaTqvamebSi `Jurnalis-

turi faSizmis~ braldeba. Tumca, `kronen-caitungSi~ gamoqveynebuli

masalebi Sefasda, rogorc Seuracxmyofeli, magram avstriis kanonebisgan

gansxvavebiT, ar Sefasda, rogorc nacionalur-socialisturi xasiaTis

sisxlis samarTlis danaSauli. vablma moaxerxa Tavisi Sexedulebebis ga-

moTqma, magram ara iseTi eqspresiiT da iseTi terminis gamoyenebiT, ro-

goricaa `Jurnalisturi faSizmi~.

gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daadgina, rom am SemTxvevaSi konvenciis

me-10 muxli ar darRveula.

2000 weli

332


feldeki slovakeTis winaaRmdeg

faqtebi: 1991 wels dunkan slobodiCma, romelic damoukidebel kvle-

vebs awarmoebda, gamoaqveyna avtobiografia, saTauriT `polaruli wre~.

man avtobiografiaSi sxva TemebTan erTad aRwera misi sisxlissamarT-

lebrivi pasuxismgebloba, romelic ganisazRvra sabWoTa samxedro tri-

bunalis mier 1945 wels. dunkan slobodiCs brali im safuZvliT wauyenes,

rom, TiTqos, igi sabWoTa armiaSi jaSuSad iyo Segzavnili. man aseve aRwera

sakuTari reabilitacia 1960 wels sabWoTa kavSiris uzenaesi sasamarTlos

mier. 1992 wels dunkan slobodoCi slovakeTis kulturis da ganaTlebis

ministri gaxda.

ganmcxadebelma 1992 wels gamoaqveyna leqsi `gazeT telegrafSi~. leq-

si warmoadgenda komentars qveyanaSi mTavrobis Secvlze da aRniSnuli

iyo, rom yofili `SS~ da `ST~ (yofili saidumlo policia CexoslovakiaSi)

erTmaneTs Seekvrnen. es leqsi ramdenime sxva gazeTmac gamoaqveyna, xolo

orma Jurnalistma damoukideblad gaakeTa komentari, rom `SS~ leqsSi

niSnavda dunkan slobodiCs, radgan sayovelTaod iyo cnobili, rom meore

msoflio omis dros igi germanelebis mier organizebul samxedro wvrT-

naSi monawileobda. ganmcxadebelma mogvianebiT gamoaqveyna statia, sa-

TauriT �slovakeTis ukeTesi momavlisTvis _ faSisturi warsulis mqone

ministris gareSe�. statiaSi ganmcxadebeli SeSfoTebas gamoTqvamda imis

gamo, rom faSisturi warsulis mqone piri slovakeTis axal mTavrobaSi

iyo. dunkan slobodiCma ganmcxadebels ciliswamebisTvis uCivla. pirveli

instanciis sasamarTlom ar daakmayofila ministris sarCeli, Tumca me-

ore instanciaSi ganmcxadebels ministris sasargeblod Tanxis gadaxda

daakisres. Tavad ministrs ufleba mieca, sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba

mis mier arCeul xuT gazeTSi gamoeqveynebina.

gadawyvetileba: evropis adamianis uflebebis sasamarTlom daadgina,

rom dairRva konvenciis me-10 muxli, radganac Sida sasamarTlos gadawy-

vetileba warmoadgenda Carevas gamoxatvis TavisuflebaSi, romelsac le-

gitimuri mizezi hqonda, kerZod, sxvaTa uflebebis da reputaciis dacva.

motivacia: kanoniT dadgenili Careva _ sasamarTlom ganaviTara doq-

trina, romelic kanoniT dadgenil Carevas exeba. �erT-erTi moTxovna, ro-

melic kanoniT dadgenili CarevisTvis arsebobs, aris kanonis ganWvreta-


333

sasamarTlo praqtika

doba. norma ver CaiTvleba kanonad, Tu is Camoyalibebuli ar aris imgvari

sizustiT, rac saSualebas miscems moqalaqes, sakuTari qceva daareguli-

ros. moqalaqes unda SeeZlos, Tu saWiroa, garkveuli konsultaciis Sede-

gad _ ganWvritos, ra Sedegebi mohyveba mis qcevas. ar aris aucilebeli,

es Sedegebi absoluturad ganWvretadi iyos, radgan gamocdilebam aCvena,

rom amgvari mizani miuRwevelia. Tumca sizuste kanonSi didad sasurvelia,

radgan bevri kanoni met-naklebad bundovnad aris Camoyalibebuli da misi

interpretacia, iseve, rogorc Sefardeba, praqtikis saqmea.�

sasamarTlom gamoikvlia, rom Careva am konkretul saqmeSi sanqcire-

buli iyo samoqalaqo kodeqsis safuZvelze. kodeqsis ganxilvis Sedegad

sasamarTlom daadgina, rom arc kanoni da arc sasamarTlo praqtika ar

cdeboda im sazRvrebs, romlebic sasamarTlos mier dadginda. Sesaba-

misad, Careva kanoniT iyo dadgenili.

sasamarTlom Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi kidev erTxel xazgasmiT aRniSna

gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis mniSvneloba. gamoxatvis Tavisufleba demok-

ratiuli sazogadoebis qvakuTxedia da progresis erT-erTi safuZvelic

aris. meaTe muxlis meore nawilis Sesabamisad, gamoxatvis Tavisufleba

vrceldeba ara mxolod im ideebsa da informaciaze, romlebic sazoga-

doebis mxridan dadebiTad aRiqmeba, aramed imaTzec, romlebic Soks

hgvris, Seuracxyofs an awuxebs sazogadoebas. gamoxatvis Tavisufleba

icavs informaciis an ideebis ara mxolod Sinaarss, aramed maTi gadmo-

cemis formasac. es Tavisufleba eqvemdebareba garkveul gamonaklisebs,

romlebic mkacrad unda iyos formulirebuli.

sasamarTlom xazgasmiT aRniSna, rom politikuri debatebi umniSvne-

lovanesia, xolo politikuri debatebis Tavisuflebis xelSewyoba demok-

ratiuli sazogadoebis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani elementia. sasamar-

Tlo did mniSvnelobas aniWebs gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas politikuri

debatebis konteqstSi da miiCnevs, rom politikuri debatebis SesazRudad

metad myari mizezebia saWiro.

sasamarTlom kidev erTxel Camoayaliba �aucileblobis� testi.

testi �aucilebeli demokratiul sazogadoebaSi� moiTxovs, sasamar-

Tlom daadginos, esadageba Tu ara �Careva� �Zlier socialur moTxovni-

lebas� da iyo Tu ara Careva proporciuli legitimuri miznis misaRwevad,

agreTve, aris Tu ara saxelmwifos mier moyvanili mizezebi relevanturi

da saTanado.

334


gamoxatvis Tavisufleba Zalian viwro areals tovebs politikuri de-

batebis SesazRudad. ufro metic, dasaSvebi kritikis farglebi ufro

farToa politikosebisTvis, vidre kerZo individebisTvis, radgan poli-

tikosebi sakuTari nebiT aqceven Tavs sajaro kritikis sferoSi da maTi

movaleobaa, ufro meti tolerantoba gamoiCinon.

rogorc zogadi principi, Carevis aucilebloba yvela konkretul saq-

meSi zustad unda dadgindes. Sidasaxelmwifo struqturebisTvis pirveli

moTxovnaa, rom maT daadginon, arsebobda Tu ara �Zlieri socialuri

moTxovnileba� CarevisaTvis.

am konkretul saqmeSi sasamarTlom daadgina, rom ganmcxadeblis sta-

tia gamoqveynda saparlamento arCevnebis da axali mTavrobis Camoyali-

bebis Semdeg, romlis wevric iyo saqmeSi Careuli ministri. sadavo ganc-

xadebaSi ganmcxadebeli seriozul SeSfoTebas gamoTqvamda demokrati-

uli mTavrobis SenarCunebasTan dakavSirebiT. igi akritikebda ministrs,

romelsac, savaraudod, faSisturi warsuli hqonda da aRniSnavda mis

SeuTavseblobas axal mTavrobasTan. sadavo statia gamoqveynda politi-

kuri debatebis konteqstSi. Tavad debatebi qveynis warsuls exeboda da,

SesaZloa, debatebis Sedegebi qveynis momavalzec asaxuliyo. metic, sta-

tia exeboda sajaro figuras, ministrs, romlisTvisac dasaSvebi kritikis

farglebi farToa, kerZo individTan SedarebiT. sasamarTlom aRiara, rom

ganmcxadeblis statia Seicavda mkacr Sefasebebs, Tumca is ar iyo mokle-

buli faqtobriv garemoebebs. ganmcxadebeli namdvilad keTilsindi-

sierad moqmedebda, vinaidan eswrafvoda legitimur mizans _ axlad Seqm-

nili saxelmwifos demokratiul ganviTarebas.

sasamarTlom aseve daadgina, rom ganmcxadeblis mosazrebebi Sefase-

biTi msjeloba iyo, romelTa simarTlis dadgena SeuZlebelia da amgvari

moTxovna ewinaaRmdegeba azris Tavisuflebas.

sasamarTlom ar ganixila, warmoadgenda Tu ara fraza �faSisturi

warsuli� faqts. fraza sakmaod farToa da, SesaZloa, sxvadasxva Sinaarss

moicavdes. magaliTad, piri, SesaZloa, iyos faSisturi organizaciis wev-

ri da, SesaZloa, es wevroba arc gulisxmobdes faSisturi ideebis propa-

gandas.

slovakeTis uzenaesma sasamarTlom Tavisi gadawyvetileba daafuZna

im motivs, rom ganmcxadeblis mier gakeTebul Sefasebebs ar hqonda faq-

tobrivi sayrdeni. sasamarTlo adgens, rom es aris gamoxatvis Tavisuf-


335

sasamarTlo praqtika

lebis araswori interpretacia: �sasamarTlo ar eTanxmeba azrs, rom, ro-

gorc zogadi principi, mosazreba mxolod faqtebs unda emyarebodes.

faqtis da mosazrebis urTierTkavSiri gansxvavdeba konkretuli saqmis

mixedviT da konkretuli garemoebebis Sesabamisad.�

Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom ar arsebobda Carevis auci-

lebloba da dairRva ganmcxadeblis gamoxatvis Tavisufleba.

sasamarTlom ganmcxadeblis sasargeblod slovakeTis saxelmwifos

daakisra 65 000 slovakuri kronis gadaxda piradi araqonebrivi zianis-

Tvis, xolo 500 000 kronis gadaxda _ sasamarTlo xarjebisaTvis.

2001 weli

perna italiis winaaRmdeg

faqtebi: momCivanma, Jurnalistma jankarlo pernam, yoveldRiur ita-

liur gazeT `jornalSi~ gamoaqveyna statia, romelSic mkacrad akriti-

kebda palermos prokuroris b-n kaselis `komunistur radikalizms~.

imis gamo, rom prokurori italiis komunisturi partiis wevri iyo,

pernam eWvi Seitana mis damoukideblobasa da miukerZoeblobaSi. man aseve

brali dasdo kasels, rom igi garkveul strategias agebda, raTa daewe-

sebina kontroli mTeli rigi qalaqebis prokuraturebze; agreTve daada-

naSaula prokurori informator buSetis gamoyenebaSi italiis yofili

premier-ministris juliano andreotis winaaRmdeg. perna gaasamarTles

ciliswamebisaTvis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsisa da presis Sesaxeb kanonis

Sesabamisi muxlebiT.


Rveva.

motivacia: imisaTvis, rom garkveuliyo, dairRva Tu ara adamianis uf-

lebebisa da ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis dacvis evrokonvenciis me-10 muxli,

evropis sasamarTlom kidev erTxel gamijna gansxvaveba faqtebsa da Se-

fasebiT msjelobas Soris. faqtebis damtkiceba SesaZlebelia, xolo Se-

fasebiTi msjeloba damtkicebas ar eqvemdebareba.

sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom kritika efuZneboda kaselis, rogorc komu-

336


nisturi partiis wevris, `politikuri radikalizmis~ faqts. Tavad es faq-

ti ki sadavo ar iyo. sasamarTlos moxelis aseTi saqcieli aucileblad

imsaxurebs kritikas im presis mxridan, romelic saxelmwifo xelisuf-

lebis damoukideblobas da miukerZoeblobas samarTlianad miiCnevs sazo-

gadoebrivi mniSvnelobis mqone ZiriTad problemad. sasamarTlom aRiara,

rom pernas mier gamoyenebuli gamoTqmebi gadaWarbebuli iyo, magram xaz-

gasmiT aRniSna, rom Jurnalisturi Tavisufleba sakuTar TavSi moicavs

gazviadebas da provokaciis moSveliebasac ki. amrigad, perna gaamarTles

da saxelmwifo gaamtyunes konvenciis me-10 muxlis darRvevisaTvis, ram-

denadac Jurnalistis dasja sasamarTlos moxelis amgvari kritikisaTvis

ar warmoadgens aucileblobas demokratiul sazogadoebaSi.

pernas mtkicebulebebTan dakavSirebiT _ rom kaseli saeWvo strate-

giiT cdilobda, gaekontrolebina zogierTi qalaqis prokuratura da

gamoeyenebina informatori buSeti andreotis samarTlebrivi devnisaT-

vis _ sasamarTlo mivida im daskvnamde, rom mosarClis dadanaSauleba

ver daefuZneboda konvenciis me-10 muxlis darRvevas. kritikisagan gan-

sxvavebiT, es braldebebi mosarCles konkretul qmedebebs miawerda.

statiis am nawilSi arc erTi mtkicebuleba da arc romelime sainforma-

cio wyaros citata iyo gamoyenebuli. aqedan gamomdinare, sasamarTlom

miiCnia, rom es braldebebi ar eqceoda konvenciis me-10 muxlis dacvis

qveS. daeyrdno ra sasamarTlo xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg aseTi gansakuT-

rebiT seriozuli xasiaTis braldebebis wayenebas, sasamarTlom gadawy-

vita, rom statiis am nawilSi pernam gadaameta dasaSvebi kritikis zRvars.

2001 wlis 25 ivlisis gadawyvetilebaSi evropis adamianis uflebaTa

sasamarTlom daadgina, rom momCivanis dadanaSauleba imis mtkicebis gamo,

rom sasamarTlos erT-erTma mTavarma moxelem erTguleba Sehfica ita-

liis komunistur partias, evrokonvenciis me-10 muxlis darRveva iyo.

2001 weli

jerusalemi avstriis winaaRmdeg

faqtebi: aRniSnul saqmeSi momCivani, venis municipaluri sabWos wevri q-ni

suzen jerusalemi amtkicebda, rom sasamarTlo ganCinebam, romelic ukr-

Zalavda mas garkveuli gancxadebis kvlav ganmeorebas, daarRvia misi uf-

leba gamoxatvis Tavisuflebaze. sityviT gamosvlisas municipalur sabWoSi,


337

sasamarTlo praqtika

romelic ixilavda adgilobrivi sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebisaTvis

dotaciis gamoyofis sakiTxs, q-ma jerusalemma mkacrad gaakritika ori

organizacia. man am organizaciebs `totalitaruli xasiaTisa~ da `faSis-

turi midrekilebebis seqtebi~ uwoda. adgilobrivi sasamarTlos brZanebiT,

q-n jerusalems aRniSnuli gancxadebebis gameoreba aekrZala. sasamarTlo

akrZalva ZalaSi datova saapelacio da uzenaesma sasamarTlom, romelTac

gadawyvites, rom iseTi gancxadebebi, rogoricaa `faSisturi midrekilebebi~

da `totaluri niSnebis matarebeli seqtebi~ _ warmoadgenda damtkicebad

faqtebs, romlis dasabuTebac ganmcxadebels ar SeeZlo.

gadawyvetileba: evropis adamianTa uflebebis sasamarTlom erTsu-

lovnad aRiara konvenciis me-10 muxlis darRveva.

motivacia: sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom momCivani gamorCeuli saxelm-

wifo moRvawe iyo; agreTve, aRniSna is faqtic, rom gamoxatvis Tavisuf-

leba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania xalxis mier arCeuli warmomadgen-

lebisaTvis.

momCivanis gancxadeba gakeTda politikuri debatebis procesSi. da

Tumca municipalur sabWoSi warmoTqmuli mosazrebebi ar aTavisuflebs

pirs pasuxismgeblobisagan ise, rogorc adgilobrivi parlamentis sxdo-

mebze gamoTqmuli mosazreba, municipaluri debatebi mainc SeiZleba Seva-

daroT parlamentisas imdenad, ramdenadac, sazogadoebis interesebidan

gamomdinare, Tvalsazrisis Tavisuflebis dacva orive SemTxvevaSi metad

mniSvnelovania. sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom `parlamenti an masTan gaTanab-

rebuli institutebi saukeTeso adgilia politikuri debatebisaTvis.

unda arsebobdes Zalze damajerebeli mizezebi imisaTvis, raTa gavamar-

TloT Careva maTSi realizebul gamoxatvis TavisuflebaSi.~

sasamarTlom q-n jerusalemis gancxadebebi SefasebiT msjelobad mi-

iCnia da mxedvelobaSi miiRo misi mzadyofna, waredgina dokumenturi

dadastureba imisa, rom es SefasebiTi mtkicebulebebi keTilsindisier

kritikas warmoadgenda. avstriis sasamarTlos moTxovna, rom momCivans

daemtkicebina Tavisi gancxadebebis simarTle, im dros, rodesac mas

faqtobrivad ar hqonda saSualeba, waredgina Tavisi simarTlis damadas-

turebeli mtkicebulebebi, q-n jerusalemis gamoxatvis TavisuflebaSi

uzomo Careva iyo. sasamarTlom aseve daadgina, rom SefasebiTi msjelo-

bebis namdvilobis damtkiceba SeuZlebelia da rom aseTi moTxovna zRu-

davs azris Tavisuflebas _ ZiriTad uflebas, romelic konvenciis me-10

338


muxliT aris garantirebuli. sasamarTlom gamoitana daskvna, rom sadavo

gancxadebebis ganmeorebis akrZalva ar iyo aucilebeli demokratiul

sazogadoebaSi da, aqedan gamomdinare, arRvevda konvenciis me-10 muxls.

