საქართველოში მომხდარ კონფლიქტთან დაკავშირებული … · 4 ტომი iii ტომი iii მოიცავს
გამოხატვის თავისუფლება, ტომი I-II
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Transcript of გამოხატვის თავისუფლება, ტომი I-II
159
sasamarTlo praqtika
sasamarTlo praqtika
amerikis SeerTebul
Statebsa da evropaSi
RFHB 66
160
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
161
sasamarTlo praqtika
Senki SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg
249 U.S. 47
faqtebi: Senkma _ romelic mocemuli droisaTvis socialisturi parti-
is generaluri mdivani iyo _ da misma kolegebma SeerTebuli Statebis wve-
vamdelebs daugzavnes dokumenti, romelSic saubari iyo imaze, Tu rogor
ewinaaRmdegeba gawveva SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciis me-13 Sesworebas1 .
saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebi daobdnen, rom Senkma da misma kolegebma
waaqezes wvevamdelebi, raTa maT xeli SeeSalaT gawvevisaTvis. Sesabamisad,
Senki da misi kolegebi, 1917 wlis SpionaJis aqtis Tanaxmad, cnes damnaSa-
veebad sajariso formirebebSi daumorCileblobis gamowvevisaTvis da
daumorCileblobis gamowvevis mcdelobisaTvis, aseve, samxedro gawvevis
xelis SeSlisaTvis maSin, rodesac SeerTebuli Statebi saomar mdgoma-
reobaSi imyofeba. SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaes sasamarTloSi gasaCiv-
rebisas Senki da misi kolegebi daobdnen, rom SpionaJis aqtis darRvevis
mtkiceba maTi gamonaTqvamebis gamo ewinaaRmdegeboda SeerTebuli State-
bis konstituciis pirvel Sesworebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom uzenasma sa-
samarTlom daadastura Senkis da misi Tanamoazreebis damnaSaveoba, mosa-
marTle holmsma gadawyvetilebaSi gadmosca azri, romelSic Caisaxa aSka-
ra da myisieri safrTxis doqtrina. xsenebuli doqtrina pirveli Seswo-
rebis interpretaciis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani meqanizmia.
1 `SeerTebuli Statebis teritoriaze an sxva iseT teritoriaze, sadac SeerTebuli
Statebis iurisdiqcia vrceldeba, ar unda arsebobdes monoba an iZulebiTi Sroma,
garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac saqme exeba sasjels Cadenili danaSaulisaTvis~,
muxli 2. `kongresi uflebamosilia, saTanado sakanonmdeblo aqtebiT
ganaxorcielos da sisruleSi moiyvanos aRniSnuli norma,� me-13 Sesworeba, muxli 1.
SFDB 6FVTHBRBC ITTHST<EKB INFNT<BC
CFCFVFHSKJ GHFMNBRF
162
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: gadawyvetileba ZalaSi dar-
Ca.
mosamarTle holmsma warmoadgina sasamarTlos mosazreba: sadavo
dokumenti, romelic Senkma da misma Tanamoazreebma gaavrceles, acxadeb-
da, rom gawveva warmoadgens despotizms mis uwmindes formaSi da Secdo-
mas kacobriobis winaSe, rac Seesabameba uol stritis rCeulTa intere-
sebs. dokumentSi vkiTxulobT mowodebas: �nu SeSindebiT!� Tumca doku-
menti wvevamdelebs iseTi mSvidobiani qmedebebisaken mouwodebda, rogo-
ricaa aqtis konstituciurobis sakiTxis dayeneba da misi gasaCivreba.
dokumentis bolo gverdze dabeWdili iyo mowodeba �daicavi Seni ufle-
bebi!� dokumenti uaryofda uflebas, romlis mixedviTac, aSS-s moqala-
qeebs sxva qveynebSi gzavnian sxva qveynis moqalaqeebis mosaklavad da iqve
dasZenda, rom sityvebiT SeuZlebeli iyo am civsisxliani procesis aRwera.
ra Tqma unda, dokumenti ar gaigzavneboda, Tuki is miznad ar isaxavda ad-
resatebze garkveuli zegavlenis moxdenas. erTaderTi zegavlena, rac am
mimarTvas wvevamdelebze unda moexdina, iyo is, rom wvevamdelebs winaaR-
mdegoba gaewiaT gawvevis procesisaTvis.
Tuki miviCnevT, rom sadavo dokumentis mizani iyo gawvevis procesi-
saTvis xelis SeSla, aRniSnuli mainc daculia pirveli SesworebiT. Cven
vaRiarebT, rom bevr adgilas da Cveulebriv viTarebaSi msgavsi gancxa-
debis gakeTeba ganmcxadeblis konstituciuri ufleba iqneboda. Tumca
yoveli qmedebis xasiaTi damokidebulia im garemoebebze, romelSic xor-
cieldeba esa Tu is konkretuli qmedeba. gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis dac-
vis yvelaze zusti meqanizmic ki ar daicavda pirs, romelic TeatrSi war-
modgenis dros iyvirebda, rom xanZari gaCnda da amiT xalxs panikaSi Ca-
agdebda. sakiTxi ase dgas: aris Tu ara sityvebi warmoTqmuli iseT mdgo-
mareobaSi da iseTi saxiT, rom SeuZlia, gamoiwvios aSkara da myisieri
safrTxe, romlis aRmofxvris uflebac kongress gaaCnia. mTavari sakiTxi
am SemTxvevaSi aris qmedebis myisierebis sakiTxi.
rodesac qveyana saomar mdgomareobaSia, bevri ram, rac mSvidobian
dros dasaSvebia, SesaZloa, imdenad xelisSemSleli aRmoCndes Sedegi-
saTvis, rom masTan Segueba SeuZlebeli Seiqnas; radgan xalxi ibrZvis da
verc erTi sasamarTlo ver miiCnevs mas konstituciiT dacul uflebad.
aseve unda aRiniSnos, rom Tu dadgindeba gawvevisaTvis xelis SeSla, maSin,
163
sasamarTlo praqtika
SesaZloa, dadges pasuxismgebloba im gamonaTqvamebisaTvis, romlebmac
es xelis SeSla gamoiwvia. 1917 wlis kanoni dasjadad miiCnevs rogorc
gawvevisTvis xelis SeSlis ganzraxvas, aseve, uSualo qmedebas _ xelis
SeSlas. Tu qmedeba (saubari an raime werilobiTi dokumentis gavrceleba),
misi mizani da ganzraxva erTi da igivea, maSin Cven migvaCnia, rom mxolod
gamiznuli Sedegis dadgoma ar aris qmedebis danaSaulad aRiarebis safuZ-
veli.
1919 weli
abramsi SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg
250 U.S. 616
faqtebi: abramsi da xuTi sxva piri ruseTSi daibadnen. isini dakavebis
dros SeerTebul StatebSi cxovrobdnen da Sesabamisi ganaTlebac hqon-
daT miRebuli. Tumca SeerTebul StatebSi 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi cxovre-
bisas naturalizaciis ganacxadiT Sesabamisi saagentoebisaTvis ar mi-
umarTavT. oTxma maTganma Cvenebis micemis dros ganacxada, rom isini
anarqistebi iyvnen da ar sjerodaT raime formis mTavrobis. mexuTe maT-
ganma ganmarta, rom igi socialisti iyo da ar sjeroda kapitalizmis.
abramsma (es misi namdvili saxeli ar aris) 1918 wlis 27 ivliss SeiZina
stamba, romelic ganTavsebuli iyo niu-iurkSi erT-erTi sacxovrebeli
saxlis sardafSi. braldebulebma 5000 proklamacia dabeWdes da daariges.
proklamacia dasaTaurebuli iyo Semdegnairad: �SeerTebuli Statebis
da misi mokavSireebis hipokratia�.
abramss da oTx sxva pirs brali dasdes im broSurebis dabeWdvasa da
gavrcelebaSi, romlebSic abramsi da misi Tanamoazreebi daupirispirdnen
SeerTebuli Statebis saeqspedicio dajgufebis gagzavnas ruseTSi axali
komunisturi revoluciuri mTavrobis dasamarcxeblad. maT aseve mouwo-
des samxedro qarxnebis da fabrikebis muSebs, rom gaficuliyvnen. prok-
lamaciaSi aseve aRniSnuli iyo, rom muSaTa klasis pirveli mteri kapita-
lizmia da braldebulebi muSebs gamoRviZebisken mouwodebdnen. prok-
164
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
lamaciaSi ewera, rom prezidenti vilsoni mSiSara iyo da ver bedavda Riad
ganecxadebina: �Cven, kapitalistur qveynebs, ar SegviZlia proletaru-
li ruseTis arsebobis atana�.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTleebis umravlesobam, maT Soris, mosa-
marTle klarkma daadgina, rom broSuris dabeWdva da gavrceleba omis
dros ar iyo daculi konstituciis pirveli SesworebiT. mosamarTle
klarkis gadawyvetilebas didi gavlena ar mouxdenia pirveli Sesworebis
ganmartebaze, Tumca mosamarTle holmsis gansxvavebuli azri, romelsac
mosamarTle luis brandeisi SeuerTda, SeerTebul StatebSi gamoxatvis
Tavisuflebis sferoSi erT-erT mniSvnelovan dokumentad iqca.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: olqis sasamarTlos gadawy-
vetileba ZalaSi darCa.
umravlesobis azri mosamarTle klarkma warmoadgina: proklama-
ciis teqstidan aSkarad Cans, rom am publikaciis mizani iyo, saomari kri-
zisis dros gamoewvia xalxis ukmayofileba da amboxeba, janyi da revo-
lucia am qveyanaSi; aseve, publikaciis mizani iyo, CaeSala am qveynis da
misi evropeli mokavSireebis samxedro gegmebi. cxadia, rom proklamaciis
avtorebi miznad isaxavdnen SeerTebuli StatebisaTvis xelis SeSlas omis
warmoebaSi, rac gamoixata muSebis mowodebaSi gaficvisaken. Sesabamisad,
wina instanciis sasamarTlom sworad imoqmeda, rodesac abramsi da misi
mokavSireebi damnaSaved cno.
mosamarTle holmsis gansxvavebuli azri: braldeba mTlianad dam-
yarebulia ori broSuris dabeWdvaze. pirvel broSuraSi aRniSnulia, rom
prezidentis laCruli dumili ruseTSi intervenciasTan dakavSirebiT av-
lens voSingtonSi plutokratuli bandis tyuilebs. sakmaod martivia imis
uaryofa, rom fraza meore broSuraSi, `SeerTebul StatebSi momuSave
rusi erovnebis muSebi amzadeben tyvia-wamals maTi axloblebis mosak-
lavad~ da mowodeba, rom isini gaificon _ warmoadgens omis warmoebis
mizniT saWiro masalis SeqmnisaTvis xelis SeSlas, 1918 wlis SpionaJis
aqtis Tanaxmad, qmedeba sisxlisamarTlebrivad dasjadia, rodesac Cade-
nilia �iseTi ganzraxviT, romelic miznad isaxavs SeerTebuli Statebi-
saTvis omis wamoebaSi zianis miyenebas da xelis SeSlas.� Cemi azriT, aseTi
ganzraxva am saqmeSi dadgenili ar aris.
arasodes mqonia mizezi, eWvi Semetana imaSi, rom kanonis sakiTxebi, rom-
lebic am sasamarTlom Senkis, froverkis da debsis saqmeebSi ganixila,
165
sasamarTlo praqtika
araswori iyo. imave saqmeebis logikidan gamomdinare, aseve ar Semaqvs eWvi,
rom SeerTebuli Statebis saxelmwifos ufleba aqvs, dasajos piri, rome-
lic meore pirs mkvlelobis CadenaSi daarwmunebs. SeerTebuli Statebis
saxelmwifos ufleba aqvs, dasajos is piri, romelic warmoTqvams, an miz-
nad isaxavs, rom warmoTqvas sityvebi, romlebic qmnis realuri zianis
aSkara da myisier safrTxes. aseTi SezRudvis ufleba SedarebiT metia
omis pirobebSi, vidre mSvidobis dros, radgan omi qmnis saSiSroebas, ro-
melic mSvidobis dros ar arsebobs.
Tumca sityvis Tavisuflebis principebi erTi da igivea omisa da mSvi-
dobis dros. mxolod realuri zianis dadgomis aSkara safrTxe aZlevs
kongress azris gamoxatvis Tavisuflebaze SezRudvebis dawesebis ufle-
bas. ar mgonia, vinmem ifiqros, rom ucnobi kacis mier saidumlod dabeW-
dili erTi suleluri broSura safrTxes Seuqmnida SeerTebul Statebs
omis warmoebaSi.
am saqmeSi braldebulebs oci wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa miusajes
ori broSuris dabeWdvisaTvis, romelTa dabeWdvis ufleba, Cemi azriT,
maT iseve aqvT, rogorc SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobas aqvs ufleba,
gamoaqveynos SeerTebuli Statebis konstitucia _ romelzec amaod mi-
uTiTeben braldebulebi.
amrigad, mimaCnia, rom braldebulebs waarTves konstituciiT aRiare-
buli sityvis Tavisufleba.
1919 weli
niari minesotis winaaRmdeg
283 U.S.697
faqtebi: minesotis erT-erTi kanoni sazogadoebrivi wesrigis darRve-
vad miiCnevda �boroti, skandaluri da cilismwamebluri� gazeTebisa da
publikaciebis gamocemas. kanonis teqstSi ewera, rom yvela pirs, romelic
sazogadoebrivi wesrigis amgvar damrRvevad iqneba miCneuli, aekrZaleba
gazeTisa Tu publikaciis gamocema.
166
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
henepinis olqis prokurorma da SemdgomSi populistma gubernatorma
_ floid olsonma sasamarTloSi uCivla gazeTs `Saturday Press~, zemoT
miTiTebuli kanonis safuZvelze. sarCelSi, romelic olsonma sasamarT-
loSi Seitana, aRniSnuli iyo Semdegi: gazeTi acxadebda, rom samarTal-
damcavi organoebi da moxeleebi uZlurni iyvnen, gamoevlinaT da daesa-
jaT saTamaSo biznesSi, alkoholis kontrabandasa da reketul saqmiano-
baSi CarTuli pirebi, romlebic �ebraeli gangsteris� mfarvelobiT sar-
geblobdnen.
Statis pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom daadgina, rom `Saturday
Press~-ma daarRvia kanoni. man samudamod aukrZala mopasuxeebs msgavsi
�sazogadoebrivi wesrigis darRveva `Saturday Press~-is an sxva raime da-
saxelebis gamocemis meSveobiT.� Statis uzenaesma sasamarTlom mxari da-
uWira pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos da mopasuxe niarma SeerTebuli
Statebis uzenaes sasamarTlos mimarTa.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: Statis uzenaesi sasamarT-
los gadawyvetileba gauqmda.
sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare hugsma warmoadgina sasamarTlos gadawy-
vetileba: aRniSnuli kanoni, romelic iTvaliswinebs gazeTze an gamoce-
maze zewolas sazogadoebrivi wesrigis darRvevis gamo, warmoadgens ara-
Cveulebriv, Tu ara unikalur fenomens, romelic metad mniSvnelovan
sakiTxebs ukavSirdeba. is scildeba adgilobriv interesebs, rac am saqme-
Sia warmodgenili. dRes ukve sadavo aRar aris, rom presis da sityvis
Tavisufleba Statebis Carevisagan daculia konstituciis me-14 Seswo-
rebiT: dadgenilia, rom es aris fundamenturi ufleba. me-14 SesworebaSi
mocemuli garantiis gasamyareblad Statebs aqvT ufleba, rom miiRon ka-
nonebi sazogadoebrivi jandacvis, usafrTxoebis da moralis dasacavad.
Tumca am uflebis sazRvrebi TiToeul konkretul saqmeSi cal-calke
unda ganisazRvros. sityvis da presis Tavisufleba ar aris absoluturi
ufleba da Statebs SeuZliaT, dasajon misi borotad gamoyeneba. sityva
`Tavisuflebas~ am frazaSi (`sityvisa da presis Tavisufleba~) Tavisi is-
toria da qveteqsti aqvs da am konkretul saqmeSi Cven unda ganvixiloT
rogorc Tavisuflebis istoriuli koncefcia, aseve is sakiTxi, arRvevs
Tu ara sadavo kanoni Tavisuflebis arsebiT atributebs. amisaTvis mniSv-
nelovania, rom sasamarTlom ganixilos sadavo kanonis mizani da misi moq-
medebis Sedegebi.
167
sasamarTlo praqtika
pirveli. sadavo kanoni ar isaxavs miznad individebis da kerZo pirebis
Secdomebis gamosworebas. am SemTxvevaSi ciliswamebisagan dacvis meqa-
nizmebi kvlav arsebobs da xelmisawvdomia. Statis sasamarTlom Tavis
gadawyvetilebaSi aRniSna, rom kanoni �mimarTulia ara ciliswamebisken,
aramed im arsebuli biznesisken, romelic ciliswamebaze mets moicavs.�
is gamiznulia skandaluri sakiTxebis gasavrceleblad, rac savalaloa
sazogadoebrivi moralisTvis da keTidReobisTvis da rac safrTxes uqm-
nis sazogadoebriv simSvides; aseve, provocirebas uwevs Seuracxyofas
da danaSaulis Cadenas. imisaTvis, rom gazeTis an publikaciis Semdgomi
gamocema aikrZalos, ar aris aucilebeli, dadgindes im gancxadebebis sim-
cdare, romelic publikaciaSia moyvanili. am saqmeSi sadavo ar gamxdara
gamoqveynebuli informaciis siswore. sadavo gaxda _ da kanonic moiTxovs
rom sadavo gaxdes _ publikaciis �boroti ganzraxva�. ciliswamebisas dev-
nisgan gansxvavebiT, ar aris savaldebulo, rom saxelmwifom daamtkicos
boroti ganzraxva. Tumca gadawyvetileba am saqmeSi miRebul iqna mxolod
publikaciis faqtis damtkicebiT. kanonis Tanaxmad, publikacias icavs
ara mxolod simarTle, aramed isic, rom simarTle gamoqveynebulia ke-
Tili ganzraxviT da gamarTlebuli mizniT.
meore. kanoni vrceldeba ara mxolod kerZo pirebis Sesaxeb skandalur
da cilismwameblur gancxadebebze, aramed im sagazeTo publikaciebzec,
romlebSic moTxrobilia korufciaSi, danaSaulsa da seriozul darRve-
vebSi sajaro moxeleebis monawileobis Sesaxeb. aseTi braldebebi, cxadia,
sajaro skandals qmnis. kanonis mixedviT, isini skandaluri da cilismwa-
mebluria im publikaciebis mimarT, romlebic sajaro moxeleebis savara-
udo gadacdomebs avlenen.
mesame. kanonis mizani ar aris sasjeli, misi Cveulebrivi gagebiT. ka-
nonis mizania gazeTis an raime publikaciis akrZalva. Statis sasamarTlos
mixedviT, am kanonis miRebis mTavari mizezi isaa, rom ciliswamebisaTvis
sisxlis samarTlebriv devnas Sedegad ar mosdevs �skandalis efeqturad
CaxSoba.� aseTi CaxSoba ki miiRweva gamocemis akrZalviT. swored es Sez-
Rudvaa kanonis mizani da misi moqmedebis Sedegi.
meoTxe. es kanoni moqmedebs ara mxolod mopasuxe gazeTis an gamocemis
`CasaxSobad~, aramed is gamomcemlisaTvis efeqtur cenzurasac awesebs.
rodesac dadgindeba, rom gazeTi an gamocema aris �boroti, skandaluri
da cilismwamebluri� da mas SezRudaven, maSin misi gamocemis ganaxleba
ganixileba, rogorc sasamarTlos upativcemuloba da isjeba jarimiT an
168
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
patimrobiT. ase rom, sakiTxi _ SeZlebs Tu ara piri publikaciis gamoqvey-
nebas imave an sxva sajaro moxelis Sesaxeb - damokidebulia sasamarTlos
gadawyvetilebaze. am konkretul saqmeSi ki mopasuxeebs aekrZalaT �bo-
roti, skandaluri da cilismwamebluri� gazeTis gamoqveyneba, gavrcele-
ba, sakuTrebaSi qona, gayidva da darigeba. kanoni ar iZleva araviTar gan-
martebas, garda sityvebisa �boroti, skandaluri da cilismwamebluri�;
da publikaciebi, romlebic oficialuri pirebis mier Cadenil gadacdo-
mebs exeba, am kategoriaSi Sedis. Tu procedurul detalebs CavuRrmav-
debiT, davinaxavT Semdegs: kanonis moqmedebis Sedegi aris is, rom sajaro
moxeleebs SeuZliaT, sasamarTloSi uCivlon gamomcemlebs skandaluri
da cilismwamebluri sagamomcemlo saqmianobisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT, Tu
es gamocema sajaro moxeleebis mier Cadenil gadacdomebze, samsaxureb-
riv gulgrilobaze saubrobs. Tu gamomcemeli an mesakuTre mosamarTles
ar warudgens mtkicebulebebs, romliTac igi daamtkicebs, rom publika-
cia swor informacias Seicavs da gamoqveynebulia keTili ganzraxviT da
gamarTlebuli miznebiT, mis mier gazeTis Semdgomi gamocema dasjadia _
ramdenadac sasamarTlos upativcemulobad aris miCneuli. swored es aris
cenzuris arsi.
Semdgomi sakiTxia, ewinaaRmdegeba Tu ara aRniSnuli kanoni presis Ta-
visuflebis koncefcias, romelic istoriulad Camoyalibda. konstitu-
ciuri dacvis farglebis gansazRvrisas, zogadad da universalurad mi-
Rebulia, rom presisa da sityvis Tavisuflebis garantia gulisxmobs wi-
naswari SezRudvebis akrZalvas. inglisSi sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis
_ rogorc licenziis gamcemis _ winaaRmdeg brZolac swored presisaTvis
cenzuris dawesebis akrZalviT damTavrda. blekstounma ki ase aRwera
Tavisufleba: �presis Tavisufleba Tavisufali saxelmwifos ZiriTadi
maxasiaTebeli elementia; es Tavisufleba krZalavs presisaTvis winaswari
SezRudvis dawesebas. yovelgvar eWvs gareSea, rom TiToeul Tavisufal
adamians aqvs ufleba, sazogadoebas gaacnos nebismieri grZnoba, romelic
mas eufleba; amis akrZalva ki presis Tavisuflebis ganadgurebas niSnavs.
magram Tu igi araswor da arakanonier raimes gamoscems, maSin igi pasuxs
agebs sakuTari ugunurebisaTvis.�
sayovelTaod miRebulia, rom sanqciebi presis Tavisuflebis borotad
gamoyenebisaTvis aucilebelia sazogadoebis dasacavad; saerTo samarT-
lis wesebi, romlebic cilismwamebels pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs, ar uqm-
deba sityvisa da presis Tavisuflebis konstituciuri dacvis Sedegad.
169
sasamarTlo praqtika
sisxlis samarTlebrivi ciliswamebis kanonmdebloba swored am myar sa-
fuZvelze dgas. aseve arsebobs sasamarTloebis ufleba, sasamarTlos upa-
tivcemulobis safuZvelze dasajon qmedeba, romelic sasamarTlo xeli-
suflebis saTanado ganxorcielebas xels uSlis.
aseve mniSvnelovania imis garkveva, akrZalulia Tu ara yvela winaswari
SezRudva. es udavoa, Tumca dacva winaswar SezRudvebTan mimarTebaSi
ar aris absoluturi. SezRudvis daSveba aRiarebuli da kanonierad cno-
bilia mxolod gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi. udavoa, rom saxelmwifo aRmof-
xvris samxedro gawvevisTvis xelis SeSlas da sajariso nawilebis zusti
cifris da dislokaciis adgilis gamoqveynebas. imave safuZvliT, saxelm-
wifos ufleba aqvs, SezRudos uxamsi publikaciebi; aseve, ufleba aqvs,
daicvas sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoeba Zaladobis da kanonieri xelisuf-
lebis damxobis mowodebisgan. es SezRudvebi am saqmeSi ararelevanturia
da ar exeba saqmis arss. arc imis garkveva evaleba sasamarTlos, hqonda
Tu ara saxelmwifos ufleba, SeezRuda publikacia kerZo pirebis uf-
lebebis dacvis mizniT.
amis gamo, sasamarTlo mivida daskvnamde, rom sadavo kanoni warmoad-
gens presis Tavisuflebis im garantiebis darRvevas, romlebic meToTx-
mete SesworebiT aris aRiarebuli da vrceldeba Statebze. aqve unda da-
vamatoT, rom es gadawyvetileba efuZneba sadavo kanonis moqmedebas da
misi moqmedebis Sedegebs da ara im gancxadebebis sizustes, romelic Sta-
tis sasamarTloSi gaxda sadavo. is, rom publikaciaSi moxseniebuli saja-
ro moxeleebi, SesaZloa, sruliad udanaSauloni arian, zegavlenas ver
moaxdens daskvnaze, romlis Tanaxmadac, kanoni arakonstituciur Sez-
Rudvas awesebs publikaciebze.
1931 weli
sidisi F-R Publishing Corp-is winaaRmdeg
113F2d (2d circ. 1940)
faqtebi: uiliam jeims sidisi odesRac sajaro figura iyo. sazogado-
eba misgan did saqmeebs da seriozul nabijebs moeloda. 1910 wlisaTvis
170
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
mis mimarT presas legitimuri interesi gaaCnda misTvis damaxasiaTebeli
garkveuli eqstravagantulobisa da gamorCeulobis gamo. Tumca sasamar-
Tlom ganacxada, rom am SemTxvevaSi presis dainteresebis motivebs mis-
Tvis mniSvneloba ar hqonda.
saqmis ganxilvis momentSi sidisi politikosi, sajaro administratori
an saxelmwifo moxele ar iyo. igi sajaro figura kidevac rom yofiliyo,
uorenisa da brandeisis azriT, gamJRavnebuli piradi informacia Seicav-
da faqtebs, romelTa `sazogadoebrivi ganxilvisgan dafarvis ufleba yo-
vel adamians aqvs.~
Tumca amgvari mosazrebis sapirispirod, sasamarTlom CaTvala, rom
dauSvebeli iyo presaSi piradi cxovrebis detalebis gaSuqebis akrZal-
vaze absoluturi imunitetis daweseba.
gadawyvetileba: meore saapelacio olqis sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom
sazogadoebrivi ganwyobis gaTvaliswinebiT, ugunuroba iqneboda amgvari
informaciis gazeTebSi, wignebsa da JurnalebSi gamoqveynebis akrZalva
sasamarTlos ZaliT.
sasamarTlos mosazreba: sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom sazogadoebis
ufleba _ iyos informirebuli, individis piradi cxovrebis saidumloebis
dacvis interesze ufro mniSvnelovania. uorensa da brandeiss am saqmeSi
sajaro pirebisaTvis niRbis CamoSoreba surdaT. sasamarTlo ufro Sors
wavida, `sul mcire _ aRniSnes maT _ Cven vuSvebT im sajaro piris `piradi
cxovrebis~ uflebis SezRudvas, romelmac `sajaro figuris~ statuss mi-
aRwia.~
sasamarTlom CaTvala, rom im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu sidisi sazogadoebis
yuradRebis centrSi aRmoCndeboda, mis gamorCeul pirovnul Tvisebebs
da sazogadoebriv miRwevebs SesaZloa, amgvari yuradReba dasaSvebi ga-
exada. niu-iorkSi dabeWdilma statiam gaaxmaura ucnauri pirovnebis
cxovrebis detalebi, romelic myisierad moeqca sazogadoebrivi inte-
resisa da yuradRebis centrSi.
uoreni da brandeisi srulad acnobierebdnen, rom piradi saidumlo-
ebis dacvis interesi aucileblad movidoda konfliqtSi sazogadoebis
uflebasTan _ informaciis miRebaze. maT miaCniaT, rom iseTma sajaro
figuram, rogoricaa oficialuri Tanamdebobis piri, sakuTar sazoga-
doebriv mdgomareobas unda Seswiros piradi cxovrebis saidumloeba da
171
sasamarTlo praqtika
piradi cxovrebis nawili sajaro ganxilvisa da Seswavlis sagnad aqcios.
Tumca sajaro pirebic ki ar arian valdebuli, bolomde `gaSiSvldnen~.
sasamarTlos am saqmeSi ar ganuxilavs sakiTxi imis Taobaze, Tu ram-
denad daeqvemdebareba srul dacvas gamoqveynebuli masalebi. piradi
cxovrebis saidumloeba da misi gamJRavneba, SesaZloa, imdenad intimuri
da unebarTvo iyos msxverplis poziciidan gamomdinare, rom Seuracxyofa
sazogadoebis grZnobebsac miayenos. magram rodesac fokusSi moqceulia
sajaro detalebi, sinamdvilesTan Sesabamisi komentarebi pirovnebis Cac-
mulobaze, gamosvlebze, Cvevebsa da sxva detalebze, rogorc wesi, zemoT
aRniSnuli zRvaris gadalaxva ar xdeba.
samwuxarod, Tu sabednierod, mezoblebisa da sajaro figurebis waru-
matebloba yovelTvis aris sazogadoebrivi interesisa da diskusiebis
sagani.
1940 weli
Caplinski niu hempSiris winaaRmdeg
315 U.S. 568
faqtebi: mosarCle Caplinski, romelic ieRovas mowmeebis saxeliT
cnobili seqtis wevri iyo, dasajes niu hempSiris kanonis darRvevisaTvis,
romelic adgenda:
`arc erT pirs ar aqvs ufleba, Seuracxmyoflad, cinikurad an gama-
Rizianeblad mimarTos meore pirs, romelic kanonierad imyofeba quCaSi
an sxva sajaro adgilze; aseve, ekrZaleba Seuracxmyofeli an cinikuri
mimarTva an xmauris gamowveva meore piris TandaswrebiT, Tuki es saqci-
eli mizanad isaxavs am piris Seuracxyofas an mis mier misi kanonieri funq-
ciebis an saqmianobis SesrulebisaTvis xelis SeSlas~.
Caplinski SabaT dRes qalaq roCesterSi misi seqtis literaturas avr-
celebda. moqalaqeebma marSals pretenziiT mimarTes, rom Caplinski Se-
uracxyofas ayenebda religias da mas `rekets~ uwodebda. marSalma moqa-
laqeebs auxsna, rom Caplinski kanonierad iqceoda, Tumca Caplinski
172
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
gaafrTxila xalxis ukmayofilebis Taobaze. mogvianebiT, Caplinski poli-
cielma daakava da policiis ganyofilebaSi mihyavda, rodesac maT gzad
marSali boveringi SexvdaT. Caplinski daadanaSaules qalaq roCesterSi
sajaro adgilas (meriis Senobis kibeze) marSalisaTvis Semdegnairi mi-
marTvisTvis: `Sen dawyevlili kriminali da faSisti xar da roCesteris
mTeli mTavrobac faSitebisgan an faSitebis agentebisgan Sedgeba~.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: gadawyvetileba ZalaSi darCa.
sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba warmoadgina mosamarTle merfim: sit-
yvis Tavisufleba absoluturi ufleba ar aris. arsebobs kargad gansaz-
Rvruli da viwrod formulirebuli SezRudvebi, romlebic garkveuli
saxis gamoxatvas aregulirebs. es SezRudvebi moicavs uxamsobas, mkrexe-
lobas, ciliswamebas da Seuracxmyofeli an individualuri SuRlis gaRvi-
vebas/ Zaladobisken mowodebas; anu es aris gamoxatva, romelic zians aye-
nebs sazogadoebas, an arRvevs wesrigs da sazogadoebriv simSvides. imav-
droulad, SezRudva ar exeba ideebis gadmocemas da imgvar gamoxatvas,
romelsac socialuri Rirebuleba aqvs.
mosarCle daobs, rom sadavo aqti arRvevs sam konstituciur uflebas:
sityvis, presis da religiis Tavisuflebas. Tumca sasamarTlo am saqmes
mxolod sityvis Tavisuflebis konteqstSi ganixilavs, radgan sadavoa
zepiri gancxadeba da ara werilobiTi sityva. aseve ar SeiZleba, rom
sajaro moxelis galanZRva imgvarad, rogorc am saqmeSi gvxvdeba, reli-
giis Tavisuflebis kuTxiT ganvixiloT.
wina gadawyvetilebebSi Statis sasamarTlom daadgina, rom sadavo ka-
nonis mizani sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacvaa. kanonis mixedviT, ar aris
akrZaluli raime gamoxatva, garda im sityvebisa, `romlebic pirdapir
iwvevs Zaladobas im piris mxridan, vis mimarTac aris es sityvebi an SeniS-
vna naTqvami~. aseve aRiniSna, rom `individualuri SuRlis gaRviveba~ ar
aris gansazRvruli imis mixedviT, Tu ras fiqrobs is piri, romlis winaaR-
mdegac sityvebia mimarTuli. `individualuri SuRlis gaRviveba~ ganisaz-
Rvreba imis mixedviT, gamoiwvevs Tu ara es sityvebi saSualo inteleqtis
adamianSi Cxubis survils. Sesabamisad, kanoni krZalavs pirispir iseTi
sityvebis gamoTqmas, romlebic Cxubs gamoiwvevs. Cven ar SegviZlia da-
vaskvnaT, rom kanoni, romelic amgvarad aris formulirebuli, pirvel
Sesworebas ewinaaRmdegeba. sadavo kanoni viwrod aris formulirebuli,
173
sasamarTlo praqtika
krZalavs mxolod garkveul qmedebas da miznad isaxavs sazogadoebrivi
wesrigis dacvas. Sesabamisad, ar veTanxmebiT apelantis arguments, rom
kanoni bundovania.
1941 weli
`niu-iork taimsi~ salivanis winaaRmdeg
376 U.S. 254
faqtebi: alabamas Statis sami arCeuli komisridan erT-erTma, sali-
vanma, pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi sarCeli Seitana mopasuxis wina-
aRmdeg, romelmac gamoaqveyna sareklamo gancxadeba. mosarCelem es ganc-
xadeba cilismwameblurad miiCnia. sareklamo gancxadebis ramdenime frag-
menti Seicavda araswor faqtebs da exeboda policiis qmedebas studen-
tebis mier samoqalaqo uflebebis dasacavad gamarTul demonstraciaze.
salivani daobda, rom sareklamo gancxadebaSi moyvanili faqtebi, ro-
melSic konkretul pirze ar iyo saubari, sinamdvileSi, mas exeboda, rad-
gan policiis departamentis zedamxedveloba swored misi movaleoba iyo.
pirveli instanciis sasamrTloSi mosamarTlem nafic msajulebs ganu-
marta, rom aRniSnuli gancxadebebi warmoadgenda ciliswamebas, rac niS-
navda, rom samarTlebrivi ziani igulisxmeboda faqtobrivi zianis Sesaxeb
mtkicebis gareSe. naficma msajulebma saqme salivanis sasargeblod gadaw-
yvites da `niu-iork taimss~ 500 000 dolaris gadaxda daakisres. Statis
uzenaesma sasamarTlom gadawyvetileba ZalaSi datova. mopasuxem Seer-
Tebuli Statebis uzenaes sasamarTlos mimarTa.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: gadawyvetileba gauqmda da
dabrunda wina instanciaSi xelaxla gansaxilvelad.
sasamarTlos mosazreba warmoadgina mosamarTle brenanma: am
saqmeSi pirvelad is unda gavarkvioT, Tu ramdenad zRudavs konstituciis
pirveli Sesworeba Statis uflebamosilebas, pirs daakisros zianis anaz-
Raureba ciliswamebis Sesaxeb saqmeSi, romelic sajaro moxelis mier aris
aRZruli misi oficialuri uflebamosilebis Sesrulebis kritikasTan
dakavSirebiT.
174
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
1960 wlis 29 marts `niu iork taimsSi~ gamoqveynda erTgverdiani sa-
reklamo gancxadeba `yuradReba miaqcieT maT xmas~. gancxadeba Semdeg-
nairad iwyeboda:
`dRes ukve mTeli msofliosTvis cnobili gaxda, rom aTasobiT samx-
reTeli Savkaniani studenti CarTulia farTo araZaladobriv demonst-
raciaSi, romelic miznad isaxavs, ganamtkicos adamianebis ufleba Rir-
seul cxovrebaze _ rogorc es garantirebulia SeerTebuli Statebis
konstituciiTa da uflebaTa biliT. studentTa araZaladobrivi demons-
traciebi teroris uprecedento talRas awydeba maTi mxridan, vinc ar
icavs aRniSnul dokumentebs; Tumca es dokumentebi mTeli msofliosaT-
vis Tanamedrove Tavisuflebis modelad iqca.~ konkretuli SemTxvevebis
aRweris Semdeg gancxadebaSi ilustrirebuli iyo `teroris talRa~. iqve,
daskvnis saxiT warmodgenili iyo mowodeba Tanxebis moZiebisken studen-
tTa moZraobis xelSesawyobad, xmis uflebis mosapovebeli brZolisaTvis
da samarTlebrivi daxmarebis aRmosaCenad moZraobis lideris, martin
luTer kingisaTvis, romelsac montgomeris olqis sasamarTloSi brali
edeboda cru Cvenebis gamo.
teqstis boloSi CamoTvlili iyo 64 piris saxeli, romlebic cnobili
sazogado moRvaweebi iyvnen sazogadoebriv, religiur, profesiuli kav-
Sirebis da xelovnebis sferoSi. sarCelis safuZveli gaxda teqstis mesame
da meeqvse paragrafebi:
mesame paragrafi _ `rodesac montgomerSi, kapitol hilTan Sekrebil-
ma studentebma imReres simRera `My Country tis of thee~, demonstraciidan
universitetSi dabrunebuli maTi liderebi saswavleblidan garicxes.
xelketebiTa da cremlsadeni gaziT SeiaraRebulma policiis jgufebma
alya Semoartyes universitetis teritorias. rodesac Tavisi megobre-
bisadmi solidarobis niSnad universitetis mTelma studentobam pro-
testi gamoTqva da uari Tqva registraciaze, universitetis sasadilo
Caketes, raTa studentebs iZulebiT eSimSilaT.~
meeqvse paragrafi _ `samxreTelma kanondamrRvevebma kvlav da kvlav
daSinebisa da Zaladobis morigi kampaniiT upasuxes martin luTer kingisa
da sxva aqtiuri studentebis mSvidobian saprotesto moZraobas. maT yumba-
rebi esroles martin luTer kingis saxls, sadac misi axalgazrda coli da
Svili SemTxveviT gadaurCnen sikvdils. kings araerTxel miayenes Seurac-
xyofa; marto ganvlili wlis ganmavlobaSi igi Svidjer daakaves siCqaris
175
sasamarTlo praqtika
gadaWarbebisaTvis, sazogadoebrivi wesrigis darRvevisaTvis da msgavsi
wvrilmani samarTaldarRvevisaTvis. axla ki mas bralad wauyenes cru
Cvenebis micema, risTvisac kings, SesaZloa, 10 wlamde patimroba miusajon.~
imis miuxedavad, rom arc erT gancxadebaSi ar aris moxseniebuli mo-
sarClis saxeli, igi daobs, rom sityva `policia~ exeba swored mas, rogorc
montgomeris olqis policiis komisars; rom swored mas adanaSauleben uni-
versitetis teritoriisaTvis `alyis SemortymaSi~. mosarCle aseve da-
obs, rom gancxadeba sasadilo holis CaketvasTan dakavSirebiT pirdapir
exeba policias da, konkretulad, piradad mas. rac Seexeba gancxadebis
meeqvse paragrafs, mosarCle acxadebs, rom radgan dakavebas ZiriTadad
policia axorcielebs, ese igi, gancxadeba martin luTer kingis dakave-
basTan dakavSirebiT exeba mas, rogorc policiis komisars da aseve mas
exeba fraza `samxreTeli kanondamrRvevebi~. mosarCle damatebiT acxa-
debs, rom `taimsSi~ gamoqveynebuli gancxadeba gagebulia, rogorc misi
da montgomeris policiis dadanaSauleba mSvidobiani saprotesto aqci-
ebis `daSinebasa da ZaladobaSi~; aseve, kingis saxlis dabombvaSi, mis Se-
uracxyofaSi da cru CvenebisTvis mis braldebaSi.
udavoa, rom zemoT moyvanil or paragrafSi zogierTi faqti arasworia
da zustad ar aRwers montgomriSi ganviTarebul movlenebs. studentebi
demonstraciis dros mRerodnen erovnul himns da ara simReras `My Coun-
try tis of thee~. cxra studenti marTlac garicxes universitetidan, Tumca
isini garicxes olqis sasamarTloSi sadilis moTxovnis gamo. mTeli stu-
dentoba protestis niSnad ar gaficula, gaifica studentobis umetesi
nawili; maT registraciaze ki ar ganucxadebiaT uari, aramed erTi dRe
yvela leqcia gaacdines. arc sasadilo oTaxi CauketavT, mxolod is stu-
dentebi ar dauSves sadilad, visac sadilis bileTi ar auRia. miuxedavad
imisa, rom policia universitetis Senobis gareT idga, maT alya ar Semo-
urtyamT SenobisTvis da arc demonstraciasTan dakavSirebiT yofilan
gamoZaxebulni. martin luTer kingi mxolod oTxjer daakaves da poli-
cieli mis Seuracxyofas uaryofs. rac Seexeba kingis saxlis dabombvas,
is marTlac dabombes orjer, Tumca, mosarCle daobs, rom policiam yve-
laferi gaakeTa damnaSaveTa gamosavlenad.
alabamas kanonis Tanaxmad, sajaro moxeles ar aqvs ufleba, moiTxovos
sadamsjelo zianis anazRaureba (punitive damages), Tuki igi Tavdapirve-
lad werilobiT ar moiTxovs informaciis sajarod uaryofas da mopasuxe
176
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
amaze uars ar ganacxadebs. mosarClem aseTi werilobiTi moTxovna gag-
zavna, Tumca `taimsisgan~ aseTi pasuxi miiRo: `Cven, cota ar iyos, gakvir-
vebuli varT Tqveni poziciiT imis Taobaze, rom sareklamo gancxadeba
piradad Tqven gexebaT. Tu survili geqnebaT, SegiZliaT damatebiT gvac-
noboT _ mainc ratom migaCniaT, rom zemoaRniSnuli sareklamo gancxadeba
Tqven Sesaxebaa~.
pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi mosamarTlem nafic msajulebs ga-
numarta, rom sareklamo gancxadeba warmoadgenda ciliswamebas, rogorc
aseTs. es niSnavs, rom gancxadebis xelmomwerebi pasuxismgeblobis qveS
xvdebodnen, Tuki dadgindeboda, rom maT gamoaqveynes gancxadeba da gan-
cxadeba Seexeboda mopasuxes. nafic msajulebs aseve ganumartes, rom vi-
naidan sareklamo gancxadeba per se cilismwamebluri iyo, am SemTxvevaSi,
kanoni pasuxismgeblobas adgens mxolod gamoqveynebis faqtis gamo,
arsebobs simcdaris da boroti ganzraxvis prezumfcia; zianis damtkiceba
saWiro ar aris, misi prezumfcia arsebobs. per se ciliswamebis dros aseve
SesaZlebelia sadamsjelo jarimis dakisreba, gansxvavebiT zogadi zianis
anazRaurebisgan, romelic miznad ar isaxavs kompensacias; Tumca misTvis
saWiroa `boroti ganzraxvis~ dadgena. alabamas Statis uzenaesma sasa-
marTlom mxari dauWira pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos gadawyvetile-
bas da mosamarTlis instruqciebs.
Cven migvaCnia, rom alabamas kanoni konstituciurad arasrulyofilia
da saTanadod ar icavs sityvisa da presis Tavisuflebas pirveli da me-
ToTxmete Sesworebis Tanaxmad. amasTan, migvaCnia, rom saqmeSi warmodge-
nili mtkicebulebebi arasakmarisia mopasuxis mxardasaWerad.
am saqmeSi is unda gadavwyvitoT, Tu ramdenad arRvevs sityvisa da pre-
sis Tavisuflebis konstituciur garantiebs pasuxismgeblobis wesi, ro-
melic sajaro moxeleebis samsaxurebrivi saqmianobis kritikasTan aris
dakavSirebuli.
sasamarTlo ar eTanxmeba alabamas Statis uzenaes sasamarTlos, ro-
melmac ganmarta, rom meToTxmete Sesworeba exeba Statis moqmedebas da
ara kerZo qmedebas. SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaes sasamarTlos miaCnia,
rom es argumenti uadgiloa, radgan miuxedavad imisa, rom am SemTxvevaSi
saqme gvaqvs samoqalaqo sarCelTan kerZo pirebs Soris, sasamarTlom ga-
moiyena kanoni, romlis konstituciurobac dRes am sasamarTloSi sadavo
gaxda. am SemTxvevaSi, tests warmoadgens ara is, Tu ra formiT ganxorci-
177
sasamarTlo praqtika
elda Statis uflebamosileba, aramed _ ganxorcielda Tu ara aseTi
uflebamosileba misi formis miuxedavad.
meore argumenti, romelSic sasamarTlo mopasuxes ar eTanxmeba, ko-
merciul gamoxatvas exeba. sasamarTlos miaCnia, rom sadavo sareklamo
gancxadeba ar aris komerciuli gamoxatva, imis miuxedavad, rom reklamis
saxiT gamoqveynda da mis gamoqveynebaSi Tanxaa gadaxdili.
mopasuxe aseve eyrdnoba arguments, rom cilismwamebluri gancxadebebi
ar aris daculi pirveli SesworebiT. sasamarTlo adgens, rom pirveli
Sesworeba avtomaturad ar icavs cilismwameblur gancxadebebs, radgan
is faqti, rom gancxadeba cilismwamebluria, ar gamoricxavs mis dacvas.
sadavo sareklamo gancxadeba namdvilad imsaxurebs konstituciur
dacvas, radgan protestis da winaaRmdegobis gamoxatvas warmoadgens.
Tumca rCeba kiTxva: gancxadebaSi moyvanili faqtebis simcdares xom ar
gamohyavs aseTi gamoxatva konstituciuri dacvis farglebidan?
pirveli Sesworebis intepretaciis Sedegad miRebuli garantiebi ganux-
relad uaryofs gamonaklisis dawesebas simarTlis testisaTvis, gansakuT-
rebiT ki iseTs, romelic simarTlis mtkicebis tvirTs spikers akisrebs.
mcdari gancxadebebi gardauvalia Tavisufal debatebSi, amitom saWiroa
maTi dacva, raTa gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas `sunTqvis~ saSualeba mieces.
konstituciuri garantiebis mixedviT, sajaro moxeleebs ekrZalebaT
ciliswamebis saqmeebSi zianis anazRaurebis moTxovna, Tu isini ar daamt-
kiceben, rom gancxadeba gakeTda `boroti ganzraxviT~.
1964 weli
SeerTebuli Statebi obraienis
winaaRmdeg
391 U.S. 367
faqtebi: 1966 wlis 31 martis dilas devid pol obraienma da misma samma
Tanamoazrem dawves samxedro samsaxuris sertifikatebi samxreT bosto-
nis sasamarTlos Senobis kibeebze.
178
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
obraiens am qmedebisTvis braldeba wauyenes. misi saqme masaCusetsis
olqis sasamarTlom ganixila, igi damnaSaved cnes da mis mimarT gamamtyu-
nebeli ganaCeni gamoitanes. obraieni ar uaryofda sertifikatis dawvis
faqts. sasamarTlos winaSe man ganacxada, rom sertifikatis sajarod
dawvis saSualebiT xalxs omis sawinaaRmdego mosazrebebis gaziarebisaken
mouwoda. misi TqmiT, xalxs unda `gadaesinja damokidebuleba SeiaraRe-
bul ZalebSi samxedro samsaxurisa da Tanamedrove kulturaSi mis rol-
Tan dakavSirebiT da Sesabamisad, gaeTvaliswinebina misi pozicia.~
braldebis Tanaxmad, man `mowmobis dawviT ganzrax da gacnobierebu-
lad Seuracxyo, gaanadgura da uaryo registraciis sertifikati (sam-
xedro samsaxuris forma #2), riTac daarRvia SeerTebuli Statebis sis-
xlis samarTlis kodeqsis 462(b) muxlis 50-e nawili~. aRniSnuli muxli
sayovelTao samxedro wvrTnisa da samsaxuris Sesaxeb 1948 wlis aqtis
nawilia.