2001 weli

VGT Sveicariis winaaRmdeg

2001 wlis 28 ivnisis gadawyvetilebaSi evropis adamianis uflebaTa

sasamarTlom arakomerciuli telereklamebis translirebis uflebis

daSvebasTan dakavSirebiT sagangebo midgoma gamoiyena.

faqtebi: 1994 wels komerciulma telekompania `Publisuisse~-ma `cxo-

velTa xelovnuri moSenebis mrewvelobis mowinaaRmdege asociaciis~ (VGT)

moTxovnis miuxedavad, uari ganacxada, eTerSi gaeSva reklama cxovelTa

keTildReobis sakiTxebze. telereklama warmoadgenda xorcproduqtebis

mwarmoebelTa sapasuxo reklamas da mTavrdeboda Semdegi sityvebiT:

`moixmareT naklebi xorci da SeinarCunebT janmrTelobas, cxovelebs

da gare samyaros~.

`Publisuisse~-ma uari ganacxada am reklamis ganTavsebaze im motiviT,

rom mas politikuri elferi dahkravda; mauwyeblobis Sesaxeb kanonmdeb-

loba ki krZalavs politikur reklamas rogorc televiziiT, ise radioTi.

federalurma sasamarTlom, romelic, sxva danarCenTan erTad, eyrdno-

boda radiosa da televiziebis Sesaxeb federaluri kanonis me-18 muxlis

me-5 nawiliT dadgenil politikuri reklamis akrZalvis aucileblobas,

uaryo asociaciis saCivari.

gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom dairRva konvenciis me-

10 muxli.

motivacia: evropis sasamarTlo daeTanxma azrs, rom politikuri rek-

lamis, rogorc aseTis, akrZalva SeiZleba CaiTvalos kanonierad imdenad,

ramdenadac miznad isaxavs, aicilos mZlavri finansuri dajgufebebis mi-

er upiratesobis mopoveba politikur sferoSi; amasTan, miznad isaxavs,

politikur procesebs biznesis gadaWarbebuli gavlena aaSoros. aseTi


339

sasamarTlo praqtika

akrZalvebi, imavdroulad, uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebriv-politikuri

moZraobebis SesaZleblobebis garkveul Tanasworobas da mxars uWers

media saSualebebs, Tavad gadawyviton, gamoaqveynon Tu ara esa Tu is po-

litikuri reklama. Vgt-s sareklamo Setyobineba evrosasamarTlom po-

litikur reklamebs miakuTvna.

radiosa da televiziis Sesaxeb kanonis me-18 muxlis me-5 nawilis mixed-

viT, imis magivrad, rom auditoria produqciis SeZenisTvis ganawyon, es

reklama gamoxatavda zogierT sadavo azrs sazogadoebrivad aqtualuri

problemis Sesaxeb.

gadamwyveti momentis ganxilvisas _ iyo Tu ara gadacemis translire-

bis akrZalva aucilebeli demokratiul sazogadoebaSi _ sasamarTlom

mxedvelobaSi miiRo Semdegi faqtorebi: sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom mZlav-

ri finansuri jgufebi finansuri reklamebis meSveobiT upiratesobas aR-

weven. amitom, maT SeuZliaT, ganaxorcielon zewola masobrivi informa-

ciis saSualebebze da, saboloo jamSi, Sekvecon komerciuli reklamis

gamavrcelebeli radiosa da televiziis Tavisufleba. sasamarTlom aR-

niSna, rom aseTi situaciebi eWvqveS ayenebs gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis fun-

damentur rols demokratiul sazogadoebaSi. am SemTxvevaSi, momCivani

asociacia ar warmoadgenda mZlavr finansur jgufs. misi mizani iyo, mona-

wileoba mieRo cxovelTa dacvis Sesaxeb sakiTxebis sazogadoebriv gan-

xilvaSi da ara is, rom gamoeyenebina reklama arakeTilsindisieri konku-

renciisaTvis. garda amisa, Tumca, politikuri reklamis akrZalva Tavse-

badia adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis dacvis evrokon-

venciis me-10 muxlis moTxovnebTan, sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom swored

am saqmeSi moxda federaluri kanonis me-18 muxlis me-5 nawilis radiosa

da televiziis Sesaxeb gamoyeneba evrokonvenciis me-10 muxlis suliskve-

Tebis sapirispirod. sasamarTlos azriT, Sveicariis xelisuflebam ver

daadastura, rom safuZveli, romelic zogadad gamoyenebulia politi-

kuri reklamis akrZalvis mxardasaWerad, am konkretul saqmes miesadageba.

mxedvelobaSi miiRes, rom `Publisuisse~ _ warmoadgenda erTaderT

iuridiul pirs, romelic dakavebuli iyo reklamebis ganTavsebiT sazoga-

doebis moTxovnilebis donis mixedviT, xolo politikuri elferis mqone

reklamis uecarma akrZalvam SezRuda mayurebelTa farTo masebis infor-

mireba sazogadoebrivad mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis Sesaxeb.

340


aRniSnuli garemoebidan gamomdinare, sasamarTlom erTsulovnad ga-

dawyvita, rom eTerSi gadacemis akrZalva ar SeiZleba Sefasdes, rogorc

aucilebeli demokratiul sazogadoebaSi da, Sesabamisad, es akrZalva

arRvevs evrokonvenciis me-10 muxls.

2001 weli

toma luqsemburgis winaaRmdeg

faqtebi: saqme aRiZra RTL-is radioJurnalistis mark tomas winaaRm-

deg, romelmac miiCnia, rom misTvis samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebis wesiT

msjavris dadebam erT-erT programaSi gaparuli difamaciuri mosazre-

bebis gamo, daarRvia misi uflebebi gamoxatvis Tavisuflebaze.

ase, magaliTad, erT-erT programaSi Jurnalistma gaavrcela infor-

macia tyis resursebis aRdgenis sferoSi arsebuli saeWvo xasiaTis praq-

tikis Sesaxeb. amasTan, misi gadacema eyrdnoboda gazeT `Tageblatt~-Si

gamoqveynebul statias. aRniSnuli radioprogramis eTerSi gasvlis Sem-

deg, satyeo saqmeebis komisiis samocdasami TanamSromlis saCivris safuZ-

velze, luqsemburgis sasamarTlom Jurnalisti gaasamarTla difamaci-

isaTvis. tomam saCivriT mimarTa evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarT-

los.

gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom erTxmad daadgina, rom dairRva kon-

venciis me-10 muxli.

motivacia: Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi sasamarTlom kidev erTxel da-

adastura umTavresi principebi, romliTac is xelmZRvanelobs ganaCenis

gamotanis dros; xazi gausva presis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas demok-

ratiul sazogadoebaSi, Tumca ki ganmcxadeblis zogierTi gamonaTqvami

seriozul safuZvlad CaTvala difamaciaSi dasadanaSauleblad; aseve,

miiCnia, rom savsebiT SesaZlebelia am masalebSi gadakvriT moxseniebuli

satyeo komisiis TanamSromlebis identificireba. imavdroulad, sasamar-

Tlom SeniSna, rom radioprogramaSi dasmuli sakiTxi sazogadoebriv

interesebs exeboda da luqsemburgis masobrivi informaciis saSualebebSi

farTod ganixileboda.


341

sasamarTlo praqtika

amasTan, evrosasamarTlos mier am saqmesTan dakavSirebiT ganaCenis

gamotanisas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda im faqts, rom Tavis Seuracx-

myofel gamonaTqvamebSi toma eyrdnoboda misi kolega-Jurnalistis mier

ukve gamoqveynebul statias. sasamarTlom gaimeora Tavisi uwindeli das-

kvna imis Taobaze, rom Jurnalistis mxridan mesame piris mier gamoTqmuli

gansxvavebuli mosazrebebis gavrcelebis gamo misi pasuxisgebaSi micema

seriozul dabrkolebas uqmnis presas, Seitanos Tavisi wvlili sazoga-

doebrivad saintereso problemebis gaSuqebaSi. amitom, msgavs situaci-

ebSi Jurnalistis pasuxisgebaSi micemis SesaZlebloba ar unda ganixi-

lebodes manam, vidre ar iqneba warmodgenili gansakuTrebiT sarwmuno

sabuTebi am zomis gamoyenebis sasargeblod.

xolo luqsemburgis sasamarTlom gamoitana ganaCeni, romlis Tanaxma-

dac, Jurnalisti, romelmac ukve gamoqveynebuli statiidan moaxdina difa-

maciuri gamonaTqvamebis citireba, savaldebulo wesiT dauqvemdebara

pasuxismgeblobas mis mier Tavad difamaciis faqtis daSvebisaTvis; erTa-

derTi garemoeba, rac mas daexmareboda, Tavi daeRwia pasuxismgeblobisa-

gan, iqneboda is, rom Tavi Sors daeWira statiaSi gamoTqmuli azrebisagan.

Tavis mxriv, evropis sasamarTlom gamoTqva mosazreba, rom msgavsi

moTxovnebis wayeneba JurnalistebisaTvis _ araorazrovnad da erTmniSv-

nelovnad gaemijnon gamoyenebuli statiis Sinaarss, romelsac SeuZlia

cili daswamos, saxeli gautexos an ziani miayenos mesame pirs _ ar Seesa-

bameba presis sayovelTaod miRebul rols _ gaavrcelos informacia mim-

dinare movlenebis, Sexedulebebisa da ideebis Sesaxeb.

sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom mosarClem miiRo usafrTxoebis zomebi, ro-

desac ganacxada, rom gadascems citatas ukve gamoqveynebuli statiidan

da sagangebod aRniSna, rom xsenebuli citata Seicavs zogierT `mwvave

gamonaTqvams~. sasamarTlom gaiTvaliswina agreTve is faqtic, rom Jurna-

listma interviu CamoarTva tyiT dafaruli mxareebis mesakuTre mesame

pirebs imis Taobaze, Seesabameboda Tu ara simarTles mtkicebuleba tyis

aRdgenis seqtorSi TaRliTobis Sesaxeb.

aRniSnuli garemoebebidan gamomdinare, sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom mo-

sarClis gasamarTleba mesame piris uflebebisa da reputaciis dacvis mo-

tiviT, ar iyo aucilebeli demokratiul sazogadoebaSi.

2001 weli

342


kolombani da sxvebi safrangeTis winaaRmdeg

faqtebi: imisaTvis, rom marokos evrokavSiris wevrobis sakiTxis gan-

xilva dawyebuliyo, evropulma komisiam gadawyvita, detalurad da zus-

tad Seeswavla informacia qveyanaSi marixuanas warmoebis da misi aRmofx-

vris mizniT gatarebuli zomebis Sesaxeb. am miznisaTvis komisiam narkoti-

kebis geografiul observatorias daavala, moxseneba moemzadebina maro-

koSi narkotikebis warmoebisa da mimoqcevis Sesaxeb. observatoriam komi-

sias moxeneba 1994 wlis TebervalSi warudgina. masSi moxseniebuli iyo im

pirTa saxelebi, romlebic gamovlindnen, rogorc marokoSi narkotike-

bis warmoebasa da mimoqcevasTan dakavSirebuli pirebi. sabolood, komi-

siam moiTxova, rom am pirTa saxelebi moxsenebidan waSliliyo, raTa ko-

misias am dokumentiT molaparakeba daewyo marokos mTavrobasTan. mox-

senebis amgvarad Sesworebuli varianti sabolood gamoqveynda wignis na-

wilad (State of drugs drugs of states). es wigni moxseniebul iqna `le mondis~

1994 wlis 25 Tebervlis nomerSi. imis miuxedavad, rom Tavdapirvelad

moxseneba konfidencialuri dokumenti iyo, misi gavrceleba mainc daiwyo.

es `le mondma~ 1995 wlis Semodgomaze Seityo. 1995 wlis 3 noembers `le

mondSi~ gamoqveynda statia saTauriT: `maroko _ marixuanis eqsportis

msoflio lideri� da qvesaTauriT: `mefe husein meoris anturaJi konfi-

dencialur moxsenebaSi gamovlinda~. statiaSi moyvanili iyo informacia

moxsenebidan, sadac naTqvami iyo Semdegi: maroko, evropuli komisiis mox-

senebis Tanaxmad, marixuanis warmoebaSi msoflio lideri da evropuli

bazris mTavari mommaragebelia. moxsenebas eWvi Seaqvs marokos mTavrobis

realur ZalisxmevaSi, aRmofxvras narkotikebis warmoeba da mimoqceva,

miuxedavad imisa, rom 1992 wels sajarod gamocxadda narkotikebTan

brZola. korufciis gamo, narkodilerebs icaven oficialuri pirebi, ro-

melTa wre erT ubralo oficridan mefis uSualo garemocvamde midis.

marokos mefem safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrs mimarTa ofici-

aluri werilobiTi moTxovniT, rom aRZruliyo sisxlis samarTlis saqme

`le mondis~ winaaRmdeg. `le mondis~ redaqtorisa da Jurnalistis wina-

aRmdeg saqme aRiZra ucxo qveynis saxelmwifos meTauris Seuracxyofis

braldebiT. saapelacio sasamarTlom damnaSaved cno redaqtori da Jur-

nalisti, daakisra jarima 5000 frankis odenobiT da daavala sasamarTlos


343

sasamarTlo praqtika

gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb informaciis gamoqveyneba.

sakasacio sasamarTlom kolombanis da inkianis kasacia gansaxilvelad

ar miiRo. maT evropis adamianis uflebebis sasamarTloSi iCivles, sadac

daobdnen, rom dairRva konvenciis me-10 muxli.


Rveva.

motivacia: presa demokratiul sazogadoebaSi arsebiT rols Tama-

Sobs, Tumca, man garkveul sazRvrebs ar unda gadaabijos, gansakuTrebiT,

rodesac saqme exeba sxvaTa reputacias da konfidencialuri informaciis

gamJRavnebas. ara marto presas gaaCnia valdebuleba, rom gaavrcelos

informacia, aramed sazogadoebasac aqvs ufleba, miiRos es informacia.

rac Seexeba dasaSvebi kritikis farglebs, es farglebi politikosebi-

saTvis ufro farToa, vidre kerZo individebisTvis.

Sesabamisad, gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis SezRudvis `aucilebloba~ da-

majereblad unda iyos Camoyalibebuli. Sidasaxelmwifo struqturisTvis

aucilebelia, rom Seafasos, arsebobs Tu ara `Zlieri socialuri moTxov-

nileba~ SezRudvis dasaweseblad. amgvari Sefasebisas wevri saxelmwifo

garkveuli diskreciiT sargeblobs.

winamdebare saqmeSi ganmcxadeblebs sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeb-

loba daakisres ucxo qveynis meTauris SeuracxyofisTvis. sisxlis samar-

Tlis pasuxismgebloba udavod aris Careva ganmcxadeblebis gamoxatvis

TavisuflebaSi. amis Semdgom sasamarTlom unda gaarkvios _ amarTlebs

Tu ara aRniSnul Carevas konvenciis meaTe muxlis meore nawili. pasuxi

unda gaeces SekiTxvebs: dadgenili iyo Tu ara Careva kanoniT? emsaxure-

boda Tu ara legitimur mizans? iyo Tu ara `aucilebeli demokratiul

sazogadoebaSi~?

sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom adgilobrivma sasamarTlom gamoiyena 1881wlis 29 ivlisis presis Tavisuflebis aqti, romelic adasturebs Careviskanonierebas. rac Seexeba legitimur mizans, saxelmwifos warmomadgen-lebma sasamarTlos winaSe daicves pozicia, rom sxvaTa reputaciis dacvalegitimuri mizania.

Tumca sasamarTlom unda daadginos, gamarTlebulia Tu ara es legi-timuri Careva demokratiul sazogadoebaSi _ anu gansazRvros, ramdenadmarTebulad gamoiyena Sida sasamarTlom sakuTari diskrecia, rodesacsisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba Seufarda ganmcxadebels.

344


sasamarTlom daadgina, rom sazogadoebas da, maT Soris, safrangeTismosaxleobas aqvs legitimuri interesi, icodes evropuli komisiis Sexe-dulebebi narkotikebis mimoqcevasTan dakavSirebiT marokoSi, romelmacevropis kavSiris wevrobaze ganacxadi gaakeTa da romelsac safrangeTTansakmaod axlo urTierToba akavSirebs.

sasamarTlom gaimeora, rom `movaleobebis da pasuxismgeblobebis~ ga-mo, rac gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis ganuyofeli nawilia, Jurnalistma undaimoqmedos keTilsindisierad da Jurnalisturi eTikis Sesabamisad; manunda uzrunvelyos zusti da sando informaciis gavrceleba. sasamarT-los miaCnia, rom narkotikebis geografiuli observatoriis moxsenebasando dokumenti iyo da misi ganxilva usaTuod unda momxdariyo ganmcxa-deblebis sasamarTlo procesze. sazogadoebrivi debatebis procesSi,presas ufleba aqvs, damoukidebeli kvlevis Catarebis gareSe gamoiyenosoficialuri dokumentebi. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom `lemonds~ ufleba hqonda, dayrdnoboda narkotikebis geografiuli observa-toriis moxsenebas. metic, ganmcxadeblebs saSualeba ar miecaT, rom TaviemarTlebinaT ciliswamebis kanonis safuZvelze. es faqtebi adasturebs,rom Sida sasamarTlos qmedeba gascda piris reputaciis dacvas.

Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom `Zlieri socialuri moTxovni-lebis~ gareSe, romelic gaamarTlebda SezRudvas, pasuxismgeblobis da-kisreba ucxo qveynis meTauris SeuracxyofisTvis arRvevs gamoxatvis Ta-visuflebas.

sasamarTlom saxelmwifos 6900 frankis gadaxda daakisra ganmcxadeb-lebis sasargeblod.

2002 weli

nikula fineTis winaaRmdeg

faqtebi: aRniSnul saqmeSi momCivans warmoadgenda helsinkeli advo-

kati nikula, xolo mopasuxes ki _ fineTi.

mocemuli saqme Seexeba mosarClis _ advokatis _ kriminalur difama-

ciaSi braldebas im gancxadebebis gamo, romlebic man gaakeTa sasamarT-

loSi Tavisi klientis sisxlissamarTlebrivi braldebebisgan dasacavad.

gancxadebebi zepiric iyo da werilobiTic, memorandumis saxiT. maTSi


345

sasamarTlo praqtika

mosarCle moiTxovda erT-erTi mowmis Cvenebis saqmidan amoRebas. moTxov-

naSi igi ewinaaRmdegeboda am piris braldebis mowmed gamoyvanas da akri-

tikebda bralmdeblis mier saqmis warmarTvis xerxs _ aRniSnavda, rom igi

borotad iyenebda Tavis diskreciul uflebamosilebas da manipulirebda.

bralmdebelma ki mosarClis winaaRmdeg aRZra sarCeli kriminaluri defa-

maciis Taobaze. sabolood, mosarCle cnes damnaSaved gaufrTxileblo-

biT difamaciaSi da mas Semdeg, rac uzenaesma sasamarTlom daamtkica ga-

dawyvetileba misi damnaSaved cnobis Sesaxeb, zianis anazRaureba da sasa-

marTlo xarjebis gadaxda daevala.

1996 wels helsinkelma advokatma anne nikulam evropis adamianis

uflebaTa sasamarTloSi sarCeli aRZra fineTis winaaRmdeg. igi amtki-

cebda, rom misi gasamarTleba difamaciisTvis sasamarTloSi advokatis

rangSi prokuroris misamarTiT gamoTqmuli kritikis gamo, misi sityvis

Tavisuflebis darRveva iyo. memorandumSi, romelic mosarCelem sasamar-

Tlos warudgina, prokurori, b-ni T, dadanaSaulebuli iyo `sasamarTlos

msvlelobis manipulirebisa da mtkicebulebebis ukanono wardginebi-

saTvis~. amis Semdgom b-ma T-m kerZo saCivari Seitana advokatis winaaRmdeg

da 1994 w. q-n nikula gaasamarTles boroti ganzraxvis gareSe Cadenili

sajaro difamaciisTvis. 1996 w. umaRlesma sasamarTlom daamtkica msjav-

rdeba sisxlis samarTlis wesiT, oRond, Seamcira sasjelis zoma da gan-

sazRvra is sasamarTlos xarjebisa da sxva saxis danaxarjebis gadaxdiT.

gadawyvetileba: adamianis uflebaTa evropis sasamarTlom 5 xmiT 2-

is winaaRmdeg daadgina, rom adgili hqonda konvenciis me-10 muxlis

darRvevas.

motivacia: sasamarTlom kidev erTxel aRniSna, rom gansakuTrebuli

statusi advokatebs marTlmsajulebis aRsrulebis epicentrSi ayenebs.

isini Suamavlebi arian sazogadoebasa da sasamarTlos Soris. advokatTa

am sakvanZo rolis gaTvaliswinebiT, logikuria maTgan velodoT sazoga-

doebis ndobis gamarTlebas. sasamarTlom miuTiTa, agreTve, imis alba-

Tobaze, rom konvenciis me-6 muxlis Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo procesis

mosmenebis dros advokatis Carevam sityvis TavisuflebaSi SesaZloa, Se-

amciros misi klienti-braldebulis ufleba _ samarTliani sasamarTlo

ganxilvis moTxovnis Sesaxeb. sasamarTlos azriT, principi `samarTleb-

rivi saSualebebis Tanasworobisa, romliTac procesis orive mxarea Se-

iaraRebuli~ da, ufro zogadad, principi samarTliani sasamarTlo gan-

346


xilvisa, mowodebulia, xeli Seuwyos Tavisufal da daundobel paeqro-

basac ki mxareebs Soris; TumcaRa, es ar unda gadaizardos sityvis Seub-

Ralav TavisuflebaSi dacvis mxarisaTvis.

mosarClis msjelobis kanonierebis Sefasebisas sasamarTlom, romelic

daeyrdno samarTaldamcavi organizaciis `interaitsis~ moxsenebas, kidev

erTxel gamijna mosamarTlisa da prokuroris _ rogorc braldebulis

oponentis _ roli. saWiroa, uzrunvelvyoT prokuroris ufro maRali

donis dacva braldebulis kritikuli gancxadebebisagan, gansxvavebiT im

sityvieri Tavdasxmebisagan, romlebic mimarTulia mosamarTlisadmi an,

zogadad, sasamarTlosadmi.

evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlo daeTanxma momCivanisa da sa-

samarTlos megobris argumentebs da ganacxada, rom kriminaluri difa-

maciis Sesaxeb momCivanis mimarT wayenebuli braldeba sityvis Tavisuf-

lebaSi Carevas warmoadgenda. sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom advokati unda

sargeblobdes sityvis SedarebiT farTo TavisuflebiT, vidre Cveuleb-

rivi piri, Tuki misi gamonaTqvamebi dakavSirebulia mis warmoebaSi arse-

bul saqmesTan.

sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom mosarClis kritika Semoifargleboda sasa-

marTlos darbaziT im dros, rodesac mosamarTlesa da advokats masob-

rivi informaciis saSualebebiT akritikebdnen. sasamarTlos azriT, xse-

nebuli movlenebis Semdeg advokatis mier prokuroris mimarT kritikuli

SeniSvnebis gamoxatvis akrZalva Znelad uTavsdeba advokatis movaleobas

_ TavgamodebiT daicvas Tavisi klientebis interesebi. dacvis mxridan

warmodgenil sabuTebze gavlena ar unda moaxdinos dasjis SiSma, agreTve,

miyenebuli zaralis kompensaciisa da sasamarTlo xarjebis gadaxdis

safrTxem. sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom advokatis sityvis Tavisuflebis

SezRudva, Tundac, mcire sisxlis samarTlebrivi sasjeliT, SesaZlebelia

dasaSvebi iyos demokratiuli sazogadoebisTvis, rogorc aucilebeli

RonisZieba, mxolod gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi. sasamarTlos TvalTa-

xedviT, saqmeSi ar arsebobda araviTari safuZveli imisa, rom aseTi uki-

duresi zomebisTvis miemarTaT. amrigad, q-n nikulasaTvis sityvis Tavi-

suflebis SezRudva ar Seesabameboda Zlier socialur moTxovnas.

2002 weli


347

sasamarTlo praqtika

makvikari gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg

faqtebi: dava exeboda cnobili sportsmenis Seuracxyofas.

1995 wlis seqtemberSi Jurnal `spikid~-Si gamoqveynda Jurnalist jon

makvikaris statia, romlis mixedviTac, mZleosani linford kristi akr-

Zalul samkurnalo preparatebs iyenebda xolme. batoma kristim uzenaes

sasamarTloSi sisxlis samarTlis saqme aRZra makvikaris winaaRmdeg _

ciliswamebis muxliT. difamaciis braldebiT mimdinare sasamarTlo pro-

cesis dros da sasamarTloSic Jurnalisti Tavad icavda sakuTar inte-

resebs, ramdenadac mas ar hqonda saSualeba, advokati daeqiravebina, an

raime saxis iuridiuli daxmareba mieRo. makvikarma dacva aago Tavissave

statiaSi warmodgenil mtkicebulebebze, romlebic simarTles Seesaba-

meboda rogorc arsebiTad, aseve _ faqtobrivad. mosamarTlem uari ga-

nacxada, moesmina ori mowmis Cveneba. Tu rwmunebiT aRWurvil orive mow-

mes eqneboda Cvenebebis micemis SesaZlebloba, es usamarTloba gamovi-

doda batoni kristis mimarT, ramdenadac mas aSkarad ar hqonda dro,

gamoeZaxebina mowmeebi Tavisi mxridan. ufro metic, akrZaluli prepara-

tebis viTomda miRebis detalebi sportsmenisTvis cnobili gaxdeboda

mxolod makvikaris mier mowveuli mowmeebisa gamosvlis Sedegad. 1998 w.

nafic msajulTa sasamarTlom daadgina, rom statia Seicavda Seuracx-

myofeli xasiaTis mtkicebulebebs, romelTa namdviloba Jurnalistma ar-

sebiTad ver daamtkica. sasamarTlom gankarguleba gasca, rom makvikars

gadaexada sasamarTlos xarjebi da aukrZala mas msgavsi gancxadebebis

gameoreba.

makvikarma saCivari evrosasamarTloSi Seitana. igi amtkicebda, rom

aRniSnul saqmeSi iuridiuli daxmarebis arqona arRvevda adaminis ufle-

baTa dacvis evrokonvenciis me-6 muxlis I paragrafs (samarTliani sasamar-

Tlo procesi) da me-10 muxls (gamoxatvis Tavisufleba). igi agreTve ac-

xadebda, rom mowmeTa Cvenebebis sasamarTloSi dauSvebloba da mtkicebis

mTeli tvirTis masze gadatana, aseve, sasamarTlo danaxarjebis dakisreba

da msgavsi publikaciebis momavalSi akrZalva kidev metad arRvevda kon-

venciis me-10 muxls.

gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daadgina, rom konvenciis me-10 da me-6

muxlebi ar darRveula.

348


motivacia: evrosasamarTlos azriT, makvikars araferi uSlida xels,

Tavisi ukmayofileba difamaciaSi dadanaSaulebisTvis uzenaes sasamarT-

loSi gamoexata, xolo sasamarTlo procesis miCneva usamarTlod mxolod

im mizeziT, rom mosarCle Zalze ganaTlebuli da gamocdili Jurnalis-

tia, romelsac SeuZlia, sasamarTlos damajerebeli argumentebi warud-

ginos, _ ar aris marTebuli. aqedan gamomdinare, konvenciis me-6 da me-10

muxlebis darRvevas adgili ar hqonia.

rac Seexeba mowmeTa Cvenebis dauSveblobas, gadawyvetilebas difama-

ciis procesis xarjebis dafarvisa da Semdgomi publikaciebis akrZalvis

Sesaxeb, sasamarTlom aseve daadgina, rom konvenciis me-10 muxlis darR-

vevas adgili ar hqonia. sasamarTlom Zalze seriozulad miiCnia statiaSi

gakeTebuli braldebebis SesaZlo uaryofiTi Sedegebi im adamianisTvis,

romelmac Tavisi sportuli karieris manZilze warmatebas da didebas mi-

aRwia. sasamarTlom xazgasmiT aRniSna, rom Tavad statiaSi ar aris

moyvanili arc erTi sarwmuno sabuTi dopinguri saSualebebis miRebis

Sesaxeb. am mizezebiT, sasamarTlom erTsulovnad daadgina, rom konven-

ciis me-10 muxlis darRvevas adgili ar hqonia.

2002 weli

gadawyvetileba safrangeTis winaaRmdeg

me-10 muxlis darRvevis gamo

faqtebi: saqme exeboda gazeTis redaqtoris da Jurnalistis mimarT

gamotanil gadawyvetilebas. gazeTSi gamoqveynda informacia, rom emig-

ranti muSebis saerTo sacxovreblebis mmarTvelma kompaniam am organi-

zaciis erT-erTi yofili xelmZRvanelis winaaRmdeg aRZra sasamarTlo

dava. xsenebuli verdiqti eyrdnoboda 1931 wlis 2 ivlisis kanonis me-2

muxls, romlis mixedviT, fizikuri piris mier aRZruli sasamarTlo pro-

cesis Sesaxeb nebismieri informaciis gamoqveyneba akrZalulia, sasamar-

Tlos mier ganaCenis gamotanis Semdegac ki. saqme gadaeca parizis saape-

lacio sasamarTlos, romelmac miiCnia, rom 1931 wlis kanonSi mocemuli

akrZalva Seesabameboda konvenciis me-10 muxls, ramdenadac is uzrunvel-


349

sasamarTlo praqtika

yofda udanaSaulobis prezumfciis dacvas da amitom Tavsdeboda am aq-

tiT daSvebul gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis SezRudvis sferoSi.

sakasacio sasamarTlom ar miiRo ganaCenis gamotanis Semdgom aRZruli

saCivari da momCivanebma adamianis uflebaTa dacvis evropis sasamarTlos

mimarTes. sasamarTlom pirvel rigSi daadastura, rom Jurnalistebi,

romlebic mimdinare sisxlis samarTlis process aSuqeben, pativs unda

scemdnen monawile mxareTa uflebebs. xolo rodesac sasamarTlom gani-

xila sakiTxi, moxda Tu ara Careva marTlmsajulebis msvlelobaSi, man

SeniSna, rom nebismieri tipis informaciaze gavrcelebuli sadavo akrZal-

va _ absoluturi da zogadi xasiaTisa _ exeboda fizikuri piris mier

inicirebul ganxilvas da ara prokuraturis mier an Cveulebrivi saCivris

safuZvelze aRZrul saqmes. mosamarTleebma gamoxates gakvirveba im gan-

sxvavebuli interpretaciis gamo, romelic ar efuZneboda raime obieqtur

mizezebs _ ramdenadac akrZalva mimarTuli iyo presis mier auditoriis

gasafrTxileblad im faqtebis Sesaxeb, romlebmac, SesaZloa, sazogado-

ebrivi rezonansi gamoiwvion (magaliTad, aseTia politikuri moRvaweebis

winaaRmdeg aRZruli saqmeebi, romlebSic maT TaRliTur moqmedebebs mi-

aweren im periodSi, rodesac isini sazogadoebrivi seqtoris kuTvnil

kompaniebs marTavdnen).

gadawyvetileba: `Canard Enchainne~-is saqmidan TiTqmis ori wlis Sem-

deg adamianis uflebaTa evropis sasamarTlo xelaxla mivida im daskv-

namde, rom safrangeTma daarRvia evrokonvenciis me-10 muxliT daculi

adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi.

motivacia: sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom arsebobs sxva meqanizmebi

gamoZiebisa da misi procedurebis saidumlos dasacavad; magaliTad, ise-

Ti, rogoric SemoTavazebulia sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis

me-11 da 91-e muxlebiT, gansakuTrebiT ki samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-9-1 mux-

liT, romelic iTvaliswinebs TiToeuli adamianis uflebas udanaSaulo-

bis prezumfciaze. ukanaskneli viTareba adgens, rom kerZo an sajaro

braldebis SemTxvevaSi, ganaCenis gamotanamde, mosamarTles SeuZlia, gas-

ces gankarguleba, raTa Sesabamis sainformacio wyaroSi gamoqveyndes

cnoba saqmis garemoebebis Sesaxeb _ braldebulis udanaSaulobis prezum-

fciis dasacavad.

moTxovna sruli akrZalvis Sesaxeb, romelic 1931 wlis kanonis mixed-

viT sasamarTlom sakmarisad miiCnia, sruliad usargeblo aRmoCnda.