1965 wels kongresis mier kanonmdeblobaSi Setanili Sesworebis Tanax-
mad, danaSaulad iTvleboda yoveli qmedeba, romliTac piri `gaayalbebda,
Secvlida, gacnobierebulad gaanadgurebda, Seuracxyofda an sxvagvarad
daazianebda aseT sertifikats~. 1965 wlis SesworebiT kongresma 1948 wlis
aqts zemoxsenebuli norma daumata, romliTac sisxlis samarTlis pasu-
xismgeblobas dauqvemdebara ara mxolod is, vinc `gaayalbebda, Secvlida
an sxvagvarad daazianebda~ sertifikats, aramed isic, vinc mas `gacnobi-
erebulad gaanadgurebda an gacnobierebulad Seuracxyofda~.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: gauqmda saapelacio sasamar-
Tlos gadawyvetileba da aRdga saolqo instanciis gadawyvetileba da
ganaCeni, romliTac obraieni gaamtyunes.
sasamarTlos mosazreba: unda aRiniSnos, rom 1965 wlis Sesworeba
pirdapir ar zRudavs sityvis Tavisuflebas, amitom obraienis sawinaaR-
mdego argumentacia gaugebaria. TviT es Sesworeba Seexeba qmedebas,
romelsac kavSiri ar aqvs sityvis TavisuflebasTan. is krZalavs samxedro
samsaxuris sistemis mier gamocemuli sertifikatis gacnobierebulad
ganadgurebas, aseTi qmedeba ki aucileblad azris gamoxatvas ar gulis-
xmobs. Sesworeba ar ganasxvavebs sajarod da kerZod ganadgurebas da das-
jadad ar acxadebs mxolod azris gamoxatvis mizniT ganadgurebas. kanoni,
romelic krZalavs samxedro samsaxuris sertifikatis ganadgurebas, iseve
ar zRudavs sityvis Tavisuflebas, rogorc avtotransportis Sesaxeb ka-
179
sasamarTlo praqtika
noni, romelic krZalavs marTvis mowmobis ganadgurebas, an sagadasaxado
kanonmdebloba, romelic krZalavs sabalanso wignebisa da sxva Canawere-
bis ganadgurebas.
obraieni acxadebs, rom 1965 wlis Sesworeba arakonstituciuria mas-
Tan mimarTebaSi da imTaviTve arakonstituciuri iyo misi miReba. obra-
ienis azriT, kongresi am Sesworebis Setanisas miznad sityvis Tavisuf-
lebis SezRudvas isaxavda. Tumca am arguments calke ganvixilavT.
obraieni aRniSnavs, rom 1965 wlis Sesworeba arakonstituciuria mas-
Tan mimarTebaSi, radgan misi qmedeba _ registraciis mowmobis dawva, war-
moadgenda konstituciis pirveli SesworebiT dacul simbolur gamoxat-
vas. misi argumenti imaSi mdgomareobs, rom konstituciis pirveli Seswo-
rebiT garantirebuli gamoxatvis Tavisufleba moicavs gamoxatvis yvela
formas da misi moqmedebac am definicias eqvemdebareba, radgan man es
gaakeTa `omisa da gawvevisadmi winaaRmdegobis gamosaxatad~.
miuRebelia mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom nebismieri moqmedeba, rom-
liTac piri cdilobs sakuTari ideis gadmocemas, SeiZleba ganvixiloT,
rogorc `gamoxatva~. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu vivaraudebT, rom obraienis
qmedebaSi damtkicebuli komunikaciuri elementi sakmarisia konstitu-
ciis pirveli Sesworebis asamoqmedeblad, es ar niSnavs, rom registraciis
mowmobis ganadgureba konstituciiT daculi moqmedebaa. xelisuflebis
interesis xarisxis gansazRvrisaTvis sasamarTlom ramodenime aRwerilo-
biTi termini gamoiyena: iZulebiTi, arsebiTi, daqvemdebarebuli, uzenaesi,
udavo, Zlieri. miuxedavad imisa, Tu rogor STabeWdilebas axdens es ter-
minebi, aSkaraa, rom xelisuflebis mxridan regulireba gamarTlebulia:
Tu is xelisuflebis konstituciur uflebamosilebas ar cdeba; Tu gana-
viTarebs xelisuflebis mniSvnelovan an arsebiT interess; Tu xelisuf-
lebis interesi ar ukavSirdeba gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis SezRudvas; Tu
konstituciis pirveli SesworebiT gaTvaliswinebuli Tavisuflebis Sez-
Rudva ar aRemateba am interesis ganxorcielebis aucileblobas. sayovel-
Tao samxedro wvrTnisa da samsaxuris Sesaxeb aqtis 462(b)(3)-e muxlis 1965
wlis Sesworeba akmayofilebs yvela am moTxovnas da Sesabamisad, SesaZ-
lebelia obraienis dadanaSauleba mis darRvevaSi.
samxedro samsaxuris sertifikati sxva funqciebTan erTad imis da-
mamtkicebelicaa, rom kongress aqvs misi upasuxismgeblod da SeuzRuda-
vad ganadgurebis aRkveTis da misi mudmivi vargisianobis uzrunvelyofis
180
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
legitimuri da arsebiTi interesi da amitom sjis im adamianebs, vinc gac-
nobierebulad da ganzrax gaanadgurebs an Seuracxyofs mas.
registrirebuli pirebisTvis samxedro samsaxuris sertifikatis gada-
cema xels uwyobs im sistemis saTanado funqcionirebas, romelic kon-
gresma armiis Sesaqmnelad Camoayaliba. eris interesebSi Sedis maqsi-
malurad efeqturad funqcionirebadi samxedro sistema, romelsac SeuZ-
lia, advilad da swrafad moaxdinos cvalebad movlenebze reagireba.
aSkaraa, rom 1965 wlis Sesworeba xelisuflebis am arsebiTi interesis
dacvas isaxavs miznad. ar arsebobs alternatiuli saSualeba, romelic ufro
srulyofilad da zustad uzrunvelyofs samxedro samsaxuris serti-
fikatebis saTanado moqmedebas, vidre kanoni, romelic krZalavs maT Se-
uracxyofas da ganadgurebas _ 1965 wlis Sesworeba mxolod aseT qmedebebs
krZalavs. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, saxelmwifos interesi da 1965 wlis
Sesworebis moqmedebac moicavs mxolod obraienis qmedebis arakomunikaci-
ur aspeqts. saxelmwifo interesis da 1965 wlis Sesworebis farglebSi
xelyofisagan daculia samxedro samsaxuris sistemis normaluri da efeq-
turi funqcionireba. obraienma Tavisi saregistracio sertifikatis ga-
azrebuli ganadgurebiT ganzrax xelyo saxelmwifo interesi. mxolod misi
qmedebis am arakomunikaciuri SedegisaTvis cnes igi damnaSaved.
obraieni ambobs, rom 1965 wlis Sesworeba arakonstituciuria, radgan,
misi TqmiT, kongresis `mizani~ iyo `sityvis Tavisuflebis SezRudva~. es
argumenti sadavoa, radgan damkvidrebuli principebis Tanaxmad, kong-
resis mizani ar warmoadgens safuZvels am kanonis antikonstituciurad
cnobisaTvis.
gamomdinare iqidan, rom samxedro wvrTnisa da samsaxuris Sesaxeb aqtis
1965 wlis Sesworeba konstituciurad aris miRebuli da gamoyenebuli,
saapelacio sasamarTlos unda daemtkicebina saolqo sasamarTlos gamam-
tyunebeli ganaCeni. am mosazrebidan gamomdinare, ar aris saWiro obra-
ienis moTxovnis gaTvaliswineba imis Taobaze, rom saapelacio sasamarT-
lo Secda, rodesac daamtkica misi danaSauli aramesakuTris mdgomare-
obis regulirebis safuZvelze.
mosamarTle marSals ar miuRia monawileoba am saqmeebis ganxilvasa
da gadawyvetaSi.
mosamarTle harleni daeTanxma gadawyvetilebas.
181
sasamarTlo praqtika
mosamarTle daglass hqonda gansxvavebuli azri, romlis Tanaxmad,
am saqmeSi ZiriTad, magram gadauwyvetel konstituciur sakiTxs warmo-
adgens is, Tu ramdenad antikonstituciuri iyo samxedro samsaxurSi gaw-
veva iseT dros, rodesac omi ar iyo gamocxadebuli.
1968 weli
brandenburgi ohaios winaaRmdeg
395 U.S 444
faqtebi: ku kluqs klanis lideri, brandenburgi, cincinatis televi-
ziaSi axali ambebis wamyvans daukavSirda da dapatiJa ku kluqs klanis
Sekrebaze, romelic hamiltonis olqSi erT-erT fermaSi imarTeboda. or-
ganizatorebis daxmarebiT, korespondenti da operatori Sekrebas daes-
wrnen da gadaiRes is. masalebis nawili gadaica adgilobrivi televiziiT
da, mogvianebiT _ televiziebis erovnuli qseliTac. gadaRebul masalaSi
naCvenebi iyo ku kluqs klanis samosSi Cacmuli Tormeti piri. isini Sek-
rebili iyvnen xis jvris garSemo, romelic mogvianebiT dawves. am movle-
nebis dros fermaSi mxolod Sekrebis monawileebi, korespondenti da ope-
ratori imyofebodnen. Sekrebis dros gakeTebuli gancxadebebi filmis
Cvenebisas naklebad gasagebi iyo Caweris xarisxis gamo, Tumca calkeuli
frazebidan SeiZleboda Savkanianebis da ebraelebis winaaRmdeg gakeTe-
buli gancxadebebis amocnoba. filmis meore nawilSi naCvenebi iyo klanis
tradiciul samosSi gamowyobili mosarCle. man Sekrebaze aseTi gancxa-
deba gaakeTa:
`es organizatorebis Sekrebaa. klans ohaios StatSi yvelaze meti wevri
hyavs. Cven revanSistuli organizacia ar varT, magram Tu Cveni prezi-
denti, kongresi da uzenaesi sasamarTlo gaagrZeleben TeTri rasis Seviw-
roebas, Cven, SesaZloa, revanSistuli zomebic miviRoT. oTx ivliss movaw-
yobT Sekrebas kongresTan, sadac oTxasi aTasi adamiani mova. amis Semdeg
orad gaviyofiT: erTi nawili gaemarTeba floridaSi, qalaq sant oges-
tinSi, meore nawili ki _ misisipiSi. gmadlobT~.
182
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
meore filmSi naCvenebia eqvsi pirovneba, romelTaganac erT-erTi mo-
sarClea. isic zemoT moyvanilis msgavs gancxadebas akeTebs, Tumca fraza
mosalodneli revanSis Sesaxeb gamotovebulia. igi damatebiT ambobs: `pi-
radad me vfiqrob, rom Savkanianebi afrikaSi unda dabrundnen, xol ebra-
elebi _ israelSi~. Sekrebis zogierTi monawile SeiaraRebuli iyo, Tumca
mosarCles iaraRi ar hqonda.
braldeba am saqmeSi eyrdnoboda zemoaRniSnul films da masSi gake-
Tebul gancxadebebs, saidanac dadginda mosarClis vinaobac. braldebam
mtkicebulebebis saxiT aseve waradgina filmSi gamoCenili ramdenime sa-
gani: pistoleti, gadaWrili Tofi, luliani Tofi, sabrZolo aRWurvi-
loba, biblia da klanis wevrebis `kapiSoniani~ samosi.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: gadawyvetileba gauqmda.
sasamarTlos erToblivi mosazreba: ku kluqs klanis lideri, bran-
denburgi, damnaSaved cnes ohaios Statis sindikalizmis aqtis Tanaxmad.
aqtis mixedviT, dasjadad cxaddeboda `mowodeba danaSaulis, sabotaJis,
Zaladobis an arakanonieri qmedebis Cadenisken politikuri an industri-
uli reformis misaRwevad~. aRniSnuli kanoni aseve krZalavda nebismieri
jgufis, sazogadoebis an pirTa jgufis nebayoflobiT Sekrebas krimina-
luri sindikalizmis mowodebis an swavlebis mizniT. brandenburgi 1000
dolariT daajarimes da 10 wlamde patimroba miusajes. brandenburgma
SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaes sasamarTlos mimarTa, sadac ohaios sindi-
kalizmis aqtis antikonstituciurad cnoba moiTxova _ pirveli da me-
ToTxmete Sesworebis Tanaxmad.
ohaios sindikalizmis aqti 1919 wels miiRes. am sasamarTlom 1927 wels
mxari dauWira kaliforniis Statis sindikalizmis aqts, saqmeSi vitni ka-
liforniis winaaRmdeg (274 U.S 357). kaliforniis Statis sindikalizmis
aqtis teqsti sakmaod hgavs sadavo kanons. saqmeSi vitni kaliforniis wina-
aRmdeg, sasamarTlom mxari dauWira aqts, radgan `politikuri da ekono-
mikuri cvlilebebisaTvis Zaladobis mowodeba Seicavs iseT saSiSroebas,
romelic, SesaZloa, aikrZalos~. Tumca Semdgom gadawyvetilebebSi moxda
vitni kaliforniis winaaRmdeg saqmeSi Camoyalibebuli doqtrinis diskre-
ditireba, maT Soris, saqmeSi denisi SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg.
sxva gadawyvetilebebSi ki gamoCnda doqtrina, romlis mixedviTac, sity-
visa da presis Tavisuflebis konstituciuri garantiebis mixedviT, sa-
xelmwifos ar SeuZlia, SezRudos Zalis gamoyenebis an kanonis darRvevis
183
sasamarTlo praqtika
mowodeba, Tu aseTi mowodeba ar aris pirdapir mimarTuli ukanono qme-
debis waqezebaze an mis myisier gamowvevaze. mxolod abstraqtuli swav-
leba imisa, rom saWiroa Zaladobrivi qmedeba, ar aris igive, rac jgufis
momzadeba da adamianebis iZuleba, rom Caidinon Zaladobrivi qmedeba.
kanoni, romelic zemoaRniSnul gansxvavebas ar cnobs, arRvevs konsti-
tuciis pirvel Sesworebas.
Sesabamisad, ohaios sadavo aqti arRvevs konstituciis pirvel Seswo-
rebas. aqtis Tanaxmad, dasjadia `Zaladobisken an Zaladobrivi safrTxis
Seqmnisken mowodeba, rogorc politikuri an industriuli refomis saSu-
aleba; aseve isjeba aseTi mowodebis Semcveli publikaciebis gavrceleba
da gamofena, an jgufis nebayoflobiTi Sekreba kriminaluri sindika-
lizmis swavlebis mizniT~. am SemTxvevaSi, mosamarTlis instruqciebi
nafici msajulebisTvis ver Secvlis aqtis sakmaod mkacr formulirebas,
romelic erTmaneTisgan ar mijnavs mowodebas ukanono qmedebis waqeze-
bisgan.
Sesabamisad, Cven mxars aRar vuWerT sapirispiro doqtrinas, romelic
Camoyalibda saqmeSi vitni kaliforniis winaaRmdeg.
1969 weli
Red Lion Broadcasting Co. Inc -i komunikaciebis
federaluri komisiis winaaRmdeg
395 U.S. 367
faqtebi: Red Lion Broadcasting licenzirebuli mauwyebelia pensilva-
niis StatSi, iseve rogorc WGCB radio. 1964 wlis 27 noembers radiom
gadasca bili hargisis interviu, romelic ixilavda fred kukis wigns
`goldvoteri _ memarjvene eqstremistebi~. hargisma ganacxada, rom kuki
erT-erTi gazeTidan gaagdes mcdari informaciis gamoqveynebisaTvis, rom
igi muSaobda erT-erT komunistur gamocemaSi da axla ki dawera wigni,
romelic miznad isaxavs bari goldvoteris lanZRvas. fred kukma am ga-
dacemis Semdeg moiTxova ufaso pasuxis ufleba, radgan man daaskvna, rom
184
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
gadacemaSi adgili hqonda mis `pirovnebaze Setevas~. am moTxovnaze mauw-
yebelma kuks uari ganucxada.
aRniSnul saqmesTan dakavSirebiT SeerTebuli Statebis komunikaciebis
federalur komisias mimarTes. komunikaciebis federalurma komisiam da-
askvna, rom hargisis interviu warmoadgenda kukis `pirovnebaze Setevas~
da Sesabamisad Red Lion-ma daarRvia samarTlianobis doqtrina (Camoya-
libda saqmeSi Times-Mirror Broadcasting Co., 24 P & F Radio Reg. 404 {1962}),
romlis mixedviTac mauwyebeli valdebuli iyo, kukisTvis gaegzavna in-
tervius Canaweri da SeeTavazebina misTvis sapasuxo saeTero dro, imis
miuxedavad, gadaixdida Tu ara mis safasurs fred kuki. komisiis praqti-
kis Sesabamisad Camoyalibebuli wesis mixedviT, rodesac sadavo sakiTxe-
bis prezentaciisas xdeba identificerebuli piris an jgufis mxridan Se-
teva konkretuli piris patiosnebaze, xasiaTze, Rirsebasa da msgavs pi-
rovnul maxasiaTeblebze, mauwyebeli valdebulia, gonivrul vadaSi (ara-
nakleb erTi kvirisa) aseT pirs miawodos gadacemis am nawilis Canaweri
da SesTavazos mas pasuxis ufleba. komisiis gadawyvetilebis gadasinj-
visas kolumbiis olqis saapelacio sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom komisiis
gadawyvetileba konstituciuri da swori iyo. Red Lion Broadcasting-ma
SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaes sasamarTlos mimarTa.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: saapelacio sasamarTlos
gadawyvetileba ZalaSi darCa.
sasamarTlos azri warmoadgina mosamarTle vaiTma: wlebis manZilze
komunikaciebis federaluri komisia tele da radio mauwyeblebisgan mo-
iTxovda, rom sazogadoebrivi sakiTxebis da movlenebis ganxilvisas maT
sadavo sakiTxis orive mxare warmoedginaT da samarTliani reportaJi
moemzadebinaT. es moTxovna cnobilia, rogorc samarTlianobis doqt-
rina. es doqtrina mauwyeblobis warmoSobis pirvelive wlebidan damkvid-
rda da dRemde SenarCunda. es wesi komunikaciebis federaluri komisiis
gadawyvetilebebSi Camoyalibda da ganviTarda. is gansxvavdeba komunika-
ciebis aqtis 315-e wesisgan, romelic adgens, rom politikur kandidatebs
Tanabari saeTero dro unda daeTmoT.
samarTlianobis doqtrinis istoria da masTan dakavSirebuli kanonm-
debloba imaze metyvelebs, rom winamdebare saqmeSi komunikaciebis fede-
raluri komisia TviTneburad ki ar moqmedebda, aramed kongresis mier
winaswar gansazRvrul politikas axorcielebda.
185
sasamarTlo praqtika
1927 wlamde sixSireebis ganawileba mTlianad kerZo seqtoris regu-
lirebis sfero iyo, rac qaoss iwvevda. Zalian male aRmoCnda, rom sama-
uwyeblo sixSireebi SezRudul resurss warmoadgenda, romlis gamoye-
nebac saxelmwifom moawesriga. saxelmwifo kontrolis gareSe sixSireTa
gamoyeneba iwvevda sxvadasxva mauwyeblis xmaTa Tanxvedras. sabolood,
Seiqmna radios federaluri komisia, romelic pasuxismgebeli iyo li-
cenziebis gacemaze, misi pirobebis Secvlasa da gauqmebaze. federaluri
komisia licenziebs gascemda sazogadoebrivi `unaris, interesis da auci-
leblobis~ Sesabamisad. mogvianebiT komisiam aRniSna, rom sazogadoeb-
rivi interesi mniSvnelovani faqtoria, romelic vrceldeba ara mxolod
licenziis gacemaze, aramed samauwyeblo saSualebebiT sazogadoebisaT-
vis saintereso Temebis ganxilvazec. Sesabamisad, mauwyebels ekisreboda
valdebuleba, rom moexdina sazogadoebisaTvis saintereso da mniSvnelo-
vani Temebis adekvaturi gaSuqeba da gaSuqebis procesSi saSualeba mieca
yvela dapirispirebuli mxarisaTvis, gamoeTqva sakuTari mosazrebebi.
`imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom `sazogadoebrivi interesi~ naTlad moicavs
sadavo sakiTxebis garSemo debatebis gaSuqebas; agreTve, imis gamo, rom
komunikaciebis federalurma komisiam misi Seqmnis dRidanve daadgina
samarTlianobis doqtrina; agreTve, im faqtis gamo, rom kongresma ar
gamoricxa analogiuri normebi da mxari dauWira komunikaciebis fede-
raluri komisiis damatebiT Zalisxmevas aseTi normebis SemuSavebaSi, Cven
migvaCnia, rom samarTlianobis doqtrinis da `pirovnebaze Setevis wesis~
dadgena kongresis mier delegirebuli uflebamosilebis kanonieri gamo-
yenebaa~.
aRniSnul saqmeSi mosarCeleebi daobdnen, rom samarTlianobis doq-
trina da `pirovnebaze Setevis wesi~ ewinaaRmdegeba pirvel Sesworebas,
radgan es wesebi arRvevs mauwyeblebis gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas. mosar-
Cleebi daobdnen, rom maT ufleba aqvT, gamoiyenon maT mier miRebuli
sixSire ise, rogorc maT surT; maTi azriT, maT ufleba aqvT, uari uTxran
nebismier pirs am sixSiris gamoyenebaze.
sasamarTlom daadgina, rom samarTlianobis doqtrina da misi erT-
erTi komponenti `pirovnebaze Setevis wesi~ ar arRvevs konstituciis
pirvel Sesworebas. marTalia, pirveli Sesworeba relevanturia mauwyeb-
lobis SemTxvevaSic, magram msmenelis da mayureblis uflebebi ufro mniS-
vnelovania, vidre mauwyeblebis. radgan sazogadoebas ufleba aqvs,
186
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
miiRos informacia socialur, politikur da sxva sakiTxebze, rac yvela-
ze metad mniSvnelovania am SemTxvevaSi.
sasamarTlo ar daeTanxma im pozicias, rom `pirovnebaze Setevis wesis~gamo mauwyeblebi aRar gaaSuqeben sadavo sakiTxebs. sasamarTlom miiCnia,rom es argumenti spekulaciaa da amisgan dasacavad arsebobs komunika-ciebis federaluri komisia.
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom sixSireebi SezRuduli resursia da saxel-mwifo mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs am SezRuduli resursis danawilebaSi;aseve, im faqtis gamo, rom pirs xeli ar miuwvdeba am sixSireebis gamoye-nebaze saxelmwifos daxmarebis gareSe, sasamarTlos miaCnia, rom sadavonormebi da wesebi kanonieri da konstituciuria.
1969 weli
`niu-iork taimsi~ SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg
403 U.S. 713
faqtebi: 1971 wels `niu-iork taimsma~, xangrZlivi analizisa da awon-dawonvis Semdeg gadawyvita, gamoeqveynebina saidumlo grifiT aRniSnulie.w. pentagonis dokumentebi, romlebic aRwerdnen amerikis SeerTebuliStatebis vietnamis omSi CarTvis process. SeerTebuli Statebis saxelm-wifom, romlisTvisac cnobili gaxda `niu-iork taimsis~ gadawyvetileba,mimarTa federaluri olqis sasamarTlos, romelmac droebiTi SezRudvadauwesa gazeTs pentagonis dokumentebis gamoqveynebaze. ramdenime dRisSemdeg imave mosamarTlem uari uTxra saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebs mud-mivi SezRudvis dawesebaze. miuxedavad amisa, SeerTebuli Statebis meoreolqis saapelacio sasamarTlom mxari dauWira saxelmwifos da SezRudvagauxangrZliva `niu-iork taimss~.
amasobaSi saqmeSi `voSington postic~ CaerTo. saxelmwifom igive mo-imoqmeda `postis~ winaaRmdegac, Tumca, kolumbiis olqis sasamarTlomgazeTis mxare daiWira. saxelmwifom gadawyvetileba gaasaCivra, magramsaapelacio sasamarTlomac `postis~ winaaRmdeg SezRudva arakanonieradmiiCnia. Sesabamisad, `voSington posts~ SeeZlo, gamoeqveynebina pentago-nis dokumentebi, xolo `niu-iork taimss~ _ ara.
1971 wels uzenaesma sasamarTlom miiRo gadawyvetileba aRniSnul
187
sasamarTlo praqtika
saqmeze: yvela gazeTs SeerTebul StatebSi ufleba hqoda, gamoeqveynebina
pentagonis dokumentebi. Tumca presa Tavdapirvelad ar iyo kmayofili
imiT, rom sasamarTlom ver gadawyvita sakmaod daZabuli brZola infor-
maciis Tavisuflebisa da saxelmwifo usafrTxoebis koncefciebs Soris.
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaSi ewera, rom saxelmwifom ver uzrunvelyo
mtkicebis im mZime tvirTis zidva, riTic gaamarTlebda winaswari Sez-
Rudvis dawesebas presaze.
am saqmeze cxra gansakuTrebuli mosazreba daiwera (meti verc daiwe-
reboda SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaesi sasamarTlos Semadgenlobis gamo).
TiToeuli maTgani asaxavs mosamarTleebis gansxvavebul Sexedulebebs
presis rolTan dakavSirebiT SeerTebul StatebSi.
sasamarTlos erToblivi mosazreba: Cven warmoebaSi miviReT saqmeebi,
sadac saxelmwifo cdilobs, SezRudva dauwesos `niu-iork taimssa~ da
`voSington posts~ im saidumlo dokumentis gamoqveynebaze, romlis sa-
Tauria `SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobis gadawyvetilebis miRebis pro-
cesi vietnamTan dakavSirebiT~.
winaswari SezRudvebis nebismieri sistema am sasamarTlos winaSe anti-
konstituciurobis mZime prezumfciiT ganixileba. Sesabamisad, saxelm-
wifos akisria mtkicebis sakmaod mZime tvirTi, rom gaamarTlos msgavsi
SezRudvis kanoniereba. SeerTebuli Statebis samxreT niu iorkis olqis
sasamrTlom `niu-iork taimsis~ saqmeSi da kolumbiis olqis sasamarTlom
da kolumbiis olqis saapelacio sasamrTlom `voSington postis~ saqmeSi
daadgines, rom saxelmwifom ver gadalaxa aRniSnuli mtkicebis tvirTi.
Cven veTanxmebiT.
rogorc aRiniSna, am saqmeze cxrave mosamarTlem gansakuTrebuli azri
warmoadgina, aqedan Svidi Tanmxvedri da ori gansxvavebuli (maT Soris
iyo sasamarTlos Tavmjdomaris _ mosamarTle burgeris gansxvavebuli
azri). qvemoT moyvanilia mniSvnelovani mosazrebebis mokle mimoxilva.
mosamarTle blekisa da duglasis gansakuTrebuli azri: mosamar-
Tleebma blekma da duglasma absolutisturi midgoma airCies. maT aRniS-
nes, rom pirveli Sesworebis Tanaxmad, winaswari SezRudvebi dauSvebeli
iyo nebismier SemTxvevaSi. maTi mosazrebis mixedviT, ar arsebobs samarT-
lebrivi norma, romelic sasamarTlos uflebas miscems, SezRudos presis
Tavisufleba `Tanasworobis, prezidentis uflebamosilebis an erovnuli
usafrTxoebis~ saxeliT.
mosamarTle brenanis gansakuTrebuli azri: mosamarTle brenanma
188
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
airCia midgoma, romelic sasamarTlom daadgina saqmeSi niari minesotis
winaaRmdeg. man aRniSna, rom sasamarTlos presis SezRudvis ufleba hqon-
da mxolod maSin, rodesac saxelmwifo saomar mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda
da rodesac saxelmwifo daamtkicebda, rom arsebobs `gardauvali, pir-
dapiri da myisieri saSiSroeba imisa, rom Seiqmneba mdgomareoba, rome-
lic, Tavis mxriv, safrTxes Seuqmnis sazRvao transportis usafrTxo-
ebas.~
mosamarTle stiuartisa da vaiTis gansakuTrebuli azri: mosamar-
Tleebma stiuartma da vaiTma uaryves aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis ar-
gumenti, rom sasamarTlos ufleba aqvs, gasces brZaneba presis SezRud-
vaze, Tu dadgindeba `mZime da gamousworebeli zianis safrTxe sazoga-
doebrivi interesisaTvis~. maTi azriT, saWiroa, saxelmwifom daamtkicos,
rom informaciis gavrceleba `aucileblad miayenebs pirdapir, myisier
da gamousworebel zians Cvens qveyanas da mis xalxs~.
mosamarTle marSalis gansakuTrebuli azri: mosamarTle marSalma
airCia `kanonis uzenaesobis~ midgoma, romelic umravlesobis warmomad-
genelma bevrma mosamarTlem gaiziara. am koncefciis da mosamarTle mar-
Salis gansakuTrebuli azris mixedviT, ar arsebobs raime kanonmdebloba,
romelic mxars dauWerda am saqmeSi aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis moT-
xovnas. sainteresoa, rom mosamarTleTa umravlesobam aRniSna _ isini
mxars dauWerdnen SezRudvas am saqmeSi, Tuki saamisod kanonieri safuZ-
veli iarsebebda. Tumca, maTi azriT, es mainc cenzura iqneboda.
1971 weli
branzburgi heiesis winaaRmdeg
408 U.S. 665
faqtebi: branzburgis saqmeze sasamarTlom 3 saapelacio saCivari gani-
xila. samive saCivari im reportiorebis mier iyo Setanili, romlebic did-
ma Jiurim mowmis statusiT dasakiTxad gamoiZaxa.
189
sasamarTlo praqtika
pirveli saCivari Seexeboda Jurnal `luisvil kurieris~ reporti-
oris pol branzburgis mier 1969 wels gamoqveynebul statias. aRniSnuli
publikacia aRwerda marixuanidan haSiSis miRebis process. Jurnalisti
narkotikis damzadebis process Tavad daeswro, xolo sanacvlod monawi-
leebs konfidencialobis dacvas dahpirda. gamoqveynebul statiaSi pro-
cesis monawileTa konfidencialoba marTlac daculi iyo. aRniSnul saq-
mesTan dakavSirebiT, branzburgi qveynis didma Jiurim mowmed gamoiZaxa,
Tumca Jurnalistma Cvenebebis micemasa da informaciis wyaros gamJRav-
nebaze uari ganacxada. uaris safuZvlad man `kentukis Statis Jurnalis-
turi privilegiebis Sesaxeb~ kanoni, konstituciis pirveli Sesworeba
da kentukis konstitucia daasaxela. Statis sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom
konstitucia da kanoni Jurnalists ar aZlevs uflebas, Cveneba ar misces
im movlenebis Sesaxeb, romelTa mowmec Tavad iyo.
branzburgis mowmed kidev erTxel dabareba didma Jiurim mas Semdeg
gadawyvita, rac 1971 wels gamoqveynda statia kentukis qalaq frankfur-
tSi narkotikebis moxmarebis Sesaxeb. statiis nawili aseve eyrdnoboda
konfidencialuri wyarodan mopovebul informacias. branzburgma gaasa-
Civra didi Jiuris mier misi mowmed gamoZaxeba da sasamarTlos ZaliT
moipova imuniteti, romelic Jurnalists `konfidencialuri kavSirebis,
wyaroebis an informaciis~ gamJRavnebisagan icavda. Tumca igi daavalde-
bules, Cveneba mieca im movlenebis Taobaze, romelsac piradad Seeswro.
Jurnalistma Cvenebis micemaze kvlav uari ganacxada.
gadawyvetileba: aSS-is mecxre olqis sasamarTlom ar gaiziara bran-
zburgis argumentebi Jurnalisturi privilegiebis Sesaxeb da daavalde-
bula is, mieca Cveneba.
meore saCivari: pol papasma masaCusetsis qalaq bedfordis satele-
vizio sadgur WTEV-is Jurnalistma moamzada reportaJi samoqalaqo
areulobis Sesaxeb. papass ganzraxuli hqonda daswreboda `Savi pantere-
bis~ konferencias, Tumca jgufis wevrebi mas ar endnen. gasamxedroebul
`Savi panterebi~-s dajgufebas xelisufleba ganixilavda rogorc organi-
zacias, romelic `TeTri sazogadoebis~ winaaRmdeg partizanul oms
gegmavda.
mogvianebiT dajgufebis wevrebma papass neba darTes, Sesuliyo jgufis
mTavar StabSi im pirobiT, Tu es ukanaskneli ar gaamJRavnebda iq nanaxsa
190
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
da mosmenils. Jurnalistis mier momzadebuli masala am vizitis dros
mopovebul informacias marTlac ar eyrdnoboda. mogvianebiT igi qveynis
didma Jiurim daibara. Jurnalisti gamocxadda, magram uari ganacxada
gaeca pasuxebi im SekiTxvebze, romlebic `Savi panterebis~ StabSi momxdar
movlenebs exeboda. papasi konstituciis pirveli SesworebiT garantire-
bul privilegiaze miuTiTebda. igi xelmeored gamoiZaxes, magram amjerad
Jurnalistma sasamarTloSi gamocxadebazec ki uari Tqva.
gadawyvetileba: aSS-is mecxre olqis sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom am Sem-
TxvevaSi arc erTi zemoT dasaxelebuli interesis arseboba ar dastur-
deboda. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom gaauqma papasis winaaRmdeg gamotanili
yvela ganCineba.
motivacia: masaCusetsis uzenaesma sasamarTlom ar gaiziara Jurna-
listis argumentacia imis Taobaze, rom aseT SemTxvevebSi Jurnalisturi
privilegiebis ararsebobis dadastureba informaciis mopovebis proces-
ze `gamyinav efeqts~ iqoniebda da daadgina, rom saCivari iyo `arapirda-
piri, Teoriuli da usafuZvlo~.
mesame saCivari: erl koldueli, `niu-iork taimsis~ dasavleT sanapi-
ros biuros xelmZRvaneli, kaliforniaSi `Sav panterebTan~ dakavSirebul
Tematikaze muSaobda da gasamxedroebul dajgufebas ikvlevda. igi fe-
deralurma didma Jiurim gamoiZaxa da video Tu sxva tipis Canawerebis
saxiT arsebuli interviuebisa da sxva masalebis wardgena mosTxova. kol-
duelis advokatebma SesZles gamoZaxebis Taobaze brZanebis SeCereba, Tum-
ca didma Jiurim xelmeored gamowera uwyeba mowmed gamocxadebisa da
Cvenebebis micemis moTxovniT.
kolduelma kvlav gaasaCivra es brZaneba da miuTiTa, rom did Jiurize
Tundac saidumlod misi gamocxadeba, mospobda `Sav panterebSi~ informa-
ciis wyarosTan yovelgvar kavSirsa da urTierTobebs. federalurma sa-
olqo sasamarTlom gasca damcavi brZaneba, romliTac informaciis wya-
ros dasaxelebisa da masalebis gamJRavnebasTan dakavSirebiT Jurnalis-
tze dakisrebuli valdebulebebi gaauqma. didi Jiuris uflebamosilebis
vada am droisTvis amoiwura.
cota xanSi didi Jiuri axali SemadgenlobiT Seikriba da koldueli
mowmis statusiT kvlav daibares. amjerad Jurnalistis saCivari ar dakma-
yofilda da igi sasamarTlos upativcemulobaSi daadanaSaules.
gadawyvetileba: aSS-is mecxre olqis sasamarTlom daadgina, rom
191
sasamarTlo praqtika
Jurnalists ufleba aqvs, ar misces Cveneba misTvis gandobili konfiden-
cialuri informaciis Sesaxeb, Tumca amavdroulad ekisreba valdebule-
ba, gamocxaddes sasamarTloSi didi Jiuris mier gamoZaxebisTanave.
motivacia: sasamarTlom sxvagvari Sefaseba misca saqmes. sakiTxis gan-
xilvisas imis Taobaze, iyo Tu ara koldueli valdebuli, warmsdgariyo
didi Jiuris winaSe, sasamarTlom daadgina:
1) konstituciis pirveli Sesworeba, mowmed gamoZaxebis SemTxvevaSi,
JurnalistisTvis kvalificiur privilegias iTvaliswinebs;
2) sasamarTlom gaiziara Jurnalistis mtkiceba imis Taobaze, rom iZu-
leba Cvenebis micemaze daabrkolebda mis informatorebs da misi Canawe-
rebis cenzuras gamoiwvevda;
3) sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom kolduels SeeZlo Tavi aeridebina mowmed
gamocxadebisaTvis manam, vidre ar iarsebebda misi iZulebisaTvis aucile-
beli garemoebebi.
informaciis wyaros gamJRavnebis moTxovnisaTvis sasamarTlom Seimu-
Sava interesTa dabalansebis samnawiliani testi: (1) relevanturoba, (2)
sxva alternatiuli wyaros ararseboba da (3) sazogadoebrivi interesi.
1972 weli
CBS-i erovnul-demokratiuli komitetis
winaaRmdeg
412 U.S. 94
faqtebi: am saqmeSi mosarCle mxare iyo erovnul demokratiuli komi-
teti da biznesmenTa moZraoba vietnamSi mSvidobis SenarCunebisaTvis (bmv),
romelic vietnamis konfliqtSi aSS-s Carevis mowinaaRmdege biznesmenTa
erovnuli organizaciaa. 1970 wels bmv-m komunikaciis federalur komi-
siaSi Seitana saCivari kolumbiis olqis qalaq voSingtonSi radiosadgur
WTOP-is winaaRmdeg, romliTac asaCivrebda radiosadguris uars, saeTe-
ro dro mieyida bmv-sTvis, vietnamis Sesaxeb erTwuTiani gancxadebebis
192
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
seriebis gasavrceleblad. WTOP-i, sxva mauwyeblebTan erTad atarebda
politikas, romlis farglebSic uars eubneboda kerZo pirebsa da jgu-
febs winaaRmdegobriv sakiTxebze Sexedulebebis gasavrceleblad erTje-
radi mcire sareklamo drois miyidvaze. WTOP-ma ganacxada, rom uari
reklamis ganTavsebaze samarTliani iyo, radgan redaqcia araerTi saWir-
boroto Temis, maT Soris vietnamis omis, srul da samarTlian gaSuqebas
awarmoebda. WTOP-ma aseve warmoadgina mtkicebulebebi imis Taobaze, rom
radiosadguris eTerSi adre araerTxel gadaica kritikuli mosazrebebi
vietnamis konfliqtis sakiTxze aSS-is politikis Sesaxeb. Tumca, bmv-m ar
gaiziara WTOP-is mosazreba samarTliani gaSuqebis Taobaze. bmv-s ar war-
moudgenia sakuTari moTxovnis damadasturebeli raime mtkicebulebebi.
oTxi Tvis Semdeg, 1970 wlis maisSi edk-m komisiaSi Seitana saCivari,
romelSic miTiTebuli iyo: `konstituciis pirveli Sesworebisa da komuni-
kaciis Sesaxeb aqtis safuZvelze, mauwyebeli ar aris uflebamosili, sa-
eTero drois miyidvaze mudmivad uari uTxras iseT gaerTianebebs, ro-
goricaa edk. saeTero dro am organizaciebs fuladi saxsrebis mosazidad
an sajaro sakiTxebis Taobaze komentarebis gasakeTeblad sWirdebaT.~
edk-m ganacxada, rom igi saeTero drois Sesyidvas demokratiuli parti-
is poziciis dafiqsirebisa da fuladi saxsrebis mozidvis mizniT gegmavda.
kfk ar daeTanxma mopasuxeebis arguments imis Taobaze, rom `ufleba-
mosil~ kerZo pirebsa da jgufebs aqvT ufleba, Seisyidon sareklamo dro
sajaro sakiTxebze komentaris gasakeTeblad, miuxedvad imisa, gadauxvia
Tu ara mauwyebelma `samarTliani mauwyeblobis doqtrinas~.
komunikaciebis Sesaxeb aqtis istoriis, sadavo debulebebis da mis sa-
fuZvelze komisiis mier adre miRebuli gadawyvetilebebisa da informa-
ciis gavrcelebis uflebis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebis
ganxilvis Semdeg, komisiam ar daakmayofila edk-sa da bmv-s saCivrebi. Tum-
ca komisiam gaiziara edk-s pozicia, imis Taobaze, rom kanoni iTvaliswi-
nebda politikuri partiebis uflebas,2 fuladi saxsrebis mozidvis miz-
niT saeTero drois Sesyidvis Taobaze.
2 komisiis dadgenileba bmv-s mier moyvanili `samarTliani mauwyeblobis
doqtrinis~ winaaRmdeg da edk-s mier advokatirebuli argumentebis (politikur
partiebs unda hqondeT ufleba, Seisyidon saeTero dro fuladi saxsrebis
mosazidad) sasargeblod, ar gasaCivrebula sasamarTloSi da Sesabamisad, uzenaes
sasamarTlos ar umsjelia am sakiTxis Taobaze.
193
sasamarTlo praqtika
aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom gaauqma
komisiis dadgenilebebi.
sasamarTlos mosazreba: sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom samauwyeblo kom-
paniebis xisti politika reklamebis ganTavsebaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb,
aSkarad ewinaaRmdegeboda konstituciis pirvel Sesworebas; sasamarT-
lom saqme komisiaSi daabruna, pirveli SesworebiT garantirebuli infor-
maciis Tavisuflad miRebisa da gavrcelebis uflebis uzrunvelyofi-
saTvis saWiro instruqciebis SesamuSaveblad.
saapelacio sasamarTlom xmaTa umravlesobiT gaauqma komisiis dadge-
nileba da ganacxada: `sajaro sakiTxebze gancxadebebisaTvis saeTero
drois Sesyidvaze dawesebuli SezRudva arRvevs konstituciis pirvel
Sesworebas, gansakuTrebiT im fonze, rodesac sxva saxis fasiani gancxa-
debebi ar izRudeba~.
sasamarTlom aseve aRniSna, rom samauwyeblo sixSireebi ganekuTvneba
SezRuduli, amowurvadi resursebis ricxvs. igi yvelasaTvis ar aris xel-
misawvdomi da aqedan gamomdinare, pirveli Sesworeba awesebs `SezRudul~
uflebas redaqtirebuli reklamebis ganTavsebaze. sasamarTlom daaskv-
na, rom mauwyeblis politika, romelic mxolod komerciuli reklamebis
ganTavsebas iTvaliswinebda, antikonstituciuri diskriminacia iyo.
yovelive zemoTqmulis miuxedavad, sasamarTlom ar gasca brZaneba
edk-sa da bmv-s gancxadebebis upirobo ganTavsebis Sesaxeb, aramed saqme
komunikaciis federalur komisiaSi daabruna, raTa komisias ganesazRvra
`gonivruli procedurebi da regulaciebi imis Taobaze, Tu romeli rek-
lama unda ganTavsebuliyo eTerSi da romeli ara.~
sasamarTlom ganixila aseve sakiTxi imis Taobaze, Tu ramdenad SeiZ-
leboda mauwyeblis uari reklamis gaSvebaze, ganxiluliyo rogorc mTav-
robis qmedeba, romelic konstituciis pirveli SesworebiT garantire-
bul uflebebs arRvevda.
sasamarTlos am saqmis ganxilvamde arasdros umsjelia sakiTxze, SeiZ-
leba Tu ara licenzirebuli mauwyeblis qmedebis aRqma, rogorc `mTav-
robis qmedebisa~, pirveli SesworebiT garantirebuli uflebebis konteq-
stSi.
saapelacio sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom mauwyeblebi warmoadgenen
mTavrobis instrumentebs pirveli SesworebiT daculi uflebebis reali-
zaciisaTvis, radgan licenzirebul mauwyeblobebs gadacemuli aqvT
194
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
sazogadoebrivi sakuTrebis nawili da moqmedeben rogorc `rwmunebule-
bi~ an `sazogadoebis mier ndobiT aRWurvili pirebi~.
amgvari struqtura gansakuTrebiT Tavs iCens maSin, rodesac erTma-
neTs vadarebT kerZo gazeTs da licenzirebul mauwyeblobas. kerZo sa-
kuTrebaSi arsebuli gazeTis uflebamosileba _ ganaviTaros sakuTari
politikuri, socialuri da ekonomiuri Sexedulebebi _ gansazRvrulia
mxolod ori faqtoriT: pirveli, mkiTxvelis da reklamis damkveTebis
mozidva finansuri warmatebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT; da meore, profe-
siuli standartebis dacvis uzrunvelyofa. licenzirebuli mauwyebeli
farTo Jurnalisturi TavisuflebiT sargeblobs, magram ara im moculo-
biT, rogorc kerZo gazeTi. licenzirebuli mauwyebloba valdebulia,
uzrunvelyos ori ganmsazRvreli interesis balansi _ ra aris misi, ro-
gorc kerZo piris interesi da ra pasuxismgebloba ekisreba mas, rogorc
`sazogadoebriv rwmunebuls~.
`samarTliani mauwyeblobis doqtrinis~ Tanaxmad, komunikaciis fede-
raluri komisia valdebulia gaarkvios da Seafasos is, Tu ramdenad mza-
daa licenziis mimRebi angariSi gauwios sazogadoebis mTavar interess _
iyos srulad da samarTlianad informirebuli. komisiis pasuxismgeblo-
bis sferoSi Sedis aseve imis gansazRvra, Tu `vis da rodis unda daeTmos
saeTero dro~ konkretul viTarebaSi. mTavrobis Carevis albaTobis gaT-
valiswinebiT, sasurvelia, gamoxatvis Sinaarsis kontrolis winaaRmdeg
mimarTuli konstituciiT garantirebuli principebi naklebad mkacri
iyos reklamasTan dakavSirebiT.
1973 weli
mileri kaliforniis Statis winaaRmdeg
413 U.S. 15
faqtebi: am saqmeSi mosarCle damnaSaved cnes im seqsualuri litera-
turis dagzavnisaTvis, romelic mimRebebs arc gamouweriaT da arc wi-
naswar mouTxoviaT. mosarCle mileri mocemuli droisTvis masobriv
safosto kampanias atarebda: eweoda reklamirebas ilustrirebuli wigne-
195
sasamarTlo praqtika
bisa, romlebsac TviTon `mozrdilTa~ literaturas uwodebda. dagzav-
nili masala reklamas uwevda oTx wigns _ `sqesobrivi aqti~, `kaci-qali~,
`ilustrirebuli seqsorgiebi~ da `pornografiis ilustrirebuli isto-
ria~, agreTve, films `samxedro sqesobrivi aqti~. sareklamo broSura
Seicavda sqesobrivi aqtis ilustraciebs. am ilustraciebze Canda TiTo
an meti qali da kaci SiSvel mdgomareobaSi, CarTuli sqesobriv kavSirSi,
Riad naCvenebi genitaliebiT. mosarClis mier erTi konverti gaigzavna
niuportis plaJze mdebare erT-erT restoranSi. restornis menejerma
gagzavnili konverti dedamisTan erTad gaxsna. amis Semdeg aRSfoTebul-
ma adresatebma policias mimarTes.
pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi mosarCle gaasamarTles kalifor-
niis Statis kanonis Tanaxmad, romlis mixedviTac, danaSaulad cxaddeba
`uxamsi masalebis gacnobierebulad da ganzrax gavrceleba~. Statis pir-
veli instanciis sasamarTloSi mosamarTlem nafic msajulebs ganumarta,
rom maT warmodgenili mtkicebulebebi unda SeefasebinaT kaliforniis
StatSi arsebuli sazogadoebrivi standartebiT. naficma msajulebma mo-
sarCle damnaSaved cnes. pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba
apelaciis dros ZalaSi darCa. milerma SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaes sasa-
marTlos mimarTa.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: Statis uzenaesi sasamarT-
los gadawyvetileba gauqmda.
mosamarTle burgerma warmoadgina sasamarTlos umravlesobis az-
ri: saqme exeba Statis sisxlis samarTlis kanonis gavrcelebas im SemTxvevaze,
rodesac Ria seqsualuri masalebi daigzavna im pirebTan, romlebsac raime
formiT ar gamouTqvamT maTi miRebis survili. am sasamarTlom ukve ramden-
jerme daadgina, rom Statebs gaaCniaT legitimuri interesi, aikrZalos uxam-
si masalebis da literaturis gavrceleba da gamofena. es interesi vrcelde-
ba im SemTxvevebze, rodesac masalis gavrcelebis forma qmnis safrTxes,
rom is Seuracxyofs mimRebis grZnobebs an mas naxaven arasrulwlovnebi.
swored amitom mogveTxoveba, rom uxamsi masalebisaTvis ganvmartoT stan-
darti, romelsac Statebi gamoiyeneben am sferoSi urTierTobebis dasare-
gulireblad ise, rom ar dairRves konstituciis pirveli Sesworeba _
romelic Statebze meToTxmete Sesworebis ZaliT vrceldeba.
sasamarTlos mier dadginda, rom uxamsi gamoxatva ar aris daculi
pirveli SesworebiT. pirveli da meToTxmete Sesworebebi arasodes yofi-
196
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
la ganxiluli, rogorc absoluturi. Tumca, Cven aqve vacnobierebT ga-
moxatvis Tavisuflebis regulirebis saSiS tendencias. Statis kanonebi,
romlebic uxamsobas aregulirebs, frTxilad da viwrod unda iqnas for-
mulirebuli.
aseT saqmeebSi saqmis ganmxilvelisaTvis gzamkvlevi principebi Semde-
gia: a) `Tanamedrove sazogadoebrivi standartebis misadagebis~ Sedegad,
miiCnevs Tu ara `saSualo adamiani~ mocemul masalebs, rogorc seqsi-
sadmi arajansaRi interesis aRmZvrels; b) asaxavs Tu ara mocemuli masa-
lebi sqesobriv moqmedebebs aSkarad Seuracxmyofeli formiT, rac Sta-
tis kanoniT aris gansazRvruli; g) moklebulia Tu ara mocemuli masalebi
seriozul literaturul, mxatvrul, politikur an mecnierul faseulo-
bebs. es sasamarTlo ar aRiarebs da ar tovebs ZalaSi _ rogorc konsti-
tuciur standarts _ `gansakuTrebiT moklebuli socialur Rirebule-
bebs~, romelic dadginda saqmeSi memuari masaCusetis winaaRmdeg. am stan-
darts sayovelTao praqtika arasodes mohyolia.
Cven vacnobierebT, rom Cveni funqcia ar aris, Statebs maregulire-
beli sqemebi SevTavazoT. es maTi sakanonmdeblo organoebis pasuximgeb-
lobaa. Tumca, SesaZlebelia, rom warmovadginoT ramdenime magaliTi
imisa, Tu ra unda ganmartos Statis kanonma mocemuli sferos daregu-
lirebis mizniT:
normaluri, gaukuRmarTebuli, namdvili an simulaciuri sqesobrivi
aqtis aSkarad Seuracxmyofeli warmodgena an aRwera.
masturbaciis, ereqciuli funqciis, genitaliebis aSkarad Seuracx-
myofeli warmodgena an aRwera.
seqsi da siSiSvle ar SeiZleba demonstrirebul iqnas SezRudvis gareSe
im filmebSi da suraTebze, romlebic sajaro adgilebSia gamofenili an
gasayidadaa warmodgenili. rogorc minimum, sqesobrivi aqtis aSkarad Se-
uracxmyofel aRweras an warmodgenas seriozuli literaturuli, mxatv-
ruli an mecnieruli faseuloba unda gaaCndes _ raTa pirveli Sesworebis
dacvis qveS moxvdes. magaliTad, samedicino literaturaSi xSirad aris
asaxuli adamianis anatomiuri ilustraciebi, romlebic samecniero da
saganmanaTleblo miznebisaTvis gamoiyeneba. imisaTvis, rom gadavwyvitoT
faqtis da kanonis Zalian sadavo da mgrZnobiare sakiTxebi, unda daveyr-
dnoT nafici msajulebis sistemas, _ mtkicebulebaTa wesebTan, udanaSa-
ulobis prezumfciasTan da dacvis sxva meqanizmebTan erTad.
197
sasamarTlo praqtika
cxadia, mas Semdeg, rac sasamarTlom miiRo gadawyvetileba saqmeze
roti SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg, federaluri da Statis sasa-
marTloebi erTgvari wnexis qveS moeqcnen uxamsobis standartis dadge-
nisas. Tumca dRes, 1957 wels, pirvelad am sasamarTlos istoriaSi Cven
vadgenT standartebs, romlebic `mZime pornografias~ im gamoxatvisgan
gamijnavs, romelic pirveli SesworebiT aris daculi.
SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciis Tanaxmad, pirveli SesworebiT da-
wesebuli SezRudvebi ar gansxvavdeba Statebis mixedviT; Tumca, es ar
niSnavs, rom arsebobs erTiani erovnuli standarti, romelic gansazRv-
ravs, Tu ra aris `aSkarad Seuracxmyofeli~ an `seqsisadmi arajansaRi
interesis aRmZvreli~. Cveni qveyana sakmaod didia imisaTvis, rom erTiani
konsensusi Sedges am sakiTxze. rodesac saqmis ganmxilvels evaleba daad-
ginos, miiCnevs Tu ara `saSualo adamiani~ mocemul masalebs `seqsisadmi
arajansaRi interesis aRmZvrels~ Tanamedrove sazogadoebrivi standar-
tebis mixedviT, ararealisturi iqneba raime abstraqtul formulirebaze
dafuZnebuli pasuxis moTxovna. SejibrebiTobis sistema _ nafici msaju-
lebiT, romlebic faqts adgenen _ istoriulad yovelTvis iZleoda imis
SesaZleblobas, rom faqtis ganmxilveli ufro metad dayrdnoboda sazo-
gadoebaSi arsebul standartebs da ufro naklebad exelmZRvanela kano-
niT dadgenili instruqciebiT.
Cven vadgenT, rom arc konstituciurad sazriania da arc realistu-
ria, rom mainis Statis xalxma igive masala aitanos, rac sajarod aris
gamofenili las vegasSi an niu iorkSi. xalxis gemovneba da am sakiTxisadmi
midgoma Statebis mixedviT gansxvavdeba da es gansxvavebuli midgomebi
ar unda aRmoifxvras absoluturi, erTiani standartiT.
migvaCnia, rom moTxovna, romlis mixedviTac naficma msajulebma sa-
kiTxi unda ganixilon `kaliforniis Statis Tanamedrove sazogadoebrivi
standartebis~ gaTvaliswinebiT, emsaxureba dacvis mizans da konstitu-
ciurad adekvaturia.
Cven vadgenT, rom:
1. ganmtkicdes roti SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg saqmeze dadge-
nili principi, rom uxamsoba ar aris daculi pirveli SesworebiT;
2. aseTi masala SeiZleba daregulirdes Statebis mier, zemoaRniSnuli
standartebis mixedviT, `aSkarad moklebuli socialur Rirebulebebs~
standartis gamouyeneblad;
198
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
3. uxamsoba unda ganisazRvros `Tanamderove sazogadoebrivi standar-
tebis~ misadagebiT da ara `erovnuli standartebiT~.
amrigad, aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebiT gauqmda memuarsi masaCusetis
winaaRmdeg saqmiT dadgenili standarti, romlis mixedviTac, akrZalva
efuZneboda Semdeg standarts _ `aSkarad moklebuli socialur Rirebu-
lebebs~ da ganmtkicda samwverovani testi, romelic dadginda saqmeSi
roti SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg.