350


amrigad, aRiarebul iqna safrangeTis mier me-10 muxlis darRveva, ram-

denadac akrZalva ar Seesabameboda sisxlis samarTlebrivi devnis kano-

nier mizans.

2002 weli

diCandi da sxvebi avstriis winaaRmdeg

faqtebi: aRniSnuli saqmeSi mosarCeles warmoadgenda b-ni diCandi, xo-

lo mopasuxes _ avstriis mTavroba.

1993 wlis ivnisSi mosarCleTa gazeTSi gamomcemlis fsevdonimiT ga-

moqveynda statia batoni grafis Sesaxeb. garda imisa, rom mas im dro-

isaTvis sakanonmdeblo komitetis Tavmjdomaris Tanamdeboba ekava, ba-

toni grafi, rogorc kerZo advokati, mosarClis erT-erTi ZiriTadi kon-

kurenti iyo. Tavisi saparlamento uflebamosilebis farglebSi batonma

grafma waradgina kanonproeqti, romelic sagrZnoblad zrdida finansur

pasuxismgeblobas sasamarTlos dadgenilebebis SeusruleblobisTvis: im

SemTxvevaSi, Tu mxare ar asrulebda sasamarTlos dadgenilebas, jarimebi

gamocemuli aRsrulebis brZanebebis ricxvis mixedviT unda gazrdiliyo.

mosarClis sagazeTo statia miuTiTebda, rom batonma grafma es kanon-

proeqti waradgina Tavisi kerZo klientis sasargeblod. avtori akriti-

kebda mas imis gamo, rom batonma grafma ar miatova Tavisi kerZo saadvo-

kato praqtika, rodesac saxelmwifo samsaxurSi daiwyo muSaoba.

batonma grafma sarCeliT mimarTa sasamarTlos da miiRo kidec dad-

genileba, romelic avaldebulebda mosarCleebs, Tavi SeekavebinaT iseTi

frazebis gamoqveynebisgan, romlebic miuTiTebda interesTa konfliqtze

_ batoni grafis, rogorc kerZo advokatisa da rogorc parlamentis wev-

ris _ uflebamosilebebTan mimarTebaSi. avstriis sasamarTlom baton

grafTan dakavSirebuli frazebi ganmarta, rogorc Seuracxyofa da iseTi

faqtebis dafiqsireba, romelTa WeSmariteba unda damtkicdes mosarClis

mier da ara subieqturi SefasebiT. garda amisa, avstriis sasamarTlom

miiCnia, rom statia Seicavda araswor faqtobriv monacems imis Sesaxeb,

rom batoni grafi iyo mTavrobis wevri. mosarClem gaasaCivra es dadge-


351

sasamarTlo praqtika

nileba avstriis or zemdgom sasamarTloSi, magram arc erT apelacias

Sedegi ar mohyolia.

diCandim evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlos mimarTa.


Rveva.

motivacia: baton grafTan dakavSirebul frazebTan mimarTebaSi es

dadgenilebebi zRudavda Tavisufali gamoxatvis uflebas. sasamarTlom

daadgina, rom SezRudva kanonieri iyo, miuxedavad mosarClis sxvagvari

poziciisa, radgan am sakiTxze arsebobda mniSvnelovani Sidasaxelmwifo-

ebrivi sasamarTlo precedenti. sasamarTlom aseve daadgina, rom Sez-

Rudva Seesabameboda legitimur mizans, kerZod ki _ sxvaTa reputaciis

an uflebebis dacvas, miuxedavad mosarClis gansxvavebuli poziciisa. ka-

maTs mxolod is iwvevda, Tu ramdenad àucilebeli iyo demokratiul sa-

zogadoebaSi~ es SezRudva. àucileblobis~ sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT sasa-

marTlom kidev erTxel Camoayaliba misi ZiriTadi principebi:

gamoxatvis Tavisufleba demokratiuli sazogadoebis erT-erT arse-

biTi safuZveli da misi ganviTarebisa da TiToeuli adamianis TviTgamo-

xatvis erT-erT ZiriTad pirobaa. gamoxatvis Tavisufleba, romelic

legitimur SezRudvebs eqvemdebareba, gamoiyeneba ara mxolod im ìnfor-

maciasa~ Tu ìdeebTan~ mimarTebaSi, romlebic dadebiTad miiReba, anda

aRiqmeba rogorc uvnebeli, aramed im SemTxvevebSic, rodesac ìnforma-

cia~ an ìdeebi~ sawyeni, Sokis momgvreli an Semawuxebelia. Tavisufali

gamoxatvis uflebiT daculia ara mxolod gadmocemuli ideebisa da in-

formaciis Sinaarsi, aramed maTi gamoxatvis formac. SeiZleba, arsebobdes

gamonaklisebic, romlebic zustad unda Camoyalibdes.

imis Sesamowmeblad, iyo Tu ara esa Tu is gamoxatva àucilebeli demok-

ratiul sazogadoebaSi~, sasamarTlom unda gansazRvros, gasaCivrebuli

`SezRudva~ ramdenad Seesabameboda `gadaudebel sazogadoebriv saWiro-

ebas~; iyo Tu ara is legitimuri miznis proporciuli da ramdenad Sesa-

ferisi da sakmarisia qveynis Tanamdebobis pirebis mier mis gasamarTleb-

lad SemoTavazebuli argumentebi. sazogadoebrivi interesis sakiTxebTan

dakavSiebuli politikuri gamosvlis an debatebis SezRudvebi mcire far-

glebSia SesaZlebeli. amasTan, misaRebi kritikis sazRvrebi, kerZo piris-

gan gansxvavebiT, ufro farToa politikosTan mimarTebaSi, romelic sa-

jaro uflebamosilebas axorcielebs; vinaidan es ukanaskneli gardauv-

352


lad da gacnobierebulad mzad aris imisaTvis, rom misi yoveli sityva da

moqmedeba detalurad Semowmdes rogorc Jurnalistebis, aseve mTeli

sazogadoebis mier. amitom, man didi tolerantoba unda gamoiCinos. po-

litikosma marTlac unda izrunos imaze, rom misi reputacia daculi

iyos im SemTxvevaSic, rodesac is ar moqmedebs piradi uflebamosilebis

farglebSi, magram aseTi dacvis moTxovnebi unda Seesabamebodes politi-

kuri sakiTxebis Ria ganxilvis interess...

presa mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs demokratiul sazogadoebaSi. mar-

Talia, man ar unda gadaabijos garkveul sazRvrebs, gansakuTrebiT maSin,

rodesac saqme exeba sxvebis reputaciasa da uflebebs; da mainc, misi valia,

sakuTari movaleobebisa da pasuxismgeblobis Sesabamisad gaavrcelos

informacia da mosazrebebi sazogadoebisTvis saintereso yvela sakiTxze.

aseTi informaciisa da mosazrebebis gavrceleba marto presis valdebuleba

ar aris, sazogadoebas aqvs maTi miRebis ufleba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, presa

ver SeZlebda `sazogadoebrivi darajis~ sasicocxlo rolis Sesrulebas.

meaTe muxli icavs ara mxolod gadmocemuli ideebisa da informaciis

Sinaarss, aramed maTi gamoxatvis formasac. Jurnalisturi Tavisufleba

aseve moicavs gazviadebis garkveuli xarisxis an TviT provokaciis Se-

saZlo gamoyenebas.

Tavis praqtikaSi sasamarTlo erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs faqtebis

gadmocemas da subieqtur Sefasebas. im dros, rodesac SesaZlebelia faq-

tebis arsebobis demonstrireba, subieqturi Sefasebis WeSmaritebis dam-

tkiceba SeuZlebelia. subieqturi Sefasebis WeSmaritebis damtkicebis

moTxovna Seusrulebelia da es moTxovna arRvevs TviT azris Tavisuf-

lebas, romelic Tavisufali gamoxatvis uflebis ZiriTadi nawilia.

rodesac gamonaTqvami subieqtur Sefasebas uTanabrdeba, SezRudvis

proporciuloba SeiZleba damokidebuli iyos imaze, arsebobs Tu ara sak-

marisi faqtobrivi safuZveli gansaxilveli gamonaTqvamisTvis; vinaidan

subieqturi Sefasebac ki, yovelgvari faqtobrivi safuZvliT gamyarebis

gareSe, SeiZleba zedmeti iyos.

publikaciis politikuri konteqstis fonze sasamarTlom daaskvna,

rom mosarClis publikaciaSi gamoqveynebuli fraza ufro subieqturi

Sefaseba iyo, vidre faqtis gadmocema. Sesabamisad, mosarCles ar unda

moeTxovos aseTi frazebis WeSmaritebis mtkiceba.

evrosasamarTlo ar daeTanxma avstriis sasamarTloebis daskvnas, rom


353

sasamarTlo praqtika

statiaSi arasworad iyo warmodgenili faqti batoni grafis mTavrobis

wevrobis Sesaxeb. sasamarTlom Tqva, rom mocemul konteqstSi aseTi gan-

marteba ar iyo gamarTlebuli. marTlac, maT ganacxades, rom batoni gra-

fis zusti funqcia garkveviT iyo aRwerili statiaSi.

statiaSi interesTa konfliqtze miTiTebasTan dakavSirebiT sasamar-

Tlom daadgina, rom es cnobebi iyo subieqturi Sefasebebi, romelTaT-

visac sakmarisi faqtobrivi safuZveli arsebobda da Sesabamisad, maTi

mtkicebis aucileblobac ar arsebobda.

interesTa konfliqtze miTiTebebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlom aRniSna: ba-

toni grafi iyo gavleniani politikosi da sazogadoebaSi SeiZleba dis-

kusia gamoiwvios faqtma, rom politikosi aRmoCnda iseT situaciaSi, ro-

desac biznesi da politikuri saqmianoba erTmaneTTan konfliqtSi modis

_ im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi kanonmdeblobis

mixedviT, Tanamdebobrivi SeuTavseblobis problema ar warmoiSveba.

rac Seexeba mosarClis gamonaTqvamebis uxeSobas, sasamarTlom dasZina:

mosarCleebma mwir faqtobriv safuZvelze dayrdnobiT marTlac gamoaq-

veynes Zlieri polemikuri eniT dawerili mwvave kritika. Tumca isic unda

aRiniSnos, rom Tavisufali gamoxatvis ufleba aseve icavs informaciasa

da ideebs, romlebic iwveven wyenas, Soks an SeSfoTebas.

yovelive zemoTqmulis safuZvelze, sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom avs-

triam ugulebelyo adamianis uflebaTa evropul konvenciaSi wevr saxel-

mwifoTa mier aRiarebuli faseulobebis farglebi da dadgenileba ar

iyo miznis proporciuli.

2002 weli

iankovi bulgareTis winaaRmdeg

faqtebi: todor antimov iankovi 1943 wels daibada qalaq plovdivSi,

bulgareTi. igi iyo miwis sainvesticio fondis da finansuri kompaniis

aRmasrulebeli direqtori. igi warsulSi aseve muSaobda ekonomikis mas-

wavleblad da hqonda am saganSi doqtoris xarisxi.

1996 wels igi daapatimres ukanono finansur garigebebSi monawileobis

354


braldebiT. ivankovi dakavebuli iyo da sasamarTlo process eloda ori

wlisa da TiTqmis oTxi Tvis ganmavlobaSi. dakavebaSi yofnisas b-nma ian-

kovma warumateblad Seitana ramdenime gancxadeba gaTavisuflebis

TxovniT. sxva motivTa Soris igi acxadebda Semdegs: is garemoeba, rom

yvela mtkicebuleba Segrovda gamoZiebis pirveli ramdenime Tvis ganmav-

lobaSi, amcirebda mis mier gamoZiebis Seferxebis raime safrTxes; mas ar

hqonda nasamarTlobis istoria; da ar arsebobda misi gauCinarebis saf-

rTxe, misi asakis, ojaxuri da janmrTelobis mdgomareobis gaTvaliswi-

nebiT, man ganacxada, rom sxva mizezebTan erTad itanjeboda maRali wne-

viT, aTero-skleroziT, TirkmelebSi kenWis gavliT, diabetiTa da depre-

siiT. igi aseve acxadebda, rom mis mimarT mtkicebulebebi iyo metad susti

da braldebebi efuZneboda Sesabamisi kanonis yalb interpretacias. Sede-

gad, 1998 wlis TebervalSi igi gaagzavnes hospitalSi specialuri samedi-

cino mkurnalobisTvis.

1998 wlis 10 marts advokatebTan Sexvedris win gaCxrekisas, cixis ofi-

cerma moaxdina im wignis konfiskacia, romelsac igi werda, im motiviT,

rom ivankovi apirebda am wignis advokatisaTvis gadacemas. teqstSi, rome-

lic aRwerda ganmcxadeblis dakavebas da mis winaaRmdeg warmoebul pro-

cess, cixis mcvelebs uwodebda `kargad-danayrebul usaqmurebs~ da `ub-

ralo soflelebs~, xolo cixis oficers uwodebda `provinciels~ da pro-

kurorebsa da gamomZieblebs aSkarad moixseniebda, rogorc `Zalaufle-

bis mqone unamuso adamianebs~. igi acxadebda, rom apirebda, mxolod ad-

vokatisaTvis waekiTxva Tavisi xelnaweridan ramdenime fragmenti, vina-

idan es mxolod masalis Savi versia iyo.

imave dRes cixis ufrosma gamosca da aRasrula brZaneba ganmcxadeb-

lis winaaRmdeg `oficrebis, gamomZieblebis, mosamarTleebis, prokuro-

rebisa da saxelmwifo institutebis winaaRmdeg Seuracxmyofeli da

cilismwamebluri gancxadebebisaTvis~. ivankovs Tavi gadaparses da mo-

aTavses izolatorSi 17 martamde. mis sakans ar hqonda tualeti da sakma-

risi sinaTle. igi imyofeboda metad mZime higienur pirobebSi.

aplikanti saavadmyofoSi moaTavses 1998 wlis 25 marts. 1998 wlis 10

ivliss igi gamouSves giraoTi janmrTelobis mdgomareobis gamo.

1998 wlis 30 oqtombers plovdivis raionulma sasamarTlom cno bral-

debulis braleuloba sazRvargareT Tanxebis ukanono gadaricxvebSi da

miusaja mas xuTi wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa. 2000 wlis 5 ivniss misi


355

sasamarTlo praqtika

ganaCeni gauqmda da ganaxlda winaswari gamoZieba. 2002 wlis noemberSi

warmoeba jer kidev mimdinareobda.

adamianis uflebaTa evropis komisiaSi ivankovma gancxadeba 1997 wlis

5 seqtembers Seitana. aplikanti Cioda, rom cixeSi mis mimarT mopyroba

ewinaaRmdegeboda adamianis uflebaTa evropis konvenciis mTel rig mux-

lebs, kerZod me-3 muxls (araadamianuri da damamcirebeli mopyrobisa

da sasjelis akrZalva) vinaidan igi moaTavses izolatorSi da gadaparses

Tavi. igi aseve acxadebda, rom wignis dawerisaTvis mis mimarT gamoyene-

buli disciplinuri zoma arRvevda me-10 muxls (gamoxatvis Tavisufleba),

aseve misi dakaveba ewinaaRmdegeboda me-5 muxls (Tavisuflebisa da usaf-

rTxoebis ufleba) da rom sisxlis samarTalwarmoebis xangrZlivoba iyo

aramizanSewonili da arRvevda me-6(1) muxls (sasamarTlo procesis goniv-

ruli vadebis ufleba). igi aseve miuTiTebda mis mimarT me-13 muxlis

(efeqturi dacvis ufleba) darRvevis faqtze.