1973 weli
gerci robert uelSis winaaRmdeg
418 US 323
faqtebi: 1968 wels Cikagos erT-erTi policieli, nuCio, axalgazrda
melsonis mkvlelobisTvis daakaves. mas pasuxismgebloba daakisres meore
xarisxis mkvlelobisaTvis. gardacvlilis ojaxma daiqirava cnobili ad-
vokati elmer gerci, raTa daecva maTi interesebi samoqalaqo sarCelis
wardgenisas. mopasuxem 1969 wels gamoaqveyna statia, saTauriT `robert
nuCio da omi policiis winaaRmdeg~. statiis Tanaxmad, robert nuCios
Cveneba mcdari iyo, xolo mTeli procesis arss warmoadgenda komunis-
tebis Zalisxmeva, mimarTuli adgilobrivi policiis diskreditaciisken.
statiaSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom elmer gercma, sxva pirebTan erTad, robert
nuCios mouwyo aRniSnuli saqme. avtori werda, rom gerci adre bralde-
buli iyo sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulSi da mas komunis mowinaves uwodeb-
da. gercma robert uelSs ciliswamebisTvis uCivla. naficma msajulebma
gercis sasargeblo gadawyvetileba miiRes, Tumca, olqis saapelacio sasa-
marTlom daadgina, rom am saqmezec unda gavrceldes standarti, rome-
lic Camoyalibda saqmeSi `niu iork taimsi~ salivanis winaaRmdeg. am stan-
dartis Tanaxmad, sajaro pirs ar aqvs ufleba, moiTxovos zianis anazRa-
ureba, Tu ar damtkicdeba, rom cilismwamebluri gancxadebebi gakeTda
ganzrax _ maTi simcdaris gamo _ an uyuradRebobis mizeziT.
Sesabamisad, radgan gercma ver daamtkica gancxadebebis ganzrax simc-
dare, agreTve, simarTlis daudevrad an gaufrTxileblad ugulebelyo-
199
sasamarTlo praqtika
fa, olqis saapelacio sasamarTlom saqme mis winaaRmdeg gadawyvita.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: olqis saapelacio sasamar-
Tlos gadawyvetileba gauqmda da dabrunda xelaxla gansaxilvelad.
sasamarTlos mosazreba warmoadgina mosamarTle pauelma: indivi-
di, romelic arc sajaro moxelea da arc sajaro piri, sargeblobs cilis-
wamebis winaaRmdeg pirveli SesworebiT dadgenili garantiebis dacviT.
sasamarTlom Tavdapirvelad ganixila statiaSi warmodgenili gancxade-
bebi da daadgina, rom gercisaTvis arc sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxis-
mgebloba daukisrebiaT odesme da mas arc komunisturi partiis RonisZi-
ebebSi miuRia monawileoba. gazeTis redaqtorebs ki araviTari zomebi ar
miuRiaT am informaciis gadasamowmeblad.
sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom ar arsebobs mcdari mosazreba, Tumca faq-
tebis mcdarad gadmocemas konstituciuri faseuloba ar gaaCnia. mcdari
faqtebis arc ganzrax da arc gaufrTxileblad gadmocema ar uwyobs xels
sazogadoebriv sakiTxebze xelSeuval, jansaR da Ria debatebs. Tumca sa-
samarTlom iqve aRniSna, rom Tavisufal debatebSi gardauvalia Secdo-
mebis daSveba. amrigad, unda arsebobdes garkveuli Tavisufali moZraobis
saSualeba, radgan SecdomebisaTvis dasja garkveul risks uqmnis sityvisa
da presis Tavisuflebis dacvas. Cvens gadawyvetilebebSi aRiniSna, rom
mkacri pasuxismgeblobis wesma, romlis mixedviTac, mauwyeblebi da redaq-
torebi valdebulni arian, uzrunvelyon maT mier gadmocemuli faqtebis
sizuste, SesaZloa TviTcenzuris uprecedento masStabebamde migviyva-
nos. aseve, arasaTanadoa mediis dacva mxolod gamoqveynebuli gancxade-
bis simarTleze dayrdnobiT.
TviTcenzuris Tavidan acileba erTaderTi sakiTxi ar yofila. sasa-
marTlom imsjela individis cilismwamebluri gancxadebebisgan dacvis
Sesaxebac. sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom sajaro pirebisaTvis dacvis meqaniz-
mi SeiZleba iyos TviTdaxmareba. es gulisxmobs xelmisawvdomi saSuale-
bebis gamoyenebas, raTa SeewinaaRmdego mcdar gancxadebas, an gamoasworo
mcdari faqti da amiT Seamciro reputaciis Selaxvis savalalo Sedegi.
sajaro moxeleebs da sajaro pirebs, rogorc wesi, ufro meti SesaZleb-
loba aqvT komunikaciis saSualebebis gamosayeneblad, vidre kerZo indi-
videbs. Sesabamisad, kerZo individebisaTvis zianis miyenebis ufro meti
SesaZlebloba arsebobs da saxelmwifosac ufro gazrdili aqvs maTi
dacvis interesi. amis Semdeg sasamarTlom isaubra imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom
200
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
arian sajaro pirebi da sajaro moxeleebi sazogadoebis mxridan ufro
meti kontrolis qveS: `individi, romelic gadawyvets, rom saxelmwifo
samsaxurSi imuSaos, iRebs garkveul Sedegebs, romelic am samsaxurs sdevs
Tan. igi Tavs uqvemdebarebs sazogadoebis mxridan ufro met kontrols,
vidre kerZo piri~. uzenaesma sasamarTlom saqmeSi garisoni luizianas
winaaRmdeg aRniSna, rom sazogadoebis kontroli da interesi sajaro
moxeleebisadmi ar Semoifargleba mxolod maTi oficialuri funqciebiT.
sazogadoebrivi interesi vrceldeba nebismier sakiTxze, romelsac kav-
Siri aqvs piris kompetenturobasTan: maT Sorisaa misi piradi Tvisebebi,
patiosneba, arasaTanado motivacia da sxva faqtorebi, romlebic gav-
lenas axdenen piris saqmianobis Sedegze.
kerZo pirs ki ufleba aqvs, hqondes ufro meti dacva, vidre sajaro
moxeles, radgan kerZo pirebs ar daukavebiaT sajaro Tanamdeboba da arc
sazogadoebrivi sakiTxebis gadawyvetaSi iReben aqtiur monawileobas;
agreTve, maT uari ar uTqvamT sakuTari saxelis da Rirsebis dacvaze.
Sesabamisad, kerZo individebis SemTxvevaSi ara mxolod meti Sansi arse-
bobs zianis miyenebisa, aramed isini metad imsaxureben cilismwamebluri
gancxadebebiT miyenebuli zianisgan dacvas.
amrigad, sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom Seusabamo iqneboda, kerZo indi-
videbis SemTxvevaze `niu iork taimsis~ standarti gagvevrcelebina. Tum-
ca, am konkretul saqmeSi sasamarTlom daiwyo imis ganxilva, SeiZleboda
Tu ara apelantis kerZo pirad miCneva. imis miuxedavad, rom gerci ram-
denime wlis win qalaqis meris mier Seqmnili gansaxlebis komitetis wevri
iyo, saqmis ganxilvis dros mas raime sajaro Tanamdeboba ar ekava. sasa-
marTlom ganixila is sakiTxic, rom sakmaod cnobil saqmeSi advokatobam
mas popularoba moutana. Tumca, am logikiT, yvela iuristi sajaro pirad
unda iqnas cnobili. `niu iork taimsi~ salivanis winaaRmdeg saqmis stan-
dartis gamoyeneba ki namdvilad miuRebelia, radgan sasamarTlom daad-
gina, rom sazogadoebriv saqmeebSi monawileoba ar aris piris sajaro fi-
gurad ganxilvis erTaderTi safuZveli. xandaxan piri SeiZleba sajaro
figura gaxdes, rodesac igi sakuTari nebiT CaerTveba konkretul, SezRu-
dul sazogadoebriv saqmeSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi, ar SeiZleba, rom es piri
sajaro figurad ganvixiloT nebismier viTarebaSi. Tu piri ar aris popu-
laruli da ueWvelad cnobadi, igi ar unda ganixilebodes sajaro pirad
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela aspeqtSi. umjobesia, rom piris sajaro
201
sasamarTlo praqtika
figurad ganxilvis sakiTxis gadawyvetisas ganvixiloT individis sazoga-
doebriv saqmeSi monawileobis konteqsti da xasiaTi, _ SeeZlo Tu ara am
faqtorebs ciliswamebis safuZvlis Seqmna.
amrigad, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom zemoaRniSnuli koncefciis mixed-
viT, apelanti ar aris sajaro figura. Sesabamisad, niu iork taimsi sa-
livanis winaaRmdeg saqmis standarti ar aris am saqmis Sesabamisi. radgan
nafic msajulTa sasamarTos ufleba misces, rom daedgina pasuxismgeb-
loba bralis gareSe da daekisrebina zianis anazRaureba zianis miyenebis
mtkicebis gareSe, saWiroa axali sasamarTlo procesis daniSvna.
1974 weli
`maiami heraldi~ tornilos winaaRmdeg
418 U.S. 241
faqtebi: 1972 wels mopasuxe, floridis maswavlebelTa asociaciis
aRmasrulebeli direqtori, pet tornilo floridis warmomadgenelTa
palatis arCevnebSi monawileobda. imave wlis 20 da 29 seqtembers momCi-
vanma, gazeTma `maiami heraldma~ gamoaqveyna kritikuli masala mopasuxis,
pet tornilos Sesaxeb. am statiis pasuxad, tornilom gazeTs Sepasuxebis
gamoqveyneba mosTxova. tornilo sapasuxo statiaSi floridis maswavle-
belTa asociacias icavda da xazs usvamda organizaciis sazogadoebriv
rols. apelantma Sepasuxebis gamoqveynebaze uari ganacxada. Sesabamisad,
pet tornilom sarCeli Seitana saolqo sasamarTloSi 5000 dolaris ode-
nobiT zianis anazRaurebisa da pasuxis iZulebis wesiT gamoqveynebis moT-
xovniT.
pasuxis uflebis Sesaxeb sarCeli floridis kanons eyrdnoboda, rom-
lis Tanaxmadac, Tu gazeTi Tavad gamoaqveynebs an sxvas dauTmobs saga-
zeTo farTobs arCevnebSi monawile kandidatis Seuracxmyofeli infor-
maciis gansaTavseblad, am pirs ufleba aqvs, moiTxovos gazeTisagan misi
pasuxis ufasod dabeWdva. Sepasuxeba Tanazomadi formiT unda moxdes:
imave adgilas da imave SriftiT, rogorc Seuracxyofad miCneuli publi-
202
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
kacia iyo gamoqveynebuli. kanonis am moTxovnisadmi daumorCilebloba
pirveli xarisxis samarTaldarRvevas warmoadgens.
am saqmeSi ganxilulia sakiTxi imis Taobaze, arRvevs Tu ara konsti-
tuciis pirveli SesworebiT garantirebul presis Tavisuflebas arCev-
nebSi monawile politikuri kandidatis mier pasuxis uflebis gamoyeneba.
apelantma ganacxada, rom kanonis muxli ar Seesabameboda konstitu-
cias.
saolqo sasamarTlo daeTanxma am mosazrebas da ganacxada, rom gaze-
TisaTvis imis miTiTeba, Tu ra unda dabeWdos da sad, arafriT gansxvav-
deba cenzurisagan.
pirdapiri gasaCivrebis safuZvelze floridis uzenaesma sasamarTlom
gaauqma aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba da daadgina, rom sadavo kanoni Seesaba-
meboda konstitucias.
sasamarTlom miuTiTa, rom pasuxis uflebis Sesaxeb floridis kanoni
araTu zRudavs, aramed icavs sityvis Tavisuflebas, `radgan informaciis
Tavisufali gavrcelebis sazogadoebriv interess icavs~. amis Semdeg saq-
me Semdgomi ganxilvisaTvis pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos daubrunda,
romlis gadawyvetilebac ar unda mosuliyo winaaRmdegobaSi floridis
uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosazrebasTan.
apelanti miuTiTebda, rom sadavo kanoni aregulirebs gazeTis Sina-
arss, rac konstituciis pirvel Sesworebas ewinaaRmdegeba. misi azriT,
sadavo kanoni bundovania, radgan arc erT gamomcemels ar SeuZlia zus-
tad icodes, Tu ra tipis informaciis gavrceleba aamoqmedebs pasuxis
uflebas. apelanti aseve acxadebda, rom kanoni mkafiod ar gansazRvravs,
Tu romeli kritikuli mosazreba iTvleba Seuracxmyofelad da romeli
ara.
mopasuxe mxare am mosazrebis sawinaaRmdegod acxadebda, rom mTavro-
bas akisria valdebuleba, uzrunvelyos gansxvavebuli mosazrebebis mi-
tana sazogadoebamde. man aseve ganacxada, rom 1791 wels, rodesac kons-
tituciis pirveli Sesworeba amoqmedda, presa farTod gamoxatavda im
xalxis interesebs, romelsac emsaxureboda. maSin, rodesac gazeTebi Zi-
riTadad partiuli iyo da redaqcia metwilad viwro partiuli Sexedu-
lebebiT xelmZRvanelobda, presa mTlianobaSi mkiTxvelebs gansxvavebul
mosazrebebs awvdida _ masalis dabeWdva iyo Zviri, xolo pamfletebi da
wignebi arapopularuli azrebis gasavrceleblad organizebuli presis
203
sasamarTlo praqtika
seriozul alternativas warmoadgenda. namdvili ideaTa bazari swored
am periodSi arsebobda da komunikaciis saSualebebi yvelasaTvis xelmi-
sawvdomi iyo.
saqmeSi `niu-iork taimsi~ salivanis winaaRmdeg sasamarTlom xazgasmiT
aRniSna, rom debatebi sajaro sakiTxebze unda iyos mwvave, SeuzRudavi
da Ria. arsebobs aseve mosazreba, rom debatebi Ria da xelmisawvdomia
mxolod presis monopolistebisaTvis. procesze agreTve aRiniSa aTi wlis
win mosamarTle duglasis mier gamoTqmuli mosazreba presis monopoli-
zebasTan dakavSirebiT: `gazeTi, romelsac monopolizebuli aqvs konk-
retuli areali, iSviaTad aCvenebs sakiTxis orive mxares. is xSirad erT
konkretul ideologiur an politikur xazs misdevs da uars ambobs xal-
xis ganaTlebasa da debatebis waxalisebaze. nacvlad amisa, igi cdilobs
mkiTxveli erT filosofias da midgomas SeaCvios. gazeTebi, romlebic
warmoaCenen aTasgvar gansxvavebul mosazrebas, sul ufro iSviaTi xdeba.
savaraudoa, rom es problema momavalSi kidev ufro gamwvavdeba.~
momCivanma mouxmo profesor tomas emersonis sityvebs: `presis xel-
misawvdomobis SezRuduli uflebis ganxorcieleba yovelgvari dabrko-
lebebis gareSea SesaZlebeli.~ profesori aqve dasZens, rom mTavrobam
xeli unda Seuwyos da waaxalisos presis axali saSualebebis Seqmna da
ganviTareba da ar aiZulos ukve arsebuli mcirericxvovani media, dabeW-
dos yvelas azri.
aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom gaauqma
floridis uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba.
sasamarTlos mosazreba: sasamarTlom precedentis saxiT `kolumbiis
samauwyeblo sistema nacional-demokratiuli komitetis winaaRmdeg~
saqmeSi dadgenili standartebic gaiTvaliswina: `kerZo gazeTis ufleba,
_ ganaviTaros sakuTari politikuri, sazogadoebrivi da ekonomikuri
Sexedulebebi, _ SezRudulia mxolod ori faqtoriT: saWiro raodenobis
mkiTxvelebis da Sesabamisad, reklamis ganmTavseblebis mozidviT, finan-
suri warmatebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT da meore, sakuTari redaqto-
rebis da gamomcemlobebis keTilsindisierebis da patiosnebis SenarCune-
biT.~
mogvianebiT, saqmeze pitsburgis presa pitsburgis adamianuri kavSi-
rebis komitetis winaaRmdeg, sasamarTlom akrZala dasaqmebis Sesaxeb ise-
Ti gancxadebebis ganTavseba, romelic iTvaliswinebda upiratesobis
204
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
miniWebas sqesobriv safuZvelze. pitsburgis saqmeSi mosamarTle sti-
uartisa da mosamarTle duglasis mier dafiqsirebul gansxvavebul
mosazrebaSi miTiTebulia, rom `arc erT samTavrobo uwyebas _ adgilob-
rivs, saxelmwifoebrivsa Tu federalurs, ar SeuZlia ukarnaxos presas,
Tu risi dabeWdvis ufleba aqvs da risi ara.~
`asoSeiTid presis~ saqmeze sasamarTlom xazi gausva agreTve sakiTxs
mTavrobis mier dawesebuli SezRudvebisa da moTxovnebis Sesaxeb, romle-
bic presas avaldebulebs im masalebis dabeWdvas, romelic sxva viTarebaSi
ar gamoqveyndeboda. SeiZleba calsaxad iTqvas, rom presis iZuleba, da-
beWdos masala, romlis gamoqveynebisgan Tavis Sekavebis `mizezi~ ar-
sebobs, antikonstituciuria. pasuxismgeblobis grZnobiT ganmsWvalu-
li presis arseboba misasalmebelia, magram amasTan erTad isic unda aRi-
niSnos, rom presis valdebulebebi ar aris asaxuli konstituciaSi da ar
SeiZleba gaxdes sakanonmdeblo regulirebis sagani.
am saqmeSi mTavari kiTxva mopasuxis argumentTan dakavSirebiT Cndeba.
am argumentis Tanaxmad, floridis kanoni ar zRudavs mosarClis sityvis
Tavisuflebas, radgan kanons ar aukrZalavs gazeT `maiami heraldisTvis~
imis gamoqveyneba, rac mas surda. Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom floridis ka-
noni moqmedebs rogorc imperatiuli norma, romelic ukrZalavs mosar-
Cles raimes dabeWdvas.
floridis kanoni awesebs pasuxismgeblobas gazeTis Sinaarsis gamo.
pasuxis gamoqveynebis Taobaze gazeTze dakisrebul valdebulebasTan er-
Tad saxezea ramodenime sanqcia: Sepasuxebis dabeWdvis xarjebi, misi mom-
zadebisTvis saWiro dro da sagazeTo farTobi, romelsac gazeTi sxva,
misTvis sasurvel masalas dauTmobda. Tumca mopasuxe marTebulad SeniS-
navs, rom pasuxis uflebis gamoyenebiT gazeTi ar awydeba iseT teqnikur
sirTuleebs, rogorsac televizia. Tumca arc imis Tqma iqneboda swori,
rom gazeTi ar ganicdis ekonomikur zarals, rodesac aqveynebs mTavrobis
Tu kanonis mier nakarnaxev informacias.
kanoniT dawesebulma sanqciebma SesaZloa, gamomcemeli im daskvnamde
miiyvanos, rom gazeTisaTvis gacilebiT usafrTxo iqneba politikuri
da samarTlebrivi Tematikis gaSuqebisaTvis Tavis arideba, rac pasuxis
uflebis gamo arasasurveli publikaciebis ganTavsebis valdebulebas ga-
moricxavs. aseTi tendencia ki politikuri da saarCevno cxovrebis srul
paralizebas gamoiwvevs.
205
sasamarTlo praqtika
im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu gazeTi ar aris valdebuli, pasuxis gamosaqvey-
neblad saWiro damatebiTi xarjebi dafaros, floridis kanoni mainc ver
gansazRvravs mkafiod, ra SemTxvevaSia dasaSvebi redaqtoris funqciebSi
aseTi SeWra. gazeTi aris ufro meti, vidre axali ambebis, komentarebis
Tu reklamis ubralo gamtari. gadawyvetilebis miReba imis Taobaze, Tu
ra Sinaarsis masala unda gavides gazeTSi, ra farTobi daeTmos mas da ra
pozicia daikavos sajaro sakiTxebTan Tu sajaro pirebTan mimarTebaSi,
redaqtoris prerogativaa. aqedan gamomdinare, aSkaraa, rom pasuxis ga-
moqveynebis ufleba ewinaaRmdegeba aSS-s konstituciis pirveli Seswo-
rebiT garantirebul sityvis Tavisuflebas.
1974 weli
koqsis samauwyeblo korporacia konis winaaRmdeg
420 U.S. 469
faqtebi: es saqme Seexeba piradi saidumlos xelmyofi samarTaldar-
Rvevis iseT saxes, romelsac jorjiaSi `sajarod gamJRavnebis samarTal-
darRveva~ uwodes da rasac mosarCle asaCivrebda. misi sarCeli ukavSir-
deba uflebas, iyos daculi piradi saqmeebis arasasurveli sajaroobis-
gan, rac namdvilad Seuracxmyofelia adamianisTvis. am saqmeSi piradi sa-
idumloebis ufleba sityvisa da presis konstituciur Tavisuflebebs
upirispirdeba.
media saSualeba amtkicebs, rom dauSvebelia presas daekisros sisxlis
samarTlis an samoqalaqo pasuxismgebloba iseTi informaciis gamoqvey-
nebis gamo, romelic arc yalbia da arc arazusti, miuxedavad imisa, ram-
denad sazianoa es informacia adamianis reputaciisaTvis an ramdenad
Selaxavs mis pirad grZnobebs.
am saukuneSi Zlieri mxardaWera hqonda e.w. piradi cxovrebis saidum-
loebis uflebas. piradi saidumloebis ufleba axali ar aris arc jorjiis
samarTalwarmoebisTvis, romelmac garkveuli formiT es ufleba adre,
1905 wels ganixila saqmeSi pavesiCi axali inglisis sicocxlis dazRvevis
kompaniis winaaRmdeg.
206
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
es mniSvnelovani mandatia piradi saidumloebis uflebis dacvis Tval-
sazrisiT, Tumca am saqmeSi ar ganixileba am uflebis xelmyofi qmedeba,
rac vinmes saxelis an fotosuraTis unebarTvod gamoyenebas, pirad
sferoSi fizikur an sxvagvar arsebiT Carevas da piradi informaciis ga-
moqveynebas gulisxmobs. aseT saqmeebSi SesaZloa, informacia iyos yalbi,
Tumca ara aucileblad difamaciuri.
pirad saidumloebasa da presis TavisuflebasTan dakavSirebuli ko-
liziebis SemTxvevaSi orive mxaris interesebi sazogadoebaSi gabatone-
bul Sexedulebebsa da tradiciebSi iRebs saTaves. sakiTxis ufro farTo
WrilSi ganxilvas _ SesaZlebelia Tu ara iseTi swori informaciis Sem-
cveli publikaciebi odesme daeqvemdebaros samoqalaqo an sisxlissamar-
Tlebriv pasuxismgeblobas piradi cxovrebis arasasurveli sajaroobi-
sagan dacvis mizniT, sjobs, yuradReba gamaxvildes presisa da piradi
saidumloebis ufro konkretul urTierTgadakveTaze. am SemTxvevaSi
unda gairkves, aqvs Tu ara Stats ufleba, daawesos sanqciebi gaupati-
urebis msxverplis vinaobis, anu im informaciis sworad gamoqveynebis-
Tvis, romelic sasamarTlos Canawerebidanaa mopovebuli. sasamarTlo
Canawerebi keTdeba sajaro braldebasTan dakavSirebiT da sazogadoebi-
saTvis xelmisawvdomia. sasamarTlos miaCnia, rom Stats amis ufleba ar
aqvs.
sazogadoeba, sadac, rogorc wesi, TiToeul pirovnebas SezRuduli
dro da resursebi aqvs xelisuflebis moqmedebebisaTvis Tvalyuris dev-
nebisaTvis, ZiriTadad presas eyrdnoba, raTa xelisuflebis saqmianobis
Sesaxeb Seityos. udidesi pasuxismgebloba ekisreba axali ambebis medias,
romelmac srulad da sworad unda gaaSuqos xelisuflebaSi mimdinare
procesebi. mediisaTvis ki xelisuflebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb informaciis
ZiriTadi wyaro Ria dokumentebi da Canawerebia.
sasamarTlo procesze mopasuxe mxarem ganacxada, rom misi piradi sa-
idumloebis ufleba presis saqmianobis Sedegad Seilaxa, roca informacia
misi qaliSvilis gaupatiurebis Sesaxeb mTeli msoflios masStabiT gavr-
celda. sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulis Cadena, misgan gamomdinare bralde-
bebi da sasamarTlo procesi, romelic am braldebebs mohyveba, im tipis
movlenebs ganekuTvneba, romlebic sazogadoebis legitimuri interesis
sagania da presis movaleobaa maT Sesaxeb informaciis gavrceleba.
aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: konstituciis pirveli
207
sasamarTlo praqtika
da meToTxmete SesworebebiT uzrunvelyofili presis Tavisuflebis
dacva ukrZalavs jorjiis Stats apelantis pasuxisgebaSi micemas mis mier
momzadebuli telereportaJis gamo.
sasamarTlos mosazreba: sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom Camoyalibebis
procesSi myofi kanoni piradi saidumloebis xelmyofi marTlsawinaaRm-
dego qmedebis Sesaxeb, aRiarebs presis privilegias, gaavrcelos amomwu-
ravi informacia sasamarTlo procesebze ganviTarebuli movlenebis Se-
saxeb.
samarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsis sacdeli proeqti #13 piradi saidum-
loebis xelmyof samarTaldarRvevas oTx nawilad hyofs. piradi cxov-
rebis Sesaxeb arasasurvel publikaciasTan dakavSirebiT 652d muxlis
komentarSi naTqvamia: `pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi ar daismeba, Tu dasacav-
ma pirma mosarClis Sesaxeb gamoaqveyna iseTi informacia, romelic ukve
cnobilia sazogadoebisTvis. amrigad, pasuxismgebloba ar dgeba mosarC-
lis cxovrebis Sesaxeb iseTi faqtebis gamoqveynebisTvis, romlebic sazo-
gadoebrivi gansjis sagans warmoadgens~. am proeqtis mixedviT, sajaro
ganxilvis sagnis Sinaarsis gamoqveynebas ubralod ar Seexeba aseTi saxis
piradi saidumloebis damcavi meqanizmebi.
amrigad, piradi saidumloebis xelyofis Sesaxeb ZiriTadi kanonic ki
aRiarebs, rom piradi saidumloebis interesi mcirdeba, rodesac ganxilu-
li informacia ukve sazogadoebis gansjis sagnad aris qceuli. daskvna
ucvlelia im SemTxvevaSic, Tu sakiTxs konstituciis pirveli da meToT-
xmete Sesworebebisa da presis mimarT sazogadoebis aqtiuri interesis
fonze ganvixilavT. jorjiis sarCelis safuZvlidan (romelic piradi sa-
idumloebis xelyofas exeba, rac gaupatiurebis msxverplis saxelis sazo-
gadoebisTvis gamJRavnebaSi gamoixata) gamomdinare, dawesebulia sanq-
ciebi publikaciis SinaarsisTvis da ara moqmedebis an sityvieri da ara-
sityvieri elementebis kombinaciisTvis, romelic sxvagvarad SeiZleba
daeqvemdebaros regulirebas an akrZalvas.
informaciis ganTavsebisas sazogadoebisTvis xelmisawvdom adgilas
sasamarTlos oficialur CanawerebSi, savaraudoa, rom Statma sazogado-
ebrivi interesis dakmayofilebac dauSvas. sasamarTlo iZulebulia, air-
Cios kursi, romelic sajaro Canawerebs xelmisawvdoms gaxdis mediisTvis,
magram akrZalavs publikacias, Tu is Seuracxmyofeli iqneba saRad
moazrovne adamianis grZnobebisTvis. aseTi wesi Zalian gaarTulebs me-
208
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
diisTvis moqalaqeTa informirebas, Tumca es iqneba kanonieri. es wesi
xels Seuwyobs TviTcenzuras da gamoiwvevs bevri iseTi publikaciis Sez-
Rudvas, romelic sxva SemTxvevaSi gamoqveyndeboda. konstituciis pirve-
li da meToTxmete Sesworebebi ar dauSvebs presis pasuxisgebaSi micemas
im namdvili informaciis Semcveli publikaciisTvis, romelic sasamarT-
los oficialur, sajaro Canawerebze dayrdnobiT gamoqveynda. Tu saWi-
roa piradi saidumloebis interesebis sasamarTlos meSveobiT dacva, ma-
Sin Statebma unda mimarTon Sesabamis zomebs, rom Tavidan aicilon sa-
jaro dokumentaciis an piradi informaciis sxvagvari gamJRavneba. poli-
tikurma institutebma unda Seadaron piraduli interesebi informaciis
miRebaze sazogadoebriv interessa da presis interesebTan. rogorc ki
informacia sajaro sasamarTlo dokumentebSi aisaxeba, presas aRar SeiZ-
leba aekrZalos misi gamoqveyneba. am SemTxvevaSic unda daveyrdnoT im
pirTa gansjas, romlebic wyveten, Tu ra unda gamoqveyndes da gavides
eTerSi.
apelant uaselis tele-reportaJi sasamarTlo procesis msvlelobi-
sas gakeTebul Canawerebs emyareboda. xolo msxverplis saxeli Jurnalis-
tma sabraldebo dokumentebidan gaigo, romelic procesze gamocxade-
buli Sesvenebis dros gamoiTxova. mopasuxe ar amtkicebda, rom saxeli
arasaTanado gziT iyo mopovebuli an es ar iyo sazogadoebisTvis Ria,
oficialuri sasamarTlo dokumenti.
1975 weli
virjiniis Statis farmacevtTa sabWo
virjiniis momxmarebelTa sabWos winaaRmdeg
425 U.S. 748
faqtebi: virjiniis momxmarebelTa sabWo am saqmeSi uCioda virjiniis
Statis farmacevtTa sabWos da mis individualur wevrebs. isini asaCiv-
rebdnen virjiniis Statis kanons da daobdnen, rom igi ewinaaRmdegeboda
konstituciis pirvel da meToTxmete Sesworebebs. es kanoni licenzire-
209
sasamarTlo praqtika
bul farmacevtebs ukrZalavda receptiT gamosaweri medikamentebis fa-
sebis reklamas. olqis sasamarTlom kanoni baTilad gamoacxada da ape-
lantebs misi gamoyeneba aukrZala. virjiniis Statis farmacevtTa sabWom
olqis sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaes sasa-
marTloSi gaasaCivra.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: olqis sasamarTlos gadawy-
vetileba ZalaSi darCa.
sasamarTlos mosazreba warmoadgina mosamarTle blekmanma: mosar-
Cle-apelanti am saqmeSi asaCivrebda virjiniis Statis kanons, romlis
mixedviTac, licenzirebuli farmacevti damnaSaved CaiTvleba, Tu igi `(3)
pirdapir an arapirdapir, nebismieri formiT gamoaqveynebs, populari-
zacias moaxdens an reklamas gauwevs receptiT misaRebi medikamentis
fass, Rirebulebas an masze fasdaklebas.~ olqis sasamarTlom kanonis ze-
moaRniSnuli norma baTilad gamoacxada da virjiniis Statis farmacev-
tTa sabWos misi gamoyeneba aukrZala.
am saqmeSi mosarCleebi arian kerZo pirebi, romelTa mkurnalobasac
eqimis mier receptiT gamosaweri medikamentis regularulad miReba sWir-
deba. saqmeSi mosarCleebad gamodian arasamTavrebo organizaciebic. mo-
sarCleebi daoben, rom pirveli Sesworeba maT uflebas aZlevs, miiRon
ama Tu im medikamentis Sesaxeb is informacia, romlis gavrcelebac far-
macevtebs surT reklamis an raime sxva formiT.
udavoa, rom aseTi informacia mniSvnelovania. gansakuTrebiT maSin,
rodesac cnobilia, rom virjiniis sxvadasxva qalaqSi erTsa da imave medi-
kaments gansxvavebuli fasi aqvs.
am saqmeSi Semdeg kiTxvaze unda gaeces pasuxi: aris Tu ara gamoxatva,
romlis erTaderTi mizanicaa komerciuli garigebis dadeba, imdenad mok-
lebuli ideebis komunikciasa da gadmocemas, rom igi ar sargeblobs kons-
tituciuri dacviT? Cven am kiTxvaze uaryofiTad vpasuxobT.
sityvis Tavisufleba Tavis TavSi moicavs pirs, romelsac surviliaqvs, isaubros. Tumca, sadac saubris msurveli arsebobs (rogorc, maga-liTad, am saqmeSi), maSin dacvis meqanizmebi vrceldeba rogorc gavrce-lebul informaciaze, aseve mis wyarozec da mis mimRebzec. es cxadia amsasamarTlos mier gadawyvetili sxva saqmeebidan. Tu arsebobs reklamisufleba, maSin arsebobs Sesabamisi ufleba, rom pirma miiRos am reklamiTgavrcelebuli informacia.
210
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
apelantebi daobdnen, rom medikamentebis Sesaxeb reklamiT gavrcele-
buli informacia ar sargeblobs pirveli Sesworebis dacviT, radgan igi
`komerciuli gamoxatvaa~. udavoa, rom uzenaesma sasamarTlom gadawyve-
tilebis miRebisas warsulSi ukve ganacxada, rom `komerciuli gamoxatva~
ar aris daculi pirveli SesworebiT _ rasac eyrdnobodnen kidec apelan-
tebi (aseTi gadawyvetileba miiRo sasamarTlom 1942 wels saqmeSi valen-
tain krestensenis winaaRmdeg 316 US 52, 54).
am saqmeSi sakiTxi Semdegnairad dgas: aris Tu ara gamoxatva, romlis
erTaderTi mizanicaa mxolod da mxolod komerciuli garigebis dadeba
(Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Common Human Relations), imdenad mokle-
buli nebismieri ideis gamoxatvas (Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire) da simarT-
les, mecnierul, moralur da kulturul Rirebulebebs, rom igi ar sar-
geblobs araviTari dacviT.
Cven SegviZlia miviCnioT, rom reklamis gamavrceleblis interesi mo-
cemul saqmeSi wminda ekonomikuri xasiaTisaa, rac, TiTqos, aseT gamoxat-
vas pirveli Sesworebis dacvis miRma ayenebs. rac Seexeba momxmareblis
interess komerciuli informaciis mimoqcevaSi, es interesi sakmaod mZaf-
ria, _ imdenadve mZafri, ramdenadac misi interesi im dRis mniSvnelovani
politikuri debatebisadmi. sadavo kanoni yvelaze metad vnebs Raribi
fenis warmomadgenlebs _ avadmyofebsa da moxucebs. maTi Semosavlis didi
nawili receptiT misaReb medikamentebze ixarjeba; maT ki saSualeba ar
aqvT, miiRon informacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor dazogon ase gaWirvebiT
naSovni TiTeuli dolari.
reklama, ramdenad ugemovno da gazviadebulic unda mogveCvenos, mainc
Seicavs informacias, Tu ra produqcia iyideba, ra fasad da sad SeiZleba
misi SeZena. sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi, Cveni resursebis ganawileba
umeteswilad damokidebulia kerZo ekonomikur gadawyvetilebebze. Sesa-
bamisad, arsebobs sazogadoebrivi interesi, rom adamianebs mieceT saSu-
aleba, miiRon informirebuli da gonivruli gadawyvetilebebi. am mizni-
saTvis ki komerciuli informaciis Tavisufali mimoqceva xelSeuvalia.
amis miuxedavad, Cven ar vambobT, rom `komerciuli sityva~ ar SeiZleba
daregulirdes raime formiT. aseve, ar arsebobs raime mtkiceba imisa,
rom akrZalva efuZneba safrTxes, TiTqos, receptiT misaRebi medikamen-
tebis reklama mcdaria da mas SecdomaSi Sehyavs myidveli. mcdari gamo-
xatva arasodes yofila daculi. cxadia, rom `komerciuli gamoxatvis~
211
sasamarTlo praqtika
umetesi nawili mcdari ar aris; igi, SesaZloa, SecdomaSi Semyvani aRmoC-
ndes. amitom, Cven migvaCnia, rom Statebs ar ekrZalebaT misi regulireba
pirveli SesworebiT. pirveli Sesworeba ar ukrZalavs Statebs, uzrun-
velyon komerciuli informaciis sufTad da Tavisuflad gavrceleba.
1976 weli
bakli valeios winaaRmdeg
424 U.S. 1
faqtebi: 1975 wlis 2 ianvars SeerTebuli Statebis saolqo sasamarT-
loSi senatorma jeims baklim, prezidentobis kandidatma iujin makartim
da sxvebma sarCeli Seitanes federaluri saarCevno komisiis, senatis mdiv-
nis, generaluri prokuroris, warmomadgenelTa palatis klerkis da safi-
nanso sakontrolo uwyebis direqtoris winaaRmdeg. apelantebi moiTxov-
dnen 1971 wlis federaluri saarCevno komunikaciebis aqtis qvemoT
moyvanili debulebebis antikonstituciurad cnobas. pirveli instanciis
da saapelacio sasamarTloebma mxari dauWires sadavo normebis konsti-
tuciurobas. mosarCeleebma SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaes sasamarTlos
mimarTes.
1971 wlis federaluri saarCevno komunikaciebis aqti, romelSic 1974
wels cvlilebebi Sevida, a) awesebda SezRudvebs individebis da pirTa
jgufis mier federaluri politikuri kandidatebisaTvis Semowirulo-
bebis Tanxaze, romelic 1000 dolarze meti ar unda yofiliyo; aseve, awe-
sebda SezRudvas politikuri komitetebis Semowirulobebze 5000 dola-
ris odenobiT da SezRudvas adgenda mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi individu-
aluri kontribuciisaTvis 25 000 dolaris odenobiT; b) SezRudvebs ad-
genda individebis an jgufis mier `naTlad identificirebadi kandidati-
saTvis~ daxarjul Tanxaze 1000 dolaris odenobiT _ TiTo kandidati-
saTvis TiToeul arCevnebze; aseve, zRudavda kandidatis mier misi piradi
da ojaxis Tanxidan gaweuli xarjis odenobas _ Tanxa damokidebuli iyo
im federalur postze, romelzec kandidati airCeoda; g) moiTxovda, rom
212
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
politikur komitetebs ewarmoebinaT da SeenaxaT Semowirulobebis da
xarjebis Sesaxeb is dokumentacia, romelic moicavda Semdeg monacemebs:
yvela im piris saxels, gvars da misamarTs, romlebmac kampanias 10 dolar-
ze meti Sewires; aseve, im pirebis saxels, gvars, misamarTs da samuSao
adgils, romlebmac 100 dolarze meti Sewires saarCevno kampanias; imav-
droulad, moiTxovda, rom politikur komitetebs federaluri saarCev-
no komisisaTvis waredginaT werilobiTi angariSi, sadac miTiTebuli iq-
neboda yvela im Semowirulobis wyaro, romelic 100 dolars aRematebo-
da; miTiTebuli iqneboda, agreTve, 100 dolarze meti Tanxis mimRebi piri
da Tavad xarjis daniSnulebac. kanoni aseve avalebda individebs da jgu-
febs _ politikuri komitetebisa da politikuri kandidatebis garda _
rom komisiaSi SeetanaT angariSi yvela im xarjis Sesaxeb, romelic maT
saarCevno kampaniisaTvis gaiRes da romlis odenoba 100 dolars aRema-
teboda.
amasTan, sagadasaxado kodeqsis mixedviT, dadgenilia saarCevno subi-
eqtebis sami kategoria, romlebisTvisac gaTvliswinebulia saxelmwifo
dafinanseba: a) `ZiriTadi partiebi~ (romelTa kandidatebmac bolo ar-
CevnebSi xmebis 25 an meti procenti moagroves) iReben srul dafinansebas;
b) `patara partiebi~ (romelTa kandidatebmac bolo arCevnebSi moipoves
xmebis 5%-dan 25%-mde) iReben ZiriTadi partiebis mier miRebuli Tanxis
garkveul procents; g) `axali partiebi~ iReben SezRudul dafinansebas
arCevnebis Semdgom, Tuki maTi kandidati saarCevno xmebis 5%-ze mets mi-
iRebs. xolo partiis mier dasaxelebuli prezidentobis kandidati, ro-
melic aranakleb 20 Statidan kerZo TanxebiT 5000 dolarze mets moag-
rovebs (am TanxaSi igulisxmeba mxolod individualuri Semowirulobebi,
romelTa Soris TiTo Semowirulobis odenoba ar aRemateba 250 dolars),
iRebs Sesabamis saxelmwifo dafinansebas.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: sarCeli nawilobriv dakma-
yofilda.
aRniSnul saqmeSi apelantebi daobdnen, rom federaluri kanoni, ro-
melic saarCevno kampaniis dros Tanxebis gamoyenebas zRudavs, ewinaaR-
mdegeba konstituciis pirveli SesworebiT aRiarebul gamoxatvis Tavi-
suflebas; kerZod, SeuZlebelia mniSvnelovani politikuri ideebis ga-
moxatva fuladi saxsrebis gareSe. sasamarTlo nawilobriv eTanxmeba ape-
lants da miiCnevs, rom kampaniis dros Semowirulobebis da xarjebis Sez-
213
sasamarTlo praqtika
Rudva mniSvnelovanwilad amcirebs gamoxatvis odenobas, ganxiluli sa-
kiTxebis ricxvs, siRrmiseul analizs da im auditoriis masStabs, romel-
zec aRniSnuli gamoxatvaa gaTvlili. amis mizezi ki isaa, rom dRevandel
realobaSi TiTqmis yoveli ideis irgvliv komunikacia dakavSirebulia
fulad xarjebTan. sasamarTlo adgens, rom politikur gamoxatvaze am-
gavari SezRudva SeiZleba gamarTldes mxolod mniSvnelovani saxelmwifo
interesis safuZvelze.
SezRudvebi Semowirulobebze _ sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom saarCevno
kampaniisas SezRudvebi xarjebze mniSvnelovanwilad zRudavda politi-
kuri gamoxatvis xarisxs, odenobas da mravalferovnebas; Tumca, SezRud-
vebi Semowirulobebze moicavs mxolod individis limitirebul SezRud-
vas (regulirebas), rom CaerTos politikuri komunikaciebis procesSi.
es SezRudva, marTalia, xels uSlis individs, rom simbolurad gamoxatos
sakuTari mxardaWera kandidatisadmi Tanxis meSveobiT, Tumca, ar zRu-
davs individs, rom Tavisuflad isaubros da ganixilos kandidatis dade-
biTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi. Semowiruloba moicavs mesame piris gamo-
xatvas da ara Semomwirvelis mier ideis gamoxatvas. sasamarTlom gansaz-
Rvra, rom Semowirulobebze SezRudva warmoadgenda saarCevno kanonis
mTavar meqanizms politikur kandidatebze msxvili damfinanseblebis ze-
gavlenisgan dasacavad da maTze damokidebulebis Tavidan asacileblad.
marTalia, sasamarTlo aRiarebda, rom amgvari limiti zRudavda poli-
tikur gamoxatvas, magram, amis miuxedavad, sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom es
emsaxureboda mniSvnelovan saxelmwifo interess: saarCevno procesis
mTlianobas da xelSeuvalobas. sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom Semowirulo-
bebis SezRudva ar niSnavs saarCevno procesisaTvis xelis SeSlas. es Sez-
Rudva emsaxureba im mizans, rom politikurma kanidadatebma sazogado-
ebis ufro farTo wreebidan da wyaroebidan moizidon Tanxebi. amrigad,
sasamarTlom mxari dauWira saarCevno komunikaciebis aqtis im normas,
romelic adgenda SezRudvas Semowirulobebze.
SezRudvebi saarCevno kampaniisas xarjebze _ sasamarTlom daadgina,
rom Semowirulebebisagan gansxvavebiT, SezRudvebi saarCevno subieqtebis
mier gaweul xarjebze adgenda pirdapir da mniSvnelovan SezRudvas po-
litikuri gamoxatvis mimarT. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom gaauqma is, ro-
gorc pirveli Sesworebis sawinaaRmdego norma.
sasamarTlom gaauqma federaluri saarCevno komunikaciebis aqtiT
214
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
dadgenili zeda zRvari saarCevno kampaniis dros saarCevno subieqtebisa
da individebis mier daxarjul Tanxebze. mopasuxeebi daobdnen, rom aR-
niSnuli norma emsaxureboda sazogadoebriv interess da warmoadgenda
saarCevno subieqtebs Soris SesaZleblobebis gaTanabrebis meqanizms.
Tumca, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom saarCevno kampaniis dros daxarjuli
Tanxebi unda gansxvavdebodes, es gansxvaveba ki damokidebulia saarCevno
subieqtis mxardaWeris intensivobasa da xarisxze. ufro metic, ar aris
gamoricxuli, rom saarCevno kampaniis dros danaxarjebze SezRudvis
dadgena kandidatebs Soris SesaZleblobebis gaTanabrebas ki ar moemsa-
xuros, aramed xeli SeuSalos im kandidats, romelic kampaniis dawyebamde
cnobadi da popularuli ar iyo. apelantebi aseve daobdnen, rom federa-
luri saarCevno komunikaciebis sadavo norma mniSvnelovanwilad Seamci-
rebda saarCevno kampaniaze daxarjul Tanxas, rac, maT mier moyvanili
statistikis mixedviT, bolo wlebSi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. sasamarT-
lom daadgina, rom pirveli Sesworebis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifos ar aqvs
ufleba, gansazRvros, rom fulis daxarjva vinmes politikuri ideebis
popularizaciisTvis aragonivruli da fuWia. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom
xarjebze zeda limitis daweseba antikonstituciuria.
apelanti daobda, rom federaluri saarCevno komunikaciebis aqtiT
dawesebuli SezRudva, romlis mixedviTac dadgenili iyo zRvari 1000
dolaris odenobiT im pirebisaTvis, romlebic `naTlad identificire-
badi kandidatis mimarT awarmoeben agitacias mis dasamarcxeblad an asar-
Cevad~, warmoadgenda antikonstituciur normas da ewinaaRmdegeboda
pirveli SesworebiT garantirebul gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas. sasamarT-
lo ar daeTanxma saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas am sakiTxze,
sadac saapelacio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom aRniSnuli SezRudva
aucilebeli iyo korufciis gamosavlenad da aRmosafxvrelad. uzenaesma
sasamarTlom Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi aRniSna, rom politikuri kandida-
tisgan damoukdebeli danaxarjebi ar warmoadgenda imave safrTxes saar-
Cevno sistemisTvis, rasac didi Semowirulobebi kandidatis saarCevno
fondSi. radgan kandidatsa da Tanxis Semomwirvels Soris SeTanxmebis da
koordinaciis ararseboba amcirebs imis safrTxes, rom es xarjebi poli-
tikur kandidats garkveuli, arasaTanado dapirebis safuZvelze miecema.
amrigad, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom damoukidebeli pirebisaTvis saar-
Cevno kampaniisas danaxarjebis SezRudva ar emsaxureba raime saxelmwifo
215
sasamarTlo praqtika
interess. sasamarTlom gansazRvra, rom aseTi danaxarjebi daculia pir-
veli Sesworebis Tanaxmad, rogorc politikuri diskusia da gamoxatva.
rac Seexeba normas, romelic SezRudvas awesebs politikuri kandida-
tis mier misi personaluri Tanxis gamoyenebaze, sasamarTlom aRniSna,
rom es norma ewinaaRmdegeba individis aRiarebul da dacul uflebas,
romelic gulisxmobs `piris uflebas, CaerTos sajaro diskusiaSi da da-
uRalavad da energiulad mouwodos mis asarCevad~. sasamarTlom aRiSna,
rom am SemTxvevaSic ar iyo saxeze saxelmwifo interesi, romelic am Sez-
Rudvas gaamarTlebda. metic, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom kandidatis mier
misi personaluri Tanxebis gamoyeneba amcirebs kandidatis damokidebu-
lebas gare dafinansebasa da Semowirulobebze, es ki aneitralebs kandi-
datze zewolis risks, ris winaaRmdegac mimarTulia SezRudva Semowiru-
lobebze.
sasamarTlom, sabolood, ar gaauqma sagadasaxado kodeqsiT dadgenili
normebi saarCevno kampaniis dafinanasebis Sesaxeb. sasamarTlom aRniSna,
rom SezRudvebi, romlebic dadgenelia saprezidento kandidatebis mier
danaxarjebis SezRudvebTan dakavSirebiT, legitimuria, radgan saxelm-
wifo dafinanasebis miReba saprezidento kandidatebisaTvis nebayoflo-
biTia. Sesabamisad, saxelmwifos mier dafinansebuli saarCevno kampaniisas
sazogadoebrivi da saxelmwifo interesi danaxarjebTan dakavSirebiT
ufro didia, amitom sasamarTlo am sadavo normas ar auqmebs.
1976 weli
nebraskis presis asociacia stiuartis winaaRmdeg
427 US 539
faqtebi: 1975 wlis 18 oqtombers nebraskis Statis patara qalaq suder-
lendSi, sadac daaxloebiT 850 adamiani cxovrobda, policiam aRmoaCina
henri kelis ojaxis eqvsi mokluli wevri. meore dilas policiam daakava
eWvmitanili ervin simantsi, romelsac bralad edeboda henri kelis oja-
xis wevrebis mkvleloba. am danaSaulma umalve miipyro presis yuradReba.