2000 wlis 11 maiss ivankovis saqme nawilobriv dauSveblad cnes, xolo

2002 wlis 12 seqtembers sasamarTlom gancxadebis danarCeni nawilic

dasaSvebad gamoacxada.

gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daadgina, rom dairRva konvenciis me-10,

me-13, me-5(3), me-5(4), me-5(5) da me-6(1) muxlebi.

motivacia: sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom patimars, romelsac Tavs ZaliT

gadaparsavdnen, aucileblad eqneboda arasrulfasovnebis SegrZneba.

msgavsi mopyrobis magaliTi sxvebisTvisac, maT Soris cixis personalis,

dakavebulebisa da vizitorebis Tu sazogadoebisTvis, dauyovnebliv gax-

deboda TvalsaCino, Tu patimari gaTavisufldeboda an mas male sajarod

gamoiyvandnen. sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom dakavebulTa Tavis ZaliT ga-

daparsva principSi warmoadgenda moqmedebas, romelsac SeeZlo daemci-

rebina adamianis Rirseba an maTSi gamoewvia arasrulfasovnebis SegrZneba,

rac maT udavod daamcirebda.

gasaCivrebul moqmedebas ar hqonda samarTlebrivi safuZveli da ar

iyo myarad dasabuTebuli. Tundac igi ar yofiliyo mimarTuli damcire-

bisaken, aplikantisaTvis Tmebis gadaparsva specifiuri dasabuTebis gare-

Se TavisTavad iyo TviTneboba da dasjadi qmedeba da aqedan gamomdinare

mimarTuli iyo misi damcirebisaken. aplikantsac hqonda mizezi efiqra,

rom mizani swored misi damcireba iyo, vinaidan mas Tavi gadaparses sas-

jelis konteqstSi kritikuli da Seuracxmyofeli SeniSvnebis dawerisaT-

356


vis, sxvebTan erTad cixis mcvelebis Sesaxeb. aq aseve mniSvneloba hqonda

aplikantis asaks (55 weli im droisTvis) da im faqts, rom igi sajaro gan-

xilvaze gamoiyvanes Tavis gadaparsvidan mecxre dRes.

aplikantisaTvis Tmebis gadaparsva izolatorSi moTavsebis konteq-

stSi kritikuli da Seuracxmyofeli SeniSvnebis dawerisaTvis warmoad-

genda gaumarTlebel mopyrobas, rac SesaZlebeli iyo Sefasebuliyo, ro-

gorc damamcirebeli. sasamarTlom es miiCnia me-3 muxlis darRvevad.

konvenciis me-10 muxlis (gamoxatvis Tavisufleba) konteqstSi sasamar-

Tlom aRniSna, rom bulgareTis xelisuflebam aplikants Seufarda sasje-

li ise, rom gadawyvetilebebSi arc ki miuTiTebiaT, Tu ratom miiCnevdnen

mis gancxadebebs Seuracxmyofelad. miuxedavad imisa, rom gakeTebuli

komentarebi SeiZleboda miCneuli yofiliyo Seuracxmyofelad, isini

namdvilad ar iyo mZime xasiaTis mqone. isini aseve iyo xelnaweris formiT

dawerili im enaze da im stiliT, rac axasiaTebda personalur memuarebs

Tu msgavs literaturul formebs da igi Seicavda marTlmsajulebis aR-

srulebisa da masSi monawile pirebis arsebiT kritikas. amitomac bulga-

rel xelisufalT unda eCvenebinaT TavSekaveba TavianT reaqciebSi.

sasamarTlo aseve ganacvifra im faqtma, rom aplikanti dasajes saku-

Tari fiqrebis pirad xelnawerze gadatanisaTvis, rac mas aSkarad aravis-

Tvis ar uCvenebia CamorTmevis momentisaTvis. mas arc `uTqvams~ da arc

`gauvrcelebia~ raime Seuracxmyofeli an damamcirebeli gancxadebebi.

kerZod, ar yofila araviTari braldeba imaSi, rom man gaavrcela teqsti

sxva dakavebulebs Soris. aseve, manuskripti, rogorc dokumentis proeqti

ar iyo mzad gamoqveynebisTvis da ar arsebobda misi dauyovneblivi gavr-

celebis safrTxe, Tundac igi gatanili yofiliyo cixidan.

Tumca cixis administraciis wevrebi, romlebmac waikiTxes xelnaweri,

SeiZleboda piradad Seuracxyofili darCeniliyvnen maT Sesaxeb iq ga-

moTqmuli SeniSvnebiT, metad rTuli iyo am argumentis safuZvelze apli-

kantis dasjis gamarTleba. sajaro moxeleebze arasaTanado gavlena ar

unda moaxdinos piradma grZnobebma. ar momxdara samarTliani balansi,

erTi mxriv, aplikantis gamoxatvis Tavisuflebasa da, meore mxriv, sasa-

marTlo xelisuflebis avtoritetis SenarCunebasa da sajaro moxeleebis

reputaciis dacvas Soris. Seuracxmyofeli SeniSvnebis gakeTebisaTvis

sasamarTlo sistemis makritikebel pirad xelnawerSi, romelic ar

gavrcelebula dakavebulTa Soris, aplikantisaTvis sasjelad sadiscip-


357

sasamarTlo praqtika

lino sakanSi SviddRiani patimrobis SefardebiT xelisuflebam daarRvia

dasaSvebi moqmedebis farglebi, amgvarad daarRvia me-10 muxli.

aplikantis gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis darRvevasTan dakavSirebiT sasa-

marTlom aRniSna, rom am manuskriptis amoReba adgilze moxda da igi

moaTavses izolatorSi mis mimarT disciplinuri brZanebis gamocemis-

Tanave. ar dasabuTebula, rom mas misces gasaCivrebis gonivruli SesaZ-

lebloba sasjelis aRsrulebamde. im droisTvis da 2002 wlamde bulgare-

Tis kanonmdebloba ar iTvaliswinebda saizolacio sakanSi patimris mo-

Tavsebis faqtis gasaCivrebas sasamarTloSi.

sasamarTlom daadgina, rom aplikants ar hqonda mis winaaRmdeg da-

mamcirebel mopyrobaze an misi gamoxatvis Tavisuflebaze efeqturi re-

agirebis saSualeba, Sesabamisad daaskvna, rom dairRva me-13 muxli.

dapatimrebis Semdeg, aplikanti warudgines gamomZiebels, romelsac

ar hqonda ufleba, mieRo savaldebulo gadawyvetileba misi dakavebis

Sesaxeb. arc gamomZiebeli, arc prokurori, romelTac daamtkices daka-

veba, ar iyvnen saTanadod damoukidebelni da miukerZoebelni me-5(3) mux-

lis miznebisaTvis, braldebis procesSi maT mier Sesrulebuli praqti-

kuli rolis da sisxlis samarTalwarmoebaSi maTi monawileobis gaTvalis-

winebiT. aqedan gamomdinare, adgili hqonda me-5(3) muxlis darRvevas,

vinaidan aplikanti ar warudgines sasamarTlos Tu sxva pirs, romelic

kanonis Sesabamisad iqneboda uflebamosili, ganexorcielebina sasamarT-

lo xelisufleba.

sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom Tumca aplikantma warmoadgina argumenta-

cia misi dakavebis safuZvlebis aramizanSewonilobis Sesaxeb, sakuTar ga-

dawyvetilebebSi bulgareTis sasamarTloebs ar ganuxilavT arc erTi am

argumentTagani da aSkarad CaTvales, rom maT kavSiri ar hqondaT winas-

wari dakavebis kanonierebis sakiTxTan. es warmoadgenda me-5(4) muxlis

darRvevas (ufleba, rom dakavebis kanoniereba swrafad gadawydes sasa-

marTlos mier).

sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom bulgareTis kanonmdebloba aplikants ar

aZlevda kompensaciis savaldebulo uflebas dakavebis gamo, riTic dair-

Rva me-5(5) muxli (kompensaciis savaldebulo ufleba).

samarTalwarmoeba grZeldeboda sul mcire eqvsi wlisa da 5 Tvis gan-

mavlobaSi, Sesabamisad sasamarTlom daadgina, rom dairRva me-6(1) muxli

(gonivrul droSi samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba).

358


zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, sasamarTlom gamoiyena 41-e muxli

(samarTliani dakmayofileba) da aplikants kompensaciis saxiT mianiWa 8, 000

evro araqonebrivi zianisaTvis da 4, 000 evro gaweuli xarjebisaTvis.

2003 weli

Scharsach and News Verlagsgesellschaft mbH -i

avstriis winaaRmdeg

faqtebi: ganmcxadeblebs warmoadgendnen venaSi mcxovrebi avstrieli

Jurnalisti hans-hening CarsaCi da axali ambebis yovelkvireuli gazeTis

News mesakuTre da gamomcemeli kompania Scharsach and News Verlagsgesell-

schaft mbH.

1995 wels gazeTma dabeWda statia, saTauriT �yavisferi Savis da wiT-

lis nacvlad?�. am statiaSi batoni CarsaCi ganmartavda, Tu ratom ewina-

aRmdegeboda samTavrobo koaliciis Seqmnas avstriis Tavisuflebis par-

tiis monawileobiT, romelsac saTaveSi iorg haideri edga. statia akri-

tikebda avstriis Tavisuflebis partias imis gamo, rom misma mesveurebma

ver SeZles gamijvna ultra memarjveneobisagan; statiaSi, agreTve, aRniS-

nuli iyo, rom �Zveli faruli nacistebi�, romelTac partia 1980-ian wleb-

Si miatoves, dabrundnen haideris xelmZRvanelobiT. amis dasturad av-

torma daasaxela garkveuli pirebi, maT Soris, qalbatoni rozenkranci.

politikosi qalbatoni rozenkranci iyo qvemo avstriis parlamentis

regionuli palatis (landtagi) wevri da qvemo avstriis Tavisuflebis

partiis regionuli ofisis Tavmjdomaris moadgile. sasamarTlo warmo-

ebis dawyebis momentisaTvis igi iyo avstriis parlamentis wevri da qvemo

avstriis Tavisuflebis partiis regionuli ofisis Tavmjdomare. misi me-

uRles sazogadoeba icnobda, rogorc ultramemarjvene politikoss da

gazeT `Akten“-is gamomcemels.

qalbatonma rozenkrancma aRZra sisxlis samarTalwarmoeba pativisa

da Rirsebis Selaxvis gamo baton CarsaCis winaaRmdeg da Seitana sarCeli

zianis anazRaurebis moTxovniT �News Verlagsgessellschaft mbH�-is wina-


359

sasamarTlo praqtika

aRmdeg. 1998 wlis 21 ivniss sent poltenis regionulma sasamarTlom ba-

toni CarsaCi braleulad cno pativisa da Rirsebis SelaxvaSi da daakisra

jarima daaxloebiT 4, 360 evros odenobiT. mediis Sesaxeb kanonis Sesaba-

misad, `News Verlagsgessellschaft mbH�-s mieca miTiTeba, momCivanisaTvis

2,180 evro gadaexada. regionulma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom statiis

mtkicebiT, q-ni rozenkranci CarTuli iyo farul neo-nacistur saqmiano-

baSi, magram statiis avtorma faqti ver daadastura.

ganmcxadebelTa saCivris mixedviT, maT winaaRmdeg gamotanilma gana-

Cenma daarRvia maTi gamoxatvis Tavisufleba, romelic garantirebulia

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-10 muxliT.

gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom moxda konvenciis me-10

muxlis darRveva.

motivacia: adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom

ganmcxadebelTa winaaRmdeg gadawyvetileba warmoadgenda maTi gamoxat-

vis TavisuflebaSi Carevas. es Careva dadgenili iyo kanoniT da hqonda

legitimuri mizani, kerZod, sxvaTa reputaciisa Tu uflebebis dacva.

sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom statia dawerili iyo politikur konteqstSi

da mimarTuli iyo politikosis winaaRmdeg; Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom

daadgina, rom dasaSvebi kritikis farglebi politikosis mimarT ufro

farToa, vidre kerZo piris mimarT. evropis sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom

avstriis sasamarTloebma ver SeZles, saTanado yuradReba mieqciaT sta-

tiis politikuri konteqstisTvis, rodesac isini afasebdnen Seuracxmyo-

feli sityvebis mniSvnelobas. termini �faruli nacisti� (�Closet Nazi�)

gagebul unda yofiliyo adekvatur konteqstSi, im mniSvnelobiT, rome-

lic mas misca Tavisuflebis partiis politikosma; kerZod, �faruli na-

cisti� avtorma aRwera, rogorc piri, romelsac araerTgvarovani damoki-

debuleba hqonda nacionaluri socializmis ideebTan.

avstriis sasamarTloebisgan gansxvavebiT, evropis sasamarTlom miiC-

nia, rom termini �faruli nacisti� miCneuli unda yofiliyo ara mxolod

rogorc gancxadeba faqtis Sesaxeb, aramed rogorc SefasebiTi gancxa-

deba sazogadoebrivi interesis mqone mniSvnelovan sakiTxze. Tumca, ar

iyo dadasturebuli q-ni rozenkrancis neo-nacistobis faqti, igi iyo me-

uRle politikosisa, romelic ultramemarjvene gazeTs gamoscemda. ro-

gorc politikosi, igi sajarod arasodes gamijvnia meuRlis politikur

360


Sexedulebebs da sajarod akritikebda �akrZlvis aqts� (Prohibition Act),

romliTac nacionalur-socialisturi saqmianoba ukanonod gamocxadda.

imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom q-ni rozenkranci iyo politikosi; aseve

JurnalistTa da presis rolis gaTvaliswinebiT sazogadoebrivi inte-

resis mqone sakiTxebze sazogadoebis informirebis mxriv, sasamarTlom

miiCnia, rom �faruli nacistis� cnebis gamoyeneba ar scildeboda samarT-

liani komentaris kategorias. amitomac ganmcxadeblis uflebebSi Careva

dasaxuli miznis araproporciuli iyo da ar iyo �aucilebeli demokra-

tiul sazogadoebaSi�.

2003 weli

C.S.Y. TurqeTis winaaRmdeg

da iasar qemal goqCeli TurqeTis winaaRmdeg

faqtebi: 2003 wlis 4 marts adamianis uflebaTa evropis sasamarTlom

warmoebaSi gaaerTiana ori saqme da miiRo saerTo gadawyvetileba.

saqmis garemoebebis mixedviT, C.S.Y. iyo gamomcemloba, kerZo kompania,

romlis registrirebuli ofisi mdebareobda stambolSi. iasar qemali

goqCeli ki iyo stambolSi mcxovrebi Turqi mwerali.

1995 wlis 2 Tebervals momCivanma kompaniam dabeWda iasar qemal goq-

Celis ori statia wignSi `gamoxatvis Tavisufleba da TurqeTi~. statiebi

_ `Savi ca TurqeTis Tavze~ da `SesaZloa, gaizardos Tqvenze zewola~

ukve gamoqveynebuli iyo sazRvargareT. wigni warmoadgenda statiebis

krebuls, romelSic gakritikebuli iyo da komentari ukeTdeboda Turqe-

Tis xelisuflebis politikas `Turqul problemasTan~ dakavSirebiT,

TurqeTis respublikis daarsebis Semdgom.