216
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
mkvlelobidan sami dRis Semdeg olqis prokurorma da simantisis advo-
katma olqis sasamarTloSi waradgines Suamdgomloba, sadac moiTxovdnen
mediisaTvis SemzRudveli brZanebis gamocemas. am brZanebis safuZvelze
medias aekrZaleboda aRniSnuli danaSaulis detalebis da samarTlebrivi
procesebis gaSuqeba. mosamarTlem Suamdgomloba daakmayofila, ris Sem-
degac yvela pirs aekrZala saqmeSi arsebuli mtkicebulebebis da Cvene-
bebis sajaro gavrceleba.
mosarCeleebma, romelTa Sorisac iyo presisa da mauwyebelTa ramde-
nime asociacia, gamomcemlebi da ramdenime damoukidebeli Jurnalisti,
nebraskis uzenaes sasamarTlos mimarTes mediis SemzRudveli brZanebis
gauqmebis moTxovniT. nebraskis uzenaesma sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom sa-
zogadoebas da individ braldebuls, iseve, rogorc sasamarTlos, am saq-
meSi gaaCnda mniSvnelovani interesi, rom simants hqonoda samarTliani
sasamarTlo miukerZoebeli nafici msajulebiT. vinaidan linkolnis ol-
qidan sxva olqSi saqmis gadatanas azri ar hqonda, radgan am saqmis gaSu-
qeba imavenairad xdeboda sxva olqebSic, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom si-
mantsis samarTliani sasamarTlos uflebas safrTxe emuqreboda. nebras-
kis uzenaesma sasamarTlom ZalaSi datova SemzRudveli brZaneba, Tumca
Secvala misi pirobebi Semdegnaiard: brZanebis mixedviT aikrZala mxolod
sami saxis informaciis gaSuqeba: a) braldebulis mier samarTaldamca-
vebisaTvis micemuli nebismieri Cvenebis an aRiarebiTi Cvenebis arseboba
da misi detalebi; b) nebismieri Cveneba an aRiarebiTi Cveneba, romelic
mesame pirebTan gakeTda, garda presis warmomadgenlebisa; g) sxva faqtebi,
romlebic braldebulis gamovlenis seriozul safuZvels iZleva.
mosarCleebma SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaes sasamarTlos mimarTes.
im droisaTvis, rodesac uzenaesma sasamarTlom saqmis ganxilva daiwyo,
simantsis sasamarTlo procesi pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi ukve
dasrulda. igi braldebulad cnes mkvlelobaSi. man saapelacio saCivari
nebraskis uzenaes sasamarTloSi Seitana.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: nebraskis uzenaesi sasamarT-
los gadawyvetileba gauqmda.
sasamarTlos mosazreba warmoadgina sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare
burgerma: am saqmeSi warmodgenili sakiTxebi iseTive Zvelia, rogorc res-
publika. arc konstituciaSi da arc Tanamedrove naSromebSi ar gvxvdeba
konfliqti am or mniSvnelovan uflebas Soris. Tumca gaugebaria, acnobi-
217
sasamarTlo praqtika
erebdnen Tu ara konstituciis mamebi potenciuri konfliqtis SesaZleb-
lobas samarTliani sasamarTlos uflebasa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas
Soris.
konstituciis meeqvse Sesworebis Tanaxmad, garantirebulia `sasamar-
Tlo mosmena, miukerZoebeli nafici msajulebis monawileobiT~. sasa-
marTlom aRniSna, rom arsebobda realuri riski imisa, rom potenciuri
nafici msajulebi axali ambebis gaSuqebis Sedegad Seityobdnen im danaSa-
ulebebis Sesaxeb, romelTa ganxilvaSic SesaZloa, momavalSi mieRoT mo-
nawileoba. umetesoba saqmeebSi aseTi safrTxe naklebad arsebobs, Tumca
sensaciuri danaSaulis SemTxvevaSi _ rogoric winamdebare saqmeSi gvaqvs
_ sakiTxi presis ufro met yuradRebas iqcevs, vidre sxva trivialuri
saqmeebi. Tumca sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom axali ambebis gaSuqeba da da-
naSaulis Sesaxeb informaciis gavrceleba aucileblad ar iwvevs nafic
msajulTa mikerZoebas. magram nafic msajulebze zegavlena, rogorc wesi,
gamowveulia axali ambebis gaSuqebis toniT da masStabiT, im gancxade-
bebiT, romlebsac mxareTa advokatebi, samarTaldamcavebi da sxva ofi-
cialuri pirebi akeTeben. mosamarTlis gancxadebebi sasamarTloSi Tu
mis gareT aucileblad moxvdeba mediis yuradRebis centrSi. amitom, saq-
mis ganmxilvel mosamarTles am SemTxvevaSi didi pasuxismgebloba ekis-
reba. Sesabamisad, is zomebi, rasac mosamarTle iRebs danaSaulis Sesaxeb
gavrcelebuli informaciis Sedegebis Sesamsubuqeblad, gansazRvravs
imas, Tu ramdenad samarTliani sasamarTlo eqneba braldebuls.
dRemde Cvens mier gadawyvetili arc erTi saqme ar Sexebia sasamarTlos
mier presis SezRudvas braldebulis dacvis mizniT. Tumca winaswari
SezRudvebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos mosazrebebi am saqmeSi relevanturia.
winaswari SezRudvebis daweseba mediisaTvis pirveli Sesworebis yvelaze
seriozuli da yvelaze naklebad Sesaguebeli darRvevaa. ciliswamebis
saqmeebSi arsebobs uamravi meqanizmi, maT Soris, sanqciis - anu sasjelis
aRsrulebis gadavadeba manam, vidre gasaCivrebis yvela instancia ar amo-
iwureba. mxolod saboloo gadawyvetilebis Semdeg iwyeba sanqciis sru-
lad amoqmedeba. amisgan gansxvavebiT, winaswar SezRudvebs myisieri da
Seuqceveli efeqti aqvs. Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ciliswamebis sanqciebi
publikaciaze e.w. `gamyinavi efeqtiT~ moqmedebs, maSin winaswar SezRud-
vebs udavod aseTive efeqti aqvs sityvis Tavisuflebaze. winaswari Sez-
Rudvis safrTxe gansakuTrebulia, rodesac igi exeba mimdinare movle-
218
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
nebis gaSuqebas da aseve sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze sasamarTlo mosmenis
msvlelobas.
sabolood, sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom SemzRudveli brZanebebi, ro-
gorc aseTi, antikonstituciuri ar aris, Tumca daadgina sakmaod mkacri
kriteriumebi misi kanonierebisaTvis. sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom imis da-
sadgenad, Tu ramdenad iyo saWiro gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis SezRudva
winamdebare saqmeSi, sasamarTlom unda ganixilos is mtkicebulebebi, rom-
lebic pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos winaSe iyo wardgenili; manve unda
gansazRvros Semdegi garemoebebi: a) wina sasamarTlo stadiaze rogori
iyo axali ambebis gaSuqebis buneba da masStabi; b) SesaZlebeli iyo Tu ara
imgvari zomebis miReba, rac SeuzRudavi axali ambebis gaSuqebis Sedegebs
Seamsubuqebda; g) ramdenad efeqturia SemzRudveli brZanebis gamoyeneba
konkretul saqmeSi.
a) pirvel sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos
mosamarTlem sworad daadgina, rom saqme intensiurad da siRrmiseulad
Suqdeboda. misi daskvna imis Sesaxeb, rom aseTi gaSuqeba safrTxes uqmnida
braldebulis samarTliani sasamarTlos uflebas, spekulacia iyo, radgan
is exeboda faqtorebs, romelTa Sesaxeb veravis ecodineboda.
b) saqmeSi ar arsebobs mtkicebulebebi, romlebic daadgenda imas, rom
sxva zomebi, garda SemzRudveli brZanebisa, ver daicavda braldebulis
uflebas. nebraskis uzenaesma sasamarTlom mxolod iribad miuTiTa, rom
sxva zomebi araefeqturi iqneboda.
g) winamdebare saqmeSi ar aris naTeli, rom braldebulis uflebebis
dacva efeqturad moxerxdeboda SemzRudveli brZanebiT, radgan arse-
bobda Semdegi praqtikuli problemebi: SezRuduli teritoriuli iuris-
diqcia pirveli instanciis sasamarTlosaTvis; im informaciis identifi-
cirebis siZnele, romelic uSualod Seuqmnida safrTxes nafic msajulTa
miukerZoeblobas; da is faqti, rom danaSauli moxda patara qalaqSi, sadac
informacia da Worebi Zalian swrafad vrceldeba.
1976 weli
219
sasamarTlo praqtika
komunikaciebis federaluri komisia
`Pacifica Foundation ~-is winaaRmdeg
438 U.S. 726
faqtebi: satirikosma iumoristma jorj kardinma kaliforniis Teat-
ris auditoriis winaSe waikiTxa TormetwuTiani monologi, saTauriT
`binZuri sityvebi~. gamosvla daiwyo skeCiT `sityvebze, romlebsac saja-
rod ver warmovTqvam, radiotalRebzec ver moismen, da romelTac namd-
vilad arasodes ityvi~. Semdeg man daiwyo am sityvebis CamoTvla da maTi
ganmeoreba sxvadasxva kiloze.
1973 wlis 30 oqtombers, daaxloebiT SuadRis 2 saaTze, mopasuxis sa-
kuTrebaSi arsebulma niu-iorkis radiosadgurma `Pacifica Foundation~
eTerSi gauSva monologi `binZuri sityvebi~. ramdenime kviris Semdeg ko-
misiaSi Sevida saCivaris werili kacisagan, romelic amtkicebda, rom
manqaniT mgzavrobisas moismina monologi mcirewlovan SvilTan erTad.
misive TqmiT, mas kargad esmoda, rom `Canawerebi gaiyida kerZo gamoyene-
bisTvis, magram amasTanave gaugebari iyo maTi im eTerSi gaSveba, romel-
sac komisia akontrolebda~.
aRniSnuli saCivari radiosadgurs komentarisaTvis gadaegzavna. pa-
suxad `Pacifica~-m axsna, rom monologi eTerSi gauSves mxolod mas Semdeg,
rac msmenelebi gaafrTxiles, rom programa Seicavda `saCoTiro gamonaT-
qvamebs, romlebic SesaZloa, maTTvis Seuracxmyofeli yofiliyo~.
1975 wlis 21 Tebervals komisiam gamosca brZaneba, sadac naTqvami iyo,
rom `pasifikas~ `SesaZloa, administraciuli sanqciebi daekisros~. komi-
siam Tavi Seikava sanqciebis dakisrebisagan, magram ganacxada, rom saCivari
daerTveboda sadguris salicenzio fails, da im SemTxvevaSi, Tu kvlav
Semovidoda msgavsi saCivrebi, komisia gansazRvravda kongresis mier mi-
niWebuli sanqciebidan romels gamoiyenebda.
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis kolumbiis olqis saapelacio sasamarT-
lom es brZaneba gaauqma.
am saqmeSi uzenaes sasamarTlos unda gadaewyvita, iyo Tu ara ufleba-
mosili komunikaciis maregulirebeli federaluri komisia, daereguli-
rebina da SeezRuda uxamsi, magram ara uwmawuri radiomauwyebloba.
220
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: saapelacio sasamarT-
los gadawyvetileba gauqmda.
sasamarTlos mosazreba: sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom `pasifikas~ mier
eTerSi gadacemuli monologis Sinaarsi iyo udavod vulgaruli, Seurac-
xmyofeli, Sokis momgvreli da amgvari Sinaarsis masalebi ar aris daculi
absoluturi konstituciuri privilegiiT. yvela SemTxvevaSi, sasamarT-
lom unda ganixilos misi konteqsti, raTa ganisazRvros federaluri ko-
misiis moqmedebis konstituciuroba.
sasamarTlom jer kidev didi xniT adre saqmeSi iosef burStini vil-
sonis winaaRmdeg, aRniSna, rom TiToeuli media saSualeba warmoadgens
pirveli Sesworebis problemebs da masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebebs
Soris mauwyebloba pirveli Sesworebis yvelaze limitirebuli dacviT
sargeblobs. Sesabamisad, mas, SesaZloa, CamoerTvas licenzia an droebiT
SeuCerdes mauwyebloba, Tu komisia gadawyvets, rom amgvari moqmedeba
emsaxureba `sazogadoebriv interesebs da keTildReobas da aucileblo-
bas warmoadgens~.
amgvari gansxvavebebis mizezebi kompleqsuri da rTulia, magram ori
maTgani gansakuTrebiT miesadageba gansaxilvel saqmes.
pirveli, eleqtronul medias TiToeuli amerikelis cxovrebaSi gansa-
kuTrebuli adgili ukavia da faqtobrivad, igi yoveli ojaxis stumaria.
radiotalRebiT gavrcelebuli aSkarad uxamsi da uwmawuri masala, moqa-
laqeebs ara marto sajaro TavSeyris adgilebSi, aramed saxlSic aSfo-
Tebs, sadac individis ufleba, ganmartovdes, gadawonis mediis pirveli
SesworebiT dacul uflebas. msmeneli radiomimRebs mudmivad sixSiridan
sixSireze rTavs, ris gamoc winaswari gafrTxilebebi gadacemis Sinaarsis
Sesaxeb araefeqturia. Tu vityviT, rom pirs SeuZlia Tavi aaridos Sem-
dgom Seuracxyofas radios gamorTviT, es igivea, rac sityvierad Seurac-
xyofil pirs urCio, miyenebuli zianis asanazRaureblad gaeqces Seuracx-
myofels. pirs SeuZlia dakidos telefoni, Tuki mas esmis Seuracxm-
yofeli sityvebi, Tumca es ar aris konstituciuri imuniteti an ukve
miyenebuli zianisagan Tavis aridebis saSualeba.
meore, eleqtronuli mediis mosmenis da yurebis saSualeba im bavSveb-
sac ki aqvT, romlebmac jer kiTxvac ki ar ician. Seuracxmyofeli Tu sxva
formis komunikacia, SesaZloa, SeezRudos arasrulwlovans misi Tavda-
pirveli wyaros SezRudvis gareSe. magaliTad, wignebis maRaziebs, kinoTe-
221
sasamarTlo praqtika
atrebs SeuZliaT, SezRudon bavSvebis daSveba uxams masalebze. saqmeSi
ginzbergi niu-iorkis winaaRmdeg sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom mTavrobis
interesebi `misi axalgazrda Taobis keTildReobasTan dakavSirebiT~
amarTlebs sxva SemTxvevebSi daculi gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis SezRud-
vas.
bavSvebis mier amgvari samauwyeblo Sinaarsis miRebis SesaZlebloba,
ginzbergis saqmeSi dafiqsirebul mosazrebasTan erTad, amarTlebs uxamsi
mauwyeblobis specialuri regulirebis (SezRudvis) saWiroebas.
saqme ar exeba ormxriv radiosaubars dijeisa da manqanis mZRols So-
ris. komisiis gadawyvetileba eyrdnoboda mauwyeblis mier masalis eTerSi
gaSvebis konteqsts. komisiam xazi gausva aseve drois mniSvnelobas, rom-
lis ganmavlobaSic monologi eTerSi gadaicemoda. komisiis mier gadawy-
vetilebis miRebisas mniSvnelovani iyo aseve programis Sinaarsi da gan-
sxvaveba, romelic arsebobs radio, televiziasa da komunikaciis kodi-
rebul saSualebebs Soris. rogorc mosamarTle sazerlendma aRniSna, rom
Tu komisia daadgens, rom Rori Sevida sastumro oTaxSi, mis mier maregu-
lirebeli uflebamosilebebis gamoyeneba ar unda iyos damokidebuli
mtkicebaze, rom Rori uxamsia.
1977 weli
CBS-i komunikaciebis
federaluri komisiis winaaRmdeg
453 US 367(1981)
faqtebi: am saqmeSi aSS-s uzenaesma sasamarTlom ganixila sakiTxi imis
Taobaze, ewinaaRmdegeba Tu ara pirvel Sesworebas komunikaciis Sesaxeb
federaluri kanonis 312(a) 7-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli `federaluri
politikuri kandidatisaTvis media saSualebebis xelmisawvdomoba~. jimi
karteri sami wamyvani televiziisgan moiTxovda saeTero dros 30 wuTiani
programisaTvis 1979 wlis dekemberSi da samive SemTxvevaSi man uari miiRo.
312 (a)(7)-e muxlze dayrdnobiT, karteris saprezidento komitetma
222
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
iCivla komunikaciis federalur komisiaSi. komisiam daadgina, rom tele-
viziebma daarRvies 312(a) 7-e muxli, romelic mauwyeblebisgan `yoveli
konkretuli kandidatisadmi individualur midgomas moiTxovs~. ase rom,
kanonis es muxli Seesabameboda pirvel Sesworebas. CBS-ma ganacxada, rom
tornilosa da CBS dekis winaaRmdeg saqmeebis fonze kanonis 312(a) 7-e
muxli arRvevda pirvel Sesworebas.
aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: saapelacio sasamarT-
los gadawyvetileba ZalaSi darCa.
sasamarTlos mosazreba: mosarCleebi amtkicebdnen, rom 312(a)(7)-e
muxlis komisiiseuli interpretacia arRvevs pirvel Sesworebas, radgan
iWreba mediis saredaqcio kompetenciis sferoSi. maTi azriT, aseT SemTx-
vevaSi irRveva is `delikaturi balansi~, romlis miRwevac mauwyeblebis
mizania.
`Tavisufali da eqskluziuri gamoyenebisTvis licenzirebul mauw-
yebels delegirebuli aqvs sajaro sakuTrebis nawili, romelic mniSvne-
lovan sajaro pasuxismgeblobas iTvaliswinebs~. sasamarTlom ganixila
licenzirebul mauwyeblobebTan dakavSirebiT dadgenili SezRudvebi:
`licenzia mauwyeblobis uflebas iZleva, Tumca licenziis mflobels
ara aqvs sixSiris monopolizebis konstituciuri ufleba. pirvel Seswo-
rebaSi araferia naTqvami imaze, rom mTavrobas ekrZaleba kuTvnili sixSi-
ris sxva subieqtebisTvis ganawilebis ufleba (samauwyeblo kompania Red
Lion komunikaciebis federluri komisiis winaaRmdeg). Tumca samauwyeblo
industria pirveli Sesworebis Tanaxmad uflebamosilia isargeblos
`sajaro valdebulebebTan SeTavsebuli farTo Jurnalisturi Tavisuf-
lebiT~. saqmeSi CBS erovnul demokratiuli komitetis winaaRmdeg sa-
samarTlom daadgina: `mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom es aris msmenele-
bisa da mayureblebis, da ara mauwyeblebis ufleba _ pirveli Sesworebis
mizania SeinarCunos ideaTa bazari, sadac simarTle yovelTvis imarjvebs
da ara is, rom gagrZeldes samauwyeblo bazris monopolizeba. sazoga-
doebas xeli unda miuwvdebodes socialur, politikur, esTetikur, mo-
ralur da sxva ideebsa da gamocdilebaze, rasac am SemTxvevaSi gadamw-
yveti mniSvneloba eniWeba~.
kandidatebisa da amomrCevlebis, iseve, rogorc mauwyeblebis pirveli
SesworebiT garantirebuli ufleba gamyarebulia 312(a)(7)-e muxliT. sa-
samarTlo srulad acnobierebs sakiTxis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas:
223
sasamarTlo praqtika
kandidatebs aqvT SesaZlebloba, gaavrcelon sakuTari mosazrebebi arCev-
nebamde, raTa eleqtoratma Seafasos kandidatis pirovnuli Tvisebebi
da maTi mosazrebebi mniSvnelovan sajaro sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT.
aqedan gamomdinare, 312(a)(7)-e muxli xels uwyobs sityvis Tavisufle-
bas, radgan kandidatebs demokratiuli procesis funqcionirebisaTvis
saWiro informaciis gavrcelebis saSualebas aZlevs, xolo sazogadoebas
am informaciis miRebis uflebas aniWebs.
sasamarTlo daeTanxma mosarCles, rom sasamarTlos arasodes uRiare-
bia media saSualebebze zogadi daSvebis ufleba. (ix. KFK Midwest videos
winaaRmdeg,) 312 (a) (7)-e muxli awesebs `gonivruli~ daSvebis mxolod Sez-
Rudul uflebas, romlis gamoyenebac mxolod kanoniT uflebamosil fe-
deralur kandidatebs SeuZliaT, saarCevno kampaniis dros mxolod saku-
Tari kandidatebis ukeT warmoCenis mizniT. komisiam daadgina, rom sadavo
kanoni `mauwyeblebs lavirebis saSualebas miscems da ar iqneba mxolod
maTi gadawyvetilebebis marTebulobis de novo3 Seafasebis mcdeloba.~
312(a)(7)-e muxli gamoxatavs kongresis miswrafebas, uzrunvelyos mniS-
vnelovani resursis, radio da satelevizio sixSireebis gamoyeneba sazo-
gadoebis interesebis Sesabamisad. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom mediis sa-
SualebebisaTvis kanoniT garantirebuli ufleba dasaSvebia komisiis mier
ganmartebuli saxiT da marTebulad abalansebs sazogadoebis, mauwyeb-
lebis da kandidatebis pirveli SesworebiT garantirebul uflebebs.
Separdi maqsvelis winaaRmdeg
692 F.2d 207 (10th circuit 1982)
faqtebi: momCivans brali edeboda colis mkvlelobaSi. winaswari ga-
moZiebis dros saqmis warmoudgenelma da inkriminaciuli xasiaTis saja-
roobam aRniSnuli saqme cnobili gaxada qveynis masStabiT. momCivanis da-
kiTxva sasamarTlo procesamde 3 TviT adre gaimarTa da Tanac uCveulo
pirobebSi: sami dRis ganmavlobaSi mas sportdarbazSi dReSi xuTi saaTi,
3 saqmis xelaxla ganxilva (laT.).
224
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
advokatis gareSe, ramdenime aseuli piris TandaswrebiT hkiTxavdnen. pro-
cesamde daaxloebiT sami kviriT adre gazeTebma procesze miwveuli na-
fici msajulebis vinaoba gamoaqveynes. procesis dawyebamde ori kviriT
adre, mosamarTlis postze gansakuTrebiT konkurentuli, daZabuli ar-
Cevnebi Sedga, romelSic erTmaneTs adgilobrivi prokurori da procesis
mwarmoebeli mosamarTle upirispirdebodnen. sasamarTlo procesis pe-
riodSi reportiorebs TiTqmis mTeli sasamarTlo darbazis gadaRebis
ufleba miecaT. darbazSi am dros momCivani da procesis monawileTa
umravlesoba imyofeboda. ocamde Jurnalists adgili nafic msajulebTan
da braldebulis damcvelebTan axlos miuCines. Sesabamisad, sxdomaTa
darbazSi Jurnalistebis yovelgvari gadaadgileba xmaurs da procesis
Sewyvetas iwvevda. mobiluri satelevizio sadguri nafic msajulTa oTa-
xis gverdiT ganTavsda. saTaTbiro oTaxSi gasvlamde nafic msajulebs
SeeZloT, SeuzRudavad gacnobodnen axal ambebs nebismier arxze. miuxe-
davad SezRudvisa, nafic msajulebs verdiqtze muSaobisaTvis gaTvalis-
winebuli 5 dRisa da 4 Ramis ganmavlobaSi arasaTanadod kontrolirebadi
ramdenime satelefono zaris gakeTebis SesaZleblobac hqondaT. saqmem
warmoudgeneli sajarooba SeiZina, Jurnalistebis mier gavrcelebuli
informacia Ria sasamarTloze jerac ganuxilvel mamxilebel faqtebs
Seicavda, naficma msajulebma ki Zalian male popularoba moipoves.
procesis dawyebisTanave mosamarTlem ganacxada, rom arc mas da arc
vinme sxvas winasasamarTlo stadiaze ar SeeZlo informaciis gavrcelebis
raime formiT SezRudva. miuxedavad imisa, rom winaswari gamoZiebis dros
arsebuli zRvargadasuli sajaroobis Sesaxeb icoda procesis mwarmo-
ebelma mosamarTlem, man ar miiRo saTanado zomebi im gansakuTrebuli
sajaroobis aRsakveTad, romlis fonzec procesi warimarTa.
apelantma waradgina peticia habeas korpusis darRvevis Sesaxeb da ga-
nacxada, rom sajaroobis gamo ar mieca samarTliani sasamarTlos ufle-
bis realizebis saSualeba.
gadawyvetileba: me-10 olqis sasamarTlom daadgina, rom presa ara-
keTilsindisierad moqmedebda, ris gamoc dairRva braldebulis ufleba
samarTlian sasamarTloze.
motivacia: sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom `pasuxismgeblobiT moqmedi
presa yovelTvis iTvleboda marTlmsajulebis efeqturi administri-
rebis aucilebel komponentad, gansakuTrebiT sisxlis samarTlis sfe-
225
sasamarTlo praqtika
roSi. presa ara mxolod avrcelebs informacias procesis Sesaxeb, aramed
sasamarTlo procesis obieqturad Catarebis garantiaa, uzrunvelyofs
ra sasamarTlos, policiisa da prokuraturis qmedebebis farTo sazoga-
doebriv ganxilvasa da diskusias. sasamarTlo, Sesabamisad, naklebadaa
dainteresebuli presis tradiciuli Tavisuflebis SezRudviT, romlis
Tanaxmadac, `informacia imaze, Tu ra xdeba sasamarTlos sxdomaTa dar-
bazSi, sazogadoebriv sakuTrebas warmoadgens.~
aqve sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom sityvis Tavisuflebis realizeba ara-
sodes unda moxdes samarTliani sasamarTlos uflebis Selaxvis xarjze.
sasamarTlom aseve aRniSna, rom `sasamarTlo procesebi ar hgavs ar-
Cevnebs, romelSic SesaZloa, gaimarjvo an damarcxde radiosa Tu gazeTe-
bis gamoyenebiT.~ aravin unda daisajos danaSaulisaTvis, `Tu samarTlian
sajaro tribunalze mas ar daudasturdeba wayenebuli braldeba, yovel-
gvari winaswar Camoyalibebuli azris, emociebisa da Zalauflebis gada-
metebis gareSe.~
diskusiis Tavisufleba unda iqnes garantirebuli, Tu igi Seesabameba
samarTliani sasamarTlos da marTlmsajulebis aRsrulebis aucilebel
moTxovnebs. nafici msajulebis verdiqti unda eyrdnobodes mxolod Ria
sasamarTloze ganxilul mtkicebulebebs da ara sxva, damatebiTi wya-
roebidan miRebul informacias.
sasamarTlom aseve Seafasa is araordinaruli sajarooba, romlis fon-
zec procesi warimarTa, gansakuTrebiT sasamarTlos Senobasa da sxdo-
maTa darbazSi. sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom dairRva apelantis ufleba
samarTlian sasamarTloze da gansazRvra aucilebeli RonisZiebebi, rom-
lebic procesis mwarmoebel mosamarTles unda gaetarebina:
SeemuSavebina gacilebiT mkacri wesebi sxdomaTa darbazSi repor-
tiorebis qmedebebis dasaregulireblad.
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi sxva darbazSi gaegrZelebina saqmis ganxilva.
gamoecalkevebina mowmeebi presisgan.
aekrZala nebismieri mxaris iuristisTvis, procesis mxarisaTvis, mow-
meebisa da mosamarTleebisaTvis iseTi komentarebis gakeTeba, rac sasa-
marTlos saboloo gadawyvetilebis gamotanamde saqmis jer kidev ucnob
garemoebebs da detalebs gaamJRavnebda.
SeeZlo moeTxova Sesabamisi qalaqis an olqis Tanamdebobis pirisaganim wesebis SemuSaveba da gamocxadeba, romliTac daregulirdeboda maT-
226
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
dami daqvemdebarebuli moxeleebis mier saqmis Sesaxeb informaciis gam-JRavneba.
gaefrTxilebina Jurnalistebi sasamarTloze jer kidev ganuxilve-li argumentebisa da saqmis detalebis gamoqveynebis aramarTebulobisTaobaze.
Tumca sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom ar arsebobda saqmis Sesaxeb infor-maciis gavrcelebaze totaluri akrZalvis gamoyenebis aucilebloba.
sasamarTlom daadgina, rom ar arsebobs raime akrZalva presisaTvissasamarTlos sxdomaTa darbazSi momxdari movlenebis gaSuqebasTan da-kavSirebiT. magram, rodesac sakmaod maRalia imis albaToba, rom sxdomisdawyebamde mediaSi saqmis detaluri gaSuqeba xels SeuSlis samarTliansasamarTlos, mosamarTle valdebulia, saqmis ganxilva gaagrZelos manam,vidre safrTxe umniSvneloa, an saqme gadaugzavnos im olqs, sadac amgvarisajarooba kanoniTaa akrZaluli. Tuki procesis sajarooba safrTxesuqmnis samarTliani sasamarTlos uflebis ganxorcielebas, unda dainiS-nos saqmis xelaxali ganxilva. sasamarTlom unda mimarTos kanoniT gaTva-liswinebul zomebs, raTa ar dauSvan procesis dawyebamde sazogadoebaSiwinaswari azris Camoyalibeba. arc prokurorebs, arc advokatebs, bral-debuls, mowmeebs, sasamarTlos personals da arc samarTaldamcavi orga-noebis warmomadgenlebs, romlebic eqvemdebarebian am konkretul sasa-marTlos ar unda hqondeT ufleba, gadauxvion sakuTari valdebule-bebisa da funqciebis Sesrulebas. SezRudvebis da regulirebis garda, imadvokatebisa da Jurnalistebis mimarT, romlebic safrTxes uqmnian sa-marTliani sasamarTlos uflebis ganxorcielebas, dasaSvebia cenzuraan disciplinuri devnac ki.
1982 weli
Harper -i da Row
`Nation ~-is winaaRmdeg
471 US 539, 549
faqtebi: 1977 wlis TebervalSi, mas Semdeg, rac yofilma prezidentma
jerald fordma TeTri saxli datova, man kontraqti gaaforma momCivan-
227
sasamarTlo praqtika
Tan, Harper-isa da Row-s sagamomcemlo saxlTan da mkiTxvelTa asociaci-
asTan. SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad, gamomcemlobas misi jer kidev dauwereli
memuarebi unda gamoeca. wignSi unda Sesuliyo gamouqveynebeli masalebi,
romelic asaxavda uotergeitis krizisis, fordis mier prezident niqso-
nisaTvis bodiSis moxdis im droisTvis ucnob detalebs, aseve Seexeboda
mis Tanamedrove moRvaweebsa da moralis sakiTxebs.
garda imisa, rom fordis memuarebi wignis saxiT unda gamocemuliyo,
SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad, momCivanebs eniWebodaT aRniSnuli memuarebidan
amonaridebis winaswari publikaciebis eqskluziuri ufleba, rac inte-
leqtualur samarTalSi cnobilia, rogorc `pirveli seriuli uflebebi~.
ori wlis Semdeg, rodesac memuarebis wera dasasruls uaxlovdeboda,
apelantebma `pirveli seriuli uflebebis~ gacemis Sesaxeb xelSekruleba
gaaformes yovelkvireul Jurnal `taimTan~.
`taimi~ Tanaxma iyo, gadaexada 25 000 dolari, aqedan 12 500 dolari
winaswar, xolo danarCeni 12 500 dolari batoni fordis mier niqsonisaT-
vis moxdili bodiSis Taobaze 755 sityvis moculobis svetis dabeWdvis
Semdgom.
saJurnalo publikaciis gamosvla dagegmili iyo wignebis maRaziebSi
memuarebis gamoCenamde erTi kviriT adre. am garigebaSi eqskluziuroba
mniSvnelovan faqtors warmoadgenda. xelSekrulebaze xelis mowerisas
Harper-ma da Row-m meore mxare daavaldebules, daecva xelnaweris avto-
ris konfidencialoba, xolo `taimma~ ufleba daitova, ar gadaexada Tan-
xis meore nawili, Tuki mis mier SeZenili wignis fragmenti sxvagan gamoq-
veyndeboda JurnalSi dabeWdvamde.
`taimSi~ statiis dabeWdvamde ori-sami kviriT adre, konfidencialur-
ma pirma fordis xelnawerebi saidumlod gadasca viqtor navaskis, poli-
tikur Jurnal `Nation~-is redaqtors.
citatebidan, perifrazebidan da xelnawerebidan amokrefili faqtebis
safuZvelze navaskim, rogorc Tavad Tvlida, `marTlac cxel-cxeli axali
ambavi~ Seqmna. batoni navaskis surda aRniSnuli statia fordis wignis
gamoqveynebamde daebeWda, amitom siCqareSi masalas ar daurTo sakuTari
komentarebi. statiis gamoqveynebis gamo `taimma~ gamomcemlobasTan ga-
formebuli xelSekruleba Sewyvita da darCenili 12 500-is gadaxdaze uari
ganacxada.
memuarebis Tavi, sadac fordi bodiSs uxdis niqsons `taimis~ redaqci-
228
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
am aRwera rogorc nawarmoebis yvelaze amaRelvebeli nawili. batonma na-
vaskim sasamarTloze micemul CvenebaSi aRniSna, rom man amonaridebi gad-
moiRo sityvasityviT mxolod imitom, rom informaciis perifrazirebis
SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebeli iqneboda, srulyofilad warmoCeniliyo batoni
fordi, aseve garTuldeboda imis Cveneba, rom `es marTlac fordis sit-
yvebi iyo~. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom navaskim aRniSnuli nawyvetebis pirdapiri
citireba moaxdina im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom isini yvelaze kargad
aRwerda mxolod fordisaTvis damaxasiaTebel Tavisebur metyvelebas.
aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom
`Nation~-ma daarRvia keTilsindisieri gamoyenebis principi da saqme ukan
daubruna saolqo sasamarTlos am gadawyvetilebis Semdgomi ganxilvisaTvis.
sasamarTlos mosazreba: pirveli gamoqveynebis ufleba moicavs av-
toris arCevans, Tu sad da ra formiT gamoices misi namuSevari. pirveli
gamoqveyneba gansxvavdeba 106-e paragrafiT garantirebuli sxva uflebe-
bisgan, romlis Tanaxmadac, mxolod erTi piri SeiZleba iyos pirveli ga-
momcemeli, rogorc amas `taimis~ kontraqtic iTvaliswinebs. proeqtis
komerciuloba gamoqveynebis uflebis eqskluziurobaSi mdgomareobs. Se-
sabamisad, sasamarTlo Tvlis, rom nawarmoebis gamouqveynebloba warmo-
adgens sakvanZo, Tumca ara gadamwyvet faqtors, romelic abaTilebs mtki-
cebas keTilsindisieri gamoyenebis Sesaxeb.
pirveli gamoqveynebis ufleba iTvaliswinebs ara mxolod dabeWdvis
an misgan Tavis Sekavebis uflebas, aramed gamoqveynebis droisa da adgi-
lis arCevis uflebas.
kanoni sasamarTlosagan imis gansazRvrasac moiTxovda, Tu ra mocu-
lobis masala gamoqveynda saavtoro uflebiT daculi nawarmoebidan.
mTlianobaSi, citatebis saxiT gamoqveynebuli sityvebis raodenoba ar
warmoadgenda memuarebis mniSvnelovan nawils, Tumca saolqo sasamar-
Tlom miiCnia, rom `Nation~-ma dabeWda swored is, rac warmoadgenda gamo-
sacemi wignis `guls~, mis umniSvnelovanes nawils.
`Nation~-is~ mier `taimis~ masalebis mitacebis xasiaTisa da miznis Se-
fasebisas ar SeiZleba yuradReba ar mieqces im faqts, rom Jurnalis mier
statiis gamoqveyneba SemTxveviTi ar yofila _ igi gamiznuli iyo saavto-
ro uflebis mflobelisaTvis pirveli gamoqveynebis uflebis CamosarT-
mevad.
im faqts, rom naSromi jer kidev gamouqveynebeli iyo gadamwyveti mniS-
229
sasamarTlo praqtika
vneloba eniWeba. Tumca didi raodenobiT gamoqveynebuli citatebis4
SemTxvevaSic SesaZlebelia keTilsindisieri gamoyenebis kvalifikaciis
miniWeba, magram avtoris ufleba, gaakontrolos sakuTari naSromis pir-
veli sajaro gamoqveyneba, gadawonis pirvel dabeWdvamde aseTi saxis ga-
moyenebis uflebas.
sasamarTlo daeTanxma saapelacio sasamarTlos mosazrebas, rom saav-
toro ufleba gamiznulia inteleqtualuri saqmianobis nayofierebis
xelSesawyobad da ara piriqiT. Tumca, amasTan erTad sasamarTlo ver
adasturebs, rom saolqo sasamarTlom Sesabamisad gaacnobiera CarCo rac
dadgenilia saavtoro uflebebis Sesaxeb kanoniT, romlis mizania, origi-
naluri nawarmoebebisaTvis upiratesobis miniWeba. saavtoro uflebebi
imisTvis arsebobs, rom waaxalisos mwerali da uzrunvelyos misi Sromis
samarTliani anazRaureba.
mopasuxeebi acxadebdnen, rom pirveli SesworebiT deklarirebuli fa-
seulobebi am saqmis garemoebebTan dakavSirebiT gansxvavebul midgomas
moiTxovs. sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom `keTilsindisieri gamoyenebis farg-
lebi gacilebiT ufro farToa, rodesac gamoqveynebuli masala sajaro
interesis Semcvel movlenebs moicavs~.
amonaridebis mxatvruli Rirebulebis Sedarebisas da maTi rolis gan-
sazRvrisas saavtoro uflebis darRvevis konteqstSi, sasamarTlo ar da-
eTanxma saolqo sasamarTlos mosazrebas, rom `Jurnalma `Nation~ gamo-
iyena fordis sityvebis mxolod mcire da umniSvnelo nawili~.
gadamwyveti faqtori, romelic sasamarTlom gadawyvetilebis miRebisas
gaiTvaliswina iyo `saavtoro uflebiT daculi nawarmoebis gamoyenebiT misi
sabazro RirebulebisaTvis miyenebuli ziani~. es faqtori keTilsindisieri
gamoyenebis dasadgenad aucileblad gasaTvaliswinebelia. keTilsindisieri
gamoyeneba limitirebulia sxvaTa mier aslebis gadaRebiT, riTac nawarmo-
ebis gayidvisunarianobas ziani ar adgeba. saolqo sasamarTlom daadgina
ara potenciuri, aramed ukve realuri zaralis odenoba. `taimis~ mier
xelSekrulebis darRveva da darCenili 12 500 dolaris gadaxdaze uaris
Tqma saavtoro uflebebis darRvevis pirdapiri Sedegi iyo. amasTan dakav-
SirebiT sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom iSviaTia saavtoro uflebebTan dakav-
Sirebuli saqme, romelic ase naTlad asaxavs miyenebul zarals.4 es citatebi adre presisa da sxva sainformacio saSualebebiTac iyo
gavrcelebuli.
230
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
keTilsindisieri gamoyeneba ganimarteba, rogorc saavtoro uflebe-
bis mflobelis garda, sxva piris privilegia avtoris Tanxmobis gareSe,
gonivrulad gamoiyenos nawarmoebi.
saavtoro uflebis Sesaxeb 1976 wlis aqtis formulireba asaxavs kong-
resis miswrafebas, moaxdinos saerTo samarTlis kodificireba. 107-e seq-
cia moiTxovs, rom keTilsindisieri gamoyenebis sakiTxis dadgena moxdes
yoveli saqmis faqtobrivi garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
`avtoris Tanxmoba misi sakuTari nawarmoebis gonivrul gamoyenebaze
sasamarTloebs yovelTvis miaCndaT mecnierebisa da gamoyenebiTi xelov-
nebis progresis konstituciuri politikis aucilebel elementad~.
Tumca mopasuxeebis Teoria keTilsindisieri gamoyenebis farTo gage-
bis Taobaze, SesaZloa, sajaro piris nawarmoebze saavtoro uflebebis
gasanadgureblad iqnas gamoyenebuli. Tu nawarmoebi daculi ar iqneba sa-
avtoro uflebiT, aseTi tipis memuarebis Seqmna da dafinanseba naklebad
momgebiani gaxdeba, rac sazogadoebas istoriuli informaciis miRebis
SesaZleblobebs SeuzRudavs. saavtoro uflebebi mxolod cariel sity-
vebad darCeba, Tuki keTilsindisieri gamoyenebis interpretaciis xarjze
nawarmoebis unebarTvo gamoyeneba `axali ambebis~ sababiT gamarTldeba.
saavtoro samarTlis fundamentur princips warmoadgens sazogado-
ebrivi interesis xarisxi konkretuli nawarmoebis mimarT. kerZod, rac
ufro didia es interesi, miT ufro sustdeba avtoris uflebebi. Tumca
amgvari ganmarteba Zirs uTxris saavtoro uflebebis dacvas da zians
ayenebs rogorc avtors, ise sazogadoebas.
sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom keTilsindisieri gamoyenebis doqtrinis
gagebisas, ar unda iqnas daSvebuli gamonaklisebi sajaro figurebis mier
Seqmnil nawarmoebebTan dakavSirebiT. iyo Tu ara sajaro piris xelnawe-
ris es sityvasityviTi kopireba keTilsindisieri gamoyeneba, tradiciul
kriteriumebiT unda dadgindes.
saavtoro uflebebis Sesaxeb kanoniT kongresma gaiTvaliswina oTxi
faqtori, romelTa Sejerebis Sedegad SeiZleba dadgindes aris Tu ara
saxeze keTilsindisieri gamoyeneba: 1. gamoyenebis mizani da xasiaTi; 2.
saavtoro uflebiT daculi nawarmoebis xasiaTi; 3. gamoyenebuli nawilis
moculoba Tavdapirvel nawarmoebTan mimarTebaSi; 4. gavlena saavtoro
uflebiT dacul nawarmoebze an mis potenciur sabazro Rirebulebaze.
1985 weli
231
sasamarTlo praqtika
Uhaul International -i Jartran -is winaaRmdeg
(9TH
CIRC. 1986)
faqtebi: Uhaul-is sistemas wlebis ganmavlobaSi wamyvani adgili ekava
mZime samrewvelo industriaSi. 1979 wlisTvis Jartran-ic SeuerTda am in-
dustriis erovnul bazars da mTeli qveynis masStabiT gazeTebSi sarek-
lamo kampania wamoiwyo, romlis farglebSic igi Tavs Uhaul-s adarebda.
sareklamo kampania 1979 wlis zafxulidan 1980 wlis dekembramde mimdi-
nareobda da 41 Stati da kolumbiis olqi moicva. Sedegad Jartrani-s Se-
mosavlebi 1979 wels dafiqsirebuli 7 milionidan 1980 wlisaTvis 80 mi-
lionamde gaizarda maSin, rodesac Uhaul-is sistemis Semosavlebi pirve-
lad misi arsebobis ganmavlobaSi 395 milionidan 378 milionamde daeca.
sareklamo kampaniis uzarmazari warmateba ara marto Semosavlebis zrda-
ze aisaxa, aramed jarTranis mier prestiJuli `oqros efis~ jildoTic
aRiniSna, romelsac amerikis marketingis asociacia saukeTeso da efeqtu-
ri sareklamo kampaniebisaTvis yovelwliurad awesebs.
raTa saapelacio saCivarSi moyvanili sakiTxebi marTebulad iqnes aRq-
muli, saWiroa, gaviazroT urTierTdamokidebuleba, romelic arsebobda
Uhaul-sa da im kompaniebs Soris, romlebic uhaulis savaWro niSans iye-
nebdnen da masTan asocirdebodnen. momCivani, Uhaul International, Inc, flobs
uhaulis savaWro niSans da moqmedebs rogorc centraluri safinanso an-
gariSsworebis rgoli Uhaul-is vagonebisa da trailerebis distribuci-
isaTvis da sxvadasxva iuridiuli pirisaTvis saangariSsworebo momsaxu-
rebis gawevisas. Tumca, igi ar aris vagonebisa da trailerebis mesakuTre
_ maT did nawils uhauli sxvadasxva kompaniisagan qiraobs. Uhaul-i
AMERCO-s Svilobili organizaciaa, romelic flobs 100% wils rogorc
Uhaul International, Inc-Si. am organizaciebidan TiToeuli konkretul re-
gionSi saqmianobis eqskluziur uflebas flobs. saboloo jamSi ki Uhaul-
is sistemaSi gaerTianebulia 6700 dileri anu adgilobrivi biznesmeni,
romelTac dadebuli aqvT kontraqtebi uhaulis lokalur kompaniebTan.
sasarCelo warmoeba 1980 wlis 16 ivniss mas Semdeg daiwyo, rac Uhaul-
ma zianis anazRaureba da Semdgomi reklamirebis akrZalva moiTxova.
1983 wlis gazafxulze pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom Lanham-is
232
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
aqtsa da saerTo samarTalze dayrdnobiT saqme Uhaul-is sasargeblod ga-
dawyvita. sasamarTlom zaralis odenoba ori gansxvavebuli meTodis
gamoyenebiT gamoTvala. pirveli meTodi eyrdnoboda Jartran-is reklame-
bis gamo Uhaul-saTvis miyenebul zarals. am garemoebaze dayrdnobiT,
sasamarTlom zaralis odenoba 20 milioni dolariT gansazRvra. meore
meTodi Jartran-is sareklamo kampaniis 6 milioni dolaris odenobiT xar-
jebs eyrdnoboda, da Uhaul-is sistemis mier gamaneitralebel reklamebze
daxarjul 13,6 milion dolars iTvaliswinebda.
kompania Jartran-s sasamarTlom 40 milionis gadaxda daakisra. Jartran-
ma olqis mosamarTlis gadawyvetileba 3 ZiriTad motivze dayrdnobiT
gaasaCivra:
1. Jartran-i amtkicebda, rom Uhaul-is zarali ar aris Jartran-is moqmede-
bebTan sakmarisad pirdapir kavSirSi, raTa Lanham-is kanoniT anazRaure-
bas daeqvemdebaros;
2. Jartran-i aseve acxadebda, rom momxmareblis SecdomaSi Seyvanis faq-
tis dadasturdeba SesaZlebelia, mxolod Tavad momxmareblis mier;
3. ar SeiZleba momxmareblis SecdomaSi Seyvanis dadasturdeba mxolod
imiT, rom Jartran-is ganzraxva swored es iyo.
Jartran-is argumentebis sapasuxod Uhaul-ma moiSvelia arakeTilsindi-
sieri reklamis Sesaxeb makneilagi amerikis Sida produqtebis korpora-
ciis winaaRmdeg saqme, sadac sasamarTlom sarCelis uzrunvelyofis
RonisZiebad gamoiyena mcdari reklamebis droebiTi akrZalva da zianis
anazRaurebis Sesaxeb ori yvelaze cnobili saqme _ neiSenal van lainsi-i
dinis winaaRmdeg da neiSenal ledi vulfis winaaRmdeg.
Jartran-ma warmoadgina araerTi argumenti Tanxis raodenobis gansaz-
Rvris Taobaze saolqo sasamarTlos mier gakeTebul daskvnasTan dakavSi-
rebiT. radganac saolqo sasamarTlom gaaerTiana erTi da igive moculo-
bis Tanxa ori gansxvavebuli Teoriis safuZvelze, sasamarTlom saWirod
CaTvala imis gansazRvra, Tu ramdenad iyo miyenebuli zaralis odenoba
swori romelime Teoriis mixedviT. sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom zianis daan-
gariSebis principi, romelic Uhaul-is mier gamaneitralebel reklamebze
daxarjul Tanxas eyrdnoboda, rasac Lanhem-is kanonis 35-e muxli iTva-
liswinebda, iyo swori.
Jartran-s sadavod ar gauxdia kontrreklamebze daxarjul Tanxebze
dayrdnobiT gamoTvlili zaralis odenoba. Tumca amtkicebda, rom saolqo
233
sasamarTlo praqtika
sasamarTlos ufleba ar hqonda, daekisrebina gamaneitralebel reklamebze
daxarjuli Tanxis anazRaureba, rac Tavdapirveli sareklamo danaxarjebis
ormag odenobas warmoadgenda. jarTrani eyrdnoboda gadawyvetilebas
saqmeze big o taier dilersi gudiar taiersis da rubberis winaaRmdeg (1977).
gadawyvetileba: me-9 olqis sasamarTlom gaauqma nafic msajulTa ver-
diqti.
sasamarTlos mosazreba: sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom mopasuxeebis
dajarimeba gamaneitralebel reklamebze daxarjuli odenobiT SezRu-
duli iyo 25%-mde. Tumca aRniSnuli mosazreba sasamarTlom ar gaiTva-
liswina, radgan am saqmeSi mosarCles ar gauwevia araviTari danaxarjebi
gamaneitralebeli reklamebis ganTavsebaze. Sesabamisad, ar arsebobda sa-
olqo sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis safuZvlebi gamaneitra-
lebeli reklamebis ganTavsebaze gaweul xarjebTan dakavSirebiT.
amasTanave, sasamarTlom gaiTvaliswina 1980 wels central hadsonis
(1980) saqmeSi dadgenili oTxnawiliani testi, romelic imis gasarkvevad
gamoiyeneba, Tu rodis ar SeiZleba komerciuli sityvis Tavisuflebis
SezRudva:
1) komerciuli gamoxatva ar unda exebodes kanoniT akrZalul saqmi-
anobas;
2) is ar unda iyos mcdari an SecdomaSi Semyvani;
3) saxelmwifom unda daadasturos is arsebiTi interesi, romlis gamoc
xdeba komerciuli gamoxatvis regulireba an SezRudva;
4) regulireba unda emsaxurebodes samTavrobo interess, romelic
maqsimalurad konkretul cnebebSia gamoxatuli.
sabolood saolqo sasamarTlom uhaulis sasargeblod miiRo ganCineba
momavalSi jarTranis mcdari reklamebis gavrcelebis akrZalvis moT-
xovniT. sasamarTlo aseT gadawyvetilebamde mivida, radgan komerciuli
sityvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb arsebul kanonmdeblobaSi araferia naTq-
vami imis Taobaze, rom mcdari komerciuli gamoxatva upirobod SezRud-
vas eqvemdebareba. am ganCinebis Tanaxmad, jarTrans aekrZala momavalSi
SedarebiTi reklamebis (maT Soris keTilsindisierisac) ganTavseba, riTic
nawilobriv SeizRuda `informirebuli gadawyvetilebis~ principi, rom-
lis gatarebasac keTilsindisieri reklama uwyobs xels.
1986 weli
234
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
`florida stari~ B.J.F -is winaaRmdeg
491 US 254
faqtebi: gazeTma `florida starma~ gamoaqveyna gaupatiurebis saqmeSi
arsebuli msxverplis saxeli, romelic sasamarTlos Ria Canawerebidan
moipova. Tavad gaupatiurebis saqmis sasamarTlo ganxilva Ria iyo sazoga-
doebisTvis.
sadavo informacia xelmisawvdomi iyo aseve policiis sainformacio
samsaxurSi.
B.J.F.-ma mimarTa sasamarTlos da ganacxada, rom gazeTma daarRvia misi
valdebuleba, ar miuTiTos seqsualuri Zaladobis msxverplis sruli sa-
xeli. pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom saqme gadawyvita `Florida Star~-is
sawinaaRmdegod. gazeTma gaasaCivra aRniSnuli gaadwyvetileba Tumca
floridis uzenaesma sasamarTlom uari ganacxada, ganexila saapelacio
saCivari. amis Semdeg gazeTma mimarTa aSS-s uzenaes sasamarTlos da ganac-
xada, rom sasamarTlos amgvari gadawyvetilebiT dairRva misi ufleba
romelic mas garantirebuli aqvs pirveli SesworebiT.
aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlos azriT,
zianis anazRaurebis dakisreba apelantisTvis, B.J.F.-is saxelis gamoqvey-
nebis gamo, arRvevs konstituciis pirvel Sesworebas, Tumca ara im mize-
zebidan gamomdinare, romelzec apelanti afuZnebs Tavis moTxovnas.
sasamarTlos mosazreba: miuxedavad am saqmis didi msgavsebisa koqsis
samauwyeblo kompaniis saqmesTan, am SemTxvevaSi, es ukanaskneli ar SeiZ-
leba CaiTvalos warmmarTvelad.
sasamarTlos azriT, saTanadod moxda am saqmis analizi, konstituciis
pirveli Sesworebis SezRudul interesTan mimarTebaSi. faqtobrivad, es
is SemTxvevaa, romelic sasamarTlom dawvrilebiT Camoayaliba gazeT
`deili meili~-s adre ganxilul saqmeSi, saxeldobr: `Tu gazeTi kanoni-
erad moipovebs swor informacias sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis sakiTxze,
saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis pirebs ufleba ar aqvT, konstituciurad, pa-
suxismgebloba daaweson am informaciis publikaciisTvis, Tu es ar gamom-
dinareobs saxelmwifos uzenaesi interesebidan~. presis mixedviT, am prin-
cipiT uzrunvelyofili saTanado dacva gamyarebulia, sami sxvadasxva
235
sasamarTlo praqtika
mosazrebiT mainc. ra Tqma unda, amas emateba gavrcelebuli `sazogado-
ebrivi interesi, romelic daculia konstituciiT, simarTlis gavrce-
lebisas~ (koqsis samauwyeblo kompaniis saqme). saqmeebi, romelsac `deili
meilis~ sinTezi efuZneboda, gamoxataven am mosazrebebs.
1. vinaidan `deili meilis~ formulirebiT daculia mxolod iseTi in-
formaciis publikacia, romelic gazeTs `mopovebuli [aqvs] kanonierad~
(443 aSS., 103), xelisufleba inarCunebs im interesebis dacvis mniSvnelovan
saSualebebs, romlebsac SeiZleba publikacia Seexos, maT Sorisaa gaupa-
tiurebis msxverplis anonimurobis dacva. im farglebSi, romelSic deli-
katuri informacia pirad sferoSi rCeba, xelisuflebas, garkveul gare-
moebebSi SeuZlia, akrZalos misi mopoveba Tanxmobis gareSe, amasTan, win
wamowios `deili meilis~ principi, aseTi gziT mopovebul informaciasTan
dakavSirebiT. iqidan gamomdinare, rom delikaturi informacia xelisuf-
lebis kontrols eqvemdebareba, mas ufro meti Zalaufleba aqvs, aRkveTos
an Seamciros misi gamoqveynebiT gamowveuli ziani. xelisuflebam SeiZleba
moaxdinos garkveuli informaciis klasifikacia, daawesos da ganaxor-
cielos procedurebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofs mis redaqtirebas, da ga-
avrcelos zianis anazRaurebis valdebuleba xelisuflebaze an misi Ta-
namdebobis pirebze, rodesac xelisuflebis mier delikaturi informa-
ciis borotad gamoyenebas mohyveba misi gavrceleba. rodesac informa-
cias gaandoben xelisuflebas, TiTqmis yovelTvis moiZebneba swori in-
formaciis publikaciisTvis gaTvaliswinebul sasjelze ufro naklebad
mkacri saSualebebi, piradi faqtebis gavrcelebisgan dasacavad.
2. meore mosazrebas, romelic amyarebs `deili meilis~ princips, war-
moadgens is faqti, rom presis pasuxisgebaSi micema im informaciis gavrce-
lebisTvis, romelic ukve cnobilia sazogadoebisTvis, naklebad exmaure-
ba im interesebs, romelTa dasacavadac Stati moqmedebs. ra Tqma unda,
yovelTvis ise ar xdeba, rom presis mier kanonierad mopovebuli infor-
macia cnobili an misawvdomi iyos sxvebisTvis. Tumca, rodesac garkveuli
informacia xelisuflebis mier aris qceuli sazogadoebisTvis xelmi-
sawvdomad, sruliad anomaliuri iqneba daisajos vinme sxva, garda im pi-
rovnebebisa, romlebic warmoadgenen informaciis gamoqveynebis wyaros.
`deili meilis~ formulirebis mixedviT, miuxedavad imisa, rom garkveuli
informacia xelmisawvdomi iyo sazogadoebisTvis, sinamdvileSi mxolod
ramdenime SemTxveva iyo, rodesac presis msgavsad, sxva pirebsac aekrZa-
236
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
laT gamocemis gagrZeleba, arsebiTi sazogadoebrivi interesebidan
gamomdinare. oklahomis gamomcemlobis saqmis analizisas `deili meilSi~
aRniSnulia, rom `rodesac swori informacia `sajarod gamomzeurebuli~
an `sazogadoebis xelSi~ iyo, sasamarTlos aRar SeeZlo konstituciurad
SeezRuda misi gavrceleba� (443 aSS, 103).
3. mesame mosazreba Seexeba `moridebulobas da TviTcenzuras~, rac
SeiZleba mohyves mediis pasuxisgebaSi micemas garkveuli swori informa-
ciis publikaciisTvis. koqsis mauwyeblobis saqmeSi (496) apelanti gamoT-
qvamda pretenzias zedmeti winaaRmdegobebis gamo, romelic mas Sexvda
oficialur sasamarTlo Canawerebze dafuZnebuli informaciis gavrce-
lebis gamo. sawinaaRmdego wesi, romelic dacvis gareSe datovebda maT,
vinc damokidebulia xelisuflebis mier miTiTebul kanonierebasa da gav-
rcelebaze, daakisrebda medias valdebulebas, analizi gaekeTebina xeli-
suflebis sagazeTo gamocemebis, reportaJebisa da gancxadebebisTvis,
raTa amoeRo publikaciidan masala, romlis kanoniereba sadavo iqneboda;
es ki presas mZime tvirTad daawveboda.
meore sakiTxia, ramdenad emsaxureba apelantisTvis pasuxismgeblobisdakisreba, `saxelmwifos uzenaes interesebs~ (`deili meili~, 443 aSS, 103).apelaciis mopasuxe mxare amtkicebs, rom publikaciisTvis sasjelis gamo-yenebis wesi emsaxureba sam erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebul interess:seqsualuri Zaladobis msxverplTa piradi saidumloebis dacvas; immsxverplTa fizikur usafrTxoebas, romlebzec SeiZleba Suri iZion, TumaTi saxelebi cnobili gaxdeba TavdamsxmelebisTvis; da aseTi danaSa-ulebis msxverplTa waqezebis mizans, rom ganacxadon am samarTaldarR-vevebis Sesaxeb, gamoaSkaravebis SiSis gareSe.
im droSi, rodesac yoveldRiurad aqvs adgili gaupatiurebis SemTxve-vebs, udavoa, rom Zalian mniSvnelovan interesebs emsaxureba floridiskanonmdebelTa aSkara mcdeloba, dacul iqnas es interesebi iseTi sisxlissamarTlis statutis miRebiT, romelic krZalavs msxverplis vinaobisidentificirebas. Sesabamisad, dauSvebelia im SesaZleblobis gamoricxva,rom Sesabamis SemTxvevaSi, samoqalaqo sanqciebis daweseba, gaupatiurebismsxverplis saxelis publikaciisTvis, SeiZleba imdenad aucilebeli iyosam interesTa dasacavad, rom `deili meilis~ standartebic ki daakmayo-filos. Tumca, sami damoukidebeli mizezis gamo, JurnalistisTvis pasu-xismgeblobis dakisreba, am SemTxvevaSi Zalian mkacri saSualebaa am inte-resTa dasacavad:
237
sasamarTlo praqtika
1) pirveli argumenti Seexeba saSualebas, romliTac apelantma moipova
sadavo saidentifikacio informacia. rodesac xelisufleba TviTon awv-
dis medias informacias, savaraudoa, rom informaciis gavrcelebisgan
dasacavad, xelisuflebas hqonda, magram ver gamoiyena, swori publika-
ciisTvis pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebaze bevrad ufro SezRuduli saSu-
alebebi. rodesac xelisufleba ver axerxebs sakuTari Tavis kontrols,
informaciis gavrcelebisas, rogorc es mocemul SemTxvevaSi moxda, koq-
sis mauwyeblobis, oklahomas gamomcemlobis da `lendmark qomuniqe-
iSenis~ saqmeebidan aSkara xdeba, rom presisTvis zianis anazRaurebis da-
kisreba, misi Tanamdevi publikaciisTvis, naklebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos
anonimurobis dasacav swor saSualebad.
`2) meore problema, romelic ukavSirdeba floridis mier publikaci-
isTvis pasuxismgeblobis dawesebas, aris gaufrTxileblobis standarti,
romelic Seexeba samoqalaqo sarCelis safuZvels. pirad saidumloebaSi
Carevis saerTosamarTlebriv danaSaulTan dakavSirebuli sarCelebisgan
gansxvavebiT, 794.03 muxlze dafuZnebuli sarCelebi ar moiTxovs saqmeebis
mixedviT imis kvlevas, iqneboda Tu ara pirovnebis piradi cxovrebis Sesa-
xeb faqtis gamJRavneba saRad moazrovne adamianisTvis Seuracxmyofeli.
piriqiT, sasamarTloebis mier miRebuli gaufrTxileblobis Teoriis mi-
xedviT, pasuxismgebloba avtomaturad momdinareobs publikaciidan.
3) 794.03-e muxlis Sinaarsi, erTi SexedviT, iwvevs seriozul eWvebs
imis Taobaze, namdvilad cdilobs Tu ara florida am statutiT samsa-
xuris gawevas mniSvnelovani interesisTvis, romelsac apelaciis mopasuxe
mxare mtkicebisTvis iyenebs. floridis statutis 794.03 muxli krZalavs
saidentifikacio informaciis publikacias mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is
`masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebaSi~ moxvdeba, Tumca am terminis defi-
nicias statuti ar iZleva. 794.03 muxli ar krZalavs seqsualuri Zalado-
bis msxverplTa vinaobis sxva saSualebebiT gamJRavnebas. aseve araferia
naTqvami im piris Sesaxeb, romelic boroti ganzraxviT amJRavnebs gaupa-
tiurebis msxverplis vinaobas, miuxedavad imisa, rom aseTi informaciis
miwodebam msxverplis mezoblebisTvis an TanamSromlebisTvis, SeiZleba
gamoiwvios iseTive gamanadgurebeli Sedegi, rogoric misi saxelis uam-
ravi ucxo pirisTvis gamJRavnebam.
es dadgenileba SezRudulia. sasamarTlo ar adgens, rom swori infor-
maciis publikacia avtomaturad daculia konstituciiT da arc imas, rom
238
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
ar arsebobs piradi saidumloebis sfero, romlis farglebSic Statma
SeiZleba daicvas piri presis Carevisgan; sasamarTlo arc imaze miuTi-
Tebs, rom Stats arasodes SeuZlia daawesos pasuxismgebloba sqesobrivi
danaSaulis msxverplis saxelis gamoqveynebisTvis. sasamarTlo mxolod
adgens, rom rodesac gazeTi aqveynebs kanonieri gziT mopovebul swor
informacias, pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba, Tu es saerTod ganxorciel-
deba, SeiZleba iyos kanonieri mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac es gamom-
dinareobs Statis uzenaesi interesidan. am saqmeSi arsebuli faqtebidan
gamomdinare, aseTi interesi ar aris srulyofilad daculi 794.03 muxlis
mixedviT, apelantisTvis pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebisas.
1989 weli
texasi jonsonis winaaRmdeg
491 U.S 397 (1989)
faqtebi: 1984 wels, rodesac texasis Statis qalaq dalasSi respubli-
kuri partiis erovnuli Sekreba imarTeboda, mopasuxe jonsoni sapro-
testo demonstraciaSi monawileobda. rogorc demonstraciis monawi-
leTa mier gavrcelebuli masalebidan irkveva, demonstraciis mizani iyo
reiganis administraciisa da dalasSi arsebuli ramdenime korporaciis
politikisadmi protestis gamoxatva. demonstrantebi dalasis quCebSi
modiodnen politikuri `sloganebis~ SeZaxilebiT. isini ramdenime adgil-
ze gaCerdnen, raTa daedgaT sikvdilis scena, romlis mizani iyo birTvu-
li omis Sedegebis dramatizeba. ramdenimejer demonstrantebma saRebavi
Seasxes Senobebs da gadaatriales quCaSi mdgari yvavilebis qoTnebi, Tum-
ca gregori li jonsons amaSi monawileoba ar miuRia. demonstracia das-
rulda dalasis meriis Senobis win, sadac jonsonma SeerTebuli Statebis
droSas cecxli waukida da dawva. am dros gaismoda demonstrantebis SeZa-
xilebi. demonstraciis dros aravin daSavebula, Tumca iq myofi ramdenime
adamiani sakmaod Seuracxyofili darCa droSis dawviT. 100 demonstran-
tidan brali mxolod jonsons wauyenes. texasis Statis kanonze dayr-
239
sasamarTlo praqtika
dnobiT, sasamarTlom mas miusaja orwliani patimroba da 2000 dolariani
jarimis gadaxda pativcemuli obieqtis (am SemTxvevaSi, droSis) Seurcx-
yofisaTvis. saapelacio sasamarTlom ZalaSi datova pirveli instanciis
gadawyvetileba, Tumca texasis uzenaesma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom
saxelmwifos ar hqonda ufleba, sisxlis samarTlebrivi pasuximgebloba
daekisrebina jonsonisTvis, radgan droSis dawva eqspresiuli qmedeba
iyo; es ki pirveli SesworebiT aris daculi. Statis uzenaesma sasamarT-
lom aseve aRniSna, rom kanoni ar iyo viwrod formulirebuli mxolod
imisaTvis, rom daesaja droSis dawva, rac safrTxes Seuqmnida sazogado-
ebriv wesrigsa da simSvides. jonsonis mier droSis dawva ki sazogadoeb-
rivi wesrigis TvalsazrisiT safrTxes ar qmnida. mosarClem SeerTebuli
Statis uzenaes sasamrTlos mimarTa.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: texasis uzenaesi sasamarT-
los gadawyvetileba ZalaSi darCa.
sasamarTlos mosazreba warmoadgina mosamarTle brenanma: jonsons
sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgebloba daakisres droSis dawvisaTvis da ara
sityvebis gamoTqmisaTvis. es faqti ramdenadme arTulebs Cvens mier jon-
sonis pasuxismgeblobis gadaxedvis sakiTxs. Tavdapirvelad Cven unda
davadginoT, aris Tu ara droSis dawva eqspresiuli qmedeba, romelsac
pirveli Sesworeba icavs. Tuki es dadgindeba, Semdgom sasamarTlo miub-
rundeba im sakiTxs, Tu ramdenad SeeZlo Stats am gamoxatvis akrZalva.
sityvasityviT, pirveli Sesworeba krZalavs `sityvis~ Tavisuflebis Sez-
Rudvas. Tumca uzenaes sasamarTlos mravaljer uRiarebia, rom pirveli
SesworebiT dadgenili garantiebis moqmedeba ar mTavrdeba gamoTqmul
an daweril sityvaze. Cven davadgineT, rom saWiroa, qmedeba sakmarisad
gajerebuli iyos komunikaciuri elementebiT, rom is pirveli da meToT-
xmete Sesworebebis dacvis qveS moeqces. imis gadasawyvetad, Tu ramdenad
saTanado komunikaciur elements Seicavs qmedeba, saWiroa dadgindes, ar-
sebobs Tu ara garkveuli `mesijis~ gadacemis mizani da imis albaToba,
rom am qmedebis mayurebeli pirebi `mesijs~ adekvaturad gaigeben.
am saqmeSi yuradReba unda mieqces sasamarTlos wina gadawyvetilebebs,
sadac aRiarebul iqna droSasTan dakavSirebuli qmedebebis komunikaci-
uri elementi (Spence v. Washington, Stromberg v. California, Smith v. Goguen).
Cveni erovnuli droSa aris Cveni qveynis simbolo; is erT-erTi vizualuri
240
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
gamoxatulebaa imisa, rom Cveni saxelmwifo 200 welia arsebobs. Tumca,
droSasTan dakavSirebul yvela qmedebas avtomaturad ver mivaniWebT
eqspresiul bunebas. am saqmeSi texasis Statma aRiara, rom jonsonis qme-
deba eqspresiul xasiaTs atarebda. jonsonma droSa dawva demonstraciis
kulminaciisas. es kulminacia emTxveoda respublikuri partiis erovnul
Sekrebas, sadac roland reigani kvlav daasaxeles prezidentobis kandi-
datad. am SemTxvevaSi naTelia qmedebis eqspresiuli da Riad politikuri
xasiaTi, aseve, misi miznobrioba da sicxade. Sesabamisad, Cven migvaCnia,
rom jonsonis mier droSis dawva `sakmarisad gajerebuli iyo komunika-
ciuri elementebiT.~
amis Semdeg sasamarTlo ixilavs, Tu ramdenad amarTlebs Statis inte-
resi _ daicvas droSa, rogorc saxelmwifoebriobis da eris mTlianobis
simbolo _ jonsonis sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobas. sasamarTlos
mxedvelobaSi aqvs is faqti, rom eqspresiuli qmedeba ufro metad SeiZ-
leba SeizRudos, vidre gamoTqmuli sityvebi; Tumca, saxelmwifos ar aqvs
ufleba, SezRudos garkveuli qmedeba mxolod imis gamo, rom is eqspre-
siul elementebs Seicavs. SezRudvis kanonierebis gansasazRvrad mniSvne-
loba eniWeba ara gamoxatvis verbalur Tu araverbalur xasiaTs, aramed
saxelmwifos interess, rom moawesrigos es qmedeba.
amrigad, imis gasamarTleblad, rom jonsonis sisxlissamarTlebrivi
pasuxismgebloba Seesabameboda konstitucias, saxelmwifom unda aCvenos,
rom moqmedebda legitimuri miznis misaRwevad da dasacavad, rac ar iyo
dakavSirebuli droSis dawviT gamoxatul politikur gancxadebasTan.
mosarClem am saqmeSi warmoadgina ori interesi: pirveli _ sazogadoebrivi
wesrigis dacva; da meore _ droSis, rogorc saxelmwifoebriobis da eris
mTlianobis simbolos, dacva. pirvel interesTan dakavSirebiT unda aRi-
niSnos, rom am saqmeSi sazogadoebriv wesrigs safrTxe ar Seqmnia. mxolod
daSveba, rom auditoriam SesaZloa, Seuracxmyofelad miiRos gamoxatva
da amis gamo safrTxe Seeqmnas sazogadoebriv wesrigs, arasakmarisia gamo-
xatvis SezRudvisaTvis. sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom sityvis Tavisuflebis
funqciaa diskusiis gamowveva. am funqciam mis umaRles mizans SesaZloa
maSin miaRwios, rodesac igi iwvevs mRelvarebas, qmnis ukmayofilebas da
gabrazebamde mihyavs xalxi.
Cven ufleba ar migvicia mTavrobisTvis, rom provokaciuli ideis yo-
velgvari gamoxatva man areulobis gamomwvevad miiCnios. amis nacvlad,
241
sasamarTlo praqtika
saWiroa, rom ganxilul iqnas garemoebebi, romlebSic xdeba gamoxatva da
dadgindes, mimarTulia Tu ara es gamoxatva ukanono qmedebis myisieri
gamowvevisken, an, Tundac, waqezebisken.
rac Seexeba arguments, rom jonsonis dasja saWiro iyo droSis, ro-
gorc simbolos dasacavad. sasamarTlo adgens: jonsonis dasjaSi igulis-
xmeba, rom igi daisaja im politkuri mesijis gamo, ris gamoxatvasac dro-
Sis dawviT cdilobda. dauSvebelia misi dasja mxolod imitom, rom misi
qmedeba Seuracxmyofelia; radgan saxelmwifos ufleba ar aqvs, akrZalos
an SezRudos gamoxatva mxolod imitom, rom sazogadoeba aseTi gamoxat-
viT Seuracxyofilia da mas miuReblad miiCnevs. Tundac saxelmwifoeb-
riobis iseTi centraluri simbolo, rogoric saxelmwifo droSaa, ar dgas
gamoxatvis Tavisuflebaze maRla.
amrigad, mopasuxisaTvis sisxlis samarTlis pasuximgeblobis dakis-
reba ewinaaRmdegeba konstituciis pirvel Sesworebas.
1989 weli
vaineri FBI-is winaaRmdeg
943 F2d 972, 977(9th circuit 1991)
faqtebi: kaliforniis universitetis profesorma jonaTan vainerma
Ziebis federaluri biurodan informaciis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb aqtis
safuZvelze moiTxova `biTlzis~ yofili wevris, jon lenonis mkvlelobis
gamoZiebis masalebi. profesor vainers masalebi jon lenonis cxovrebaze
samecniero kvlevisaTvis sWirdeboda. mas surda daedasturebina, rom
Ziebis federaluri biuros mier 1960-iani wlebis dasasruls da 1970-iani
wlebis dasawyisSi j. lenonis mkvlelobis gamoZieba naTlad asaxavda aR-
masrulebeli xelisuflebis mcdelobas, CaexSo gansxvavebuli politi-
kuri mosazrebebi.
Ziebis federalurma biurom ar daakmayofila moTxovna zogierTi sa-
idumlo masalis gacemis Taobaze. sapasuxod vainerma aRniSnuli masalebis
gacemis moTxovniT sarCeli saolqo sasamarTloSi Seitana da Ziebis fe-
deraluri biurosagan masalebis gacemaze uaris ganmarteba da dasabu-
242
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
Teba moiTxova. Ziebis federalurma biurom sakuTari ori agentisa da
centraluri sadazvervo sammarTvelos agentis xelmoweriT gasca weri-
lobiTi pasuxi, romelSic zogadi ganmartebebiT xsnida uars informa-
ciis gacemaze.
saolqo sasamarTlom Ziebis federalur biuros ubrZana, daxurul sa-
samarTlo sxdomaze warmoedgina ufro myari da detaluri argumentebi
informaciis gacemaze uarTan dakavSirebiT. Ziebis federalurma biurom
sasamarTlos warudgina gaucemeli dokumentebis aslebi, ris Semdegac
sasamarTlom informaciis gacemaze misi uari mizanSewonilad miiCnia.
vaineris saapelacio saCivari ZiriTadad 2 arguments eyrdnoboda:
1) federalur biuros werilobiTi uari ar iyo dasabuTebuli;
2) saolqo sasamarTlos daskvnebi saqmis faqtobrivi da samarTlebrivi
mxaris Sesaxeb ar iyo sakmarisi.
Ziebis federalurma biurom informaciis gacemaze uaris oTxi kanoni-
eri argumenti moiyvana:
1) erovnuli usafrTxoebis dacva, romelSic moiazreboda: a) informa-
ciis wyaros konfidencialoba; b) saidumlo samsaxuris aqtivobebi da
muSaobis meTodebi; g) informacia ucxoeTis mTavrobebTan kavSiris Sesaxeb;
2) uari aRniSnuli tipis informaciis gacemaze nebadarTulia sxva ka-
nonebiT. Ziebis federalurma biurom daasaxela: a)savizo ganacxadTan da-
kavSirebuli monacemebis saidumloeba; b) centraluri sadazvervo sammar-
Tvelos informaciebis saidumloeba;
3) piradi cxovrebis saidumloebis dacva;
4) konfidencialuri wyaroebis gamJRavnebis Tavidan acileba.
gadawyvetileba: me-9 olqis saapelacio sasamarTlom gaauqma saolqo
sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba da faqtobrivi garemoebebis ukeT Seswavlis
mizniT saqme ukan daabruna.
sasamarTlos mosazreba: sasamarTlom Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi aRniSna,
rom rogorc wesi, saqmis masalebi cnobilia orive mxarisaTvis sasamarT-
los dawyebamde. es saWiroa, raTa sasamarTlom mxareTa mier mtkicebule-
bebis Sesaxeb gamoTqmul mosazrebebze dayrdnobiT gadawyvitos maT Soris
arsebuli dava. Tumca informaciis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb saqmeebSi mxolod
im mxares aqvs yvela dokumentis gacnobis ufleba, romelic informaciis
gasaidumloebas ewinaaRmdegeba. `Tu informaciis gamJRavnebis momxre
mxares saqmis masalebze xeli ar miuwvdeba, es seriozulad arRvevs Cveni
samarTlebrivi sistemis tradiciul SejibrebiT bunebas.~ mxare, romelic
243
sasamarTlo praqtika
iTxovs informaciis gasaidumloebas, unda eyrdnobodes misi mowinaaRmdegis
mosazrebebs informaciis argacemis mizezebis Sesaxeb. xolo sasamarTlo
moklebulia SesaZleblobas, moisminos mowinaaRmdege mxaris argumentebi
informaciis gacemaze uaris usafuZvlobis Sesaxeb.
sasamarTlom aseve aRniSna, rom `aragonivrulia saqmis ganxilvaSi mo-
nawile mosamarTles mosTxovo, rom iazrovnos da saqmis masalebi Seafa-
sos ise, rogorc amas dainteresebuli mxare akeTebs~. amasTanave sasa-
marTlom aRniSna, rom samTavrobo uwyebebi, romlebic uars acxadeben
mxarisaTvis informaciis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb aqtis safuZvelze infor-
maciis miwodebaze, valdebuli arian, mowinaaRmdege mxaresa da sasamar-
Tlos dausaxelon TiToeuli gaucemeli dokumenti, kanonis muxli, ro-
melic aRniSnul gamonakliss awesebs da dasabuTebuli argumentacia, Tu
rogor SeuZlia konkretuli dokumentis gasaidumloebas ziani miayenos
maT mier dasaxelebul interess.
gaucemeli dokumentebis ganxilva daxurul sasamarTlo sxdomaze ar
iZleva efeqturi advokatirebis saSualebas. amitomac, daxurul sasamar-
Tlo sxdomaze saqmis ganxilva mizanSewonilia mxolod mas Semdeg, rac
`mTavroba warmoadgens detalur argumentacias informaciis gacemaze
uaris Sesaxeb~.sasamarTlom aseve ganacxada, rom `saidumlo grifis~ mizani ar aris
mxolod is, rom Ziebis federalurma biurom ganmcxadebels konkretulidokumentis gasaidumloebaze uari uTxras erTi an ramdenime kanonierimiznis safuZvelze. grifis mizania misces ganmcxadebels dokumentis ga-saidumloebis marTlzomierebis arasajarod dasabuTebis, xolo sasamar-Tlos dokumentisaTvis miniWebuli grifis mizanSewonilobis SeafasebisSesaZlebloba, Tundac daxurul sxdomaze.
1991 weli
R.A.V qalaq seint polis winaaRmdeg
505 U.S. 377 1992
faqtebi: 1990 wlis 21 ivniss mosarClem da ramdenime axalgazrdam ga-
texili skamidan gaakeTes jvari, romelic Savkaniani mezobeli ojaxis sax-
244
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
lis ezoSi ganaTavses da dawves. im droisaTvis arasrulwlovani mosarCle
dasajes minesotas kanonis Tanaxmad, romelic adgenda:
`piri, romelic sajarod an kerZo sakuTrebaSi ganaTavsebs cecxlwaki-
debuli jvris an svastikis simbolos, obieqts, dasaxelebas, aRwerilobas
an warweras; da Tu piri acnobierebs _ an aqvs gonivruli safuZveli,
gaacnobieros _ rom es qmedeba iwvevs sxva pirebis gabrazebas, Seuracx-
yofas an SiSs maTi rasis, kanis feris, warmoSobis, religiis, msoflmxed-
velobis an sqesis gamo, _ Cadis kanoniT dasjad danaSauls.�
mosarClem es braldeba pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi gaasaCivra,
sadac daobda, rom aRniSnuli kanoni arsebiTad farTo moqmedebis iyo
da warmoadgenda gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis dauSvebel Sinaarsobriv re-
gulirebas, amitom pirvel Sesworebas ewinaaRmdegeboda. pirveli instan-
ciis sasamarTlo mosarCles daeTanxma, Tumca minesotis uzenaesma sasa-
marTlom es saqme mosarClis winaaRmdeg gadawyvita da pirveli instanciis
sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba gaauqma. minesotis uzenaesi sasamarTlo mo-
sarCles ar daeTanxma, rom sadavo kanons moqmedebis arsebiTad farTo
areali hqonda; radgan kanonis fraza: �iwvevs sxva pirebis gabrazebas,
Seuracxyofas an SiSs� aviwroebda kanonis moqmedebas mxolod iseT gamo-
xatvaze, romelic pirveli SesworebiT ar iyo daculi. uaryofil iqna
argumenti, rom sadavo kanoni warmoadgenda dauSvebel Sinaarsobriv re-
gulirebas: sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom kanoni warmoadgenda viwrod
formulirebul saSualebas saxelmwifos interesis dasacavad, rac mdgo-
mareobs sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebisa da wesrigis dacvaSi.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: minesotis uzenaesi sasamarT-
los gadawyvetileba gauqmda.
sasamarTlos mosazreba warmoadgina mosamarTle skaliam: sanam se-
int polis kanonis interpretacias SevudgebodeT, saWiroa ganvixiloT
Tu rogor ganmarta sakanonmdeblo norma minesotis uzenaesma sasamar-
Tlom. Cven veTanxmebiT minesotis uzenaesi sasamarTlos gancxadebas,
romlis mixedviTac, kanoni exeba mxolod im gamoxatvas, romelic Caplin-
skis saqmeSi dadgenili standartis mixedviT, warmoadgens �individualu-
ri SuRlis gaRvivebas�. mosarCle moiTxovs Caplinskis saqmeSi dadgenili
standartis da sadavo kanonis gauqmebas, rogorc arsebiTad farTod
formulirebuli normisas. Cven vadgenT: marTalia, sadavo gamoxatva in-
dividualuri SuRlis gaRviveba. doqtrinis Tanaxmad aikrZaleboda, mag-
245
sasamarTlo praqtika
ram sadavo kanoni konstitucias ewinaaRmdegeba, radgan krZalavs sxva
SemTxvevaSi daSvebul da kanonier gamoxatvas mxolod imis safuZvelze,
Tu vis mimarT aris es gamoxatva mimarTuli.
pirveli Sesworeba ukrZalavs saxelmwifos iseTi gamoxatvis akrZal-
vas, romelic Tavad saxelmwifos sworad ar miaCnia. Sesabamisad, arsebobs
mkacri prezumfcia imisa, rom ar moxdes Sinaarsobrivi regulireba. Tum-
ca 1791 wlidan moyolebuli, Cvenma sazogadoebam, sxvebis msgavsad, dauSva
SezRudvebi garkveuli kategoriis gamoxatvaze. imis miuxedavad, rom pir-
veli Sesworebis Tanaxmad ciliswamebisa da uxamsobis standartebi da-
viwrovda, mainc rCeba gamoxatvis garkveuli kategorebi, romlebic pir-
veli Sesworebis dacviT ar sargeblobs. aseve unda aRiniSnos, rom gamo-
xatviTi qmedeba SesaZloa, aikrZalos mxolod misi formis da ara im ide-
ebis gamo, romelTa gavrcelebasac isaxavs miznad.
am principebis Tanaxmad, Cven vadgenT, rom seint polis kanoni, miuxe-
davad minesotis uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier misi viwro interpretaciisa,
arakonstituciuria. erTi frazis garda (�iwvevs sxva pirebis gabrazebas,
Seuracxyofas an SiSs�), romelic minesotas uzenaesi sasamarTlos ganmar-
tebiT, vrceldeba mxolod iseT simboloebze, romlebic warmoadgens
individualuri SuRlis gaRvivebas, sadavo aqtis danarCeni nawili krZa-
lavs aseTi sityvebis gamoyenebas, Tu isini Seuracxyofas ayenebs, an iwvevs
Zaladobas rasis kanis feris, msoflmxedvelobis, religiis an sqesis gamo.
Tumca gamoxatva, romelic warmoadgens individualuri SuRlis gaRvi-
vebas, magram exeba politikur sakiTxebs, dasaSvebia. pirveli Sesworeba
ar aZlevs Statebs imis uflebas, rom daaweson specialuri akrZalvebi im
mosazrebebze, romlebic arasasurvel sakiTxebs exeba.
kanoni, praqtikuli gamoyenebisas, ufro Sors midis, vidre Sinaarsob-
rivi diskriminaciaa; is diskriminacias awesebs Tvalsazrisis gamoxatva-
zec. magaliTad, plakati, romelzec gamoxatulia odiozuri rasobrivi
epiTetebi, ikrZaleba nebismieri Tvalsazrisis mqone adamianisTvis. �indi-
vidualuri SuRlis gaRviveba, rac TavisTavad ar Seuracxyofs piris
rasas, kanis fers, msoflmxedvelobas, religias an sqess, Tavisuflad Se-
iZleba gamoyenebul iqnas TanasworobisTvis da tolerantobisTvis brZo-
laSi, magram ara am faseulobebis oponentebis mier. amrigad, qalaq seint
polis mTavrobas ufleba ar aqvs, debatebis erT mxares neba darTos, gamo-
xatos sakuTari Tvalsazrisi, xolo maT mowinaaRmdegeebs Suasaukuneebis
wesebi dauwesos.
246
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
am saqmeSi saxezea ara individualuri SuRlis gaRvivebis akrZalva,
romelic garkveuli piris an pirTa jgufisadmia mimarTuli (rac Tavis-
Tavad antikonstituciuri iqneboda), aramed _ iseTi gamoxatvis akrZalva,
romelic �mikerZoebulad motivirebul� siZulvils gamoxatavs, kerZod,
am saqmeSi _ rasobriv siZulvils.
mopasuxem saqmis warmoebisas aRiara, rom sadavo kanoni exeba mxolod
�rasobrivad, religiurad da sqesobrivad� specifikur simboloebs, ro-
goricaa cecxlwakidebuli jvari an svastika. Tumca mopasuxe daobs, rom
sadavo kanoni saWiroa aucilebeli saxelmwifo interesis dasacavad, ker-
Zod ki, im pirTa uflebebis dasacavad, romlebic istoriulad diskrimi-
nirebuli iyvnen, es ufleba moicavs maT SesaZleblobas, icxovron mSvid
pirobebSi. sasamarTlos eWvi ar Seaqvs aseTi interesis arsebobaSi. Tumca,
imisaTvis, rom Sinaarsobrivi regulirebisas Tavidan iqnes acilebuli
cenzuris safrTxe, unda arsebobdes mkacrad aucilebeli interesi Tval-
sazrisis gamo diskriminaciis gasamarTleblad. Cven aseT interess am
saqmeSi ver vxedavT. qalaq seint polis politikosebs SesaZlebloba aqvT,
gamoTqvan maTi mtruli mosazrebebi, Tumca, maT mowinaaRmdegeebs es ekr-
ZalebaT.
SecdomaSi rom ar SegiyvanoT, vacxadebT, rom vinmes ezoSi jvris dawva
namdvilad braleuli qmedebaa. Tumca qalaq seint pols aqvs sxva SesaZ-
leblobebi, raTa es qmedeba ise daareguliros, rom pirvel Sesworebas
ar waukidos cecxli.
1992 weli
SeerTebuli Statebi katleris winaaRmdeg
58 F.3d (2nd circuit, 1995)
faqtebi: procesi exeboda kriminalur Seuracxyofas, romelic saTaves
goTis saqmidan iRebs. katleri goTis procesSi CarTuli iyo rogorc
misi advokati 1991 wlis agvistomde, anu im dromde, sanam xsnebul saqmes
mas ar Camoacilebdnen. mosamarTle glaserma, romelic goTis saqmes uZ-
247
sasamarTlo praqtika
Rveboda, katleris acilebamde orive mxaris advokatebs ramodenimejer
mouwoda, damorCilebodnen niu-iorkis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT mdebare
aSS-is sasamarTloebs da saolqo sasamarTloebis sisxlis samarTlis sap-
roceso kodeqsis me-7 muxls.
me-7 muxlis Tanaxmad, (a) advokati valdebulia, ar gaamJRavnos da xeli
ar Seuwyos sisxlis samarTlis mimdinare saqmesTan dakavSirebiT im in-
formaciis an mosazrebebis gaJonvas, romelic, SesaZloa, masobrivi in-
formaciis saSualebebiT gavrceldes, Tuki arsebobs gonivruli varaudi,
rom informaciis gavrceleba xels SeuSlis samarTlian sasamarTlos an
sxvagvarad Seaferxebs marTlmsajulebis aRsrulebas.
amave muxlis mixedviT, advokatma sasamarTlos gareT ar unda gaakeTos
gancxadebebi, romelTa sajarod gavrceleba isedac mosalodnelia, inter
alia5 informacia `braldebulis reputaciis an xasiaTis, savaraudo mow-
meebis vinaobis, maTi Cvenebebis sarwmunoobis an maTi Sinaarsis Sesaxeb.~
aseve `nebismieri mosazreba, romelic exeba braldebulis braleulobas
Tu udanaSaulobas da saqmeSi arsebul mtkicebulebebs.~
goTis saqmesTan dakavSirebiT sagazeTo publikaciebSi araerTxel mox-
da katleris citireba, igi satelevizio programebSic monawileobda ro-
gorc goTis advokatobis, ise misi advokatobidan diskvalifikaciis Sem-
deg. 1991 wlis noemberSi katleris sajaro komentarebis pasuxad, mosamar-
Tle glaserma specialuri prokurori daniSna, `raTa aSS-s saxeliT ga-
moeZiebinaT brius katleris mier sasamarTlos ganzrax Seuracxyofa,
riTac katlerma sasamarTlos brZanebulebebi da adgilobrivi sisxlis
samarTlis kodeqsis me-7 muxli daarRvia~.
1992 wlis aprilSi mosamarTle glaserma xeli moawera brZanebas, ro-
melSic ganmartavda, Tu ratom Tqva uari katleris winaaRmdeg sisxlis
samarTlis devnis gagrZlebaze. amis Semdeg mosamarTle glaserma sakuTar
Tavs acileba misca, xolo procesis gagrZeleba SemTxveviTi SerCevis
principiT daevala sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare plets, romelic Jiuris
gareSe warmarTavda process. specialurma prokurorma da katleris ad-
vokatma daayenes Suamdgomloba, sasamarTlo sxdomaze daebarebinaT re-
portiorebi. prokuroris specialuri sanqciis Tanaxmad, reportiorebs
Cvenebebi unda miecaT eTerSi gasuli brius katleris gancxadebebis Ta-
5 maT Soris (laT.).
248
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
obaze. prokurori WNYW-isgan 1990 wlis dekembridan 1991 wlis 13
agvistomde `foqsis~ niu-iorkis adgilobrivi axali ambebis programaSi
jon goTis Sesaxeb gasuli masalebis aslebs moiTxovda. si-bi-esis winaaR-
mdeg gacemuli sanqciiT, televizias 1991 wlis 7 aprilsa da 11 agvistos
niu-iorkis me-2 arxze gasuli programis da `60 wuTis~ video aslebi unda
waredgina.
advokatis mier si-bi-es-isaTvis dakisrebuli sanqciebis Tanaxmad, te-
levizias `reportiorebis mier momzadebuli statiebis Canawerebi~ da
`mTavrobis warmomadgenlebis, maT Soris prokurorebis, Ziebis federa-
luri biuros agentebis da aSS-s prokuroris an iusticiis departamentis
yvela moxelis mier goTis saqmeze da Tavad jon goTis Sesaxeb gakeTebu-
li yvela gancxadebis Canaweri~ unda warmoedgina. advokatis sanqciebi
WNYW-s winaaRmdeg iTvaliswinebda WNYW-is mier axali ambebis gamoS-
vebebSi goTis saqmis Sesaxeb gasuli yvela siuJetis Canaweris wardgenas
da brius katlerTan an sasamarTlo procesTan dakavSirebul videomasa-
las, miuxedavad imisa, gadaica Tu ara masala eTerSi. advokatis sanqciebi
si-bi-es-is winaaRmdeg moiTxovda 1991 wlis 1 agvistodan 1991 wlis 12
agvistos CaTvliT jon goTis saqmis Sesaxeb eTerSi gasul videomasalas
da 1991 wlis 7 aprilis `60 wuTis~ videoCanawerebs, romelic eTerSi gavida
saxelwodebiT `briusifikacia~ da ganmeorebiT iqna naCvenebi 1991 wlis
11 agvistos. moTxovna exeboda brius katlerisa da jon goTis saqmesTan
dakavSirebul srul masalas, imisda miuxedavad, gamoyenebuli iyo Tu ara
es segmentebi filmSi~.
reportiorebma da telekompaniebma sapasuxo sarCelis Setana gadawy-
vites. maT sanqciebis gauqmeba an arsebulis alternatiuli saxis sanqci-
ebiT Canacvleba moiTxoves, radgan zogierTi, gansakuTrebiT ki advoka-
tis sanqcia, federaluri kanonmdeblobiT garantirebul Jurnalistur
privilegiebs ewinaaRmdegeboda. sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare pletisTvis
zepiri axsna-ganmartebebis micemisas katleri daTanxmda sanqciebis Sez-
Rudvas:
(1) reportiorebi ar iqnebodnen valdebulni, sasamarTlosaTvis
waredginaT katleris da mTavrobis Tanamdebobis pirebis jer kidev
gamouqveynebeli Canawerebi:
(2) tele-radio sadgurebs unda warmoedginaT mxolod katleris
interviuebis video Canawerebi.
249
sasamarTlo praqtika
gadawyvetileba: me-2 olqis sasamarTlom Tavmjdomare pletma sanq-
ciebi ar gaauqma da reportiorebsa da tele-radio sadgurebs ubrZana,
damorCilebodnen modificirebul sanqciebs.
faqtebi: meore dRes sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare pletTan misulma
reportiorebma sasamarTlos ganucxades, rom mzad iyvnen, Cveneba miecaT
statiebis zogierTi aspeqtis Taobaze, magram ar surdaT konfidenci-
aluri wyaroebis gamJRavneba an jer kidev gamouqveynebeli masalebis
sasamarTlosaTvis wardgena manam, vidre amas saapelacio sasamarTlo ar
daakisrebda. telekompaniebma sasamarTlos ganucxades, rom isini ar wa-
radgendnen katleris advokatis Sesaxeb arsebul Canawerebs, magram da-
Tanxmdnen, eCvenebinaT sasamarTlosTvis masalebi in camera daxurul
sxdomebze. maT wamoayenes damatebiTi pirobac: Tu saolqo sasamarTlo
miiCnevda, rom Canawerebi saqmesTan kavSirSi iyo, televiziebs miecemodaT
SesaZlebloba, gaesaCivrebinaT saolqo sasamarTlos ganCineba Statis fe-
deralur sasamarTloSi, Tavad katlerisaTvis Canawerebis Cvenebamde.
sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare pletma uaryo SeTavazebuli winadadeba,
sisxlis samarTlis pasuxisgebaSi mieca Jurnalistebi da tele-radio kom-
paniebi sasamarTlos Seuracxyofis gamo da daavaldebula isini, jarimis
saxiT gadaexadaT 1 dolari yoveli dRisTvis, sanam sasamarTlos miTi-
Tebebs ar Seasrulebdnen.
gabatonebuli standarti. am saqmesTan dakavSirebiT precedentad ga-
nixileba procesi aSS burkis winaaRmdeg, sadac sasamarTlom gaauqma san-
qcia braldebulis Sesaxeb JurnalSi gamoqveynebuli statiis dokumen-
tebisa da Canawerebis sasamarTlosaTvis wardgenis Taobaze. Jurnalis
statiis Tanaavtorebi iyvnen braldebulis mTavari mowme da Jurnalis
reportiori. braldebuli statiaSi mowmes akritikebda. Jurnalma gaasa-
Civra sanqcia, im argumentze dayrdnobiT, rom `pirveli Sesworeba icavda
reportiorebis privilegias~. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom `sxva gamamar-
Tlebel mtkicebulebebTan SedarebiT, Jurnalistis samuSao furcle-
bidan mopovebuli informacia ubralod gaamyarebda sxva mtkicebule-
bebs da Sesabamisad, sanqcia ar Selaxavda pirveli SesworebiT garanti-
rebul Jurnalistur privilegias~.
axal ambebTan dakavSirebuli masalebis gamoTxovnis Taobaze saolqo
sasamarTlos es standarti gansakuTrebiT mkafiodaa Camoyalibebuli sa-
moqalaqo saqmeebSi:
250
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
`icavs ra reportiorebisa da sazogadoebis dainteresebas Jurnalis-
tis informaciis wyaros konfidencialobis dacvis Taobaze, olqis kanon-
mdebloba adgens, rom wyaros gamJRavnebis davaldebuleba SesaZlebelia
mxolod iseT SemTxvevebSi, rodesac arsebobs imis damadasturebeli ga-
mokveTili da gansakuTrebuli garemoebebi, rom informacia aris: gansa-
kuTrebiT relevanturi da aucilebeli procesis monawile mxaris pozi-
ciis dasadastureblad da informaciis mopoveba SeuZlebelia sxva arse-
buli wyaroebidan. (beikeri f. da f. investmentis winaaRmdeg, akordi da
zerili smitis winaaRmdeg, silkvudi ker-mak g. korespondentis winaaR-
mdeg).
branzburgis saqmis Semdeg beikeris saqme Jurnalisturi privilegiebis
pirveli Sefaseba iyo. beikeris saqmeSi sasamarTlom gamoiyena branzbur-
gis standarti, radgan beikeris samoqalaqo saqme mxolod nawilobriv
exeboda mas. amis Semdeg petrolium produqtis antitrast litideiSenSi
(1982), sasamarTlom kvlav samoqalaqo konteqstSi daadgina wesi, romelic
mTlianad beikeris saqmeze gadawyvetilebas eyrdnoboda. bolos burkis
saqmeSi sasamarTlom gaacnobiera, rom Jurnalisturi privilegiebis Se-
saxeb, samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebSi ar arsebobs araviTari
mizezi gansxvavebebis dasadgenad da miiCnia, rom petrolium produqtSi
Camoyalibebuli wesebi aseve miesadageba sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebs.
sakiTxebis gadawyveta saapelacio instanciaSi. me-2 olqis sasamar-
Tlom ganixila katleris Tanxmoba, mieca Cveneba da sasamarTlosaTvis
waredgina jer kidev gamouqveynebeli Canawerebi. qvemoT moyvanili mize-
zis gamo sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom katlers SeeZlo, Jurnalistebisagan
moeTxova Cvenebis micema da masalebis warmodgena.
sasamarTlos mosazreba: sasamarTlom Tavi valdebulad CaTvala,
branzburgis saqmeze gadawyvetilebisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
mieniWebina, radgan aSS-Si arsebobda da dRemde arsebobs precedentuli
samarTali. erT-erTma reportiorma, romelic branzburgis saqmesTan da-
kavSirebiT mowmis statusiT iyo gamoZaxebuli, `uari ganacxada pasuxi
gaeca im kiTxvebze, romlebic exeboda mis mier nanax da publikaciaSi
aRweril kriminalur qmedebebs~. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom katleris mier sa-
samarTlos Seuracxyofa Jurnalistebma da telekompaniebma daafiqsires.
specialuri prokuroris sanqciebi aRar warmoadgens davis sagans,
Tumca aSkaraa, rom statiebi da eTerSi gasuli videomasala, romelTa
251
sasamarTlo praqtika
wardgenasac prokuroris sanqcia iTvaliswinebda, SesaZloa, miCneul iqnes
mtkicebulebad katleris saqmeSi. katleri uflebamosilia dakiTxos re-
portiorebi gansaxilvel sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli konteqstisa da
Sinaarsis Taobaze, detalurad Seamowmos relevanturi da jer kidev
gamouqveynebeli sagazeTo Tu video masalebi, rac kriminalur Seuracx-
yofad miCneuli braldebisagan Tavis dacvis saSualebas miscems. Tavad
katleris Cvenebis gamoricxvis SemTxvevaSi, reportiorebisa da televi-
ziebis Cvenebebi SesaZloa, iyos erTaderTi mniSvnelovani mtkicebuleba
braldebulis gasamarTleblad an gasamtyuneblad. dabolos, katleris
dacvis taqtikis ZiriTadi argumenti iyo is, rom misTvis braldebad waye-
nebuli Seuracxmyofeli qmedebebi sinamdvileSi iyo misi pasuxi wayenebul
braldebebze. katleri ver ganaviTarebda dacvis am xazs, Tu igi Jurna-
listebisagan sakuTari gancxadebebis konteqstisa da Sinaarsis Sesaxeb
Sesabamis mtkicebulebebs ver moipovebda.
mediis warmomadgenlebma ganacxades, rom ar iyvnen valdebuli, wared-
ginaT katleris mier gakeTebul gancxadebebTan dakavSirebiT raime masa-
la, vidre mosamarTle maT brZanebiT ar daakisrebda aseT sanqcias.
televiziebis warmomadgenlebma aseve ganacxades, rom saolqo sasamar-
Tlom Secdoma dauSva, rodesac ar daakmayofila maTi Suamdgomlobebi
sanqciebis gauqmebis Sesaxeb da daxurul sxdomaze ar ganixila videoCa-
nawerebi.
burkis saqmeSi sasamarTlom upiratesoba in camera ganxilvas mianiWa,
rogorc optimalur zomas, raTa Tavidan aecilebina privilegirebuli
masalebis sajaro gaxmaureba. katleris poziciasTan dakavSirebiT vide-
oCanawerebis gansakuTrebuli relevanturobis fonze, sasamarTlom
miiCnia, rom burkis saqmeSi araferi iyo iseTi, rac saolqo sasamarTlos
maTi in camera ganxilvis diskrecias miscemda, maTi katlerisaTvis gasa-
idumloebis Taobaze gadawyvetilebis miRebamde.
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mniSvneloba ara aqvs sakiTxi bran-
zburgis standartiT gadawydeba Tu burkis specialuri testiT. katle-
ris argumenti reportiorebis Cvenebasa da jer kidev gamouqveynebel Ca-
nawerebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic mTavrobis warmomadgenlebis gancxa-
debebs Seicavs, SeiZleba ganvixiloT Jurnalistur privilegiaze upira-
tes moTxovnad.
1995 weli
252
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
Princeton University Press -i
Michigan Document Service Inc. -is winaaRmdeg
(6th circ. 1996)
faqtebi: mopasuxe, miCiganis dokumenturi samsaxuri, warmoadgenda
komerciul maRazias, romelic samecniero literaturisa da naSromebis
tiraJirebiT iyo dakavebuli. masalas kinZavda kursis saxelmZRvanelo-
ebis saxiT da yidda miCiganis universitetis studentebze. maRazia amgvar
produqcias awarmoebda saavtoro uflebebis mflobelebis nebarTvis ga-
reSe da mTavar sakiTxs am saqmeSi, Sesabamisad, warmoadgenda imis dadgena,
Tu ramdenad aucilebelia amgvari nebarTvis qona `keTilsindisieri gamo-
yenebis~ doqtrinis Sesabamisad.
konkretuli kursis sagnis ganviTarebiT dainteresebuli da swavle-
baze pasuxismgebeli profesoris poziciidan gamomdinare, amgvar saxelm-
ZRvaneloebs didi upiratesoba aqvT; sxvadasxva wyaroebidan masalebis
SerCevis gziT profesoris mier Sedgenili saxelmZRvanelo emsgavseba an-
Tologias, romelic mTlianad Seesabameba im saleqcio kurss, romlis way-
vanac profesors evaleba.
kursis saxelmZRvanelos arsebiTi SemuSaveba xdeba Tavad komerciuli
maRaziis mier. profesori aZlevs maRazias im masalebs, romlisganac unda
damzaddes kursis saxelmZRvanelo, xolo yvela danarCen moqmedebebs
maRazia Tavad axorcielebs. maRazia saxelmZRvanelos adebs ydas, sarCevs,
kinZavs da Sesabamis fasad mas studentebs awvdis. maRaziis mesakuTre
gaxldaT jeims smiti. igi sxva konkurenti mewarmeebisagan gansxvavebiT,
saavtoro uflebebis mflobelTagan ar iTxovda nebarTvas da maT arc
saavtoro honorars uxdida.
mister smiti ewinaaRmdegeboda sistemas, romelis Tanaxmadac, misi
konkurentebi ixdidnen SeTanxmebul honorarebs an `nebarTvis mosakre-
bels~. `kinkos~ saqmis Semdeg msgavsi produqciis mwarmoeblebis umete-
sobam daiwyo amgvari nebarTvebis winaswar mopoveba. mister smitma gadaw-
yvita ar daecva es wesi. man konsultacia gaiara sakuTar advokatTan da
mis rCevaze dayrdnobiT unebarTvod muSaoba gadawyvita, radgan advoka-
tis TqmiT, `kinkos~ saqmeze gadawyvetilebaSi arsebobda `xvrelebi~ ro-
melTa gamoyeneba mas Tavis sasargeblod SeeZlo.