1995 wlis 2 Tebervals erovnuli uSiSroebis sasamarTlos mosamarTlem

gasca brZaneba am wignis dapatimrebis Sesaxeb im motiviT, rom aRniSnuli

statiebi aRvivebdnen mtrobas da SuRls rasobrivi da eTnikuri war-

momavlobis niadagze. imave dRes, policiis oficrebi mividnen momCivani

kompaniis ofisSi dapatimrebis orderis aRsasruleblad. Tumca, vinaidan

ukve gavrcelebuli iyo wignis yvela asli, maT ver SeZles am gamocemis


361

sasamarTlo praqtika

dapatimreba. ar dakmayofilda gamomcemlis da statiebis avtoris saCivari

gamocemis dayadaRebis Sesaxeb brZanebis gauqmebasTan dakavSirebiT.

gamomcemlisa da statiebis avtoris winaaRmdeg aRiZra ori sisxlis

samarTlis saqme terorizmis aRkveTis Sesaxeb aqtis me-8 muxlisa da sisx-

lis samarTlis kodeqsis 313(2) muxlis safuZvelze. pirveli saqme statia

`SesaZloa, gaizardos Tqvenze zewolas~-Tan dakavSirebiT, dasrulda 1995

wlis 1 dekembers erovnuli uSiSroebis sasamarTlos mier braldebulebis

gamarTlebiT. rac Seexeba samarTalwarmoebas statiasTan _ `Savi ca Tur-

qeTis Tavze~, 1996 wlis 7 martis gadawyvetilebaSi erovnuli uSiSroebis

sasamarTlom braldebulebi damnaSaved cno sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis

312-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli qmedebis CadenaSi. gamomcemels daekisra

jarimis gadaxda 3.491.666 Turquli liris odenobiT, romlis gamoyeneba

SeCerda, xolo avtors miesaja patimroba erTi wlisa da rva Tvis xangrZ-

livobiT da jarima 466.666 Turquli liris odenobiT, romlis gamoyeneba

aseve SeCerda. sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom mTlianobaSi es statia miznad

isaxavda mtrobisa da SuRlis gaRvivebas Turquli da qurTuli warmo-

mavlobis moqalaqeebs Soris da rasisa da warmomavlobis adgilis safuZ-

velze. 1996 wlis 18 oqtombers sakasacio sasamarTlom daadastura pir-

vel instanciaSi miRebuli gadawyvetileba.

saqmeSi `c.s.y. TurqeTis winaaRmdeg~ momCivanma kompaniam ganacxada,

rom wignis `gamoxatvis Tavisufleba da TurqeTi~ dayadaRebiT Seilaxa

misi gamoxatvis Tavisufleba, gaTvaliswinebuli adamianis uflebaTa ev-

ropis konvenciis me-10 muxliT. saqmeSi iasar qemal goqCeli TurqeTis

winaaRmdeg, momCivani konvenciis me-10 muxlze dayrdnobiT acxadebda,

rom Seilaxa misi gamoxatvis Tavisufleba, vinaidan mis mimarT ganxorci-

elda sisxlis samarTlebrivi devna statiis dawerisaTvis.

konvenciis me-6(2) muxlis safuZvelze, igi aseve Cioda, rom dairRva

misi udanaSaulobis prezumfcia, vinaidan mosamarTle da erovnuli uSiS-

roebis sasamarTlo wignis dayadaRebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebiT daeyr-

dnen prezumfcias, rom sadavo statiebi winaaRmdegobaSi modioda kanon-

mdeblobasTan. dabolos, momCivani acxadebda, rom misi msjavrdeba ewi-

naaRmdegeboda me-7 muxls (ar arsebobs sasjeli kanonis gareSe).


muxli da ar darRveula me-6(2) da me-7 muxlebi.

motivacia: adamianis uflebaTa evropis sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom ga-

362


saCivrebuli zomebi warmoadgenda momCivanTa gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis

SezRudvas da isini kanoniT iyo dadgenili. iasar jemal goqCelis msjav-

rdeba efuZneboda sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 312-e muxls, xolo wignis

dayadaReba TurqeTis konstituciis 28-e muxls da sisxlis samarTlis

saprocesi kodeqsis 86-e muxls. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom aRniSnuli

SezRudvebi or mizans isaxavda, romlebic SesabamisobaSi iyo me-10(2) mux-

lTan: erTianoba da erovnuli usafrTxoeba da teritoriuli mTlianoba.

sasamarTlom daadgina, rom sadavo statiebi dawerili iyo politikuri

gamosvlis formiT, rogorc Sinaarsobrivad, aseve gamoyenebuli termine-

bis gaTvaliswinebiT. memarcxene mimdinareobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sit-

yvebis gamoyenebiT, avtori akritikebda da gmobda samxreT-aRmosavleT

TurqeTSi xelisuflebis samxedro aqciebs da maT mier gatarebul poli-

tikas, rac, misi azriT, gulisxmobda sakuTari miwidan qurTebis gandevnas,

maTi winaaRmdegobis moZraobis da brZolis CaxSobas avtonomiisTvis,

kulturisa da TviTgamorkvevis konteqsSi. sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom sta-

tiebSi gamoyenebuli terminebi faqtebs asaxavda da hqonda mkafiod

agresiuli xasiaTis emociuli toni.

garkveuli nawilebi gansakuTrebiT negatiurad warmoaCenda Turq

xelisufalT da hqonda mtruli toni. miuxedavad amisa, sasamarTlom

miiCnia, rom es iyo ufro konfliqtis erTi mxaris Seurigebeli poziciis

gamoxatuleba, vidre mowodeba Zaladobisaken.

mTlianobaSi, statiebis Sinaarsi ver CaiTvleboda Zaladobisaken, Se-

iaraRebuli winaaRmdegobisaken Tu amboxebisaken mowodebad: sasamarT-

los azriT, es iyo arsebiTi faqtori, romelic mxedvelobaSi unda yofi-

liyo miRebuli. ufro metic, gansaxilveli statiebis ZiriTadi idea Sem-

degSi mdgomareobda: `qurTuli problemis gadawyveta aucilebelia

mSvidobiani saSualebebiT~. sasamarTlom agreTve aRniSna avtorze dade-

buli jarimis simkacris Sesaxeb. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom

wignis dayadaReba da statiebis avtoris sisxlis samarTlebrivi msjavr-

deba ar iyo `aucilebeli demokratiul sazogadoebaSi~. man aRniSnul saq-

meebze erTxmad daadgina konvenciis me-10 muxlis darRveva.

rac Seexeba iasar qemal goqCelis gancxadebas, mis mimarT udanaSaulo-

bis prezumfciis darRvevis Taobaze, sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom wignis

dayadaReba iyo gardamavali RonisZieba Semdgomi samarTalwarmoebis ga-


363

sasamarTlo praqtika

marTvis perspeqtiviT. yadaRis dadebis Sesaxeb mosamarTlis gadawyveti-

leba miuTiTebda `eWvis arsebobis Sesaxeb~ da ar Seicavda braldebas.

ufro metic, Semdgomi samarTalwarmoebisas ar gamovlenila dadgenili

eWvis safuZvlianoba. aqedan gamomdinare, sasamarTlom erTxmad daadgina,

rom ar momxdara konvenciis me-6 (2) muxlis darRveva.

orive saqmeSi sasamarTlom daadgina, rom darRvevis dafiqsireba Ta-

visTavad warmoadgenda samarTlian dakmayofilebas ara qonebrivi ziani-

saTvis, romelic ganicades momCivanebma. sasamarTlom gamomcemloba c.s.y.-

is sakompensacio Tanxa daniSna 1500 evros odenobiT.

2003 weli

lesniki slovakeTis winaaRmdeg

faqtebi: ganmcxadebelma, 1940 wels dabadebulma slovakeTis moqalaqe

aleqsei lesnikma 1991 wlis 2 dekembers moiTxova erTi biznesmenis wina-

aRmdeg sisxlis samarTalwarmoebis dawyeba siyalbisaTvis. mas Semdeg, rac

am Txovnaze uari miiRo Sesabamisi saxelmwifo organoebisagan, a. lesnikma

policiaSi iCivla im motiviT, rom mas emuqrebodnen da ismenden mis sate-

lefono saubrebs. lesnikis winaaRmdeg aRiZra sisxlis samarTlis saqme

zemoaRniSnuli biznesmenis qonebis qurdobisTvis. 1993 wlis 6 dekembers

man werili miswera raionis prokurors da brali dasdo mis winaaRmdeg

saqmis gayalbebaSi, misi saCivris usamarTlod ukugdebasa da misi tele-

fonis mosmenis brZanebis gacemaSi. a. lesnikma aseve werili miswera gene-

ralur prokurors, sadac miuTiTa, rom raionis prokurorma borotad

gamoiyena samsaxurebrivi mdgomareoba da savaraudod, iRebda qrTams.

1995 wlis 25 aprils a. lesniks sajaro moxeleze sityvieri Setevis

ganxorcielebisTvis, 4 TviT patimroba miusajes, Tumca mas erTwliani

gamosacdeli vada misces. misi saCivari ar dakmayofilda, savaWro licen-

zia ki gauuqmda 1996 wlis 28 oqtombers, msjavrdebis motiviT, Tumca

1997 wlis 4 ivniss mas kvlav aRudga savaWro licenzia. lesnikma gaira

registracia, rogorc axali biznesis mesakuTrem da miiRo vaWrobis axali

licenzia.

364


man adamianis uflebaTa evropis sasamarTloSi Seitana ganacxadi ada-

mianis uflebaTa evropis konvenciis me-10 muxlis (gamoxatvis Tavisuf-

leba) safuZvelze. igi Cioda, rom misi msjavrdeba moxda saxelmwifo

bralmdebelis im moqmedebaTa kritikis gamo, romlebsac igi ukanonod

miiCnevda. igi aseve Cioda, rom mis mimarT gamoyenebuli zomebi arapro-

porciuli iyo, vinaidan msjavrdebis Sedegad mas gauuqmes savaWro li-

cenzia.

gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom, xuTi xmiT oris winaaRmdeg, daadgina,

rom adgili ar hqonia adamianis uflebaTa evropis konvenciis me-10 mux-

lis darRvevas.

motivacia: sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom a. lesnikis winaaRmdeg sisxlis

samarTlebriv devnas hqonda legitimuri mizani _ raionis prokuroris

reputaciisa da uflebebis dacva. Tumca sajaro moxeleTa kritikis far-

glebi farToa, vidre kerZo pirebis kritikis farglebi, isini mainc ar

unda eqvemdebarebodnen TavianTi yoveli sityvisa da moqmedebis iseT gaz-

rdil kontrols, rogorsac unda eqvemdebarebodnen politikosebi. pro-

kurorebi arian sajaro moxeleebi, romelTa mizania, wvlili Seitanon

marTlmsajulebis swor ganxorcielebaSi da sazogadoebis mxridan maT-

dami ndoba sazogado interess warmoadgens. aqedan gamomdinare, aucile-

belia maTi dacva usafuZvlo braldebebisagan. individebi uflebamosili

arian gaakritikon marTlmsajulebis aRsruleba da am procesSi CarTuli

oficialuri pirebi, magram msgavsma kritikam ar unda gadalaxos garkve-

uli farglebi.

lesnikis werilebi Seicavda SefasebiT gancxadebebs, romlebic ar eq-

vemdebareba mtkicebas, magram isini aseve Seicavda ukanono da Seuracx-

myofeli moqmedebebis Cadenis braldebas. nacionalurma sasamarTloebma

marTebulad moiTxoves misgan msgavsi braldebebis gasamyareblad mtki-

cebulebebis warmodgena. maT miiCnies, rom es braldebebi iyo usafuZvlo

da saqmeSi ar arsebobda arc erTi garemoeba, romelic gvafiqrebinebda

sasamarTloebis msgavsi daskvnis TviTnebur xasiaTs. ufro metic, pro-

kuroris reputaciisaTvis miyenebuli ziani SeiZleba kidev ufro damZi-

mebuliyo gazeTSi maTi gamoqveynebiT, rasac Tavad ganmcxadebelma Seuwyo

xeli Sesabamisi dokumentebis gavrcelebiT.

adamianis uflebaTa evropis sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom a. lesnikma


365

sasamarTlo praqtika

ver SeZlo daemtkicebina, rom ganicada raime ziani misi savaWro licen-

ziis gauqmebiT, da mas SeeZlo, nebismier SemTxvevaSi moeTxova kompensacia

Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobis mixedviT. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom msgavs sa-

kiTxebSi nacionalur organoebs aqvT Carevis gansazRvruli farglebi,

gasaCivrebuli Careva ar iyo legitimuri miznis araproporciuli. aqedan

gamomdinare, msgavsi Careva aucilebeli iyo adamianis uflebaTa evropis

konvenciis me-10 muxlis me-2 punqtis miznebisTvis.

2003 weli

roumeni da Smiti luqsemburgis winaaRmdeg

faqtebi: robert roumeni iyo luqsemburgeli Jurnalisti, an-mari

Smiti ki, aseve luqsemburgis moqalaqe, iyo misi advokati nacionalur

saqmis warmoebaSi.

1998 wlis 21 ivliss yoveldRiurma gazeTma Lëtzëbuerger Journal gamo-

aqveyna r. roumenis statia, saTauriT `ministri v. msjavrdebulia gadasa-

xadebis gadaxdisagan Tavis aridebisaTvis.~ statiaSi igi acxadebda, rom

ministrs daekisra sagadasaxado jarima 100,000 luqsemburgis frankis (da-

axloebiT 2,500 evro) odenobiT gadasaxadebis gadaxdisagan Tavis aride-

bisaTvis da aseve aRniSnavda, rom msgavsi moqmedeba gansakuTrebiT samar-

cxvino iyo im adamianis mxridan, romelsac sazogadoebisaTvis magaliTi

unda mieca. aRniSnul faqtze sxva gazeTebmac gaakeTes komentari.

1998 wlis 4 agvistos ministrma Seitana sisxlissamarTlebrivi saCivari

pirveli ganmcxadeblis mimarT profesiuli saidumloebis darRveviT mi-

Rebuli informaciis gamoyenebisTvis da aseve im ucnobi piris Tu pirebis

mimarT, romlebmac daarRvies profesiuli saidumloeba. prokuroris

gancxadeba moiTxovda, rom Casatarebel mokvlevasa da gamoZiebas daed-

gina miwis reestrSi da saxelmwifo sakuTrebis biuroSi momuSave is samo-

qalaqo moxele Tu moxeleebi, romlebic kurirebdnen Sesabamis fails da

romelTaTvisac xelmisawvdomi iyo dokumentacia.

1998 wlis 19 oqtombers, gamomZiebeli mosamarTlis instruqciebis Se-

sabamisad, r. roumenis saxlSi da samuSao adgilze Catarda Cxrekebi�yvela

366


im nivTis, dokumentis, nawarmisa da/an sxva sagnis aRmosaCenad da amosa-

Rebad, romelTac SeeZloT, naTeli moefinaT zemoaRniSnuli darRveve-

bisTvis an romlebsac SeeZloT gamoZiebis damakmayofilebeli msvlelo-

bis Seferxeba.~ Cxrekam veraferi ver gamoavlina. imis gaTvaliswinebiT,

rom sxva sakiTxTa Soris, Seilaxa misi rogorc Jurnalistis ufleba, da-

ecva miRebuli informaciis wyaroebi, r. roumenma Seitana ramdenime ga-

nacxadi Cxrekis orderebis gasauqmeblad. mas uari eTqva, rogorc am ga-

nacxadebis, aseve maTze saCivrebis dakmayofilebaze.

1998 wlis 19 oqtombers gamomZiebelma mosamarTlem aseve gasca brZa-

neba r. roumenis advokatis ofisis Cxrekis Sesaxeb. iq aRmoaCines premier-

ministrisadmi gagzavnili miwis reestrisa da saxelmwifo sakuTrebis bi-

uros direqtoris werili, romelzec xeliT iyo warwerili: `departa-

mentebis ufrosebs. konfidencialuri informacia saxelmZRvanelod.~ ad-

vokatma an-mari Smitma Seitana ganacxadi Cxrekis orderis gasauqmeblad.

vinaidan Cxrekisa da amoRebis oqmi ar Seicavda advokatTa kolegiis vice-

Tavmjdomaris mosazrebebs, romelic eswreboda Cxrekas da amoRebas, ra-

ionulma sasamarTlom amoReba gamoacxada baTilad da gasca brZaneba we-

rilis an-mari SmitisaTvis dabrunebis Sesaxeb. werilis dabrunebis dRes

Catarda axali Cxreka da werili xelaxla amoiRes. an-mari Smitma Seitana

ganacxadi Cxrekis orderis gasauqmeblad advokatis samuSao adgilisa

da klientTan misi mimoweris saidumloebis principis darRvevis safuZ-

velze. rogorc pirvelma, aseve saapelacio instanciam ar daakmayofila

es ganacxadi.

2001 wlis 30 noembers r. roumens brali daedo `profesiuli saidum-

loebis darRveviT miRebuli informaciis gamoyenebis gamo~. 2003 wlis

ianvarSi gamomZiebelma mosamarTlem mas uTxra, rom damTavrda sasamar-

Tlo gamoZieba.

roumanma da Smitma evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlos mimar-

Tes. r. roumenma Tavis ganacxadSi aRniSna, rom Cxrekebis Sedegad dairRva

misi, rogorc Jurnalistis ufleba, daecva miRebuli informaciis wya-

roebi da Sesabamisad, konvenciis me-10 muxli. an-mari Smitma ki Tavis ga-

nacxadSi aRniSna, rom Cxrekebis Sedegad dairRva misi piradi cxovrebis

xelSeuxebloba (me-8 muxli).


muxli r. roumenTan mimarTebaSi.


367

sasamarTlo praqtika

motivacia: r. roumenis ganacxadTan dakavSirebiT, sasamarTlom aRniS-

na, rom mis saxlSi da samuSao adgilze Catarebuli Cxrekebi udavod war-

moadgenda misi gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Selaxvas. sasamarTlom xazi ga-

usva, rom Cxrekebis mizans warmoadgenda mtkicebulebebis moZieba im pir-

Ta gamosavlenad, romelTac, SesaZloa, gaamJRavnes profesiuli saidum-

loeba da aseve Semdgom r. roumenis mier Tavisi profesiuli movaleobebis

Sesrulebisas Cadenili ukanono qmedebebis dasadgenad. aqedan gamomdi-

nare, zemoaRniSnuli zomebi udavod eqceoda JurnalistTa wyaroebis

dacvis konteqstSi.

r. roumenis statia Seexeboda dadgenil faqts sagadasaxado darRve-

visaTvis ministrze dakisrebul jarimasTan dakavSirebiT. udavo iyo, rom

statiaSi ganxiluli iyo sazogado interesis sakiTxi. sasamarTlo, xeli-

suflebis msgavsad, daeTanxma r. roumenis gancxadebas, rom saxlisa da

samuSao adgilis gaCxrekvis garda sxva zomebs (magaliTad, miwis reest-

risa da saxelmwifo sakuTrebis biuros moxeleTa dakiTxva) SeeZloT, dax-

mareba gaewiaT gamomZiebeli mosamarTlisTvis im pirTa dadgenaSi, rom-

lebmac Caidines prokuroris gancxadebaSi miTiTebuli darRvevebi. sasa-

marTlos azriT, Cxrekis uflebis mqone gamomZieblebs, romlebic SeiWr-

nen Jurnalistis samuSao adgilas, hqondaT metad farTo uflebebi,

kerZod maTTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxda roumenis mflobelobaSi arsebuli

yvela dokumenti.

zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom xeli-

suflebam ver daamtkica, rom daicva balansi interesebs Soris, kerZod,

erTi mxriv, informaciis wyaroebis dacvis interessa da meore mxriv, dam-

naSavis dasjis interess Soris. erovnuli xelisuflebis mier warmodge-

nili mizezebi miiCnies `Sesatyvisad~, magram ara `sakmarisad~ pirveli gan-

mcxadeblis (r. roumeni) saxlisa da samuSao adgilis gaCxrekisaTvis.

aqedan gamomdinare, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom gamoyenebuli zomebi

araproporciuli iyo da amiT dairRva adamianis uflebaTa evropis kon-

venciis me-10 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli r. roumenis ufleba gamoxatvis

Tavisuflebaze.