253
sasamarTlo praqtika
mister smitma sagamomcemlo industriis yuradReba miipyro. gamomcem-
lebma, `prinston universiti presma~ da makmilanma, sasamarTloSi mis-ter smitisa da misi korporaciis winaaRmdeg sarCeli Seitanes.
gadawyvetileba: me-6 olqis sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom adgili hqondasaavtoro uflebebis Sesaxeb kanonis darRvevas, radgan mopasuxe
arakeTilsindisierad moqmedebda.sasamarTlos mosazreba: keTilsindisieri gamoyenebis doqtrina,
romelic iTvaliswinebs gamonaklisebs saavtoro uflebebis monopoliisfarglebSi, `nebas rTavs (da avaldebulebs kidec) sasamarTloebs, Tavi
Seikavon saavtoro uflebebis Sesaxeb kanonis normebis mkacri gamoyene-bisagan, rodesac es sanqciebi safrTxes uqmnis SemoqmedebiT procesebs,
romelTa wasaxaliseblad saboloo jamSi miRebulia es kanoni~.Tu am debulebas mTlianobaSi ganvixilavT, cxadi xdeba, rom saavtoro
uflebiT daculi nawarmoebis iseTi keTilsindisieri miznebisaTvis gamo-yeneba, rogoricaa swavleba (maT Soris saswavlo mizniT mravali aslis
gakeTeba), ar CaiTvleba saavtoro uflebebis darRvevad.imis dasadgenad, Tu ra SemTxvevaSi CaiTvaleba gamoyeneba keTilsin-
disierad, aSS-s uzenaesma sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom am dros gansakuT-rebuli yuradReba unda mieqces testis meoTxe nawils _ `saavtoro
uflebis gamoyenebis efeqti da gavlena saavtoro uflebis potenciurbazarsa an mis literaturul Rirebulebaze, anu primus inter pares~.6
Tuki saavtoro uflebiT daculi nawarmoebis gasaCivrebuli gamoye-neba arakomerciuli tipisaa, bazarze gavlenis moxdenis Sesaxeb mtkicebis
tvirTi saavtoro uflebis mflobels awevs. xolo Tu gasaCivrebuligamoyeneba komerciuli xasiaTisaa, mtkicebis tvirTi saavtoro uflebiT
daculi nawarmoebis gamomyeneblis movaleobaa. (soni korp. universitistudios winaaRmdeg).
sasamarTlo daeTanxma mosazrebas, rom studentebis mier, romlebicubralod yiduloben saxelmZRvanelos, saavtoro uflebiT daculi masa-
lebis gamoyeneba arakomerciulia. magram studentebis mier masalebis ga-moyeneba am saqmeSi ar aris sadavo arc mosarCleebis mxridan. gamomcem-
lebi asaCivreben saavtoro uflebiT daculi nawarmoebis duplikaciaskomerciuli organizaciis mier, romelmac ganizraxa sakuTari Semosav-
lebis gazrda saavtoro uflebebis mflobelTaTvis honorarebis arga-daxdis saSualebiT.
mopasuxis mier wignebidan garkveuli nawilebis gamoyeneba aranaklebi
6 aRmatebuli TanasworTa Soris (laT).
254
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
komerciuli bunebis qmedeba iyo, vidre harpertrouSi Jurnal `neiSenis~
mier saavtoro uflebiT daculi masalis gamoyeneba, sadac mokle statiisgamoqveyneba, romelic Seicavda mcire amonarids prezident fordis jer
kidev gamouqveynebeli wignidan, arakeTilsindisier gamoyenebad CaiT-vala. im studentebis msgavsad, romlebmac SeiZines nebarTvis gareSe da-
beWdili kursis saxelmZRvaneloebi, Jurnalis SemZenebi ar iyenebdnen in-formacias komerciuli miznebisTvis, Tumca uzenaesi sasamarTlosTvis
es ar iyo sakmarisi faqtori, raTa mopasuxis qmedeba `arakomerciulixasiaTis publikaciad~ ganexila.
imis dasadgenad, Tu ramdenad zemoqmedebda bazarze am tipis gamoye-neba, uzenaesma sasamarTlom sonis, harperisa da rous, da kempbelis saq-
meSi ganmarta: `sakmarisia pirma daamtkicos, rom aseTi gamoyenebis gaxSi-rebis SemTxvevebi saavtoro uflebiT daculi nawarmoebebis potenciur
bazarze sazianod aisaxeba~. am testis mixedviT, sasamarTlom miiCnia, rommosarCleebma SeZles keTilsindisieri gamoyenebis Sesaxeb mopasuxis
argumentebis gabaTileba.mopasuxis konkurenti maRaziebis umetesoba mudmivad ixdida hono-
rars saavtoro uflebiT daculi nawarmoebebidan amonaridebis tiraJi-rebisaTvis. samive mosarCle erT weliwadSi daaxloebiT 500 000 dolaris
Semosavals iRebda maT mier gamoSvebuli publikaciebidan gadabeWdvisnebarTvisTvis mosakreblebis saxiT. Tuki maRaziebi mTeli qveynis masS-
tabiT danergavdnen imas, rasac mopasuxeebi akeTebdnen, maTi SemosavalimniSvnelovnad Semcirdeboda, iseve rogorc maT mier gamocemuli saav-
toro uflebiT daculi nawarmoebis sabazro Rirebuleba.mopasuxeebi ganmartavdnen, rom arasworia midgoma, roca saavtoro
uflebis mflobeli uflebamosilia nebarTvis gacemaze Tanxa moiTxovosda Semdeg sabazro danakargebi am Tanxis gadauxdelobiT gazomos. isini
amtkicebdnen, rom bazrisTvis miyenebuli zarali, SesaZloa, gaizomosmxolod ararealizebuli wignebis safasuriT da ara nebarTvis TanxebiT.
magaliTad, mopasuxeebma moawyves presis stamba da analogiuri repro-duqciebis keTeba daiwyes imis safuZvelze, rom amgvari reproduqcia war-
moadgenda im wignis `keTilsindisier gamoyenebas~, romelzec saavtorouflebebi maT ar gaaCndaT. mopasuxeebis logikis mixedviT, araswori
iqneboda saavtoro uflebis mflobels emtkicebina bazrisaTvis miyene-buli zaralis odenoba miuRebeli honorarebis gamo. (ra Tqma unda, Tu
SeiZleba imis varaudi, rom saavtoro uflebis mflobels gaaCnia uflebaaseT Semosavalze).
255
sasamarTlo praqtika
sasamarTlom aseve ganixila testis danarCeni sami nawilic, Tumca aR-
niSna, rom konkretul situaciaSi isini naklebad mniSvnelovania:a) rac Seexeba ,gamoyenebis mizansa da xasiaTs, sasamarTlom calsaxad
daadastura, rom gansaxilveli gamoyeneba komerciuli xasiaTis iyo.mopasuxeebi amtkicebdnen, rom gansaxilvel saqmeSi nawarmoebis repro-
duqcia unda ganxiluliyo rogorc `aramomgebiani _ saswavlo~, radganacigi ganxorcielebuli iyo Tavad studentebisa da profesorebis mier.
mopasuxeebi amtkicebdnen, rom maT SeeZloT moexdinaT uamravi aslis dam-zadeba imaze nakleb Tanxad, vidre igives gakeTeba Tavad profesorebsa
da studentebs daujdebodaT.b) testis I I nawili, `saavtoro uflebiT daculi nawarmoebis buneba~
am saqmeSi ar iyo sadavo. mopasuxeebma gaacnobieres, rom kursis saxelmZ-RvanelosaTvis gadaRebul amonaridebs SemoqmedebiTi Rirebuleba hqon-
da da maTi ganxilva SesaZlebeli iyo rogorc `gamoxatvis~; gadaRebulimasala namdvilad ar iyo satelefono cnobari, rac aseve SesaZloa, mimar-
Tuli iqnas keTilsindisieri gamoyenebis argumentis winaaRmdeg.g) testis bolo nawili sasamarTlosgan moiTxovda Sefasebas, `Tu ra
moculobiT moxda mTlianobaSi saavtoro uflebiT daculi nawarmoebisgamoyeneba~. `rac ufro didia gamoyenebuli nawyvetis moculoba, miT
ufro metad zaraldeba saavtoro uflebis mflobeli, Sesabamisad, am qme-debis keTilsindisier gamoyenebad miCnevis albaToba mcirdeba~. PierreN Leval, Toward a Fair use Standayt, 105 Hary. L. Rev. 1005, 1122 (1990).
1996 weli
reno - SeerTebuli Statebis generaluri
prokurori - amerikis samoqalaqo uflebebis
kavSiris winaaRmdeg
521 US 844
faqtebi: 1996 wlis komunikaciebis aqti miznad isaxavda arasrulwlov-
nebis dacvas mavne zegavlenis mqone masalebisgan, romlebic internetiT
256
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
gavrcelda. aqtis Tanaxmad, dasjadia uxamsi da Seuferebeli mesijebis/
gzavnilebis ganzrax dagzavna 18 wlamde asakis mimRebebTan. aqtis 223-e
nawili krZalavs 18 wlamde asakis pirebisaTvis iseTi mesijebis da masalis
ganzrax dagzavnas, `romelic sqesobriv aqts an organoebs aRwers, an maT
warmoadgens aSkarad Seuracxmyofeli saxiT, rac gansazRvrulia Ta-
namedrove sazogadoebrivi standartebiT.~ aseTi qmedebisaTvis dacvad
gamoiyeneba piris `keTilsindisieri da efeqturi moqmedeba~ zemoaRniS-
nuli masalebis SesazRudad. aseTi meqanizmebi SeiZleba iyos informaciis
xelmisawvdomoba asakis Sesabamisad, magaliTad, sakredito baraTiT an
piradobis damadasturebeli mowmobis nomriT. ramdenime mosarClem sasa-
marTloSi Seitana sarCeli, sadac isini daobdnen, rom aRniSnuli aqti
antikonstituciuria. pensilvaniis olqis sasamarTlos kolegiam _ sami
mosamarTlis SemadgenlobiT _ winaswari gadawyvetileba miiRo saqmeze
da saqmis saboloo gadawyvetamde akrZala aqtis sadavo nawilebis moqme-
deba. sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, saxelmwifos ekrZaleba aqtis 223-e
nawiliT dadgenili akrZalvebis ganxorcieleba, Tumca, ufleba rCeba,
gamoiZios da sisxlis samarTlebrivi devna ganaxorcielos aSkara uxamso-
basa da bavSvTa pornografiaze. saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebma pensil-
vaniis olqis sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaes
sasamarTloSi gaasaCivres: isini miiCnevdnen, rom olqis sasamarTlom
araswori gadawyvetileba miiRo, rodesac daadgina, rom sadavo aqti kon-
stituciis pirvel da mexuTe Sesworebebs ewinaaRmdegeboda.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: olqis sasamarTlos gadawy-
vetileba ZalaSi darCa.
SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosazreba warmoad-
gina mosamarTle stevensma, romelmac sityva internetis mimoxilviT
daiwyo: `interneti _ es aris urTierTdakavSirebuli kompiuterebis
saerTaSoriso qseli, romelic daibada 1969 wels Seqmnili samxedro prog-
ramidan; am programas arpaneti ewodeboda. interneti bolo wlebis gan-
mavlobaSi sagrZnoblad gaizarda. saqmis ganxilvisas daaxloebiT 40 mi-
lioni adamiani sargeblobs internetiT da mosalodnelia, rom es cifri
1999 wlisTvis 200 milionamde gaizardos. is adamianebi, romlebsac xeli
miuwvdebaT internetze, sargebloben komunikaciebis da informaciis
miRebis mravali meTodiT, maT Sorisaa: `imeili~, `listserverebi~, `Cet-
rumebi~, `niusgrupebi~ da msoflio sakomunikacio qseli (world wide web).
257
sasamarTlo praqtika
am saSualebebiT SesaZlebelia teqstis, xmis, imijis da video imijebis
gavrceleba. yvela es saSualeba erTad warmoadgens kiber sivrces, ro-
melSi Sesvla SeuZlia nebismier adamians, Tuki misTvis xelmisawvdomia
interneti. amave dros, nebismier pirs, romelsac aqvs interneti, SeuZlia
masSi informaciis ganTavseba. gamomcemlebs SeuZliaT, es informacia yve-
lasTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxadon, an SezRudon misi momxmareblebi, maga-
liTad, sakredito baraTiT. internets arc erTi organizacia ar akont-
rolebs da ar arsebobs sistema, romlis mixedviTac centralizebulad
daiblokeboda romelime veb-gverdi an raime sxva momsaxureba. gadaWar-
beba ar iqneba, Tu vityviT, rom internetSi ganTavsebuli informaciis
Sinaarsi iseve mravalferovania, rogorc adamianis fiqri.
internetSi mravlad gvxvdeba teqstebi, fotoebi an saubrebi (`Ceti~),
romlebic pornografiul elementebs Seicavs. imis miuxedavad, rom in-
ternetSi aseTi masala mravlad arsebobs, Zalian iSviaTad Tu wavawydebiT
mas SemTxveviT. dokumentis an failis saTauri, rogorc wesi, aRwers mis
Semadgenel masalas. TiTqmis yvela masala, romelic pornografiul ele-
mentebs Seicavs, garkveul gamafrTxilebel warweras atarebs. amrigad,
televiziisagan da radiosagan gansxvavebiT, Zalian mciredia imis alba-
Toba, rom internetiT aseT informacias SemTxveviT waawydeT. interne-
tiT informaciis miRebas sWirdeba garkveuli moqmedebebis Catareba da
zomebis miReba. bavSvs sWirdeba garkveuli unar-Cvevebi imisaTvis, rom
internetiT informacia miiRos da Semdeg es informacia damoukideblad
gamoiyenos. amasTan, ukve arsebobs sistemebi da programebi, romlis meSve-
obiTac mSoblebs SeuZliaT, sakuTar kompiuterze dablokon garkveuli
saxis informacia maTive Svilebisagan.
rac Seexeba asakis damadasturebel meqanizmebs, aq olqis sasamarTlom
kategoriulad aRniSna, rom ar arsebobs araviTari efeqturi meqanizmi
imis Sesamowmeblad, Tu ramdeni wlisaa piri, romelic `imeils~ amowmebs,
an `CetrumebSi~ Tu `niusgrupebSi~ Sedis. marTalia, arsebobs sakredito
baraTiT momxmareblebis SezRudvis meqanizmi, magram aseTi meqanizmi
gamoiwvevs bevri arakomerciuli veb-gverdis daxurvas da iseTi momxma-
reblebis SezRudvas, visac sakredito baraTi ar gaaCnia.
1996 wlis komunikaciebis aqti sakmaod mniSvnelovani sakanonmdeblo
dokumentia, romlis mTavari mizania `telekomunikaciebis axali teqno-
logiebis swrafi danergvisTvis xelSewyoba da regulirebis Semcireba~.
258
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
am aqtis mexuTe nawili, Seicavs normebs, romlebic cnobilia, rogorc
`arasaTanado (arawesieri) gadacemis~ da `aSkarad Seuracxmyofeli de-
monstrirebis~ normebi.
am saqmeSi saxelmwifo daobs, rom aqti ar ewinaaRmdegeba pirvel Ses-
worebas da eyrdnoba am sasamarTlos wina sam gadawyvetilebas: Ginsberg
v. New York 390 US 629 (1968), FCC v. Pacifica Foundation 438 US 726 (1978);
Renton v, Playtime Theatres, Inc, 475 US 42 (1986). sasamarTlo aRniSnavs,
rom am saqmeebis detaluri analizi ufro amZafrebs eWvs, rom sadavo
aqti antikonstituciuria.
imis miuxedavad, arRvevs Tu ara sadavo aqti konstituciis mexuTe Ses-
worebas, bevri orazrovani da bundovani norma problemas qmnis pirveli
Sesworebis miznebisaTvis. aqtis orive sadavo norma sxvadasxva fraze-
ologias iyenebs: pirvel normaSi gamoyenebulia sityva `arawesieri~, xo-
lo meore saubrobs `sqesobrivi aqtis an ereqciuli funqciis iseT aR-
werasa da warmodgenaze, romelic aSkarad Seuracxmyofelia Tanamed-
rove sazogadoebrivi standartebis mixedviT~. aqtSi arc erTi zemoaRniS-
nuli termini ganmartebuli ar aris. SeiZleba Tu ara, rom amis gamo pirma
daaskvnas, rom masala homoseqsualizmze, Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego saSuale-
bebsa da gaupatiurebis Sedegebze ar daarRvevs sadavo aqts? es bundo-
vaneba sadavo aqtSi badebs eWvs, rom igi viwrod da faqizad formulire-
buli ar aris.
sadavo aqtis bundovaneba safrTxes qmnis ori mizezis gamo: pirveli _
sadavo aqti warmoadgens sityvis Tavisuflebis Sinaarsobriv regulire-
bas; da meore _ igi sisxlis samarTlis kanonia. nasamarTleobasTan erTad,
aqti or wlamde patimrobis sanqciebs Seicavs. am regulirebis Sedegad,
arakanonieri teqstebis, imijis an ideis komunikacias, SesaZloa, ama Tu
im pirma gaCumeba arCios. saxelmwifo mxars uWers pozicias, rom sadavo
aqtis normebi imaze bundovani ar aris, vidre mileri kaliforniis wina-
aRmdeg saqmeSi dadgenili samwverovani testi. Tumca es ase ar aris, rad-
gan mileris saqmeSi sasamarTlom samwverovani testi daadgina, sadavo
aqti ki mxolod mis erT komponents iyenebs (`aSkarad Seuracxmyofeli~).
amasTan, mileris gadawyvetilebaSi sasamarTlom daadgina, rom akrZalu-
li masalebi unda ganimartos Statis kanonmdeblobiT.
sasamarTlo darwmunebulia, rom sadavo aqts aklia is sizuste, rac,
konstituciis mexuTe Sesworebis Tanaxmad, aucilebelia gamoxatvis
259
sasamarTlo praqtika
regulirebisTvis. arasrulwlovnebis dacvis mizniT, sadavo aqti krZa-
lavs iseT masalebs, romelzec konstituciuri ufleba aqvT srulwlovan
adamianebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom am sasamarTlos mravaljer uRiarebia
saxelmwifo interesi bavSvTa dacvis sferoSi, es interesi ver amarTlebs
informaciis iseTi farTo sferos akrZalvas, rogoric sadavo aqtSia mo-
cemuli.
sadavo aqtis moqmedebis sfero sakmaod vrcelia. misi areali vrcel-
deba rogorc komerciul sityvasa da komerciul dawesebulebebze, aseve
arakomerciul, aramomgebian dawesebulebebze da individebze, romlebsac
sakuTar kompiuterSi SeiZleba hqondeT aqtiT akrZaluli masalebi da
romlebsac SeuZliaT es masalebi arasrulwlovnebs aCvenon. aqtis bun-
dovani terminebiT akrZalul masalebs ki, SesaZloa, seriozuli saganma-
naTleblo an sxva faseuloba hqondes. sadavo aqtiT, SesaZloa, aikrZalos
diskusia gaupatiurebis an sqesobrivi aqtis Sesaxeb da am siaSi, albaT,
karnegis biblioTekis katalogic moxvdeba. aqtis mixedviT, mSobels uf-
leba ar aqvs, rom 17 wlis Svils ufleba misces, gamoiyenos ojaxis kom-
piuteri, raTa moipovos da aCvenos mas informacia, romlis Cvenebasac
Tavad saWirod miiCnevs. agreTve, mSobels cixeSi gamoketaven, Tu igi 17
wlis Svils informacias miawvdis Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego saSualebebze.
aqtis Sinaarsobrivi regulirebis farTo areali saxelmwifos akisrebs
sakmaod mkacr mtkicebis tvirTs, rom ganmartos, ratom ar SeiZleba, aras-
rulwlovnebis dasacavad naklebad mkacri zomebi gamoiyenebodes. saxel-
mwifos aRniSnuli ar daumtkicebia.
sabolood, sasamarTlo ar eTanxmeba saxelmwifos arguments, rom in-
ternetis regulireba mis zrdas uwyobs xels: `Cven migvaCnia, rom saxel-
mwifos mxridan sityvis Tavisuflebis Sinaarsobrivi regulireba ufro
xels SeuSlis, vidre xels Seuwyobs ideebis Tavisufal gacvlas. demokra-
tiul saxelmwifoSi sityvis Tavisuflebis dacvis interesi ufro metia,
vidre cenzuris nebismieri Teoriuli, magram daumtkicebeli dadebiTi
mxareebi~. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom sadavo aqti ewinaaRmdegeba kons-
tituciis pirvel Sesworebas.
1997 weli
260
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
bartniCki vuperisa da aka uiliamsis winaaRmdeg
(U.S. 2001)
faqtebi: pensilvaniis saSualo skolis maswavlebelTa uflebebis dac-
vis asociaciisa da adgilobrivi skolis sameurveo sabWos Soris mimdi-
nareobda koleqtiuri savaWro molaparakeba. am molaparakebis dros uc-
nobma pirovnebam asociaciis mxridan, mTavar mwarmoebelsa da asociaciis
prezidents Soris Semdgari satelefono saubari Caiwera. mas Semdeg, rac
mxareebi pirobebze SeTanxmdnen, mopasuxem, radio komentatorma vuperma,
molaparakebebis dasrulebis Semdeg miRweuli Sedegebis gaSuqebis kon-
teqstSi radio eTerSi faruli satelefono Canaweri gauSva.
momCivanebma zianis anazRaurebis moTxovniT sasamarTlos mimarTes.
isini eyrdnobodnen satelefono Canawerebis Sesaxeb federalur da aseve,
adgilobriv kanonmdeblobas.
apelantebi acxadebdnen, rom maTi satelefono saubris Cawera moxda
farulad, ucnobi piris mier.
mopasuxe, iukumma, adgilobrivi organizaciis liderma, romelic aso-
ciaciis moTxovnebs ewinaaRmdegeboda, moipova aRniSnuli Canaweri da
ganzrax gadasca igi inter alia mediis warmomadgenlebs.
mediis warmomadgenlebma dauyonebliv gamoaqveynes Canaweri, miuxeda-
vad imisa, rom icodnen an unda scodnodaT, rom igi ukanonod iyo mopo-
vebuli.
saolqo sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom kanonis Tanaxmad, mediis wamomad-
geneli arRvevs federalur kanonmdeblobas, rodesac ganzrax aqveynebs
eleqtronuli komunikaciis Sinaarss, romlis ukanonod mopovebis Taoba-
ze misTvis cnobilia an unda iyos cnobili, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu igi
uSualod ar yofila CarTuli am procesSi.
sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom satelefono saubris ganzrax Caweris faqtis
dadgenas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeboda.
sasamarTlom ar gaiziara mopasuxeTa argumentebi, rom maT pirveli
Sesworeba im SemTxvevaSic icavs, Tu informaciis gamJRavneba arRvevs ka-
nonis moTxovnebs, radgan kanonebi Sinaarsobrivad neitraluri aqtebia,
romlebic ar iTvaliswinebs sityvis Tavisuflebis winaswar SezRudvas
261
sasamarTlo praqtika
an meqanizmebs, romelTac SeuZliaT `gamyinavi efeqti~ iqonion informa-
ciis mopovebasa da gavrcelebaze.
aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom miiCnia,
rom radiosadgurebis qmedeba ar arRvevda pirvel Sesworebas da saqme
xelaxali ganxilvisaTvis imave sasamarTlos daubruna.
sasamarTlos mosazreba: sasamarTlos azriT, sadavo kanoni Seicavs
xarvezs _ igi ufro metad zRudavs sityvis Tavisuflebas, vidre amas
calkeuli adamianebis interesebis dacva moiTxovs.
sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom konstituciis pirveli Seworeba icavs mo-
pasuxeebis moqmedebas:
(a) satransporto danaSaulebis kontrolisa da usafrTxo quCebis Se-
saxeb 1968 wlis kanonis I I I Tavi krZalavs satelefono, eleqtronuli an
zepiri saubrebis Caweras. 2511-e muxli, (1)(a) exeba im pirebs, vinc ganzrax
iwers amgvar saubrebs, (g) yvela im pirs, vinc icis an unda icodes, rom
komunikaciis Semcveli masala mopovebulia arakanonieri gziT da ganzrax
aqveynebs mis Sinaarss.
(b) Sinaarsobrivad 2511 (1) (c)-e muxli neitraluri kanonia, romlis
mizania, daicvas eleqtronuli da zepiri komunikaciebis piraduli xasi-
aTi. kanoni amgvar komunikaciebs icavs ara marto Sinaarsis, aramed maTi
mopovebis kanonierebis gaTvaliswinebiT. meores mxriv, gamJRavnebis akr-
Zalva samarTlianad iTvleba gamoxatvis regulirebis erT-erT formad.
(d) saqmeSi _ `niu-iork taimsi~ SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg uze-
naesma sasamarTlom daadastura presis ufleba, gamoaqveynos mesame mxa-
ris mier moparul dokumentebze dayrdnobiT mopovebuli mniSvnelovani
sazogadoebrivi interesis Semcveli informacia. amis dadgenisas sasamar-
Tlom yuradReba gaamaxvila moparuli dokumentebis xasiaTsa da sajaro
gasaidumloebis Sedegebze da ara dokumentebis moparvis faqtze. sasamar-
Tlom aseve Riad datova sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad SeeZlo mTav-
robas, aRekveTa ara mxolod Tavdapirveli ukanonoba, aramed Semdgomi
gamoqveyneba im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac informacia mopovebul iqna uka-
nonod gazeTis an wyaros mier. am saqmeSi sakiTxi ufro konkretulad dgas:
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gamomcemelma informacia kanonierad miiRo wyarosgan,
romelmac igi arakanonieri gziT moipova, SeuZlia Tu ara mTavrobas, da-
sajos bolo publikacia Tavdapirveli efeqtis gamo?
262
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
Sesabamisad, arsebuli faqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT, sasamarTlo ganixi-
lavs sakiTxs, gamarTlebulia Tu ara gamoxatvis SezRudva 2511 (1) (c)-e
muxlSi nagulisxmevi interesebiT.
(e) mTavrobis mier dasaxelebuli pirveli interesi, daukargon cal-
keul pirebs kerZo saubrebSi SeWris survili, ar amarTlebs 2511 (1) (c)-e
muxlis gamoyenebas sajaro informaciis uwyinari gamJRavnebis mimarT.
arakanonieri qmedebis aRkveTis normaluri meTodia samarTaldamrRvevis
dasja. aRsaniSnavia, rom informaciis ukanono mflobelis gamoxatvis Ta-
visufleba SeiZleba SeizRudos marTlzomierad moqmedi mesame piris uka-
nono moqmedebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, roca 2511 (a) (c), an (1) SemTx-
vevebiT gaTvaliswinebul darRvevebSi `SemWrelis~ vinaoba cnobilia. ar
arsebobs araviTari safuZveli imis savaraudod, rom akrZalva amcirebs
amgvari ukanono SeWris albaTobas.
(v) mTavrobis meore interesi _ ukanono SeWriT dazaralebuli adami-
anebisaTvis miyenebuli zianis minimumade dayvana, udavod ufro Zlieria.
komunikaciis saidumloeba mniSvnelovani interesia. Tumca sazogadoeb-
riv interesTan dakavSirebuli movlenebis Sesaxeb informaciis gamoqvey-
nebis interesi gadawonis piradulobis dacvis interess. sajaro sferoSi
saqmianobis erT-erTi sazRauri xom swored piradulobis garkveuli do-
ziT daTmobaa. saqmeSi _ `niu-iork taimsi salivanis winaaRmdeg~ _ sasa-
marTlom daadgina, rom rodesac saqme exeba sajaro piris kritikas saja-
ro movlenebze, debatebi SeuzRudavi, mkacri da Ria unda iyos.
2001 weli
263
sasamarTlo praqtika
hendisaidi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg
faqtebi: mosarClem, romelic beWdviT kompanias warmoadgenda, da-
beWda wigni, saTauriT `patara wiTeli wigni~. es wigni xelmisawvdomi gaxda
skolis im moswavleebisTvis, romlebsac 12 weli SeusruldaT, aseve mozr-
dilebisTvisac. wigni Seicavda nawils seqsis Sesaxeb, sadac iyo Tavebi
masturbaciis, kontraceptivebis, menstruaciis, pornografiis, homoseq-
sualizmis, abortis Sesaxeb. wignSi mocemuli iyo im saagentoebis misamar-
Tebi da telefonis nomrebi, sadac moswavleebs SeeZloT miemarTaT dax-
marebis aRmoCenis TxovniT. wigni Tavdapirvelad gamoqveynda daniaSi, Sem-
dgom luqsemburgSi, avstriaSi, saberZneTSi, islandiaSi, italiaSi, holan-
diaSi, norvegiaSi, germaniis federaciul respublikaSi da zogierT ara-
evropul qveyanaSi.
ramdenime saCivris miRebis Semdeg policiam gaCxrika mosarClis ofisi
da aRniSnuli wignebi daayadaRa. mosarCle daadanaSaules uxamsi masale-
bis flobisaTvis da moaxdines konfiskacia wignebisa, romlebic ganad-
gurda. SemdgomSi gamoqveynda wignis redaqtirebuli versia, saidanac gar-
kveuli nawilebi amoiRes.
mosarCelem evropis adamianis uflebebis sasamarTlos mimarTa.
gadawyvetileba: adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom cameti
xmiT erTis winaaRmdeg daadgina, rom konvenciis me-10 muxli ar darR-
veula.
motivacia: konvenciis me-10 muxlis Sesabamisad: `1. yvelas aqvs gamo-
xatvis Tavisufleba. es ufleba moicavs adamianis Tavisuflebas, hqondes
mosazrebebi, miiRos da gaavrcelos informacia da ideebi sajaro xeli-
suflebis Carevis gareSe da sazRvrebis miuxedavad. es muxli ar uSlis
SFDB 66FLFVBFYBC EAKT<FSF
TDHJGEKB CFCFVFHSKJC GHFMNBRF
264
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
xels saxelmwifoebs, moiTxovon radiomauwyeblobis, televiziis an kino-
warmoebis licenzireba.
2. am uflebaTa ganxorcieleba moicavs valdebulebebsa da pasuxis-
mgeblobas; amitomac SeiZleba daeqvemdebaros iseT formalobebs, piro-
bebs, SezRudvebs an sasjels, romlebsac iTvaliswinebs kanoni da rom-
lebic aucilebelia demokratiul sazogadoebaSi erovnuli usafrTxo-
ebis, teritoriuli mTlianobis an sazogadoebrivi wesrigis uzrunvel-
sayofad, uwesrigobisa da danaSaulis aRsakveTad, janmrTelobisa da mo-
ralis, sxvaTa reputaciis an uflebebis dasacavad, konfidencialurad
miRebuli informaciis gamJRavnebis Tavidan asacileblad, sasamarTlo
xelisuflebis avtoritetisa da miukerZoeblobis SesanarCuneblad.~
arc erT mxars sadavod ar gauxdia saxelmwifo organoebis mxridan
saCivris warmdgenis sityvis Tavisuflebis ganxorcielebaSi Careva, rac
gamoixata saCivris warmdgenisaTvis sasjelis SefardebaSi, ramdenime ase-
uli wignisa da dakabadonebuli masalis konfiskaciaSi.
imisaTvis, rom Careva konvenciis me-10 muxlis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad
ganxorcieldes, aucilebelia, rom igi `gaTvaliswinebuli iyos kanoniT~.
adamianis uflebaTa evropul sasamarTlos miaCnia, rom konvenciis me-10
muxlis me-2 punqtis es moTxovna daculi iqna, radgan Careva ganxorci-
elda 1959 da 1964 wlis sakanonmdeblo aqtebis Sesabamisad. amave dros,
arc saCivris warmdgeni acxadebda, rom zemoaRniSnuli kanonebi araswo-
rad gamoiyenes.
adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom saWirod miiCnia, daed-
gina, Tu ramdenad Seesabameboda Careva adamianis uflebebis evropuli
konvenciis me-10 muxlis me-2 punqtis aramarto pirvel, aramed danarCen
moTxovnebsac. sasamarTlos unda daezustebina, ramdenad aucilebeli
iyo Careva `demokratiul sazogadoebaSi~ `moralis dasacavad~.
adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom gaiziara gaerTianebuli
samefos mTavrobisa da komisiis gadawyvetileba da miiCnia, rom 1959 da
1964 wlis kanonebi miznad isaxavda sazogadoebrivi zneobis dacvas.
adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom unda daadginos, demok-
ratiul sazogadoebaSi zneobis dacva ramdenad saWiroebda iseTi zomebis
miRebas, rogoric saCivris warmdgenis winaaRmdeg gatarda.
gaerTianebuli samefos mTavrobasa da komisiis wevrTa umravlesobam
miiCnia, rom inglisis sasamarTlom imoqmeda gonivrulad da keTilsin-
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
265
sasamarTlo praqtika
disierad. mas ar daurRvevia me-10 muxlis me-2 punqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli
monawile saxelmwifoebisaTvis dadgenili diskreciuli uflebamosilebis
farglebi. meore mxriv, komisiis umciresobaSi darCenilma wevrebma aR-
niSnes, rom sasamarTlom inglisis sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba ki ar
unda Seafasos, aramed unda daadginos, ramdenad Seesabameba es saskolo
saxelmZRvanelo konvenciis moTxovnebs.
adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom miuTiTa, rom konvenciiT
dawesebul dacvis instrumentebs subsidiuri xasiaTi aqvs adamianis uf-
lebaTa dacvis erovnul sistemebTan mimarTebiT. konvenciiT gaTvalis-
winebuli dacvis meqanizmi mxolod maSin unda amoqmeddes, rodesac samar-
Tlebrivi dacvis yvela Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi SesaZlebloba amoiwureba.
SeuZlebelia, sazogadoebrivi zneobis Taobaze erTiani evropuli Se-
xeduleba arsebobdes. monawile saxelmwifoebSi zneobrivi moTxovnebi
SeiZleba icvlebodes droisa da adgilis mixedviT, gansakuTrebiT, Tana-
medrove epoqaSi. adgilobrivma sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom konvenciis me-10
muxlis me-2 puqtSi mocemuli sityva `aucilebelia~, marTalia, ar aris
`Seucvlelis~ sinonimi, magram mas ar axasiaTebs is moqniloba, rac maga-
liTad, aqvs sityvebs: `dasaSvebia~, `rogorc wesi~, `mizanSewonilia~ da
a.S. sityva `aucilebelia~ gulisxmobs `gadaudebeli socialuri moTxov-
nilebis~ arsebobas.
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom konvenciis
me-10 muxlis me-2 punqti saxelmwifoebs garkveul diskreciul uflebas
utovebs imis gansazRvisas, Tu ras niSnavs termini `aucilebelia~. miuxe-
davad zemoTqmulisa, me-10 muxlis me-2 punqti maT SeuzRudav diskreciul
uflebamosilebas ar aniWebs. mxolod adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasa-
marTloa uflebamosili, miiRos saboloo gadawyvetileba, Tu ramdenad
Seesabameba monawile saxelmwifoebis mier dawesebuli SezRudvebi konven-
ciis me-10 muxliT dacul uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs. adamianis ufle-
baTa evropuli sasamarTlos kontrols eqvemdebareba rogorc Sidasa-
xelmwifoebrivi diskreciuli uflebamosileba, ise kanonmdebloba da aR-
masrulebeli Tu sasamarTlo xelisuflebis mier miRebuli gadawyveti-
lebebi.
kontrolis ganxorcielebisas adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo
valdebulia, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcios `demokratiuli sazoga-
doebisaTvis~ damaxasiaTebel umTavres principebs. konvenciis me-10 muxlis
266
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
pirveli punqtiT garantirebuli sityvis Tavisufleba demokratiuli sa-
zogadoebis umTavresi sayrdenTagania da misi progresis erT-erTi umniS-
vnelovanesi pirobac aris. sityvis Tavisufleba moicavs ara marto imgvar
informacias an ideas, romelsac keTilganwyobiT xvdebian an romelic neit-
raluria, aramed iseT informaciasac, romelic Seuracxmyofeli, Sokis mom-
gvreli an amaRelvebelia. swored aseTia Semwynareblobis, liberalizmisa da
pluralizmis moTxovnebi, romelTa gareSec demokratiuli sazogadoeba
warmoudgenelia. es ki imas niSnavs, rom sityvis Tavisuflebis sferoSi ne-
bismieri ̀ pirobis~ daweseba, `Careva~ Tu `sasjeli~ dasaxuli kanonieri miznis
proporciuli unda iyos.
meore mxriv, sityvis Tavisuflebis ganxorcielebisas nebismier pirs
SeiZleba daekisros valdebulebebi da pasuxismgebloba, romelTa mocu-
lobac damokidebulia im situaciaze, romelSic es piri imyofeba; agreTve,
mis mier gamoyenebul gamoxatvis saSualebebze. adamianis uflebaTa ev-
ropul konvencias mxedvelobidan ar unda gamorCes aseTi pasuxismgeb-
loba da valdebulebebi.
zemoaRniSnuli principebis gaTvaliswinebiT, adamianis uflebaTa ev-
ropul sasamarTlos miaCnia, rom misi amocanaa ara erovnuli sasamarT-
loebis Canacvleba, aramed maTi gadawyvetilebebis Sesabamisobis dadgena
konvenciis me-10 muxlis moTxovnebTan.
adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom erovnuli sasamarTlos
gadawyvetileba izolirebulad ki ara, saqmis yvela garemoebis gaTvalis-
winebiT unda Seafasos. sasamarTlom saqmeSi arsebuli faqtebis srulyo-
fili analizis Sedegad unda daadginos, ramdenad proporciuli da efeq-
turia mTavrobis mier gamoyenebuli SezRudva.
zemoaRniSnuli meTodis safuZvelze adamianis uflebaTa evropulma
sasamarTlom Seafasa, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba konvenciis me-10 muxlis
me-2 punqtis moTxovnebs londonis sasamarTlos mier miRebuli gadawyve-
tileba.
adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom yuradReba miaqcia im ga-
remoebas, rom erovnuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaSi gaTvliswinebu-
lia saskolo saxelmZRvanelos mkiTxvelTa wre. wigni gankuTvnili iyo
bavSvebisTvis da 12-dan 18 wlamde asakis mozardebisTvis. saCivris warm-
dgenma ganmarta, rom am saxelmZRvanelos farTod gavrcelebas apirebda.
rogorc erovnuli sasamarTloc adasturebs, saxelmZRvanelos meS-
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
267
sasamarTlo praqtika
veobiT gamoqveynebuli informacia faqtobrivi xasiaTis iyo da, ZiriTa-
dad, sinamdviles Seesabameboda. amave dros, wignis erT-erT TavSi moce-
mul mosazrebebs SeiZleba mozardi Taoba waexalisebina maTTvis saziano
da naadrevi qmedebebisken, agreTve, zogierTi danaSaulis Casadenad. imis
miuxedavad, rom zneobisa da ganaTlebis Sesaxeb mosazrebebi inglisur
sazogadoebaSi mudmivad viTardeba, ingliselma mosamarTleebma diskre-
ciuli uflebamosileba gamoiyenes da wignis akrZalva sazogadoebrivi
zneobis dasacavad aucilebel RonisZiebad miiCnes.
adamianis uflebaTa evropul sasamarTlos miaCnia, rom 1959/1964 wlis
kanonis ZiriTadi amocana _ `axalgazrdobis zneobis dacva~ _ konvenciis
me-10 muxlis me-2 punqtis Sesabamisi legitimuri mizania.
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo valdebulia, daadginos,
`aucilebeli~ iyo Tu ara Careva `demokratiuli sazogadoebisaTvis~. ada-
mianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos wevrebis umciresobam yuradReba
im faqtze gaamaxvila, rom wigni akrZaluli ar yofila CrdiloeT irlan-
diaSi, Sotlandiasa da menis kunZulze. 1971 wlis inglisis sasamarTlos
gadawyvetileba realuri `aucileblobidan~ ar gamomdinareobda, xolo
inglisi diskreciuli uflebamosilebis miRma moqmedebda.
saCivris warmdgenma da mosamarTleTa umciresobam miuTiTes, rom wig-
nis daniuri originali da misi sxvadasxva enaze Targmnili egzemplarebi
evropis sabWos wevr qveynebSi yovelgvari SezRudvis gareSe iyideboda.
mosamarTleTa umravlesobam ki miiCnia, rom saxelmwifos aqvs diskre-
ciuli uflebamosileba da `SezRudvisa~ da `sasjelis~ SerCevis ufleba.
saxelmwifoebs ufleba aqvT, konkrtuli situaciisa da teritoriis mi-
xedviT gadawyviton sazogadoebrivi moralis dacvis sakiTxi. sxva qvey-
nebis mier gansxvavebuli gadawyvetilebis miReba ar niSnavs, rom inglisma
`SezRudvis~ dawesebiT konvencia daarRvia.
saqmis yvela garemoebaze dayrdnobiT, adamianis uflebaTa evropulma
sasamarTlom konvenciis me-10 muxlis darRvevis faqti ver daadgina.
1976 weli
268
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
`sandi taimsi~ gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg
faqtebi: 1959-1962 wlebSi britanuli farmacevtuli kompania, `disti-
lersi~ awarmoebda da yidda medikamentebs, romlebic nivTiereba `tali-
domids~ Seicavda. es medikamentebi orsuli qalebisTvisac iyo gankuTv-
nili. 1959-1962 wlebSi bevri axalSobili seriozuli deformaciiT da da-
avadebebiT daibada _ tkivilgamayuCebeli wamlis `talidomidis~ gamoye-
nebis gamo. bavSvebis mSoblebma zianis asanazRaureblad kompaniis winaaR-
mdeg sarCeli Seitanes. mxareTa Soris molaparakeba ramdenime weli gag-
rZelda. yvela gazeTma, `sandi taimsis~ CaTvliT, gaaSuqa es sakiTxi. 1971
wels mxareebma wamoiwyes molaparakebebi Tandayolili simaxinjis mata-
rebeli bavSvebisaTvis saqvelmoqmedo fondis dasaarseblad. 1972 wels
`sandi taimsma~ dabeWda statia, saTauriT `Cveni talidomili bavSvebi:
erovnuli sircxvilis mizezi~. statiaSi kompania gakritikebuli iyo, erTi
mxriv, msxverplTaTvis gadaxdili Tanxis didi moculobis gamo da, meore
mxriv, saqvelmoqmedo fondSi kompaniis mier gadasaricxad gansazRvruli
Tanxis simciris gamo. `sandi taimsis~ statiaSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom gazeTi
momavalSic gaagrZelebda am tragediis garemoebebis aRweras da Semogv-
Tavazebda informacias imis Sesaxeb, Catarda Tu ara saTanado testebi
wamlis gavrcelebamde; agreTve, icoda Tu ara kompaniam, rom `talido-
midi~ uaryofiT gavlenas iqoniebda Canasaxis janmrTelobaze.
`distilersis~ warmomadgenlebma generaluri prokuroris ofiss mi-
marTes. maT moiTxoves Suamdgomlobis dayeneba sasamarTloSi, raTa gace-
muliyo SemzRudveli brZaneba, romliTac `sandi taimss~ aukrZalavda am
saqmis gaSuqebas _ sasamarTloSi sakiTxis ganxilvamde. kompaniis moTxov-
niT, generalurma prokurorma sasamarTlos mimarTa gazeTis winaaRmdeg
brZanebis misaRebad. prokurori eyrdnoboda im mosazrebas, rom gamosaq-
veynebeli statiis Sinaarsi xels SeuSlida sasamarTlos meSveobiT simar-
Tlis dadgenas. brZaneba gaica da, mis Sesabamisad, `sandi taimsma~ aRar
gamoaqveyna statia. sadavo statia Seicavda informacias wamlis warmo-
ebaze, testirebasa da distribuciaze, agreTve, amtkicebda, rom kompaniam
wamali daamzada da gayida zogierTi eqspertis mxridan gafrTxilebis
miuxedavad. sasamarTlos brZaneba mosarCelem saapelacio sasamarTloSi
gaasaCivra, Tumca, akrZalva ZalaSi datoves. SemzRudveli brZaneba mxo-
lod 1976 wels gauqmda, rodesac saqmeze bolo morigeba dasrulda.
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
269
sasamarTlo praqtika
aRniSnuli saqme evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlom 1979 wels
ganixila. momCivans warmoadgenda inglisuri gazeTi `sandi taimsi~, xolo
mopasuxes _ gaerTianebuli samefo.
gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daadgina konvenciis me-10 muxlis dar-
Rveva.
motivacia: evrosasamarTlom Tavdapirvelad imis ganxilva daiwyo, iyo
Tu ara Careva kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli. sasamarTlom aRniSa, rom sityva
`kanoni~ moicavs rogorc sakanonmdeblo aqtebs, aseve precedentul sa-
marTalsac. Sesabamisad, ar aqvs mniSvneloba imas, rom sasamarTlos upa-
tivcemulobis Sesaxeb normebi saerTo samarTlis normebia da ar aris
asaxuli sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi. mosarCle am saqmeSi amtkicebda, rom `ka-
noniT gaTvaliswinebuli~ gulisxmobs sakanonmdeblo aqtis arsebobas.
sasamarTlom daadgina, rom termini `kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli~ gulis-
xmobs or moTxovnas: kanoni unda iyos xelmisawvdomi da ganWvretadi. sasa-
marTlom daadgina, rom mosarCles saSualeba hqonda, ganeWvrita saku-
Tari qmedebis Sedegebi. amrigad, sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom Careva gaTva-
liswinebuli iyo kanoniT.
`sandi taimsis~ saqmeSi didi britaneTis mTavrobam statiis gamoqvey-
nebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb sasamarTlo brZaneba gaamarTla marTlmsajule-
bis miukerZoeblobis dacviT da sasamarTlo Tanamdebobis pirebisadmi
ndobis SenarCunebiT. sasamarTlo daeTanxma mopasuxes, rom mas gaaCnda
legitimuri mizani, raTa daecva sasamarTlo xelisuflebis avtoriteti
da miukerZoebloba, _ radgan publikacias winaswar SeeZlo gavlena moex-
dina sasamarTlos SesaZlo gadawyvetilebaze, aseve statia zewolas mo-
axdenda kompania `disitilersze~ molaparakebebis procesSi.
amis Semdeg sasamarTlom imis garkveva daiwyo, Tu ramdenad iyo Sez-
Rudva aucilebeli demokratiul sazogadoebaSi. sasamarTlom sakiTxis
ganxilva daiwyo imis SexsenebiT, rom `sityvis Tavisufleba warmoadgens
demokratiuli sazogadoebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan monapovars~ da es
realoba esadageba aramarto iseT informacias, romlis miReba `sasiamov-
no an uwyinaria, aramed iseTsac, romelic Seuracxyofs, Soks mohgvris
an aaforiaqebs saxelmwifos Tu mosaxleobis romelime seqtors~.
`es principebi... Tanabrad Seesabameba marTlmsajulebis administri-
rebis sferos, romelic emsaxureba sazogadoebis interesebs da moiTxovs
TanamSromlobas saqmeSi Caxedul xalxTan. es im faqtis aRiarebaa, rom
270
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
sasamarTloebs ar SeuZliaT vakuumSi moqmedeba. ufro metic, sanam mar-
Tlmsajulebis WeSmariti administrirebisaTvis dawesebul sazRvrebs ar
gadaabijebs, manam masmedia valdebulia, gaavrcelos is informacia da
ideebi, romlebic ganixileba sasamarTloze an sajaro interesebis mata-
rebel sxva sferoebSi. aramarto masmedias aqvs informaciisa da azrebis
gavrcelebis valdebuleba: xalxsac aqvs ufleba, miiRos isini~.
saqmis konkretuli garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, sasamarTlom SeniS-
na, rom `salidomidis ubedureba~ ueWvelad warmoadgenda sajaro inte-
resis sagans. dabolos, tragediasTan dakavSirebul ojaxebs, iseve, ro-
gorc zogadad sazogadoebas, hqondaT am sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli faq-
tebis gacnobis ufleba.
interesTa dabalansebisas sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom gazeTis winaaR-
mdeg miRebuli brZaneba `ar efuZneboda imdenad Zlier socialur moT-
xovnas, romelic balanss sityvis Tavisuflebis winaaRmdeg gadawyvetda...
SezRudva ar warmoadgenda kanonieri miznis proporciuls da ar iyo
aucilebeli demokratiul sazogadoebaSi marTlmsajulebis avtorite-
tulobis SesanarCuneblad~.
1979 weli
bartoldi germaniis winaaRmdeg
faqtebi: aRniSnuli saqme evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlom
1985 wels ganixila. momCivani iyo germaneli veterinari bartoldi, xolo
mopasuxe ki _ germania.
momCivani, qirurgi-veterinari, daavadebuli katebis patronebis bolo
nugeSi iyo, radgan erTaderTi saswrafo daxmareba hamburgSi mxolod
mas hqonda. bartoldis mier micemuli intervius safuZvelze, Jurnalis-
tma mogvianebiT dawera statia regionSi am Sinauri cxovelis keTildRe-
obis Sesaxeb.
statia ganixilavda Ramis saaTebSi veterinarebis xelmisawvdomobis
problemas. statia aRwerda erT konkretul incidents, rodesac katis
patronebi cdilobdnen, dakavSirebodnen or veterinars da saswrafo
daxmarebis samsaxurs, Tumca ver SeZles maTgan daxmarebis miReba kriti-
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
271
sasamarTlo praqtika
kul mdgomareobaSi myofi katisTvis, vidre saqmeSi ar Caeria momCivani.
amas Semdeg statiaSi ganxiluli iyo Ramis periodSi Sesabamisi veteri-
naruli daxmarebis miRebis SesaZleblobis sakiTxi da gamoqveynebuli iyo
momCivanis foto.
bartoldis konkurentebma aRZres sarCeli mis winaaRmdeg arakeTil-
sindisieri konkurenciis braldebiT, radgan man xalxi Tavis sasargeblod
ganawyo. germaniis sasamarTloebma miiCnies, rom marTlac adgili hqonda
arakeTilsindisier reklamas. Sesabamisad, veterinars aekrZala momavalSi
msgavsi Sinaarsis Semcveli reklamis ganTavseba.
aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba bartoldma evropis adamianis uflebaTa
sasamarTloSi gaasaCivra.
gadawyvetileba: evrosasamarTlom miiCnia, rom sadavo reklama ufro
sajaro interesis sagans exeboda, vidre mxolod komerciuls, amitom ad-
gilobrivi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba usamarTlod CaiTvala. sasamar-
Tlom daadgina konvenciis me-10 muxlis darRveva.
motivacia: `...[bartoldis ganaCeni] Seicavs imis risks, rom Tavisufali
profesiis adamianebma guli aicruon sazogadoebrivi interesis mqone
informaciis miwodebaze im SemTxvevaSic, rodesac aseT informacias
axasiaTebs sicruis maRali albaToba. amave TvalsazrisiT, im kriteri-
umebs, romelTac Seicavs ganaCeni, SeuZliaT, xeli SeuSalon presas Tavisi
- rogorc informaciis mompoveblis da sazogadoebrivi darajis - rolis
SesrulebaSi.~
sasamarTlos azriT, zedsarTavi `aucilebeli~ ar aris sinonimi sity-
visa `indispensable~; aseve, is ar miesadageba iseT gamonaTqvamebs, rogori-
caa `misaRebi~, `Cveulebrivi~, `sasargeblo~, `gonivruli~ an `sasurveli~.
es zedsarTavi `Zlier socialur moTxovnilebas~ gulisxmobs. am Tvalsaz-
risiT, wevri qveynebi diskreciuli uflebamosilebiT sargebloben, mag-
ram es uflebamosileba mkacrad eqvemdebareba evrosasamarTlos zedam-
xedvelobas, rac didwilad ganisazRvreba konkretul saqmeSi arsebuli
garemoebebis SefasebiT; saboloo jamSi, mainc sasamarTlos gadasawyvetia
sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad esadageba konkretuli Careva amgvar
moTxovnilebas, ramdenad warmoadgens is `kanonieri miznis proporci-
uls~ da ramdenad aris `relevanturi da sakmarisi~ erovnuli mTavrobis
mier mis gasamarTleblad moyvanili mizezebi.
ufro metic, sasamarTlom xazgasmiT aRniSna, rom gamoxatvis Tavisuf-
272
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
lebas ukavia mniSvnelovani adgili demokratiul sazogadoebaSi, sityvis
Tavisufleba warmoadgens demokratiuli sazogadoebis erT-erT yvelaze
mniSvnelovan baziss da misi progresis erT-erT bazisur pirobas. amitom,
am Tavisuflebis SezRudvis kanonieri miznebi mkacrad unda ganisazR-
vros.
sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom akrZalvis brZaneba iyo SezRuduli xasiaTis
da momavalSi is unarCunebda momCivans mis uflebas, rom gamoeTqva mosaz-
reba hamburgSi Ramis saaTebSi veterinari qirurgebis momsaxurebasTan
dakavSirebiT, Tundac, saxeli mieTiTebina, an foto gamoeqveynebina da
gaevrcelebina informacia, rom es adamiani veterinaluri klinikis direq-
tori iyo.