2003 weli

368


sabu da pircalabi rumineTis winaaRmdeg

faqtebi: don korneliu sabu da kalin dan pircalabi rumineTSi dai-

badnen 1971 da 1968 wlebSi da iyvnen rumineTis moqalaqeebi. aplikantebi

baia mareSi (rumineTi) cxovrobdnen, sadac isini adgilobriv gazeTSi Ziua

de Nord Vest Jurnalistebad muSaobdnen. 1997 wels maT gamoqveynes sta-

tiebis seria, romelic exeboda baia mares raionuli sasamarTlos Tavmj-

domaris dedis mier miwis ukanono SeZenas. pirveli statia akritikebda

am garigebas da acxadebda, rom igi ulmenis municipalitetis fermerebis

xarjze moxda. sxva statiebi mogviTxrobdnen imaze, Tu rogor mimarTavda

mosamarTle muqaras da cdilobda yalbi dokumentebis gamoyenebas mezob-

lisaTvis qonebis wasarTmevad.

statiaSi moxseniebulma mosamarTlem Seitana sisxlis samarTlebrivi

saCivari ciliswamebisaTvis da Sesabamisad, aplikantebis winaaRmdeg aRiZ-

ra sisxlis samarTlis saqme. 1997 wlis 15 dekembers nasaudis raionulma

sasamarTlom sisxlis samarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba daakisra aplikan-

tebs. sasamarTlom sabus miusaja 10 TviT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa da aseve

aukrZala profesiuli saqmianoba, SeuCera mSoblis ufleba da saarCevno

uflebebi patimrobis vadis ganmavlobaSi. sasamarTlom, aseve, daakisra

jarima 500,000 ruminuli leis odenobiT (62 evro) pircalabs da ubrZana

aplikantebs, gazeTTan erTad solidarulad gadaexadaT mosamarTli-

saTvis kompensacia 30 milioni leis (1,582.42 evros) odenobiT.

sabus da pircalabis mier Setanili saapelacio saCivari nasaudis saolqo

sasamarTlom uaryo, radgan daadgina, rom Jurnalistebi arakeTilsin-

disierad moqmedebdnen da saxeze iyo mosamarTlis reputaciis Selaxva. 1998

wlis 20 agvistos sabu patimrobaSi aiyvanes. am periodisTvis igi cxovrobda

Tavis partniorTan da or bavSvTan erTad. oTxi dRis Semdeg mis partniors

SeeZina kidev erTi bavSvi. sabu gaaTavisufles 1998 wlis 5 oqtombers, mas

Semdeg, rac daakmayofiles misi Txovna sasjelis aRsrulebis SeCerebis

Sesaxeb. 1999 wels igi Seiwyales. 2002 wlis maisSi gazeTma mosamarTles gada-

uxada sasamarTlos mier dakisrebuli Tanxa. pircalabma SemdgomSi srulad

aanazRaura es Tanxa xelfasidan yovelTviuri daqviTvebiT.

Jurnalistebma adamianis uflebebis evropul sasamarTlos 1998 wlis

25 seqtembers mimarTes, sadac daobdnen, rom dairRva maTi gamoxatvis


369

sasamarTlo praqtika

Tavisufleba, romelic garantirebuli da daculia adamianis uflebaTa

evropis konvenciis me-10 muxliT. sabu aseve acxadebda, rom misTvis mSob-

lis uflebebis SewyvetiT dairRva konvenciis me-8 muxli ojaxuri cxov-

rebis xelSeuxeblobis Sesaxeb. igi aseve acxadebda, rom me-13 muxlis Sesa-

bamisad, mas ar hqonda efeqturi saSualeba ojaxuri cxovrebis dacvis

uflebis uzrunvelsayofad.


da me-8 muxlebi.

motivacia: sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom sadavo statiebi aSkarad exe-

boda sajaro interess, kerZod ki, miwis restituciis Temas da savaraudo

korufcias administraciis maRali Tanamdebobis pirebs Soris.

sasamarTlom daadgina, rom sadavo statiebi exeboda mosamarTlis sa-

jaro da sazogadoebriv statuss da ara mis kerZo cxovrebas. Jurnalis-

tebis mier gamoqveynebuli statiebi efuZneboda faqtebs. ar arsebobda

araviTari mtkicebuleba, romelic daadasturebda, rom aRwerili faq-

tebi iyo sruliad mcdari da rom isini mimarTuli iyo mosamarTlis wina-

aRmdeg danaSaulebrivi ciliswamebis kampaniis sawarmoeblad.

sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom gasaCivrebisas aplikantebis mier wardge-

nili mtkicebulebebi ar Seamowma sasamarTlom. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom

aplikantebma scades mosamarTlesTan dakavSireba, xolo Semdeg SekiTx-

vebi dausves prefeqts da warmoadgines misi pozicia, sasamarTlom miiCnia,

rom ar arsebobda safuZveli, eWvi SeetanaT maT keTilsindisierebaSi. rac

Seexeba Sefardebul sasjelebs, sasamarTlom isini miiCnia gansakuTrebiT

araporporciulad: sabum, romelsac miesaja 10 TviT patimroba, cixeSi

gaatara 45 dRe, xolo pircalabma gadaixada sisxlissamarTlebrivi jari-

ma. orive Jurnalists aseve daekisra zianis anazRaureba rumineTSi saSu-

alo xelfasis Tormetmagi odenobiT.

Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom aplikantebis msjavrdeba iyo

araproporciuli legitimur mizanTan mimarTebaSi da xelisuflebis orga-

noebma ver warmoadgines Sesabamisi da sakmarisi mizezebi maT gasamarTleb-

lad. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom adgili hqonda me-10 muxlis darRvevas.

rac Seexeba me-8 muxls, amasTan dakavSirebiT msjeloba sasamarTlom

daiwyo bavSvTa interesebze saubriT. sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom bavSvis

interess aqvs upiratesoba yvela sxva interesze da pirisaTvis mSoblis

370


uflebebis CamorTmevis gamarTleba SesaZlebeli iyo mxolod gansakuT-

rebiT uRirsi saqcielis SemTxvevaSi. am SemTxvevaSi ki danaSauli, risT-

visac sabu iqna msjavrdebuli, ar ukavSirdeboda raimenairad mSoblis

pasuxismgeblobas da movaleobebs. sasamarTlom damatebiT aRniSna, rom

sabu arasodes yofila uyuradRebo mSobeli da mis mimarT arasdros yo-

fila wayenebuli raime braldeba bavSvebis mimarT arasaTanado zrunvis

Tu cudi mopyrobis gamo. rumineTis kanonebiT, mSoblis uflebebis Sew-

yveta warmoadgenda damatebiT sasjels, romelic avtomaturad Seefar-

deboda nebismier pirs, romelic ixdida sasjels patimrobis saxiT, sasa-

marTlos zedamxedvelobis ganxorcielebis da danaSaulis tipis Tu bav-

Svis interesebis mxedvelobaSi miRebis gareSe. aqedan gamomdinare, es akr-

Zalva warmoadgenda moralur zomas, romelic mimarTuli iyo msjavrde-

buli piris dasasjelad da ara bavSvis dasacavad.

konvenciis 41-e muxlis Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom daadgina qonebrivi

zianisaTvis pircalabis sasargeblod 1,582.42 evros, xolo araqonebrivi

zianisaTvis 1, 000 evros gadaxda, sabus sasargeblod ki, araqonebrivi

zianisaTvis 5, 000 evros gadaxda. sasamarTlom aseve daadgina maT sasar-

geblod 4, 000 evros gadaxda gaweuli xarjebisaTvis.

2004 weli

princesa karolina germaniis winaaRmdeg

faqtebi: aplikanti iyo monakos princ rainer I I I -is ufrosi qaliSvili,

princesa karolina, romelic 1957 wels daibada. igi monakoSi cxovrobda

da monakos moqalaqe iyo, Tumca, weliwadis garkveul dros parizSi ata-

rebda.

1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi princesa karolin fon hanoveri sistema-

turad cdilobda, sasamarTlos meSveobiT SeeCerebina misi fotoebis da-

beWdva germanul presaSi. man ramdenimejer mimarTa germaniis sasamarT-

loebs SemzRudveli brZanebis gamocemis TxovniT, romliTac aikrZale-

boda 1990-ian wlebSi misi fotoebis mTeli seriis gamoqveyneba germanul

JurnalebSi `Bunte~, `Freizeit Revue~ da `Neue Post~. princesa karolin fon


371

sasamarTlo praqtika

hanoveri acxadebda, rom Seilaxa misi piradi cxovrebis dacvis ufleba

da misi ufleba, gaekontrolebina sakuTari gamosaxulebis gamoyeneba.

1999 wlis 15 dekembris cnobil saqmeSi federalurma sakonstitucio

sasamarTlom daakmayofila aplikantis moTxovna im fotoebTan dakavSi-

rebiT, romlebSic igi sakuTar bavSvebTan erTad iyo gadaRebuli. moTxov-

nis dakmayofilebis motivi is iyo, rom bavSvis piradi cxovrebis dacva

ufro metad aucilebelia, vidre srulwlovanis. Tumca, princesa karo-

linTan mimarTebaSi sakonstitucio sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom mas, ro-

gorc sajaro pirs, unda moeTmina misi fotoebis sajaro adgilebSi gamoq-

veyneba, _ im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tuki igi fotoebze aRbeWdili iyo yoveld-

Riuri saqmianobis dros da ara oficialuri movaleobebis Sesrulebisas.

am mimarTebiT, sakonstitucio sasamarTlom miuTiTa presis Tavisufle-

baze da sazogadoebis legitimur interesze, icodes, zogadad rogor iq-

ceva aseTi piri sazogadoebaSi.

princesa karolinma amis Semdeg gancxadebiT mimarTa evropis adaminis

uflebebis sasamarTlos, sadac daobda, rom germaniis sasamarTloebis

gadawyvetilebebi xelyofda konvenciis me-8 muxliT gaTvaliswinebul mi-

si piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobas.

gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom erTsulovnad gadawyvita, rom adgili

hqonda konvenciis me-8 muxlis darRvevas.

motivacia: Tavdapirvelad sasamarTlom warmoebidan amoiRo ramdeni-

me foto, romlebzec aplikanti gadaRebuli iyo Tavis SvilebTan erTad

da msaxiobTan erTad restoranis Soreul kuTxeSi. es fotoebi aRar war-

moadgenda ganxilvis sagans, vinaidan federalurma sakonstitucio sasa-

marTlom akrZala maTi nebismieri damatebiTi gamoqveyneba im motiviT, rom

isini xelyofda aplikantis piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis uflebas.

amis Semdeg sasamarTlom mimoixila piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis

koncefcia da aRniSna, rom is Sedgeba mravali elementisgan, maT Soris,

piris fsiqikuri da fizikuri mdgomareobisagan, misi identifikaciisgan

da sxva elementebisgan. sasamarTlos azriT, germaniis sxvadasxva Jur-

nalis mier aplikantis im fotoebis gamoqveyneba, romlebzec igi gamosa-

xuli iyo yoveldRiuri cxovrebisas Tu sxva pirebTan erTad, marTlac

Sedioda aplikantis piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis kategoriaSi. Sesa-

bamisad, moqmedebda konvenciis me-8 muxli.

372


aqedan gamomdinare, aucilebeli iyo aplikantis piradi cxovrebis uf-

lebis dabalanseba gamoxatvis TavisuflebiT, rac garantirebulia kon-

venciis me-10 muxliT.

sasamarTlom aqve aRniSna, rom gamoxatvis Tavisufleba vrceldeba

fotoebis gamoqveynebazec, magram es is sferoa, sadac sxvaTa uflebebisa

da reputaciis dacvas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba, vinaidan is

exeba ara `ideebis~, aramed iseTi gamosaxulebebis gavrcelebas, romlebic

Seicaven metad piradul an sulac intimur `informacias~ individis Se-

saxeb. ufro metic, yviTel presaSi gamoqveynebuli fotoebis gadaReba

xdeboda mudmivi gaRizianebis fonze, rac Sesabamis pirSi iwvevda pirad

cxovrebaSi Carevis an devnis gamZafrebul SegrZnebas.

sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom piradi cxovrebis dacvasa da gamoxatvis Tavi-

suflebas Soris dabalansebis gadamwyveti faqtori is iyo, Tu ras warmo-

adgenda gamoqveynebuli fotoebi da statiebi sajaro interesis Tvalsaz-

risiT da ra wvlili Sehqonda maT sajaro debatebSi. mocemul saqmeSi arse-

bul fotoebSi gamosaxuli iyo karolin fon hanoveris yoveldRiuri yofiTi

cxovrebis scenebi, romlebsac aSkarad piradi xasiaTi hqonda. am mimarTebiT,

sasamarTlom gaiTvaliswina garemoebebi, romlebSic moxda fotoebis

gadaReba: aplikantis codnisa da Tanxmobis gareSe da, zogierT SemTxvevaSi,

farulad. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom am fotoebis gamoqveynebas raime

wvlili ar Seutania sajaro debatebSi, vinaidan aplikanti ar axorcielebda

oficialur funqcias. Sesabamisad, fotoebi da statiebi dakavSirebuli iyo

eqskluziurad misi piradi cxovrebis detalebTan.

sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom, miuxedavad yvelafrisa, sazogadoebas aqvs

informaciis miRebis ufleba, rac demokratiul sazogadeobaSi erT-erTi

umniSvnelovanesi uflebaa. es ufleba, gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi, sa-

jaro pirebis pirad cxovrebasac exeba. Tumca, am saqmeSi mocemuli faq-

tebi msgavsi daskvnis saSualebas ar iZleva: sazogadoebas ar hqonda legi-

timuri interesi, codnoda, Tu sad imyofeboda karolin fon hanoveri an

rogor iqceoda igi pirad cxovrebaSi. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu arsebobda

msgavsi interesi _ magaliTad, Jurnalebis komerciuli interesi _ ganpi-

robebuli fotoebisa da statiebis gamoqveynebiT, sasamarTlos azriT,

es interesebi unda gadaefara aplikantis mier piradi cxovrebis efeq-

turad dacvis uflebas.


373

sasamarTlo praqtika

sasamarTlom kidev erTxel xazgasmiT aRniSna piradi cxovrebis dacvis

fundamenturi mniSvneloba pirovnebis ganviTarebisTvis da aRniSna, rom

yvelas, maT Soris, sazogadoebaSi cnobil pirebs, unda hqondeT `legi-

timuri molodini~, rom daculi iqneba maTi piradi cxovreba. kriteriumi,

dadgenili Sida sasamarTloebis mier Tanamedrove sazogadoebis gamoCe-

nili figuris gansasxvaveblad sajaro pirisagan _ ar iyo sakmarisi apli-

kantis piradi cxovrebis efeqturad dasacavad. mas mocemul viTarebaSi

unda hqonoda `legitimuri molodini~, rom misi piradi cxovreba daculi

iqneboda.

zemoaRniSnuli faqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT da am sferoSi saxelmwifo-

ebis Tavisufali gansazRvris principis miuxedavad, sasamarTlom miiCnia,

rom germaniis sasamarTloebma ver moaxdines samarTliani balansi urTi-

erTdapirispirebul interesebs Soris. Sesabamisad, man daadgina, rom ad-

gili hqonda konvenciis me-8 muxlis darRvevas da ar arsebobda saWiroeba,

gamoetana gadawyvetileba ojaxuri cxovrebis uflebis darRvevasTan

dakavSirebiT.

2004 weli

amihalaCio moldovas winaaRmdeg

faqtebi: mosarCle georg amihalaCio 1949 wels moldovaSi daibada da

kiSinovSi cxovrobda. igi iyo iuristi da moldovas iuristTa asociaciis

prezidenti.

2000 wlis 15 Tebervals moldovas sakonstitucio sasamarTlom gamo-

itana gadawyvetileba deputatTa jgufis da ombudsmenis mier aRZrul

saqmesTan dakavSirebiT. am gadawyvetilebis Tanaxmad, arakonstituci-

urad cnes kanonis debuleba, romelic iuristebisgan moiTxovda mol-

dovas iuristTa kavSirSi gawevrianebas.

ganmcxadebelma zemoaRniSnuli gadawyvetileba gaakritika Jurnalis-

tisTvis micemul interviuSi, romelic daibeWda JurnalSi `ekonomikuri

analizi~. 2000 wlis 6 martis saboloo gadawyvetilebaSi sakonstitucio

sasamarTlom ganmcxadebels daakisra 36 evros ekvivalenturi administ-

374


raciuli jarima sasamarTlos mimarT upativcemulobis gamoxatvisaTvis.

es jarima mas daekisra gamonaTqvamisTvis, rom aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebis

Sedegad `iurisprudenciis sferoSi sruli qaosi gamefdeboda~. inter-

viueris azriT, miRebuli gadawyvetileba dRis wesrigSi ayenebda sakons-

titucio sasamarTlos konstituciurobis sakiTxs. sasamarTlom mas ja-

rima Seufarda aseve gamonaTqvamisTvis, rom mosamarTleebi `savaraudod,

avtoritetulad ar miiCnevdnen adamianis uflebaTa evropis sasamar-

Tlos~.

ganmcxadeblis saCivris safuZvels warmoadgenda adamianis uflebaTa

evropis konvenciis me-10 muxli, acxadebda ra, rom masze zemoaRniSnuli

jarimis dakisreba usafuZvlod xelyofda misi gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas.

gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daadgina, rom adgili hqonda evropuli

konvenciis me-10 muxlis darRvevas.

motivacia: sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom ganmcxadeblis dajarimeba mar-

Tlac xelyofda misi gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas, rac gamyarebuli iyo

sakonstitucio proceduris kodeqsis 82-e muxliT. sasamarTlom, agreT-

ve, aRniSna, rom marTalia, kanonmdebloba absoluturi sizustiT ar gan-

sazRvravda qmedebebs, romlebic dajarimebas eqvemdebareboda, magram

miRebuli profesiuli ganaTlebisa da gamocdilebis safuZvelze ganmc-

xadebels unda gaeTvaliswinebina, rom mis SeniSvnebze SeiZleboda gavrce-

lebuliyo es debuleba. ase rom, zemoaRniSnul xelyofas hqonda legi-

timuri mizani _ sasamarTlo xelisuflebis avtoritetisa da miukerZo-

eblobis SenarCuneba.

rac Seexeba gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis xelyofis `aucileblobas demok-

ratiul sazogadoebaSi~, sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom aplikantis gancxa-

debebi moicavda zogad interess, kerZod: sakonstitucio sasamarTlos

mier iuristTa statusis Sesaxeb miRebuli gadawyvetileba qmnida safr-

Txes, rom iuristebs Soris daiwyeboda dapirispireba. aRniSnuli gadawy-

vetilebiT dasrulda iuristTa gaerTianeba erT struqturaSi, moldovas

iuristTa kavSirSi, romlis prezidentic Tavad aplikanti iyo.

Tundac b-n amihalaCios gancxadebebi garkveuli upativcemulobis Sem-

cveli yofiliyo sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mimarT, isini ar unda mi-

eCniaT seriozulad an am sasamarTlos mosamarTleTa Seuracxmyoflad.

ufro metic, vinaidan b-n amihalaCiom Semdgom uaryo nawili gancxadebe-


375

sasamarTlo praqtika

bisa, romlebic presam mas miawera, sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom mas ver da-

ekisreboda pasuxismgebloba yvelafrisTvis, rac presaSi gamoqveynda. xo-

lo dakisrebuli jarima, miuxedavad mcire moculobisa, mainc adastu-

rebda ganmcxadeblis mkacrad dasjis ganzraxvas, vinaidan sakonstitucio

sasamarTlom gamoiyena kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli jarimis maqsimumi.

aRniSnuli garemoebebis safuZvelze sasamarTlom CaTvala, rom ar ar-

sebobda `gadaudebeli socialuri saWiroeba~ ganmcxadeblis gamoxatvis

Tavisuflebis SesazRudad da qveynis xelisuflebam ver warmoadgina `Se-

sabamisi da sakmarisi~ safuZveli Carevis gasamarTleblad. vinaidan apli-

kants ar daurRvevia konvenciis me-10 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli kritikis

zRvari, gasaCivrebuli xelyofa ver CaiTvleboda `aucileblad demokra-

tiul sazogadoebaSi~.

2004 weli

safrangeTis radio safrangeTis winaaRmdeg

faqtebi: 1997 wlis 31 ianvars da 1 Tebervals `France Info~-s mier gada-

cemul samocamde sainformacio gamoSvebasa Tu biuletenSi moxseniebuli

iyo yovelkvireul Jurnal `Le Point~-Si gamoqveynebuli statia, romlis

mixedviT, miSel Juno, pitivieris (Pithiviers) prefeqti, 1942 da 1943 wlebSi

aTasi ebraelis deportacias zedamxedvelobda.

am informaciis gadacemis gamo, parizis sisxlis samarTlis sasamarT-

los gadawyvetilebiT, boionsa da galixers bralad daedoT saxelmwifo

moxelis sajaro ciliswameba, daekisraT jarima _ 3 048 evros ekvivalenti

_ 20 000 franguli franki da moraluri zianis anazRaurebisTvis _ 7 622

evros ekvivalenti _ 50 000 franguli franki. aplikant kompanias daekisra

sasamarTlos am gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb gancxadebebis ganTavseba `France

Info~-s eTerSi 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi, yovel or saaTSi erTxel.

1998 wlis 17 ivnisis gadawyvetilebiT, parizis saapelacio sasamarT-

lom daadastura es ganaCeni. sakasacio sasamarTlos sisxlis samarTlis

ganyofilebam uaryo aplikantebis sakasacio saCivari 1999 wlis 8 ivniss.

1999 wlis 21 ivliss aplikantebma gancxadebiT mimarTes adamianis uf-

376


lebaTa evropis sasamarTlos. saCivari nawilobriv dasaSvebad gamocxad-

da 2003 wlis 23 seqtembers.

konvenciis me-7 muxlze dayrdnobiT, aplikantebi Ciodnen, rom sisxlis

samarTlis moqmedebis farglebi gadametebuli iyo. maTi gancxadebiT, vi-

naidan sadavo faqtebi Tavsdeboda 1982 wlis 29 ivlisis audiovizualuri

komunikaciebis aqtis arealSi, Sida sasamarTloebma Seqmnes danaSaulis

axali kategoria `analogiis~ proceduris meSveobiT.

aplikantebma damatebiT aRniSnes, rom 1982 wlis 29 ivlisis aqtma Seqmna

udavo prezumfcia, rom sagamomcemlo direqtori braleuli iyo; amiT ki

Seilaxa konvenciis me-6 muxlis meore punqtiT garantirebuli misive uda-

naSaulobis prezumfcia. ufro metic, aplikantebi miiCnevdnen, rom es

aqti xelyofda iaraRTa Tanasworobis princips konvenciis me-6 muxlis

pirveli punqtis darRveviT (samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba).

dabolos, konvenciis me-10 muxlze dayrdnobiT, aplikantebi Ciodnen,

rom Sida sasamarTloebis mier maTze sanqciebisa da sxva zomebis dadebis

gamo, dairRva maTi ufleba `informaciis gadacemaze~.


ar darRveula.

motivacia: sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom braleulobis prezumfcia, ga-

moyenebuli sagamomcemlo direqtoris winaaRmdeg 1982 wlis 29 ivlisis

aqtis 93-3 punqtis Sesabamisad, iyo Sedegi misive valdebulebisa, rom ga-

ekontrolebina informacia. es braleuloba warmoiSva mxolod maSin, ro-

desac moxda sadavo gancxadebis `winaswari Cawera~ mis gadacemamde.

`France Info~ muSaobs regularuli biuletenebis monacvleobiT. aqedan

gamomdinare, safrangeTis sasamarTloebma ar miiCnies sagamomcemlo di-

reqtori braleulad pirveli biuletenis gamoqveynebisTvis, magram mi-

iCnies, rom mogvianebiT es pirveli biuleteni iqca �winaswar Cawerad�

Semdgomi mauwyeblobisTvis. Sesabamisad, maT CaTvales, rom sagamomcemlo

direqtors SeeZlo, winaswar gaekontrolebina mauwyebloba. raki man es

ar gaakeTa, amis gamo cnes sisxlis samarTlebriv braleulad.

`France Info~-s muSaobis stilis gaTvaliswinebiT, sisxlis samarTlis

sasamarTloebma ganmartes `winaswari Caweris~ cneba gansaxilveli danaSa-

ulis SinaarsTan SesabamisobiT da imgvarad, rom es iyo `gonivrulobis

farglebSi winaswar ganWvretadi~. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom

adgili ar hqonia me-7 muxlis darRvevas.


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sasamarTlo praqtika

sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom saCivari, me-6 muxlis pirveli punqtis Se-

sabamisad, faravda me-6 muxlis me-2 punqtis safuZvelze Setanil saCivars

da, aqedan gamomdinare, ar arsebobda saWiroeba, rom calke ganxiluliyo

me-6 muxlis pirveli punqtis Sesabamisi faqtebi.

1982 wlis 29 ivlisis da 1881 wlis 29 ivlisis aqtebis mixedviT, saga-

momcemlo direqtori sisxlis samarTlebrivad braleulia difamaciuri

gancxadebebis mauwyeblobisTvis, rakiRa adgili hqonda `winaswar Caweras~

mis gadacemamde. braleulobis es prezumfcia gaigivda kidev erT pre-

zumfciasTan, romelic ar iyo absoluturi da romlis mixedviTac igu-

lisxmeboda, rom difamaciuri gancxadebebi keTdeba boroti ganzraxviT

(bad faith).

sagamomcemlo direqtors SeeZlo, Tavidan aecilebina pasuxismgeblo-

ba, Tuki daamtkicebda, rom sadavo gancxadebebi gakeTda keTili ganzrax-

viT (Good Faith), an, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu daamtkicebda, rom adgili ar hqonia

sadavo gancxadebis `winaswar Caweras~. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom 1982

wlis 29 ivlisis aqtiT Seqmnili prezumfcia Tavsdeboda `gonivrul far-

glebSi~ da safrangeTis sasamarTloebs ar gamouyenebiaT samarTali im-

gvarad, rom SeelaxaT udanaSaulobis prezumfcia. Sesabamisad, sasamar-

Tlom miiCnia, rom adgili ar hqonia me-6 muxlis me-2 punqtis darRvevas.

imavdroulad, sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom aplikantebisaTvis gamota-

nili ganaCeniT ilaxeboda maTi gamoxatvis Tavisufleba. boionisa da

galixeris winaaRmdeg gamotanili gadawyvetilebebis, aseve, uarmyofeli

gancxadebis valdebulebis safuZveli iyo sisxlis samarTali. sasamarT-

los mixedviT, aplikanti kompaniis samoqalaqo pasuxismgebloba emyare-

boda or faqtors: samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1382-e muxls, romelic ukavSir-

deboda yvelas pasuxismgeblobas sakuTar moqmedebebze da, agreTve, Sida

precedentul samarTals, romelic sasamarTloebs aZlevda eqskluziur

iurisdiqcias gancdili zaralis saTanado dakmayofilebis SerCevaSi.

aRmoCnda, rom sasamarTlo gancxadebebis gamoqveyneba presis mier miye-

nebuli zianis gamosworebis zogadi forma iyo.

sasamarTlom, aseve, aRniSna, rom sadavo Carevas legitimuri mizani

hqonda, kerZod, sxvaTa uflebebisa Tu reputaciis Selaxva. rac Seexeba

imas, iyo Tu ara Careva dasaxuli miznis proporciuli, sasamarTlom aR-

niSna, rom debatebi Seexeboda sajaro interesis sakiTxs, kerZod, maRali

Tanamdebobis pirebis qcevas okupaciis dros. ufro metic, sadavo publi-

378


kaciebi qveyndeboda farTo sajaro debatebis fonze, kacobriobis winaaR-

mdeg danaSaulSi braldebuli mauris paponis sasamarTlo procesis pa-

ralelurad.

rac Seexeba sadavo gadacemebs, maTi kvotireba, wyaroebze sistematuri

miTiTebiT, moxda detaluri da kargad dasabuTebuli statiidan da in-

terviudan, romelic gamoqveynda maRali reputaciis mqone yovelkvireul

JurnalSi. aqedan gamomdinare, ar SeiZleboda `France Info~-s Jurnaliste-

bis dadanaSauleba keTili ganzraxvis (Good Faith) gareSe moqmedebaSi mxo-

lod imitom, rom maT aRniSnuli gadacema eTerSi gauSves. Tumca, gada-

cemaSi aRniSnuli iyo, TiTqos, miSel Junom aRiara, rom `organizeba ga-

uwia deportirebulTa dransiSi gadayvanas~. sasamarTlos mixedviT, es

braldeba, romelic ar dabeWdila `Le Point~-Si, saTanadod ar asaxavda

gamoqveynebul statias Tu intervius. gadacemis danarCeni nawili, rome-

lic axdenda gamoqveynebuli informaciis kvotirebas, ramdenime winada-

debaSi ajamebda vrcel masalas, xazgasmiT aRniSnavda mis yvelaze STam-

beWdav aspeqtebs da, amgvarad, faqtebs gacilebiT ufro kategoriul ton-

Si warmoadgenda, vidre JurnalSi gamoqveynebuli statia. miuxedavad imi-

sa, rom Semdgom gadacema odnav Seicvala da aRiniSna, rom Sesabamisi piri

uaryofda braldebebs, Tavdapirveli biuleteni mainc ramdenjerme gada-

ica.

miSel JunosTan arasworad dakavSirebuli faqtebis gansakuTrebuli

seriozulobis gaTvaliswinebiT, agreTve, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom gan-

cxadebebi mravaljer gavida eTerSi, Jurnalists unda gamoevlina ukidu-

resi sifrTxile da TavSekavebuloba, vinaidan biuleteni radiosadgu-

ridan mTeli safrangeTis masStabiT gadaicemoda. am pirobebSi, sasamar-

Tlom miiCnia, rom saapelacio sasamarTlos mier aplikantebis msjavr-

debisas aRniSnuli mizezebi iyo `adekvaturi da sakmarisi~.

rac Seexeba aplikantis ganaCenebs, sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom boioni

da galixeri cnes braleulad danaSaulis CadenaSi, maT daekisraT zomieri

jarimebi da zianis anazRaureba. ufro metic, ubrZanes ra 118 sityvisagan

Semdgari sasamarTlo gancxadebis dReSi ocjer `France Info~-s eTerSi gaS-

veba, amiT sasamarTloebi cdilobdnen, sasjeli yofiliyo zianis Tanazo-

mieri. sasamarTlos azriT, es warmoadgenda Sesabamisi arxis sagamomcem-

lo ganrigis mxolod limitirebul SezRudvas.

2004 weli


379

sasamarTlo praqtika

380


Georgian non governmental organization Liberty Institute with financial support of United

States Agency for International Development (USAID) and International Research and

Exchange Board (IREX) has compiled a two-volume manual aimed at teaching media

law as well as analysis of freedom of expression related judicial practice in Georgia.

First volume of the publication covers fundamental principles and standards of freedom of

expression and case law of the United States and European Court of Human Rights.

Second volume analyzes new freedom of expression legislation in Georgia, offers com-

parative analysis of European and United States law, rulings related to freedom of speech

by Georgian courts � first endeavor of drawing case studies in this field in Georgia.

One of the authors of Georgian Administrative Code, currently Prosecutor General of

Georgia Zurab Adeishvili:

�This manual, created for future and acting journalists, judges and lawyers,

is valuable in the sense that it covers freedom of expression related decisions

made by Georgian courts for last eight years and their analysis thus being

the first attempt of creating database of such cases in Georgia...

This work allows to compare American, European and Georgian experiences

and, more importantly, understand why protection of freedom of expression

both by state institutions and public at large is important for our country�s

democratic development.�

Authors of the publication hope that the manual will be supportive for students of journal-

ism, judges and lawyers.

Freedom of Expression

Authors: Maia Okruashvili, Irakli Kotetishvili

Editor: Tamar Kintsurashvili, Levan Ramishvili

Designer: Besik Danelia

გამოხატვის თავისუფლება, ტომი I-II

Documents

Transcript of გამოხატვის თავისუფლება, ტომი I-II