Tumca sasamarTlom ar gaamarTla akrZalvis ganCineba im motiviT, rom
is momCivans ukrZalavda raime statiis gamoqveynebas sakuTari praqti-
kuli gamocdilebis Sesaxeb.
Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom akrZalvis brZaneba ar iyo pro-
porciuli kanonieri miznisa da Sesabamisad, ar iyo `aucilebeli demokra-
tiul sazogadoebaSi sxvaTa uflebebis dasacavad~.
1985 weli
lingensi avstriis winaaRmdeg
faqtebi: mosarCele lingensma, romelic venis erT-erTi gazeTis Jur-
nalisti iyo, 1975 wlis oqtomberSi, avstriis mTavari arCevnebis Semdeg
gamoaqveyna ori statia, sadac akritikebda arCevnebSi gamarjvebul fe-
deralur kancler bruno kraiskis. kritika exeboda kancleris gadawyve-
tilebas, koalicia Seeqmna im partiasTan, romelsac nacisturi warsulis
mqone adamiani xelmZRvanelobda. statiaSi mxilebuli iyo kancleris mier
yofili nacistebisaTvis sistematiuri politikuri Tanadgomis gawevis
mcdelobac. kancleris qceva Sefasebuli iyo, rogorc `amoraluri~ da
`uRirsi~. kancleris kerZo saCivris safuZvelze, avstriis sasamarTlo-
ebma es gancxadebebi Seuracxmyofelad miiCnies da Jurnalisti daajari-
mes 15 000 SilingiT.
erovnulma sasamarTloebma gadawyvites, rom Jurnalistma ver SeZlo
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
273
sasamarTlo praqtika
daemtkicebina Tavisi braldebis simarTle. kancleris samoqalaqo sar-
Celi zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb ar dakmayofilda, Tumca sasamarTlo-
ebma gasces brZaneba Jurnalis egzemplarebis dayadaRebisa da Jurnalis
xarjiT sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis dabeWdvis Sesaxeb. mister lingensma
evropuli sasamarTlos winaSe ganacxada, rom mis mimarT gamotanili
ganaCeni da erovnuli sasamarTloebis mier miRebuli zomebi arRvevda
me-10 muxls. avstriis mTavroba ki amtkicebda, rom gamoyenebuli zomebi
gamiznuli iyo kancleris reputaciis dasacavad..
lingensma evropis adamianis uflebebis sasamarTlos mimarTa.
gadawyvetileba: evropis adamianis uflebebis sasamarTlom daadgina,
rom dairRva konvenciis meaTe muxli. sasamarTlom avstriis saxelmwifos
daakisra 284,538.60 Silingis gadaxda lingensis sasargeblod.
motivacia: evropulma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom avstriis sasamarT-
loebis midgoma mcdari iyo, radgan mosazrebis (SefasebiTi msjelobis)
faqtebiT damtkiceba SeuZlebelia; amitom, arc is SeiZleba, rom vinmes
am mosazrebebis sisworis damtkiceba daevalos. Jurnalistis braldebis
safuZvelze miTiTebiT, sasamarTlom xazgasmiT aRniSna politikuri de-
batebis dros presis Tavisuflebis mniSvneloba: `am principebs gansakuT-
rebuli Rirebuleba aqvs, radgan presas exeba. maSin, rodesac presa mova-
lea, ar gadaabijos dawesebul sazRvrebs, maT Soris, `sxvaTa reputaciis
dacvis~ saxiT, is arasdros aris valdebuli, politikur sakiTxebTan da-
kavSirebiT informacia miawodos imgvaradve, rogorc amas akeTebs sajaro
interesis sxva sferoebSi. informaciis miwodebis amocana aramarto
presis winaSe dgas: xalxsac aqvs ufleba, miiRos informacia.
amasTan dakavSirebiT, evrosasamarTlom ar gaiziara venis saapelacio
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaSi gamoxatuli mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom
`presis amocana mxolod informaciis miwodebaa, xolo interpretireba
mkiTxvels unda mivandoT~.
imave gadawyvetilebaSi sasamarTlom daadgina, rom presis Tavisuf-
leba sazogadoebas saSualebas aZlevs, Camoayalibos azri ama Tu im poli-
tikosis ideebis an poziciis Sesaxeb; politikuri debatebis Tavisufleba
ki demokratiuli sazogadoebis arsia. swored amitom aniWebs sasamarTlo
presas me-10 muxliT gaTvaliswinebul Zlier dacvas politikur disku-
siebTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze.
lingensis saqmeSi sasamarTlom proporciulobis principis safuZvel-
274
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
ze daabalansa sityvis, presis Tavisufleba da maRali Tanamdebobis piris
ufleba reputaciaze.
imis ganxilvisas, aucilebeli iyo Tu ara sityvis TavisuflebaSi Careva
`demokratiul sazogadoebaSi~, sasamarTlom ramdenime Zalian mniSvne-
lovani principi ganaviTara da daadgina, rom politikosebma mediis mxri-
dan kritikisas didi TavSekaveba unda gamoamJRavnon. manve ganmarta, Tu
ratom: `presis Tavisufleba sazogadoebas aZlevs saukeTeso saSualebas,
politikuri liderebis poziciebisa da ideebis Sesaxeb sakuTari azri
Camoayalibos. ufro zogadad, politikuri debatebis Tavisufleba war-
moadgens demokratiuli sazogadoebis koncefciis birTvs, rasac konven-
ciaSi upiratesi adgili ukavia. asatani kritikis farglebi politiko-
sisTvis gacilebiT ufro farToa, vidre individisTvis. am ukanaskneli-
sagan gansxvavebiT, pirveli gardauvlad da gacnobierebulad debs Tavis
yovel sityvas sazogadoebis samsjavroze da, Sesabamisad, Semwynareblo-
bis maRali xarisxic unda gamoavlinos.~
politikosis reputaciis dacva sasamarTlom ar gamoricxa, magram ga-
naxcada, rom `aseT SemTxvevebSi dacvis moTxova Sepirispirebuli unda
iyos politikuri sakiTxebis Sesaxeb sajaro diskusiis interesebTan~.
kancleris reputaciis winaaRmdeg sityvis Tavisuflebis dabalansebisas
sasamarTlom yuradReba miaqcia dapirispirebuli sakiTxebis politikur
konteqsts: `sadavo gamoxatvebi ganxilul unda iqnes postsaarCevnod gan-
viTarebuli politikuri dapirispirebis fonze. am brZolaSi TiToeulma
gamoiyena is iaraRi, rac gaaCnda; da mwvave politikuri brZolis piro-
bebSi, amaSi uCveulo araferia~.
presis Tavisuflebaze mosarClis winaaRmdeg gamotanili ganaCenis Se-
fasebisas sasamarTlom ganacxada: `rogorc mTavrobam aRniSna, sadavo
statiebi im dros ukve farTod iyo gavrcelebuli, ase rom, Tumca avto-
ris winaaRmdeg miRebuli sanqcia, uxeSad rom vTqvaT, ver SeuSlida mas
xels sakuTari Tavis gamoxatvaSi, es sanqcia mainc gadaiqceoda erTgvar
SezRudvad, rac Jurnalists aiZulebda, momavalSi amgvari kritikisagan
Tavi Seekavebina. msgavsi sanqcia Jurnalists gadaafiqrebinebs, rom saja-
ro diskusiaze gaitanos sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze zegavlenis mqone sa-
kiTxebi. amgvar sanqcias SeuZlia, xeli SeuSalos Jurnalists, rogorc
informaciis mompovebelsa da sazogadoebriv darajs.~
avstriis sasamarTloebis midgoma faqtebis sizustis mtkicebasTan da-
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
275
sasamarTlo praqtika
kavSirebiT sasamarTlom arasworad miiCnia. sasamarTlom xazgasmiT aR-
niSna `faqtebsa~ da `SefasebiT msjelobebs~ Soris arsebuli gansxvaveba
da dasZina, rom `SefasebiTi msjelobis~ simarTlis damtkiceba gadauW-
reli amocanaa. mosarClis mosazrebebi kancleris politikuri qcevebis
Sesaxeb warmoadgenda ufro azrebisa da Setyobinebis martiv gamoxatu-
lebas, vidre informaciis gacemis uflebas. faqtis arsi SeiZleba demons-
trirebul iqnes, magram SefasebiTi msjelobis simarTle ar SeiZleba,
mtkicebis sagani iyos. SefasebiTi msjelobebis simarTlis damtkicebis
moTxovna warmoadgens ieriSis mitanas azris Tavisuflebaze. sasamarT-
lom aseve SeniSna, rom faqtebi, romlebzec mister lingensma Tavisi Se-
fasebiTi msjeloba daafuZna, ar iyo sakamaTo, radganac igi keTilsindi-
sierad moqmedebda. dabalansebis procesis dasrulebisas sasamarTlom
daadgina, rom mister lingensis sityvis TavisuflebaSi Careva ar iyo
`aucilebeli demokratiul sazogadoebaSi sxvaTa reputaciis dasacavad;
is iyo araproporciuli kanonieri miznisa».
1986 weli
miuleri da sxvebi Sveicariis winaaRmdeg
faqtebi: 1981 wels Sveicariis qalaq fraiburgSi ramdenime mxatvarma
moawyo Tanamedrove xelovnebis nimuSebis gamofena, romelic daemTxva
fraiburgis kantonis Sveicariis konfederaciasTan SeerTebis iubiles.
gamofenis gaxsnamde masmediiT da sxva saSualebebiT misi farTo rekla-
mireba xdeboda. gamofenaze, sxva namuSevrebTan erTad, batonma miulerma
gamoitana sami tilo, romlebzec aRwerili iyo oraluri seqsi, zoofi-
luri da sodomuri scenebi. gamofena asakis SeuzRudavad, ufasod iyo
xelmisawvdomi farTo publikisaTvis. gamofenis gaxnis dRes olqis pro-
kurorma SuamdgomlobiT mimarTa gamoZiebis mosamarTles da moiTxova
Sveicariis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 204-e muxlis Tanaxmad, gamofenis
daxurva da namuSevrebis konfiskacia. prokurori eyrdnoboda erT-erTi
mamakacis Cvenebas. misi Svili imdenad Seuracxyofili darCa namuSevrebis
xilviT, rom sakmaod agresiuli da Zaladobrivi reaqcia gamoavlina. imave
dRes gamoZiebis mosamarTlem moinaxula gamofena, mis organizatorebs
276
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
tiloebis Camoxsna ubrZana da daayadaRa isini. am gadawyvetilebis apela-
cia zemdgomma sasamarTlom warmoebaSi ar miiRo. mogvianebiT, miuleri
da sxvebi sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 204-e muxlis Tanaxmad (kodeqsis es
muxli danaSaulad acxadebs Seuracxmyofeli xelnawerebis, suraTebis da
filmebis qonas maTi gayidvis, gavrcelebis an sajarod gamofenis mizniT),
damnaSaveebad cnes da daajarimes. rac Seexeba tiloebs, isini Tavdapir-
velad daayadaRes, Semdeg ki daabrunes. dayadaRebuli naxatebi Sesanaxad
xelovnebis muzeumSi gadagzavnes, Tumca roca es tiloebi baton miulers
mainc daubrunes, man da gamofenis organizatorebma komisiaSi iCivles.
maT ganacxades, rom dajarimebiT, iseve, rogorc dayadaRebiT, dairRva
maTi sityvis Tavisufleba.
gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daadgina, rom konvenciis me-10 muxli
ar darRveula da erovnuli mosamarTleebis mosazreba naxatebis mavne
seqsualuri zegavlenis Sesaxeb gonivruli iyo.
motivacia: Tavdapirvelad sasamarTlo Seexo meaTe muxlis gavrce-
lebas xelovnebis saxviT gamoxatvaze. sasamarTlom aRniSna: miuxedavad
imisa, rom meaTe muxlSi araferia naTqvami xelovnebis saxviT gamoxatvis
Tavisuflebaze, isic mxedvelobaSia misaRebi, rom meaTe muxli gamoxatvis
sxvadasxva formas ar asxvavebs. amrigad, sasamarTlos winaSe warmdgari
yvela mxare acnobierebs imas, rom meaTe muxliT daculi gamoxatvis
Tavisufleba moicavs xelovnebis saxviT gamoxatvasac, radgan informa-
ciis gavrceleba da miReba, rac meaTe muxlSia aRniSnuli, moicavs in-
formaciis miRebisa da gavrcelebis uflebas kulturis, politikis, so-
cialur sakiTxebs da xelovnebis sferos Sesaxeb.
sasamarTlom daadgina, rom Careva am konkretul saqmeSi kanoniT iyo
dadgenili. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 204-e muxli akmayofilebda sasa-
marTlos mier SemuSavebul standartebs kanonis ganWvretadobasa da xel-
misawvdomobasTan dakavSirebiT. sasamarTlom es daskvna gaakeTa imis sa-
fuZvelze, rom sadavo kanonis muxli mravaljer iyo gamoyenebuli da
ganmartebuli federaluri sasamarTloebis mier da Sesabamis gadawyve-
tilebebs sazogadoebac icnobda. am ganmartebebiT xelmZRvanelobdnen
qveda instanciis sasamarTloebic.
sasamarTlom aseve dadebiTi pasuxi gasca kiTxvaze, hqonda Tu ara sa-
xelmwifos legitimuri mizani, rom gamoxatvis TavisuflebaSi Careva ga-
nexorcielebina. es legitimuri interesi mdgomareobda sxvaTa intere-
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
277
sasamarTlo praqtika
sebis da moralis dacvaSi, rac, sasamarTlos TvalTaxedviT, gadajaWvu-
lia erTmaneTTan.
sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom termini `aucilebeli~ gulisxmobs `Zlieri
socialuri aucileblobis~ arsebobas. wevr saxelmwifoebs Tavisufali
moqmedebis garkveuli farglebi aqvT imis dasadgenad, arsebobs Tu ara
aRniSnuli aucilebloba. Tumca, es diskrecia arsebobs evropul zedam-
xedvelobasTan erTad, romelic moicavs sasamarTloebis gadawyvetile-
bebs da sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis mier miRebul kanonebs. miuleris
saqmeSi erovnuli xelisuflebis mier sityvis TavisuflebaSi ganxorci-
elebuli Careva sasamarTlom miiCnia gonivrulad da, `moralis~ dacvis
miznidan gamomdinare, `saWirod demokratiul saxelmwifoSi~.
imis dasadgenad, iyo Tu ara sityvis TavisuflebaSi Careva `aucilebe-
li demokratiul sazogadoebaSi~, sasamarTlo Seexo moralis erTiani
koncefciis ararsebobas wevri saxelmwifoebis teritoriaze. sasamarT-
lom miiCnia, rom `moralis~ sakiTxis gadawyvetis dros erovnuli sasamar-
Tloebi gacilebiT ukeTes mdgomareobaSi arian, vidre saerTaSoriso mo-
samarTleebi, radgan erovnul mosamarTles pirdapiri Sexeba aqvs saku-
Tari qveynis realobasTan. sasamarTlom aseve ganacxada, rom `naxatebi
uxeSad gamoxatavdnen seqsualur urTierTobas, kerZod ki - adamianebsa
da cxovelebs Soris... mTel sazogadoebas hqonda Tavisufali daswrebis
saSualeba, radgan organizatorebma ar gaiTvaliswines raime asakobrivi
an finansuri SezRudva. naxatebi gamofenaze gamotanili iyo SeuzRuda-
vad, mTeli sazogadoebis winaSe~.
sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom erovnul xelisuflebas hqonda kanoni-
eri ufleba, rom `moralis~ dacvis `aucilebel~ zomad jarimis dakisreba
ganesazRvra. sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom naxatebis dayadaReba aseve `auci-
lebeli~ iyo maTi sajaro demonstrirebis aRsakveTad. rodesac sasamarT-
lom es gadawyvetileba miiRo, iqve aRniSna, rom mxatvars nebismier dros
SeeZlo, moeTxova naxatis dabruneba, radgan yadaRa droebiTi iyo.
1988 weli
278
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
Markt Intern Verlag Gmbh -i da
klaus birmani germaniis winaaRmdeg
faqtebi: mosarCle, romelic sagamomcemlo kompanias warmoadgenda,
gamoscemda Jurnals, romelic gankuTvnili iyo mcire da saSualo savaW-
ro obieqtebisTvis. amgvar obieqtebs did konkurencias uwevdnen msxvili
supermarketebi da didi savaWro qselebi. 1975 wels JurnalSi daibeWda
statia inglisuri kompaniis Sesaxeb, romelic safosto SekveTebiT parfi-
umerias yidda. statiaSi moTxrobili iyo imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor ver mi-
iRo verc parfiumeria, verc sakuTari fuli da verc raime kompensacia
adgilobrivma germanelma qimikosma qalbatonma, romelmac kompanias pro-
duqcia fostiT SeukveTa. Jurnalma komentari sTxova am kompanias, rom-
lis uflebamosilma warmomadgenelma ganacxada, rom araferi icoda am
faqtis Sesaxeb da piroba dado, rom aucileblad gamoiZiebda mas. germa-
nulma sasamarTlom, inglisuri kompaniis moTxovniT, mosarClis winaaR-
mdeg gasca SemzRudveli brZaneba, riTic maT aekrZalaT msgavsi infor-
maciis gacema, radgan es ewinaaRmdegeboda germaniis kanons `arakeTil-
sindisieri konkurenciis Sesaxeb~. mosarClis sarCeli ar dakmayofilda
arc apelaciisas da arc germaniis federaluri sakonstitucio sasamar-
Tlos mier.
mosarCleebma evropis adamianis uflebebis sasamarTlos mimarTes, sa-
dac daobdnen, rom SemzRudveli brZanebis gacemiT dairRva konvenciis
meaTe muxli.
saCivris warmdgenis azriT, ganxorcielebuli Careva `kanoniT gaTva-
liswinebuli~ ar yofila, radgan aseTi Sedegis winaswar ganWvreta SeuZ-
lebeli iyo. germaniis kanonmdeblobaSi naTlad ar aris gamijnuli sity-
vis Tavisufleba da arakeTilsindisieri konkurencia.
mTavrobis warmomadgeneli ki amtkicebda, rom 1909 wels miRebuli ka-
nonis am kuTxiT gamoyenebis mniSvnelovani sasamarTlo praqtika arse-
bobs, rac saCivris warmdgensac unda scodnoda.
gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom cxra xmiT cxris winaaRmdeg (Tavmjdoma-
ris gadamwyveti xmiT) daadgena, rom konvenciis me-10 muxli ar darRveula.
motivacia: adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom
xSirad kanonebi absoluturi sizustiT ar aris Camoyalibebuli. es gansa-
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
279
sasamarTlo praqtika
kuTrebiT exeba antimonopolur kanonmdeblobas, sadac situacia mudmi-
vad icvleba sabazro urTierTobebis ganviTarebasTan erTad. mocemul
SemTxvevasTan dakavSirebiT ki germaniaSi sakmarisi sasamarTlo praqtika
arsebobs, raTa komerciis sferoSi momuSave pirebma SeZlon sakuTari
qmedebis Sedegebis winaswar ganWvreta.
germaniis uzenaesi sasamarTlos 1980 wlis gadawyvetilebidan naTelia,rom `Carevis~ mizani iyo `sxvaTa uflebebis~ dacva. es mizani ki kanonieriakonvenciis me-10 muxlis me-2 muxlis Sesabamisad.
saCivris warmdgeni amtkicebda, rom Careva ar iyo `aucilebeli demok-ratiuli sazogadoebisaTvis~. komisiam es pozicia gaiziara.
mTavrobis mosazrebiT, saCivris warmdgenis mier gamoqveynebuli bi-uleteni miznad ar isaxavda sajaro interesis mqone sakiTxze diskusiisgamarTvis xelSewyobas. mTavroba biuletenSi gamoqveynebul informaciasganixilavda arakeTilsindisier konkurenciad, romlis Sesabamisadac,gamomcemloba moqmedebda konkretuli jgufis interesebis sasargeblod_ bazarze sxva kompaniis Sesaviwroeblad.
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom wevri sa-xelmwifoebisTvis diskreciuli uflebamosileba gansakuTrebiT mniSvne-lovania komerciul sferoSi, raTa saxelmwifoebma SeZlon arakeTilsin-disieri konkurenciis SezRudva.
mocemul SemTxvevaSi adamianis uflebaTa evropul sasamarTlos undadaedgina, iyo Tu ara Careva miznis proporciuli. amisTvis mas erTmane-TisaTvis unda Seepirispirebina `sxvaTa reputaciisa da uflebebis~ dac-vis mniSvneloba da am tipis informaciis gamoqveynebis ufleba.
saCivris warmdgenis mier gavrcelebulma informaciam garkveuli dade-biTi Sedegi gamoiwvia. Tavis mxriv, kompaniam Tavisi dapireba Seasrula damomxmarebelTa 11 870 saCivari daakmayofila. germaniis Sesabamisma sasamar-Tlom sakiTxis gadawyvetisas proporciulobis principi gamoiyena.
biznesis sferoSi ama Tu im piris saqmianobaze informaciis miReba kon-kurenti kompaniebis bunebrivi interesis sagania. kompaniis komerciulistrategia da misi aRsrulebis sakiTxi, SesaZlebelia, momxmarebelTamxridan kritikis obieqtic gaxdes. amitom, specializebul presas SesaZ-lebloba unda mieces, momxmarebelTaTvis saintereso informacia gamoaq-veynos da amiT biznesis gamWvirvalobas Seuwyos xeli.
amave dros, zogierT SemTxvevaSi garkveuli tipis informaciis gamoq-veyneba unda SeizRudos, Tundac, es informacia sinamdviles Seesabame-bodes. es ganpirobebulia sxva adamianis pirad cxovrebaSi Caurevlobisa
280
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
da komerciuli saidumlos dacvis aucileblobiT. calkeuli gamonakli-sebis Taobaze informaciis gamoqveynebisas garkveuli sifrTxilea saWi-ro, raTa es gamonaklisebi sazogadoebam zogad wesad ar aRiqvas. komer-ciul sakiTxebze gamoTqmuli mosazrebebis Sefasebisas unda moxdes yvelaam aspeqtis gaTvaliswineba.
mocemul SemTxvevaSi saCivris warmdgeni inglisuri kompaniis konku-
renti ar yofila, Tumca igi miznad isaxavda afTiaqebisa da parfiumeruli
maRaziebis mflobelTa interesebis dacvas. marTalia, statiaSi moyvanili
zogierTi faqti sinamdviles Seesabameboda, magram avtori eWvqveS aye-
nebda inglisuri kompaniis sandoobas. statia sxva momxmareblebsac mo-
uwodebda, piradi gamocdilebis safuZvelze moewodebianaT informacia
realuri situaciis Sesaxeb imis Semdeg, rac kompaniam momxmarebelTa pre-
tenziebis dakmayofileba ikisra.
germaniis sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaSi miTiTebulia, rom aseTi
informaciis gamoqveyneba ar iyo aucilebeli, radgan inglisurma kompa-
niam pasuxismgebloba aiRo yvela momxmareblis pretenziis dakmayofi-
lebaze. Tavad gamomcemlobisTvisac kargad iyo cnobili is garemoeba,
rom aseT situaciaSi informaciis naadrevad gavrceleba gaumarTlebeli
iqneboda da inglisur kompanias araxelsayrel mdgomareobaSi Caayenebda.
aseTi winaswari informaciis gavrceleba mcire savaWro obieqtebis upi-
ratesobas gamokveTda.
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom germaniis uzenaesi
da sakonstitucio sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebebs diskreciul ufle-
bamosilebaTa sazRvrebi ar daurRveviaT. konvenciis me-10 muxli valde-
bulebasa da pasuxismgeblobasac iTvaliswinebs. sasamarTlos miaCnia, rom
miRebuli zomebi aucilebeli iyo da, Sesabamisad, konvenciis me-10 muxli
ar darRveula.
1989 weli
Autronic AG -i Sveicariis winaaRmdeg
faqtebi: mosarCles am saqmeSi warmoadgenda SveicariaSi eleqtroni-
kis sferoSi licenzirebuli SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis kompania Aut-
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
281
sasamarTlo praqtika
ronik-i. 1980 wlisaTvis kompania yidda 90 santimetrian satelevizio ante-
nebs, romelTa meSveobiTac SesaZlebeli iyo satelitiT gadacemuli prog-
ramebis miReba. am periodisTvis msgavsi antenebiT miiReboda sabWoTa kav-
Siris sakomunikacio satelitis _ horizontis _ mier gadacemuli prog-
ramebi. 1982 wlis gazafxulze mosarCelem mimarTa fostisa da teleko-
munikaciebis erovnuli maregulirebeli komisiis mTavari ofisis Tanam-
debobis pirs _ im programebis naxvis nebarTvisTvis, romelTa miRebac
SesaZlebeli iyo zemoxsenebuli antenebiT. komisiam amis Sesaxeb miswera
bernSi sabWoTa kavSiris saelCos, romelmac programebis translaciis
nebarTva mxolod gamofenis mimdinareobis periodisaTvis gasca. 1982
wlis zafxulSi mosarCelem msgavsi TxovniT kvlav mimarTa komisias sxva
savaWro gamofenasTan dakavSirebiT. Txovna kvlav gaegzavna sabWoTa kav-
Siris saelCos, magram maT pasuxi ar gauciaT. amitom komisiam mosarCles
Seatyobina, rom mas ar SeeZlo nebarTvis gacema, radgan sabWoTa mTavro-
bis Tanxmobis gareSe translireba Sveicariis radiowesebis darRveva iyo.
mosarClem komisias ganumarta, rom arakodirebuli satelevizio prog-
ramebis personalur miRebas ar esaWiroeboda saxelmwifos warmomadgen-
lebis Tanxmoba da moiTxova gadawyvetilebis miReba. Tumca, komisiam uari
ganacxada da mosarClis Semdgomi saapelacio gancxadebebic ar dakmayo-
filda.
kompania Autronic AG evropis adamianis uflebebis sasamarTlos mimar-
Ta, sadac daobda, rom jer komisiis da Semdgom sasamarTloebis gadawy-
vetilebebiT dairRva konvenciis meaTe muxli.
gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daadgina, rom konvenciis me10 muxli
dairRva.
motivacia: Tavdapirvelad sasamarTlo saqmis ganxilva daiwyo im kiT-
xviT, iyo Tu ara es saqme dakavSirebuli gamoxatvis TavisuflebasTan,
Tu igi mxolod satelituri antenebis komerciul gayidvas exeboda. sa-
samarTlom daaskvna, rom gamoxatvis TavisuflebiT sargeblobs yvela,
rogorc fizikuri, aseve iuridiuli piric; da sasamarTlos precedente-
bidan kargad Cans, rom es ufleba komerciul dawesebulebebzec vrcel-
deba. sasamarTlom aqve daamata, rom meaTe muxli icavs ara mxolod in-
formaciis Sinaarssa da ideebs, aramed _ misi gadacemis formebs da meTo-
debsac.
am saqmeSi mosarCle daobda, rom dairRva misi ufleba, romelic mo-
282
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
icavs informaciis miRebas da gavrcelebas, sazRvrebis miuxedavad. sasa-
marTlom amasTan dakavSirebiT aRniSna, rom satelevizio programebis
miReba meaTe muxlis dacviT sargeblobs.
amis Semdeg, sasamarTlo Seudga imis ganxilvas, iyo Tu ara Careva `gan-
sazRvruli kanoniT~. am sakiTxze sasamarTlos ar umsjelia, magram aRi-
niSna, rom sasamarTlos azriT, Careva ar aris gamarTlebuli.
rac Seexeba legitimur mizans, saxelmwifo daobda, rom is CareviT or
kanonier mizans icavda. pirveli mizani telekomunikaciebis sferoSi are-
ulobis da qaosis Tavidan acilebaa. amgvari miznis dacva, Tavis mxriv,
ganpirobebulia sami mizeziT: 1. arsebuli sixSireebis SezRuduli ricxvi;
2. im anarqiis Tavidan acileba, rac informaciis SeuzRudavma gavrcele-
bam SeiZleba gamoiwvios; 3. kulturuli da politikuri pluralizmis uz-
runvelyofa. meore legitimuri mizani, romelsac Sveicariis mTavroba
eyrdnoboda, mdgomareobda konfidenciuri informaciis gamJRavnebis Ta-
vidan acilebaSi: telekomunikaciebis saidumlo, romelic satelevizio
gadacemebs moicavs, daculia telekomunikaciebis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso
konvenciiT. sasamarTlo daeTanxma mTavrobis pozicias da aRniSna, rom
am saqmeSi arsebobda legitimuri miznis dacva.
amis Semdeg sasamarTlo Seudga imis ganxilvas, aucilebeli iyo Tu
ara Careva demokratiul sazogadoebaSi. mosarCle Tavdapirvelad daob-
da, rom misTvis nebarTvis gacemaze uaris Tqma ar iyo ganpirobebuli
mZafri socialuri moTxovnilebiT. imis Semdeg, rac samauwyeblo kompa-
niebi moaxdendnen programebis kodirebas, SezRudva aRar iqneboda auci-
lebeli konfidenciuri informaciis gamJRavnebis Tavidan asacileblad.
sasamarTlom aRniSna is garemoeba, rom wevri saxelmwifoebi sargeblo-
ben garkveuli diskreciiT, raTa gansazRvron Carevis aucilebloba; Tum-
ca, es diskrecia unda ganxorcieldes evropuli zedamxedvelobis qveS
da faseulobebis dacviT. sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom man gadawyvetilebis
gadasinjvisas mxedvelobaSi unda miiRos im droisaTvis arsebuli ram-
denime garemoeba, gansakuTrebiT ki unda gaiTvaliswinos is cvlilebebi,
rac boloxans moxda samarTlebrivi da teqnikuri ganviTarebis kuTxiT.
samarTlebrivi kuTxiT ganviTreba ki ganpirobebulia 1989 wlis 5 maiss
evropis transsasazRvro mauwyeblobis konvenciis xelmoweriT. sasamar-
Tlom aRniSna, rom am droisaTvis ramdenime saxelmwifom ukve dauSva
arakodirebuli satelevizio programebis miReba im saxelmwifo warmo-
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
283
sasamarTlo praqtika
madgenlebis Tanxmobis gareSe, sadac satelituri mowyobilobebia gan-
lagebuli. es ukanaskneli relevanturia, radgan saerTaSoriso trans-
sasazRvro organizaciebs amaze uari ar ganucxadebiaT. zemoT CamoTv-
lili garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom am saq-
meSi adgili hqonda konvenciis meaTe muxlis darRvevas.
1990 weli
Groppera Radio AG -i Sveicariis winaaRmdeg
faqtebi: mosarCeles warmoadgenda radiosadguri, mopasuxes ki _
Sveicaria.
wardgenili iyo kanonproeqti, romliTac mosarClis radiosadgurs
ekrZaleboda sakabelo gadamcemebis gamoyeneba. mosarCle samauwyeblo
kompanias hqonda Zlieri gadamcemi da antena mTis mwvervalze italiaSi,
Sveicariis sazRvridan 6 kilometris daSorebiT. man daiwyo radioprog-
ramebis gadacema SveicariaSi. mauwyebloba xorcieldeboda mxolod adgi-
lobriv Sveicarul dialeqtze. maT gadaecaT sadguri kompaniisgan, ro-
melsac SeeZlo licenziis mopoveba adgilobrivi radiogadacemebisTvis
SveicariaSi, sadac jer kidev arsebobda saxelmwifo samauwyeblo mono-
polia. mosarClis mauwyeblobis miReba SeeZloT avtomanqanebSi radiomim-
Rebebisa da sxva personaluri mowyobilobebis mflobelebs, iseve, ro-
gorc sakabelo kompaniebs, romlebic Semdeg signals sakuTar momxmareb-
lebs gadascemdnen. mosarCeleTa mier mauwyeblobis dawyebidan erTi wlis
Semdeg Sveicariis Tanamdebobis pirebma gamosces ordonansi, romelic
kerZo da sajaro radiomimRebebisTvis, arsebuli licenziis garda, mo-
iTxovda calke licenzias saerTo antenis instalaciisTvis. saerTo
antenis licenzia uflebas aZlevda mis mflobels, radiomauwyebloba
ganexorcielebina saerTaSoriso gadamcemebis meSveobiT, magram mxolod
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es Seesabameboda saerTaSoriso wesebs. Sedegad, Sveicariis
sakabelo kompaniebis umetesobam Sewyvita mosarClis programebis gada-
cema, Tumca, zogierTi sazogadoebrivi gaerTianeba ganagrZobda maT
eTerSi gaSvebas. mogvianebiT adgilobrivi telekomunikaciebis ofisma
Seatyobina erT-erT sazogadoebriv gaerTianebas, rom mas mouxdeboda
284
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
mosarClis mauwyeblobis gadacemis Sewyveta, vinaidan es ar Seesabameboda
moqmed saerTaSoriso normebs. am gaerTianebam da misma orma xelmomwerma
es gadawyvetileba gaasaCivres. maT mosarCeleebic SeuerTdnen. Tumca sa-
Civris ganxilvamde gadamcems mexi daeca da gadacema droebiT Sewyda.
gasaCivreba uSedego aRmoCnda imis gamo, rom mauwyebloba ar xorciel-
deboda da, Sesabamisad, apelantebis interesi saqmeSi ar fiqsirdeboda.
wamoiWra sakiTxi imis Taobaze, hqonda Tu ara adgili mosarClis Tavi-
sufali gamoxatvis uflebis SezRudvas. mopasuxe saxelmwifo miuTiTebs,
rom gadacema ar ukavSirdeba Tavisufal gamoxatvas da, amasTan, sadguris
mier gaSvebuli musika ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos `informaciad an mosazre-
bebad~.
gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daadgina, rom konvenciis me-10 muxli
ar darRveula.
motivacia: eTerSi programebis gaSvebasa da amave programebis kabelis
meSveobiT gadacemaze vrceldeba Tavisufali gamoxatvis ufleba da ar
aris saWiro gansxvavebis gakeTeba programis Sinaarsis mixedviT.
amasTanave, gamoyenebuli zomebi warmoadgenda Tavisufali gamoxatvis
uflebis SezRudvas, rac legitimur mizans emsaxureboda. sadavo iyo,
Tu ramdenad `Seesabameboda es kanons~ da ramdenad `aucilebeli iyo
demokratiuli sazogadoebisTvis~.
sasamarTlom kidev erTxel aRniSna, rom gatarebuli RonisZieba daS-
vebuli unda iyos kanoniT, romelic imdenad xelmisawvdomi da zustia,
rom TiToeul adamians SeuZlia winaswar gansazRvros misi praqtikaSi ga-
moyenebis SesaZlebloba. aseT SemTxvevaSi, is SeiZleba CaiTvalos `kanoniT
gaTvaliswinebulad~. sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom es cneba sxvadasxva
situaciaSi sxvadasxvagvarad gamoiyeneba:
winaswar gansazRvrulobisa da xelmisawvdomobis cnebebis farglebi,
garkveulwilad, damokidebulia gansaxilveli saSualebis Sinaarsze, sfe-
roze, romlisTvisac is gankuTvnilia da im pirTa statussa da raodeno-
baze, romlebzec vrceldeba.
sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom am konkretul saqmeSi saerTaSoriso tele-
komunikaciebis samarTlis Sesabamisi debulebebi sakmaod rTuli da teq-
nikuri xasiaTis iyo; garda amisa, isini ZiriTadad gankuTvnili iyo spe-
cialistebisTvis, romlebic erkveodnen am meqanizmebSi. amasTan, biznes
kompaniisgan, romelsac, mosarCelis msgavsad, sazRvars miRma surda mauw-
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
285
sasamarTlo praqtika
yeblobis ganxorcieleba, mosalodneli iyo, rom moepovebina sruli in-
formacia Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi reJimis Sesaxeb; saWiroebis SemTxve-
vaSi ki iuriskonsultantebis daxmareba gamoeyenebina. Sesabamisi xelSek-
rulebebi da ordonansebi srulad iyo gamoqveynebuli da mosarCles ad-
vilad SeeZlo, saWiro normebs gacnoboda; miT umetes, rom es normebi
sakmarisad gasagebad da zustad iyo Camoyalibebuli. aqedan gamomdinare,
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom SezRudva iyo `kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli~.
sasamarTlom daadgina, rom ordonansis amoqmedebis Semdeg sakabelo
kompaniaTa umetesobam Sewyvita mosarClis sadguris eTerSi gaSveba. amas-
Tan, Sveicarias ar SeuSlia xeli mwvervalis gadamcemidan mauwyeblobis-
Tvis, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi swvdeboda rogorc italias, aseve saerTa-
Soriso satelekomunikacio kavSirsac. sadavo akrZalva dauwesda Sveica-
riis kompanias, romlis yvela xelmomweri Sveicariis teritoriaze cxov-
robda da kvlavac iRebda programebs ramdenime sxva sadguridan. sasamar-
Tlom aRniSna, rom gatarebuli RonisZieba SeiZleboda miCneuliyo auci-
leblad kanonis ugulebelyofis Tavidan asacileblad. es iyo ara cenzu-
ris erT-erTi saxe, mimarTuli aRniSnuli programebis Sinaarsis an ten-
denciebis winaaRmdeg, aramed im radiosadguris mimarT gatarebuli Ro-
nisZieba, romelic mopasuxe saxelmwifos Tanamdebobis pirebs namdvilad
SeeZloT CaeTvalaT Sveicarul sadgurad, romelic funqcionirebda saz-
Rvris meore mxares _ raTa gverdi aevlo SveicariaSi moqmedi kanoniT
dadgenili satelekomunikacio sistemisTvis. am argumentebidan gamom-
dinare, sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom SezRudva iyo `aucilebeli demok-
ratiuli sazogadoebisTvis~.
1990 weli
oberSliki avstriis winaaRmdeg (N1)
faqtebi: ganmcxadebelma da sxvebma Seitanes sarCeli politikosis wi-
naaRmdeg, romelic daobda, rom avstrieli qalebisTvis saojaxo daxma-
reba 50%-iT unda gaizardos, raTa Tavidan iqnes acilebuli finansuri
mizeziT ganpirobebuli abortebi; rac Seexeba emigrant dedebs, maTi dax-
mareba 50%-iT unda Semcirdes. ganmcxadebelma sarCeli gamoaqveyna ga-
286
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
zeTSi, romlis redaqtoric Tavad iyo. man politikosis winadadeba nacis-
tebis gamocdilebas Seadara. politikosma sarCeli Seitana Jurnalistis
winaaRmdeg _ kerZo devnis safuZvelze. regionulma sasamarTlom aRniSna,
rom mopasuxem ver daadgina gamoqveynebuli gancxadebis simarTle; amis
gamo, mas 5000 Silingis gadaxda daakisra da 25 dRiT Tavisuflebis aRk-
veTa Seufarda. oberSlikma evropis adamianis uflebebis sasamarTlos
mimarTa, sadac daobda, rom misTvis Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT da jarimis
dakisrebiT dairRva misi gamoxatvis Tavisufleba.
gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daadgina konvenciis me-10 muxlis dar-
Rveva.
motivacia: sasamarTlom Tavdapirvelad isaubra gamoxatvis Tavisuf-
lebis mniSvnelobaze demokratiul sazogadoebaSi.
sasamarTlom xazgasmiT aRiSna politikuri debatebis dros presis
Tavisuflebis mniSvneloba: `es principebi gansakuTrebulia, radgan pre-
sas exeba. maSin, rodesac presa movalea, ar gadaabijos dawesebul sazRv-
rebs, maT Soris, `sxvaTa reputaciis dacvis~ saxiT, Jurnalisti ar aris
valdebuli, politikur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT gamoiCinos imdenive
sifrTxile, ramdenic _ sajaro interesis sxva sferoebSi. informaciis
miwodebis amocana aramarto presis winaSe dgas: xalxsac aqvs ufleba,
miiRos informacia.~
sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom presas akisria sazogadoebrivi guSagis ro-
li da politikosebic mzad unda iyvnen maTi saqmianobis mkacri kontro-
lisTvis. presis Tavisufleba erT-erTi saukeTeso saSualebaa imisaTvis,
rom sazogadoebam informacia miiRos politikuri liderebis Sesaxeb. Se-
sabamisad, dasaSvebi kritikis farglebi politikosebTan mimarTebaSi uf-
ro farToa, vidre kerZo pirebTan dakavSirebiT: sajaro pirebi gacnobi-
erebulad da ganzrax aqceven sakuTar Tavs sazogadoebis da Jurnalis-
tebis yuradRebis centrSi.
aucilebeli iyo Tu ara SezRudva demokratiul sazogadoebaSi? am
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom statia Seexeboda sa-
jaro debatebs sazogadoebisTvis saintereso politikur Temaze. amave
Temaze mniSvnelovani debatebi gaimarTa ara mxolod avstriaSi, aramed
sxva evropul qveynebSic. sakiTxi Seexeboda sxva qveynis moqalaqeebisadmi
gansxvavebuli reJimis SemoRebas. sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom ganmcxadeb-
lis statia provokaciuli iyo, Tumca, is gamoqveynda Sokis momgvreli
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
287
sasamarTlo praqtika
gancxadebis sapasuxod. am SemTxvevaSi, politikoss sakmaod mkacri pasuxis
da kritikis molodini unda hqonoda. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom sadavo
gancxadebebi aanalizebda politikosis pozicias, rac mxolod SefasebiT
msjelobad CaiTvleba. misi gancxadebebi warmoiSva politikosis ideebisa
da nacisturi partiis politikis Sedarebis Sedegad. amrigad, ganmcxade-
belma gamoaqveyna swori faqtebi, am faqtebTan dakavSirebul SefasebiT
msjelobasTan erTad. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeuZlebelia iTqvas, rom
ganmcxadebelma gadaabija gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis farglebs.
1991 weli
`obzerveri~ da `gardiani~
gaerTianebuli samefos winaRmdeg
faqtebi: britaneTis usafrTxoebis samsaxuris yofilma TanamSromel-
ma, piter raiTma, samsaxuridan gadadgomis Semdeg dawera memuarebi, saTa-
uriT `jaSuSTa Sempyrobi~. raiTma britanuli saidumlo samsaxurisagan
nebarTvis miRebis gareSe dado kontraqtebi am publikaciis avstraliis
teritoriaze dasabeWdad da gasavrceleblad. wignSi naTqvami iyo, rom
1970-iani wlebis bolos saidumlo samsaxuri awarmoebda ukanono moqme-
debebs, maT Soris, megobari qveynebis saelCoebis ukanono mosmenebs da
saelCoebSi farul SeWras. amis Sedegad, sisxlissamarTlebrivi proce-
durebi daiwyo avstraliaSi, raTa akrZaluliyo wignis gamocema an masSi
arsebuli nebismieri informaciis gaJonva. maSin, rodesac avstraliaSi
Sesabamisi procedurebi mimdinareobda, momCivnebma _ yoveldRiurma bri-
tanulma gazeTebma _ dabeWdes mokle statiebi. publikaciebi Seexeboda
avstraliaSi mosalodnel sasamarTlo process aRwerdnen saqmeze mosme-
nas da aRwerda `jaSuSTa Sempyrobis~ Sinaarsis detalebs. amis gamo sa-
xelmwifo sasamarTlo procedurebi daiwyo inglisSic, sadac moiTxoves
Sualeduri gadawyvetilebis gacema. am gadawyvetilebebiT unda akrZalu-
liyo msgavsi Sinaarsis mqone nebismieri publikaciis gavrceleba manam,
vidre avstraliuri sasamarTloebi saqmeze saboloo gadawyvetilebas ga-
moitandnen. inglisSi sasamarTlom saxelmwifos moTxovna daakmayofi-
288
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
la: gaica Sualeduri SezRudvis brZaneba, riTac momCivan da sxva gazeTebs
aekrZalaT memuarebis Sinarsis an sxva detalebis gamoqveyneba.
amis Semdeg, sajarod gavrcelda informacia, rom `jaSuSTa Sempyro-
bis~ gamocema igegmeboda aSS-ic. sxva gazeTma moipova xelnaweris asli
amerikeli gamomcemlebisagan da daiwyo maTi nawil-nawil gamocema. bri-
taneTis mTavrobam wamoiwyo sasamarTlos upativcemulobis procedu-
rebi am gazeTis winaaRmdeg, radgan dairRva sasamarTlos Sualeduri Sez-
Rudvis brZaneba. Tumca sasamarTlos ar miuRia raime samarTlebrivi aqti,
romelic akrZalavda wignis dabeWdvas aSS-Si. Sesabamisad, aSS-Si vizitad
myofma britaneTis moqalaqeebma an im pirebma, romlebmac safosto Sek-
veTis momsaxurebiT isargebles, aSS-s wignis maRaziebis meSveobiT brita-
neTSi Semoitanes wignis egzemplarebis mniSvnelovani nawili. amasobaSi,
avstraliaSi mimdinare samarTlebrivi procedurebis Sedegad, avstra-
liis umaRlesma sasamarTlom ar daakmayofila Suamdgomloba da uari
Tqva gaeca droebiTi akrZalva wignis gamocemaze. Sesabamisad, `jaSuSTa
Sempyrobi~ avstraliaSic daibeWda da gavrcelda. wigni evropisa da aziis
ramdenime qveyanaSi gamoica. Tumca, wignis detalebis dabeWdvasa da gav-
rcelebaze dawesebuli sxvadasxva saxis akrZalvebi kvlav ZalaSi rCebo-
da rogorc avstraliaSi, aseve im gazeTis mimarT, romelmac memuarebis
nawil-nawil gamocema daiwyo.
generaluri prokuroris moTxovniT, 1986 wlis ivlisSi britaneTis sa-
samarTloebma gasces droebiTi brZaneba, romlis mixedviTac, `obzervers~
da `gardians~ aekrZalaT britaneTis saidumlo samsaxurebis Sesaxeb
informaciis dabeWdva. informacia mopovebuli iyo wignis xelnaweridan, ro-
melic dasaTaurebuli iyo, rogorc `jaSuSTa Sempyrobi~. akrZalvis moT-
xovnis momentisaTvis wigni jer kidev ar iyo dabeWdili. generaluri pro-
kuroris sarCeli daefuZna arguments, rom Tavidan unda yofiliyo aci-
lebuli erovnuli uSiSroebis sistemaSi arsebuli saidumlos gamJRavneba.
mister raiTis wigni moicavda braldebebs saidumlo samsaxurisa da
misi agentebis ukanono moqmedebebis Sesaxeb. igi amtkicebda, rom MI5-is
samsaxurebi usmendnen 1950-1960 wlebSi londonSi Catarebul yvela dip-
lomatiur konferencias, iseve, rogorc zimbabves damoukideblobis Se-
saxeb warmoebul molaparakebebs 1979 wels. wignSi aseve naTqvami iyo, rom
MI5-i usmenda frang, germanel, berZen da indoneziel diplomatebs iseve,
rogorc batoni xruSCovis britaneTSi vizitisas 1950 wels usmenda sabWo-
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
289
sasamarTlo praqtika
Ta kavSiris sazRvargareTul sakonsuloebs; rom MI5-ma suecis krizisis
dros warumateblad ganaxorciela mkvlelobis SeTqmuleba egviptis pre-
zident naseris winaaRmdeg; rom MI5-i awyobda SeTqmulebas harold vil-
sonis winaaRmdeg 1974-1976 wlebSi misi premier-ministrobis dros; da rom
MI5-i flangavda Tavis resursebs britaneTis memarcxene politikuri
jgufebis saqmianobis gamoZiebaSi. 1987 wlis ivlisSi wigni aSS-Si daibeWda
da misi egzemplarebi did britaneTSic gavrcelda. miuxedavad am faqtisa,
droebiTi sasamarTlo akrZalva SenarCunda 1988 wlis oqtombramde _ sa-
nam lordTa palatam uari ar ganacxada generaluri prokuroris mier
moTxovnili mudmivi akrZalvis gacemaze.
`obzerverma~ da `gardianma~ adamianis uflebaTa komisiaSi iCivles da
ganacxades, rom droebiTma sasamarTlo akrZalvam daarRvia maTi sityvis
Tavisufleba. britaneTis mTavrobam komisias ganucxada, rom Carevis
safuZveli iyo `marTlmsajulebis miukerZoeblobisa da damoukideblo-
bis SenarCuneba~. mTavrobam sasamarTloze gamosvlisas Carevis safuZ-
vels daumata `erovnuli usafrTxoeba~, imaze miTiTebiT, rom droebiTi
sasamarTlo akrZalvis gacemis dros piter raiTis mier mopovebuli in-
formacia saxelmwifo saidumloebas warmoadgenda. Tuki es informacia
gamoqveyndeboda, britaneTis saidumlo samsaxurs, mis agentebsa da mesame
mxareebs didi ziani miadgebodaT, radgan amas mohyveboda agentebis vina-
obis gamxela; didi ziani miadgeboda, aseve, mokavSire qveynebTan urTi-
erTobas; organizaciebsa da xalxs britaneTis saidumlo samsaxurisadmi
ndoba gauqrebodaT. dabolos, mTavrobam gamoTqva mosazreba, rom mi-
ster raiTis magaliTs moqmedi an yofili agentebic mibaZavdnen. wignis
gamoqveynebis Semdeg mTavroba eyrdnoboda mxolod `erovnuli uSiSro-
ebis~ safuZvels da acxadebda, rom erovnuli uSiSroeba marTlac safrT-
xis winaSe idga, radganac britaneTs mouxdeboda, Tavisi mokavSire qvey-
nebisaTvis daemtkicebina, rom mis saidumlo samsaxurs saidumlo infor-
maciis dacva SeeZlo. mTavroba miiCnevda, rom process efeqturad SeaCe-
rebda da dausjelad ar datovebda konfidencialobis darRvevas im ofic-
rebis mxridan, romlebsac evalebodaT, ar gaemJRavnebinaT saidumlo.
momCivani gazeTi ki acxadebda, rom wignis aSS-Si gamoqveynebis Semdeg
mTavrobis es argumenti usafuZvlo iyo.
gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daadgina, rom dairRva konvenciis me-
10 muxli.
290
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
motivacia: saqmeSi `gardiani~ didi britaneTis winaaRmdeg sasamarT-
lom ganacxada, rom `aucilebeli~ im mniSvnelobiT, rogorc es me-10 mux-
lis me-2 punqtSia, esadageba `Zlieri socialuri moTxovnilebis~ Sinaarss.
sasamarTlom gaiTvaliswina mTavrobis mier `kanonier miznebad~ dasa-
xelebuli orive safuZveli da saqmis ganxilva ganagrZo imis SemowmebiT,
warmoadgenda Tu ara droebiTi sasamarTlo akrZalva `aucilebels de-
mokratiul sazogadoebaSi�. sasamarTlom mouxmo sityvis Tavisuflebas-
Tan dakavSirebuli Tavisi sasamarTlo praqtikis ZiriTad principebs:
`sityvis Tavisufleba demokratiuli sazogadoebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi
monapovaria. sityvis Tavisufleba moicavs ara marto imgvar informacias
an ideas, romelsac keTilganwyobiT xvdebian an romelic neitraluria,
aramed iseT informaciasac, romelic Seuracxmyofeli, Sokis momgvreli
an amaRelvebelia. es principebi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, radganac
presas exeba. ara marto presaa valdebuli, informacia gaavrcelos sa-
jaro interesis mqone movlenebis Sesaxeb, aramed xalxsac aqvs maTi mi-
Rebis ufleba. sxvagvarad rom yofiliyo, presa ver SeZlebda `sazogado-
ebrivi darajis� sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani rolis Sesrulebas. sasamar-
Tlom mogvianebiT aRniSna, rom gamoqveynebamde akrZalvebis daweseba
sasamarTlos mxridan moiTxovs Zalze frTxil Seswavlas: `winaswari ak-
rZalvebidan momdinare safrTxe imdenad didia, rom sasamarTlosgan yu-
radRebiT Seswavlas moiTxovs. miT umetes, rodesac es presas exeba. axali
ambebi, rogorc `malefuWebadi produqti, Seyovnebis SemTxvevaSi swrafad
kargavs arsebiT faseulobasa da interess�. am principebis gaTvaliswi-
nebiT da mTavrobis mier moyvanili ganmartebebis SemowmebiT, sasamarT-
lom gadawyvita, rom droebiTi akrZalva gamarTlebuli iyo manam, vidre
wigni gamoqveyndeboda. mas Semdeg, rac wigni gamoqveynda aSS-Si, informa-
ciam dakarga konfidenciuri xasiaTi da, Sesabamisad, `jaSuSTa Sempyrob-
Si� moyvanilma monacemebma dakarga misi saidumlod Senaxvis interesi. am
pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ar arsebobda `sakmarisi~ saWiroeba imisTvis,
rom sasamarTlo akrZalva gacemuliyo. generaluri prokuroris imgvari
argumentebi, rogoricaa britaneTis saidumlo samsaxurebis reputaciisa
da efeqturobis SenarCuneba da piter raiTis magaliTis mibaZvisagan
britaneTis sxva moqmedi Tu gadamdgari saidumlo agentebis dacva,
sasamarTlom miiCnia arasakmarisad, raTa gaemarTlebina Careva. manve
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
291
sasamarTlo praqtika
dasZina, rom: `1987 wlis Semdeg Careva aRar iyo aucilebeli demok-
ratiul sazogadoebaSi~.
nawilobriv gansxvavebul mosazrebaSi mosamarTle petitim ganacxa-
da, rom droebiTi akrZalva ar iyo gamarTlebuli wignis britaneTis far-
glebs gareT gamoqveynebamde: `rodesac mimdinare movlenebis gadacemis
dayovneba exeba presas, es Jurnalistis statias didwilad ukargavs
interess�.
baton petitis mosazrebiT, Careva warmoadgenda informaciis miRebis
uflebis SezRudvas, radgan `sazogadoebisTvis saxelmwifo organoebis
funqcionirebis Sesaxeb informaciis miRebis akrZalva warmoadgens de-
mokratiis fundamenturi uflebis darRvevas�. mosamarTlem aRniSna, rom
sasamarTlo akrZalvis gaxangrZliveba iqneboda cenzuris SeniRbuli
forma da presis Tavisuflebis gauqmeba. evropuli sasamarTlos mier
dadgenili dasaSvebi kritikisas mosamarTlem ganacxada, rom `sityvis Ta-
visufleba erT romelime qveyanaSi ar SeiZleba iyos imis ganmsazRvreli,
daibeWdos Tu ara masala sxva qveyanaSi. satelituri televiziis xanaSi
SeuZlebelia, davyoT teritoriebi da SevzRudoT im qveynis moqalaqeTa
infromaciis Tavisufleba, sadac akrZalulia gazeTis dabeWdva�. amgva-
rad, mosamarTle petitim daaskvna, rom me-10 muxli droebiTi akrZalvis
moqmedebis mTel periodSi iyo darRveuli.
meore nawilobriv gansxvavebul mosazrebaSi mosamarTle de meieri
daeTanxma mosamarTle petitis da dasZina: `presa unda iyos Tavisufali
axali ambebis dabeWdvis dros, miuxedavad wyarosi, nebismieri saxis cen-
zurisa, sasamarTlo akrZalvebis an winaswar SezRudvisa.~
`obzerveris~ saqmeze miRebul gadawyvetilebaSi ori mniSvnelovani
principia SemuSavebuli:
pirveli principi gulisxmobs, rom Tuki erovnuli usafrTxoebis Se-
saxeb informacia Tundac erTxel gaxda sajaro, SemdgomSi misi brunvidan
amoReba, akrZalva an gamavrceleblis dasja ar SeiZleba.
meore principi gulisxmobs, rom zogierTi informacia erovnuli
uSiSroebis Sesaxeb marTlac SeiZleba iyos konfidenciurad miCneuli,
Tu arsebobs seriozuli safuZveli, rom aseTi informaciis sajarooba
zians miayenebs erovnul usafrTxoebas. ufro metic, informaciis sta-
tusi SeiZleba ganisazRvros garkveuli vadiT da am statusis SenarCu-
292
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
nebis sakiTxi periodulad gadaisinjos. erovnul uSiSroebasTan dakav-
Sirebuli informaciis klasificirebisas mxedvelobaSia misaRebi amgvari
informaciisadmi sazogadoebis interesi.
1991 weli
kastelsi espaneTis winaaRmdeg
faqtebi: aRniSnul saqmeze momCivans warmoadgenda espaneTis moqalaqe
migel kastelsi, xolo mopasuxes ki _ espaneTi.
batoni kastelsi iyo espaneTis parlamentis senatori, romlis poli-
tikuri organizacia mxars uWerda baskeTis damoukideblobas. 1979 wels
yovelkvireul `Punto y Hora de Euskalherra~-Si man gamoaqveyna statia, saTa-
uriT `aRmaSfoTebeli dausjeloba�. b-ni kastelsi mTavrobas adanaSa-
ulebda baskeTSi momxdari mkvlelobebis gamouZieblobis gamo da acxa-
debda: `am danaSaulebrivi qmedebebis Camdenni, totaluri dausjelobis
gamo, dResac agrZeleben muSaobas pasuxismgebel Tanamdebobebze. maT
dasapatimreblad araviTari safuZveli ar gamoiZebna~. imavdroulad, igi
brals sdebda mTavrobas, rogorc Tanamonawiles am danaSaulSi: `memar-
jveneebs, romlebic dRes xelisuflebaSi arian, yvela berketi (policia,
sasamarTloebi, cixeebi) aqvT, raTa moZebnon da dasajon amdeni danaSa-
ulis Camdeni, magram Tqvenc ar momikvdeT[...]. es uflebamosilebebi wes-
rigis dasacavad da damnaSaveebis dasasjelad dResac imgvaria, rogoric
adre iyo~.
danaSaulTa CadenaSi braleul xalxze man dasZina, rom: `maT aqvT iara-
Risa da fulis mniSvnelovani maragi. maT aqvT SeuzRudavi saxsrebi da
wyaroebi da moqmedeben sruli dausjelobiT... SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maT
winaswarve aqvT garantirebuli samarTlebrivi imuniteti.�
batonma kastelsma aseve dasZina: ,,am aqtebis ukan SeiZleba idges mxo-
lod mTavroba, misi partia da personali. Cven viciT, rom isini apireben,
gamoiyenon politikuri instrumentebi bask disidentebze sanadirod da
maT fizikurad gasanadgureblad�...
batoni kastelsi mTavrobis SeuracxyofisaTvis gaamtyunes. procesis
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
293
sasamarTlo praqtika
dros erovnulma sasamarTloebma ar daakmayofiles mosarClis moTxovna
mowmeebis dakiTxvisa da dokumentebis dasaSvebobis Sesaxeb. sasamarTlo-
ebi miiCnevdnen, rom aseTi mtkicebulebebi ar iyo dasaSvebi, rodesac bral-
deba moicavda mTavrobis (da ara misi romelime wevris) Seuracxyofas, da
rom sisxlis samarTlis kanonis mixedviT, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis
organoebi sargebloben dacvis ufro maRali xarisxiT, vidre individebi.
mas miesaja erTwliani patimroba, romelic arasdros mouxdia. kas-
telsma evropis adaminis uflebaTa sasamarTlos mimarTa.
sasamarTlos winaSe momCivanma ganacxada, rom Seilaxa misi sityvis Ta-
visufleba. xolo espaneTis xelisuflebam SezRudvis kanonier miznad da-
asaxela `areulobis da danaSaulis Cadenis Tavidan acileba�. mosarClis
azriT, ganaCenis gamotanis erTaderT mizans mTavrobis Rirsebis dacva
warmoadgenda.
gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daadgina, rom dairRva konvenciis me-10
muxli.
motivacia: im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, iyo Tu ara Careva `aucilebeli
demokratiul sazogadoebaSi�, sasamarTlom daadgina: `maSin, rodesac
sityvis Tavisufleba aucilebelia yvelasTvis, is gansakuTrebul mniSv-
nelobas xalxis mier arCeuli warmomadgenlebisaTvis iZens. igi warmo-
adgens Tavis eleqtorats, angariSs uwevs maT pozicias da icavs maT inte-
resebs. Sesabamisad, mosarClis _ rogorc parlamentis opoziciis warmo-
madgenlis _ sityvis TavisuflebaSi Careva moiTxovs sasamarTlos mxridan
yuradRebiT Seswavlas�.
sasamarTlom aseve SeniSna, rom batonma kastelsma sakuTari mosazre-
bebi gamoxata ara senatis tribunidan, rac yovelgvari sanqciebis dakis-
rebis gareSe SeeZlo gaekeTebina, aramed amoirCia periodikis furclebi.
es ki sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom man dakarga mTavrobis kritikis ufleba.
sasamarTlom xazi gausva aseve presis rols demokratiul sazogado-
ebaSi: `presis Tavisufleba sazogadoebas aZlevs saukeTeso saSualebas,
aRmoaCinos da Camoayalibos azri politikuri liderebis ideebsa da pozi-
ciebze. politikosebs ki saSualeba eZlevaT, warmoaCinon da komentari
gaukeTon sazogadoebriv azrs. es ki, Tavis mxriv, yvelas aZlevs saSu-
alebas, monawileoba miiRos politikur debatebSi, rac demokratiuli
sazogadoebis safuZvelia~.
294
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
Semdeg sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom mTavrobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli
mosarClis braldebebi sazogadoebis did interess iwvevda, rac daadas-
tura gamocemis tiraJis realizaciis maCveneblebma. politikuri kriti-
kis SezRudvasTan dakavSirebiT sasamarTlom ganacxada: `dasaSvebi kri-
tikis sazRvrebi mTavrobis SemTxvevaSi gacilebiT farToa, vidre kerZo
moqalaqis an, Tundac, politikosis mimarT. demokratiul sazogadoebaSi
mTavrobis moqmedeba Tu umoqmedoba unda gaxdes dawvrilebiTi ganxil-
vis obieqti aramarto sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo organoebis, ara-
med, presisa da sazogadoebrivi azris mxridan.~
sasamarTlom gadamwyveti mniSvneloba mianiWa aseve im faqts, rom erov-
nulma sasamarTloebma dauSveblad miiCnies mosarCelis mier SeTavaze-
buli mtkicebulebebi. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom me-10 muxlSi Careva ga-
umarTleblad Seafasa.
1992 weli
torgeir torgeisoni islandiis winaaRmdeg
faqtebi: torgeisonis saqmeSi mosarClem (mister torgeisonma) presaSi
gaakeTa gancxadeba, romelic islandiaSi gavrcelebul policiur simxe-
ces exeboda. man policiis oficrebi `uniformian mxecebs~ Seadara. bral-
debebi exeboda im `individebs, romlebic, oficrebis mier spontanurad
ganxorcielebuli ucnauri dakavebebis Sedegad, axalSobili bavSvis Wku-
is mqone adamianebad gadaiqcnen.� policiis qceva daxasiaTebuli iyo, ro-
gorc `daSinebiTi, gayalbebuli, ukanono, crumorwmuneobiTi, daudevari
da uniWo�.
mosarClem (mweralma) yoveldRiur gazeTSi gamoaqveyna ori statia
politikuri simxecis Sesaxeb. pirveli statia iyo Ria werili iusticiis
ministris mimarT, romelsac mouwodebdnen, Seeqmna komisia `reikiavikis
policiis simxecis Sesaxeb xalxSi gavrcelebuli Worebis� gamosaZieblad.
mosarCles ar dausaxelebia policiis ukanono qmedebis romelime msxver-
plis saxeli, garda erTi Jurnalistisa. mister torgeisoni policiis
oficrebis sisastikes aRwerda da ministrs mimarTavda: `Tqven brZande-
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
295
sasamarTlo praqtika
biT iusticiis ministri da, maSasadame, ufrosi im uniformiani mxecebisa,
romlebic Cveni qalaqis Ramis junglebSi uxmod an xmaurianad daZrwian.
erTi axalgazrda kacis Tanamacxovreblebma miambes, rom ziani mas res-
tornis dacvam da policielma miayenes. Tavidan amis dajereba gamiWirda;
amitomac am SemTxvevis Sesaxeb cnobebi saavadmyofos TanamSromlebSi
moviZie da _ diax, swored isini iyvnen im Rames; Cven saxeze gvyavs reiki-
avikis Ramis razmis msxverpli... Semdeg davadgine, rom adamianebma ician
istoriebi uniformiani mxecebis aseT da amaze ufro cud gamocdilebaze.
am istoriebis mSvidad mosmena SeuZlebelia.~
am statiis Sinaarsi satelevizio programebmac ganixiles. orma poli-
cielma uaryo yvela braldeba da warmoadgina im adamianis werili, rome-
lic baton torgeisons moixsenebda, rogorc TaRliTs da arasando adami-
ans. mosarClem gamoaqveyna meore statia, romelic acxadebda, rom: `[po-
liciis] qceva swored imgvari iyo, rogori warmodgenac arsebobs xalxSi
policiis TviTdacviTi Zaladobis Sesaxeb: daSineba, gayalbeba, ukanono
moqmedebebi, crumorwmuneoba, daudevroba da uunaroba�.
reikiavikis policiis asociaciis TxovniT, saxalxo bralmdebelma mo-
sarClis winaaRmdeg sisxlis samaraTlis saqme aRZra. mas brali edeboda
policiis arakonkretizebuli wevrebis ciliswamebaSi.
procesis ganmavlobaSi mosarCelem uari ganacxada policiis mier
uflebadarRvevebis identificirebaze. man sasamarTlos ganucxada, rom
`adamianisTvis imis moTxovna, rom gaixsenos Svidi wlis win SemTxveviT
nanaxi pirovneba, sruli absurdia da mimarTulia adamianis gonebis bu-
nebis winaaRmdeg~.
erovnul doneze mister torgeisoni damnaSaved cnes policiis im wev-
rebis ciliswamebisTvis, romlebic sadavo gamonaTqvamSi calsaxad iden-
tificirebulebi ar iyvnen. mosarCles jarimis gadaxda daakisres.
mister torgeisonma evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlos mimarTa.
evropis sasamarTlos winaSe mTavrobam ganacxada, rom ganaCenic da
sasjelic mimarTuli iyo `sxvaTa... reputaciis~, konkretulad ki _ poli-
ciis oficrebis dasacavad.
gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daadgina, rom dairRva konvenciis me-10
muxli.
motivacia: evropis sasamarTlom daadgina, rom mosarClem wamoWra
sakuTar qveyanaSi policiuri mxecobis Tema, xolo `presa valdebulia,
296
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
xalxs Seatyobinos sazogadoebrivad mniSvnelovani informacia da ide-
ebi�. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom `mis precedentul samarTalSi ar arse-
bobs raime safuZveli, rom erTmaneTisagan ganvasxvavoT... politikuri
da sajaro interesis mqone sxvadasxva sferos diskusiebi~. sabolood,
sasamarTlom ganaCeni daaxasiaTa rogorc: `sajaro interesis sakiTxebze
diskusiis gamarTvis SemzRudavi~.
torgeisonis saqmeSi policiis winaaRmdeg gakeTebuli gancxadebebi
Segrovebuli iyo mravali wyarodan, Tumca, ZiriTadad, statia Seicavda
xalxSi gavrcelebul Worebs. mopasuxe saxelmwifo acxadebda, rom mosar-
Clis statias aklda obieqturi da faqtobrivi safuZveli, radgan mas ar
SeeZlo gacxadebulis sisworis damtkiceba. miuxedavad amisa, sasamarT-
lom miiCnia, rom am SemTxvevaSi simarTlis moTxovna iqneboda aragoniv-
ruli, SeuZlebelic ki, da ganacxada, rom presa TiTqmis verafers ver
dabeWdavda, Tuki mas mosTxovdnen mxolod sruliad damtkicebuli faq-
tebis gamoqveynebas.
mocemul saqmeSi sasamarTlom presis Tavisufleba ganixila samoqa-
laqo moxeleebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli kritikis konteqstSi.
sasamarTlos miaCnia, rom `yuradReba, unda gamaxvildes presis pri-
oritetul rolze samarTlebriv saxelmwifoSi, sadac kanonis uzenaeso-
baa. sanam presa ar gadaabijebs `sxvaTa... reputaciis dacvis� sazRvrebs,
manam is valdebulia, rom gaavrcelos saWiro interesis Semcveli infor-
macia. aramarto medias akisria aseTi informaciis gavrcelebis valde-
buleba, xalxsac aqvs misi miRebis ufleba. sxvagvarad rom yofiliyo,
presa ver Seasrulebda `sazogadoebrivi darajis� rols. mTavrobis im
gancxadebaze, rom dasaSvebi kritikis farTo sazRvrebi mxolod poli-
tikuri gamosvlebisTvis aris gaTvaliswinebuli, sasamarTlom SeniSna,
rom mis praqtikaSi ar moiZebneba raime safuZveli politikuri diskusiisa
da sajaro interess mikuTvnebul sakiTxebze diskusiebis gansasxvaveblad.
saqmis konkretuli garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, sasamarTlom mar-
Tebulad ar miiCnia mTavrobis mtkiceba, romlis mixedviTac, mosarClis
statiaSi gamoTqmul mosazrebebs aklda faqtobrivi safuZveli. udavoa,
rom es incidenti [policiis mxecobis msxverpl JurnalistTan dakavSi-
rebiT] namdvilad moxda. statiis faqtobrivi elementebis gaTvaliswi-
nebiT, sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom statia arsebiTad Sedgeboda `istori-
ebis� an `Worebisagan�, _ romlebic momdinareobda ara mosarClisagan,
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
297
sasamarTlo praqtika
aramed, sxva adamianebisagan _ an `sazogadoebrivi azrisagan�, romelic
Seicavda braldebebs policiur simxeceze[...]. da kvlavac, pirveli statiis
mixedviT, mosarClem uamravi adamianisagan Seityo msgavsi istoriebi, rac
Znelad dasajerebelia, rom sicrue yofiliyo. amdenad, mosarCle mxolod
axmovanebda imas, rac sxvebisgan moismina policiis sisastikesTan dakavSi-
rebiT[...] sasamarTlos azriT, mosarCle aRmoCnda aragonivruli da, SesaZ-
loa, gadauWreli amocanis winaSe maSin, rodesac mas sakuTari gancxade-
bebis sisworis damtkiceba daavales.
sasamarTlo ar daeTanxma mTavrobis im mosazrebasac, TiTqos, mosar-
Clis mizani iyo reikiavikis policiis reputaciisaTvis zianis miyeneba.
sasamarTlom daadgina, rom mosarCle cdilobda, iusticiis ministri-
saTvis daemtkicebina gamoZiebis damoukidebeli organos Seqmnis auci-
lebloba, rac xels Seuwyobda policiis sisastikeze arsebuli saCivrebis
gamoZiebas. rac Seexeba mosarClis mier gamoyenebul gamomxatvelobiT
enas, sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom `orive statia savse iyo mkvaxe termi-
nebiT. Tumca im miznisa da SesaZlo zemoqmedebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romlis
gamoc statia daiwera, sasamarTlos miaCnia, rom gamoyenebuli ena ar Se-
iZleba Sefasdes zRvargadasulad�.
saboloo Sefasebisas, sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom `ganaCens da sasjels
SeeZlo gamoewvia sazogadoebrivi interesis Semcveli movlenebis
Sesaxeb sajaro diskusiisaTvis xelis SeSla~, da rom mTavrobis mier wa-
moyenebuli mizezebi ver amtkicebda Carevis proporciulobas mis kano-
nier mizanTan. Sesabamisad, mosarClis mimarT gamotanili ganaCeni ar iyo
`aucilebeli demokratiul sazogadoebaSi�.
1992 weli
Informationsverein Lentia da sxvebi
avstriis winaaRmdeg
faqtebi: avstriis kanonmdeblobam avstriis samauwyeblo kompania er-
TaderT nacionalur mauwyeblobad aRiara. es aris avtonomiuri sajaro
samarTlis korporacia, romelsac evaleba mimdinre movlenebis, maT So-
298
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
ris, axali ambebis, komentarebis da kritikuli mosazrebebis amomwuravi,
obieqturi da mravalferovani gadmocema. masSi mauwyeblobs ori sate-
levizio arxi da sami radiosadguri. mosarCleebi, romelTagan yvelam
uari miiRo damoukidebeli televiziis da radiosadgurebis gaxsnis li-
cenziaze, Ciodnen, rom es iyo Tavisufali gamoxatvis uflebasTan Seusa-
bamo monopolia. mopasuxe saxelmwifo ki aRniSnavda, rom es iseve auci-
lebeli iyo mauwyeblobis xarisxis, mravalferovnebis, obieqturobisa da
miukerZoeblobis uzrunvelsayofad, rogorc kerZo kompaniisTvis mo-
nopoliis CamoyalibebaSi xelis SeSla.
gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daadgina, rom dairRva konvenciis me-10muxli.
motivacia: pluralizmis principi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania sama-uwyeblo mediasTan mimarTebaSi:
sasamarTlo xSirad xazgasmiT aRniSnavs gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis ar-sebiT rols demokratiul sazogadoebaSi, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesacpresis saSualebiT is emsaxureba saintereso informaciisa da ideebis gav-rcelebas, romelTa miRebis moTxovnis ufleba sazogadoebas kidec aqvs.aseTi pasuxismgebloba saTanadod ver ganxorcieldeba, Tu mas safuZvladar udevs pluralizmis principi, romlis ZiriTadi garanti saxelmwifoa.es miniSneba gansakuTrebiT miesadageba audio-vizualur medias, romlisprogramebi xSirad Zalian farTo masStabiT gadaicema.
meaTe muxlis pirveli punqtis mesame winadadebis mixedviT, saxelmwi-foebma SeiZleba SemoiRon licenzirebis sistema samauwyeblo mediisTvis.aman SeiZleba gamoiwvios garkveuli SezRudvebi, romlebic gamarTlebu-li unda iyos meore punqtis Sesabamisad. amasTan, im dros, rodesac mono-poliuri sistema (romelic saCivris sagans warmoadgens) kanonis safuZ-velze Camoyalibda da moqmedebda gadacemebis xarisxisa da balansis uz-runvelsayofad, gasarkvevi iyo aseTi sistemis aucilebloba demokrati-ul sazogadoebaSi.
mopasuxe saxelmwifos monopoliuri sistema gamoxatvis Tavisuflebisseriozuli SezRudvaa:
am faseulobaTa pativiscemis uzrunvelsayof yvela saSualebas Sorismonopolia erTaderTia, romelic awesebs udides SezRudvebs gamoxatvisTavisuflebaze; kerZod, sruliad SeuZlebels xdis nacionaluri siste-misgan damoukideblad mauwyeblobas, _ mxolod iSviaT SemTxvevebSi,Zalian SezRudul farglebSi uSvebs adgilobrivi sakabelo sadgurebis
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
299
sasamarTlo praqtika
funqcionirebas. aseTi SezRudvebis farTod gamoyeneba ki gamarTlebu-lia mxolod gadaudebeli aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi.
teqnikuri progresi imas niSnavs, rom `samauwyeblo sixSireebis xel-misawvdomobis~ gamarTlebas aRar aqvs iseTi Zala, rogoric ramdenimeaTwleulis win hqonda. amasTan, ucxouri satelevizio programebi avst-riel mayurebels ukve miewodeba kabelis saSualebiT da sxva qveynebisgamocdilebamac aCvena, rom kerZo mauwyeblobebis bazarze daSveba avto-maturad ar iwvevs `kerZo monopoliebis~ Camoyalibebas. gadacemebis mra-valferovnebis da xarisxis uzrunvelyofis legitimuri mizani SeiZlebamiRweul iqnes iseTi naklebad SemzRudavi saSualebebiT, rogoricaa sxva-dasxvagvari Sinaarsis pirobebiT licenziebis gacema, anda nacionalurikorporaciis saqmianobaSi kerZo pirebis monawileobis formebis dadgena.zemoT aRniSnuli miznebisTvis saxelmwifo monopoliurma sistemam gana-xorciela Tavisufali gamoxatvis SezRudva, rac ar iyo miznis proporci-uli da demokratiuli sazogadoebisTvis aucilebeli.
1993 weli
oto premingeris instituti avstriis winaaRmdeg
faqtebi: ganmcxadebeli insbrukSi, tirolis olqSi daarsebuli kerZoasociacia iyo. oto premingeris instituts hqonda kinos saxli, sadacdrodadro filmebs aCvenebda. institutma gamoacxada ramdenime filmisCveneba, maT Soris, filmisa, romelsac erqva `samoTxis sabWo~. filmisCvenebis Sesaxeb sazogadoebas sxvadasxva sainformacio saSualebam auwya.kinoTeatrSi ki gamoqveynda afiSa, romelzec aRniSnuli iyo, rom 17 wlam-de asakis pirebs filmis naxva ekrZalebodaT. afiSaze qristianuli re-ligiis trivialuri da absurduli imiji karikaturis stilSi iyo moce-muli. kaTolikurma eklesiam prokurors mimarTa, raTa aRZruliyo sis-xlis samarTlis saqme oto premingeris institutis winaaRmdeg. amis Sem-deg filmi daayadaRes da mogvianebiT moaxdines misi konfiskacia: dairRvasisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis normebi, romelTa mixedviTac, dasjadadcxaddeba religiuri wes-Cveulebebis damcireba.
evropis sasamarTlom Tavdapirvelad ganixila, isaxavda Tu ara Carevalegitimur mizans.
gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daadgina, rom konvenciis me-10 muxliar darRveula.
300
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
motivacia: sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom miRebuli zomebis mizani iyo
moqalaqeTa im uflebis dacva, romlis Tanaxmadac, sajaro gamoxatvam ar
unda Seuracxyos maTi religiuri grZnobebi da Sexedulebebi. Sesabami-
sad, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom saxeze iyo legitimuri mizani: sxvaTa
uflebebis dacva.
sasamarTlom aqve aRniSna, rom gamoxatvis Tavisufleba icavs Sokis
momgvrel da Seuracxmyofel ideebsac; Tumca im pirebs, romlebic gamo-
xatvis TavisuflebiT sargebloben, ekisrebaT valdebuleba, daicvan kon-
venciis meaTe muxlis meore nawilSi moyvanili valdebulebebi.
sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom meaTe muxlis meore nawili moicavs valde-
bulebas _ maqsimalurad iqnes Tavidan acilebuli iseTi gamoxatva, rome-
lic gaumarTleblad Seuracxmyofelia sxvebisaTvis, laxavs maT ufle-
bebs da ar Seaqvs wvlili sajaro debatebSi. zogierTi demokratiuli sa-
xelmwifosTvis savsebiT dasaSvebia sanqciebis daweseba da arasaTanado
kritikis SezRudva, roca saqme exeba religiur doqtrinas da wes-Cve-
ulebebs; Tumca, im SeniSvniT, rom aseTi SezRudva proporciuli unda
iyos da legitimur mizans unda emsaxurebodes.
imis gamo, rom SeuZlebelia mTel evropaSi erTiani Sexedulebis Seqmna
religiis mniSvnelobaze, saxelmwifoebs rCebaT garkveuli diskrecia am
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.
sadavo filmis Cveneba ganixileba, rogorc sajaro qmedeba, romelic
zians ayenebs sxvebs. tirolelebis umetesoba _ sadac filmis Cveneba
moxda _ kaTolikea. filmis konfiskaciisas saxelmwifom uzrunvelyo re-
ligiuri simSvide da daicva moqalaqeTa religiuri grZnobebi Seuracx-
yofisgan.
1994 weli
kasado koka espaneTis winaaRmdeg
faqtebi: am saqmeSi momCivans warmoadgenda espaneli advokati kasado
koka, xolo mopasuxes _ espaneTi.
1982 wlis oqtombridan moyolebuli, espaneTis qalaq valdoreixtis
mcxovrebTa da sakuTrebis mflobelTa asociaciis gazeTSi ibeWdeboda
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
301
sasamarTlo praqtika
gancxadebebi, romlebic detalur informacias sTavazobda mkiTxvels gan-
mcxadeblis iuridiuli praqtikis Sesaxeb. xsenebuli gancxadebebi gver-
dis daaxloebiT erT mesameds ikavebda da moicavda ganmcxadeblis saxelsa
da gvars, profesias _ iuristi, ofisis misamarTsa da telefonis nomers.
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, advokatTa sabWom erTxel wamoiwyo dis-
ciplinaruli procesi batoni pablo kasados winaaRmdeg. 1983 wlis 6 ap-
rils man kvlav miiRo werilobiTi gafrTxileba profesiuli reklamis
akrZalvis ugulebelyofis gamo7 . advokatTa erovnulma sabWom, romelic
am jarimas daeTanxma, miiCnia, rom, Tavisi bunebidan gamomdinare, aRniS-
nuli gancxadebebi gascda barselonas advokaturis mier dawesebuli Sesa-
bamisi wesebiT daSvebul sazRvrebs. barselonas teritoriulma sasamar-
Tlomac, imave mosazrebebis safuZvelze, jarimas mxari dauWira. sasa-
marTlom aRniSna, rom zemoxsenebuli wesebi uSvebs reklamirebas mxolod
garkveul SemTxvevebSi _ konkretulad, praqtikis dawyebis an wevrobis,
misamarTis an telefonis nomris Secvlisas. amis gamo, akrZalva ar iyo
absoluturi.
kasado kokam evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlos mimarTa.
gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daadgina, rom 10-e muxli ar darRveula.
motivacia: pirvel rigSi, sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom 10-e muxli
uzrunvelyofs `yvelas~ gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas. is ar arCevs mizans _
komerciuls Tu aramomgebians8 . Tumca, am ori sferosadmi gansxvavebulma
midgomam SesaZloa, winaaRmdegobaSi mogviyvanos me-14 muxlTan.
evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlos mier 1985 wels ganxilul
saqmeSi _ bartoldi germaniis winaaRmdeg9 , sasamarTlom ar upasuxa kiT-
xvas imis Taobaze, xvdeba Tu ara komerciuli reklama me-10 muxlis dacvis
arealSi. Tumca, SemdgomSi, precedentulma samarTalma am sakiTxSi sic-
xade Seitana. 10-e muxli ar Seexeba mxolod garkveuli tipis informacias,
ideas an gamoxatvis formas10 , gansakuTrebiT ki _ politikuri xasiaTisas;
rogorc komisiam samarTlianad aRniSna, is aseve moicavs mxatvrul gamo-
7 1982 wlis 24 ivliss gamocemuli samefo gankargulebis #2090/82 muxli 31
safuZvlad udevs advokatTa Sesaxeb kanons _ ix. punqti 22.8 ix. Autronic AG Sveicariis winaaRmdeg, gv. 280.9 gv. 270.10 Markt Intern Verlag GmbH-i da klaus birmani germaniis winaaRmdeg. gv. 278.
302
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
xatvas, komerciuli bunebis informacias da televiziiT gadacemul msu-
buq musikasa da reklamebsac ki11 .
mocemul saqmeSi ganmcxadeblis saxelis, gvaris, misamarTis da tele-
fonis nomris gamoqveynebas, ra Tqma unda, wminda sareklamo mizani hqonda,
magram, meore mxriv, es iyo saWiro informacia im adamianebisTvis, visac
iuridiuli daxmareba esaWiroeboda da, Sesabamisad, visTvisac samarTlis
xelmisawvdomobas uzrunvelyofda. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, muxli 10
am saqmeze vrceldeba.
mTavrobam da komisiam miiCnies, rom advokaturis wevrebis mier advo-
katTaTvis profesiuli reklamis akrZalvis mizans warmoadgenda `sxvebis
uflebebis dacva~. konkretulad, es exeba sazogadoebisa da advokaturis
sxva wevrebis uflebebs. mTavrobam, agreTve, aRniSna, rom reklama yovel-
Tvis miCneuli iyo SeuTavseblad am profesiis RirsebasTan, advokaturis
wevrebis saTanado pativiscemasTan da sazogadoebis interesTan.
moqalaqeebisaTvis reklamireba warmoadgens maTTvis SeTavazebuli
momsaxurebisa da produqtebis maxasiaTeblebis aRmoCenis saSualebas. mi-
uxedavad amisa, zogjer reklama SesaZloa, aikrZalos. gansakuTrebiT ki
_ arakeTilsindisieri konkurenciis an araswori da mcdari informaciis
gavrcelebis aRkveTis mizniT. zogierT SemTxvevaSi, SesaZlebelia obieq-
turi da marTebuli reklamis akrZalvac, Tuki es miznad isaxavs sxva pi-
rovnebis uflebebis pativiscemis uzrunvelyofas. akrZalva SeiZleba
efuZnebodes, agreTve, biznesis saqmianobis an profesiis gansakuTrebul
garemoebebs. Tumca, yoveli amgvari akrZalva yuradRebiT unda iyos Ses-
wavlili sasamarTlos mier, romelmac unda gaarkvios am gansakuTrebuli
garemoebebis aucilebloba. Cvens SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlom sadavo jarima
yvela am garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda Seafasos..
ganmcxadebelma da komisiam ikamaTes im gansxvavebaze, rac arsebobs
iuridiul kompaniebisa da kerZo advokatebis mier TavianTi saqmianobis
reklamirebis SesaZleblobis TvalsazrisiT.
sasamarTlos azriT, iuridiuli kompaniebi ver Seedrebian kerZo ad-
vokatebs, romelTac gansakuTrebuli statusi aqvT sasamarTloSi saqmis
warmarTvis procesSi, rogorc Suamavlebs sazogadoebasa da sasamarTlos
Soris. amgvari mdgomareoba xsnis advokaturis wevrebis qcevasTan da-
11 Groppera Radio AG Sveicariis winaaRmdeg. gv. 283.
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
303
sasamarTlo praqtika
kavSirebiT dawesebul Cveul SezRudvebs da, aseve, advokatTa sabWoebi-
saTvis miniWebul sazedamxedvelo da kontrolis uflebamosilebas.
miuxedavad amisa, profesiis maregulirebeli wesebi, gansakuTrebiT
ki _ reklamirebis ganxriT, gansxvavdeba qveynebis mixedviT, gamomdinare
maTi kulturuli Taviseburebebidan. metic, konvenciis mraval wevr
qveyanaSi, maT Soris, espaneTSic, garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi arse-
bobda tendencia, rom sazogadoebaSi momxdari cvlilebebis kvaldakval
wesebi SeesustebinaT.
mTavrobam magaliTad moitana evrogaerTianebis iuristTa qcevis ko-
deqsi (strasburgi, 28 oqtomberi, 1988) da evropis advokatTa konferen-
ciis gadawyvetileba (krakovo, 24 maisi, 1991); reklamirebis principis
mxardaWerasTan erTad, es dokumentebi advokaturis wevrebs uflebamo-
silebas aniWebs, gamoxaton sakuTari Tvalsazrisi masmediiT, gaacnon
sakuTari Tavi sazogadoebas da monawileoba miiRon sajaro debatebSi.
am instruqciebis Tanaxmad, kataloniis advokatTa sabWos mier miRebuli
kanoni reklamaze (1991 wlis 4 ivlisi) mis wevrebs uflebas aZlevs, gamos-
cen prospeqtebi, statiebi, maT Soris, presaSic. am kanonis Semdeg mTav-
robam daiwyo axali kanonproeqtis Seswavla, romelic am mxriv met Tavi-
suflebas iTvaliswinebs.
wesebis farTo speqtri da evropis sabWos wevrebis cvlis gansxvave-
buli tempi am sakiTxis sirTuleze miuTiTebs. Tavis wevrebTan pirdapiri,
uwyveti kontaqtis gamo advokaturis xelmZRvanelebi da qveynis sasamar-
Tloebi ukeTes poziciaSi arian saerTaSoriso sasamarTloebTan Sedare-
biT, roca saqme exeba sxvadasxva interesis swor dabalansebas; _ konkre-
tulad, am interesebs Soris aris: samarTlis marTebuli administrirebis
moTxovna; profesiuli Rirseba; nebismieri piris ufleba, miiRos infor-
macia iuridiuli daxmarebis Sesaxeb; advokaturis wevrebisaTvis maTi saq-
mianobis reklamirebis uflebis micema.
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, sasamarTlom miiRo gadawyvetileba, rom
procesis periodSi _ 1982-83 wlebi _ Sesabamisi xelisuflebis reaqcia
ar SeiZleba miCneuliyo arasaTanadod dasaxul mizanTan mimarTebaSi.
sasamarTlo mivida daskvnamde, rom 10-e muxli ar darRveula.
1994 weli
304
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
jersildi daniis winaaRmdeg
faqtebi: jersildis saqmeSi mosarCeles warmoadgenda televiziis
Jurnalisti, romelic adgilobrivma sasamarTloebma gaasamarTles
rasistuli gamonaTqvamebis gavrcelebisaTvis xelSewyobis braldebiT.
man sakuTar Tavze aiRo im programis momzadeba, sadac moiwvies rasis-
tuli ideebis matarebeli sami axalgazrda. Jurnalistma icoda, rom in-
tervius dros SeiZleba gakeTebuliyo rasistuli gancxadebebi. interviu
gadaica seriozul satelevizio programaSi, romelic gamiznuli iyo
farTo socialuri da politikuri sakiTxebiT dainteresebuli audito-
riisaTvis, iseve, rogorc imigraciis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT kargad
informirebuli auditoriisaTvis. mayurebels saSualeba hqonda, moesmina
msgavsi gancxadebebi: `rasistad yofna kargia. Cven gvjera, rom dania mxo-
lod danielebisTvisaa~; `xalxs ufleba unda mivceT, iyolion monebi~.
`mxolod aiReT gorilas foto... Semdeg SexedeT zangs, es aris sxeulis
erTi da igive struqtura... Tavidan bolomde~; axalgazrdebs aseve hkiT-
xes maTi sacxovrebeli da samuSao adgilebisa da kriminaluri warsulis
Sesaxeb.
maRali ierarqiis mRvdlis mier Setanili saCivris safuZvelze mister
jersildis saqme gamoiZies. mosarCle pasuxisgebaSi misces imis gamo, rom
man xeli Seuwyo sam axalgazrdas, teleeTeriT gaekeTebinaT rasistuli
gancxadebebi. adgilobrivi sasamarTlo gamoZiebis dros mosarClem ga-
nacxada, rom mis mizans sulac ar warmoadgenda sxvebis dayolieba amgvari
mosazrebebis gasaziareblad, ufro piriqiT. programa warmoadgenda mxo-
lod axalgazrdebis gulwrfel pasuxebs maTTvis dasmul kiTxvebze. aman
ki sibraluli gamoiwvia im axalgazrdebis mimarT, romelTac Tavi gaimas-
xaraves. mosarClem aseve aRniSna, rom programa translirebuli iyo sa-
jaro debatebis konteqstSi. ZiriTadi mizezi, ris gamoc erovnulma sa-
samarTloebma mosarCle braleulad cnes, is iyo, rom Jurnalistma gada-
cemis daskvniT nawilSi ar gaakritika intervius dros gamoTqmuli rasis-
tuli frazebi. mosarClem evropul sasamarTloSi iCivla misi sityvis
Tavisuflebis darRvevis gamo. mTavrobam mosarClis mimarT gamotanili
ganaCeni daasabuTa im pirTa uflebebis dacvis aucileblobiT, romlebic
Seuracxyofili darCnen rasistuli gamonaTqvamebiT.
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
305
sasamarTlo praqtika
gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daadgina, rom dairRva evrokonvenciis
10-e muxli.
motivacia: sasamarTlo _ romelmac mxedvelobaSi miiRo es argumen-
tebi, rogorc kanonieri mizani _ proporciulobis wesis safuZvelze
Sedga. imis garkvevisas, iyo Tu ara ganaCeni `aucilebeli demokratiul
sazogadoebaSi~, sasamarTlom xazi gausva rasobrivi diskriminaciis yvela
formis aRmofxvris aucileblobas da im faqts, rom mosarClis mier gace-
muli informacia _ sazogadoebis didi interesis sagania. rac Seexeba
programis momzadebasa da misi warmodgenis maneras, sasamarTlom aRniSna:
`obieqturad ar Cans, iyo Tu ara programis mizani rasistuli ideebis
propaganda. meore mxriv, aSkaraa erovnuli sasamarTloebis midgoma Jur-
nalistis mier rasistuli gamonaTqvamebis kritikasTan dakavSirebiT. sa-
samarTlom ganacxada, rom obieqturi da dabalansebuli reportaJis mom-
zadebis meTodebi SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxvagvari. arc am sasamarTlos da
arc erovnuli sasamarTloebis gadasawyvetia, reportaJis gadmocemisas,
ra teqnika unda gamoiyenos Jurnalistma~.
intervius safuZvelze momzadebuli masalis gaSuqebis mizanSewoni-
lobis sakiTxis ganxilvisas sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom informaciis am
formiT gavrceleba warmoadgenda `erT-erT im mniSvnelovan mizezs, ris
gamoc presas SeuZlia, Seasrulos sazogadoebrivi darajis roli~. sabo-
loo Sefasebisas sasamarTlom daadgina, rom mosarClis mimarT gamota-
nili ganaCeni ar iyo `aucilebeli~ zoma `demokratiul sazogadoebaSi~.
interviuSi sxva pirovnebis mier gakeTebuli gancxadebis gamo Jurnalis-
tis dasja `seriozulad SeuSlis xels presas sajaro interesis mqone mov-
lenebis gatanaSi sazogadoebriv diskusiaze; Jurnalistis dasja ar SeiZ-
leba manam, vidre amisTvis ar arsebobs Zalze seriozuli mizezebi. amis
gaTvaliswinebiT, sasamarTlo ver gaiziarebs mTavrobis mosazrebas jari-
mis SezRuduli bunebis marTebulobis Sesaxeb~.
Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom daadastura evrokonvenciis 10-e muxlis
darRveva.
1994 weli
306
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
Vereniging Weekblad Bluf! -i holandiis winaaRmdeg
faqtebi: mocemul saqmeSi momCivans warmoadgenda holandiuri Jur-
nali `Bluf!~-i, xolo mopasuxes _ holandia.
amsterdamSi dafuZnebuli asociacia, beWdavda yovelkvireul Jur-
nals `Bluf!�. aRniSnuli Jurnali gaTvaliswinebuli iyo memarcxene frTis
mkiTxvelTaTvis. 1987 wels `Bluf!�-ma moipova holandiis saidumlo sam-
saxuris perioduli moxseneba. 1981 wliT daTariRebul moxsenebas hqonda
grifi `saidumlo� da Seicavda informacias holandiis saidumlo samsaxu-
rebis maSindeli interesebis Sesaxeb. moxseneba exeboda holandiis komu-
nistur partiasa da antibirTvul moZraobas; masSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom
arabuli liga gegmavda haagaSi ofisis gaxsnas; iZleoda informacias aseve
poloneTis, rumineTisa da Cexoslovakiis saidumlo samsaxurebis holan-
diaSi moqmedebis Sesaxeb.
Jurnalis gamomcemelma gamoaqveyna moxseneba komentariTurT. imave
dRes holandiis Sidasaidumlo samsaxurma saxalxo prokurors gaugzavna
werili, sadac amtkicebda, rom moxsenebis gavrceleba sisxlis samarTlis
danaSauli iyo. moxsenebaSi arsebuli saidumlo xasiaTis informaciis
gaTvaliswinebiT, man gansakuTrebiT aRniSna, rom `Tumca ... faqtebi calke
aRebuli ar (an aRar) Seicavs saxelmwifo saidumlos, erTad aRebuli da
erTmaneTTan kavSirSi arsebuli, warmoadgens saxelmwifos an mis mokav-
SireTa saidumlo informacias. faqtebis Sedareba saSualebas iZleva, Seg-
viqmnas warmodgena saidumlo samsaxurebisa da BLD-s saqmianobisa da
meTodebis Sesaxeb.~
Sedegad, Jurnalis dabeWdvamde da distribuciamde gamoZiebis mosa-
marTlis brZanebis safuZvelze gaiCxrika `Bluf!�-is saTavsoebi. xolo Jur-
nalis 29 aprilis egzemplarebi, danarTebis CaTvliT, daayadaRes.
RamiT, xelisuflebis organoebisagan farulad, `Bluf!�-is TanamSro-
melma gaamravla Jurnali 2500 egzemplarad da meore dRes quCebSi da-
uriga amsterdamis mosaxleobas. xelisuflebis organoebma ar SeaCeres
distribucia. 1987 wlis maisSi gamoZiebis mosamarTlem `Bluf!�-is TanamS-
romlis winaaRmdeg aRZruli saqme yovelgvari sasjelis dakisrebis ga-
reSe Sewyvita. amasobaSi, Jurnalma moiTxova konfiskebuli egzemplarebis
ukan dabruneba, magram Txovna ar dakmayofilda. 1988 wlis martSi, sa-
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
307
sasamarTlo praqtika
xalxo prokuroris moTxovniT, holandiis sasamarTloebma `Bluf!�-is yvela
egzemplaris brunvidan amoRebis gadawyvetileba gamoitanes. sasamarT-
loebma brZanebas safuZvlad daudes erovnuli uSiSroebis dacva da aR-
niSnes, rom am masalebis arauflebamosili floba warmoadgenda kanon-
darRvevas da mimarTuli iyo sazogadoebis interesebis winaaRmdeg.
Jurnalma evropis adamianis uflebaTa komisiaSi iCivla da ganacxada,
rom holandiis xelisuflebam daarRvia maTi ufleba, gaTvaliswinebuli
konvenciis me-10 muxliT. mTavrobam ganacxada, rom mosarClis sityvis
TavisuflebaSi Careva kanonierad ganpirobebuli iyo `erovnuli usafrT-
xoebis dacviT, radgan im individebisa an jgufebisaTvis, romelTac surT,
erovnul usafrTxoebas miayenon safrTxe (ziani), moxsenebis wakiTxviT
naTeli gaxdeba holandiis saidumlo samsaxuris moqmedebis Tavisebure-
bani, misi sisusteebi da Zlieri mxareebi~.
gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlos azriT, mocemul SemTxvevaSi dairRva
me-10 muxli.
motivacia: `Bluf!�-is egzemplarebis dayadaRebasTan da misi brunvidan
amoRebis `kanonier mizanTan~ dakavSirebiT sasamarTlom gaacnobiera, rom
demokratiuli sazogadoebis funqcionirebisaTvis (arsebobisaTvis)
aucilebelia saidumlo samsaxurebis konfidencialurobis dacva. sasa-
marTlos azriT, es iZleva saSualebas, saxelmwifom Tavi daicvas im in-
dividebisa da jgufebis saqmianobisagan, romelTac surT, Ziri gamouT-
xaron demokratiuli sazogadoebis ZiriTad Rirebulebebs. Sesabamisad,
sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom dayadaRebasa da brunvidan amoRebas hqonda
`erovnuli usafrTxoebis~ `kanonieri mizani~.
amis Semdeg sasamarTlom Seafasa, iyo Tu ara dayadaReba da brunvidan
amoReba `aucilebeli demokratiul sazogadoebaSi� da daaskvna, rom:
msjelobis sagania, iyo Tu ara moxsenebaSi moyvanili informacia sakmari-
sad mgrZnobiare, raTa gagvemarTlebina misi gavrcelebis akrZalva. do-
kumenti iyo 6 wlis siZvelis... uSiSroebis samsaxuris ufrosma 1987 wels
ganacxada, rom informaciis Semadgeneli erTeulebi, cal-calke aRebuli,
aRar warmoadgenda saxelmwifo saidumlos; meorec, moxseneba dasaTa-
urebuli iyo, rogorc `konfidencialuri�, rac saidumloebis yvelaze
dabal xarisxs ganekuTvneba[...]. mimoqcevidan amoReba... ganxilul unda iq-
nes movlenebTan urTierTkavSirSi. mas Semdeg, rac gazeTi daayadaRes,
308
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
gamomcemlebma gadabeWdes misi mravali egzemplari da gaavrceles ams-
terdamis yvelaze xalxmraval quCebSi. Sesabamisad, Jurnalis mimoqce-
vidan amoRebisas informacia ukve farTod iyo gavrcelebuli[...]. am uka-
nasknelTan dakavSirebiT, sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom ukve aRar aris saWiro
informaciis gasaidumloebisTvis xelis SeSla, radgan is gaxda sajaro
da dakarga saidumlo xasiaTi[...]. informacia xelmisawvdomi da gansjadi
gaxda bevri adamianisTvis. ufro metic, es movlenebi gaSuqda mediis mier.
aqedan gamomdinare, aRniSnuli informaciis _ rogorc saxelmwifo sa-
idumloebis matarebelis _ dacva aRar iyo gamarTlebuli (aucilebeli)
da `Bluf!�-is brunvidan amoReba aRar warmoadgenda kanonieri miznis miR-
wevis saSualebas [...]. Sesabamisad, radganac es zoma ar iyo aucilebeli
demokratiul sazogadoebaSi, dairRva me-10 muxli.
1995 weli
gudvini gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg
faqtebi: aRniSnul saqmeze momCivans warmoadgenda ingliseli Jurna-
listi batoni gudvini, xolo mopasuxes - gaerTianebuli samefo.
The Engineer-is saqmeSi Jurnalistma, mister gudvinma komerciuli
organizacia Tetra Ltd-s Sesaxeb informacia miiRo `wyarosagan� telefonis
meSveobiT. wyaro amtkicebda, rom kompania apirebda, aeRo didi krediti
seriozuli finansuri problemebis Seqmnis gamo. informaciis gacemisTvis
wyaros fuli ar auRia. statiis momzadebisas Jurnalistma kompanias
sTxova, gaekeTebina komentari amis Sesaxeb. Tumca aRniSnuli informacia
ikiTxeboda `mkacrad konfidencialuris� grifiT dasaTaurebul doku-
mentSi, kompaniam aRmoaCina, rom angariSebis asli sadRac gamqraliyo.
mas Semdeg, rac Jurnalistma kompanias komentari sTxova, Tetra Ltd-m sasa-
marTlos mimarTa SuamdgomlobiT brZanebis misaRebad, radgan Tuki in-
formacia sajaro gaxdeboda, es zians miayenebda mis finansur da ekono-
mikur interesebs. brZaneba gamoica da kompaniam misi aslebi yvela mTavar
gazeTs gaugzavna.
Semdeg kompaniam sasamarTlos mimarTa TxovniT, rom Jurnalists
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
309
sasamarTlo praqtika
gaemxila wyaros vinaoba. moTxovna argumentirebuli iyo imiT, rom kom-
panias es daexmareboda usindiso TanamSromlis gamovlenasa da mis wina-
aRmdeg procesis dawyebaSi. Jurnalistma kategoriuli uari ganacxada,
gaemxila wyaros vinaoba sasamarTlos moTxovnis Sesabamisad. igi daaja-
rimes `marTlmsajulebisTvis xelis SeSlis~ safuZvelze.
evropuli sasamarTlos winaSe, mosarClem ganacxada, rom sasamarTlos
brZanebam wyaros gamxelis Sesaxeb, iseve, rogorc amis Seusruleblobi-
saTvis dakisrebulma jarimam, Selaxa misi sityvis Tavisufleba.
gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daadgina, rom dairRva evrokonvenciis
me-10 muxli.
motivacia: sasamarTlom gaiziara, rom Careva gamiznuli iyo `sxvaTa
uflebebis� (kompaniis uflebebis) dasacavad. amis Semdeg Seudga imis gar-
kvevas, iyo Tu ara Careva ,,aucilebeli demokratiul sazogadoebaSi�.
gaiTvaliswina ra, rom `sityvis Tavisufleba warmoadgens demokratiuli
sazogadoebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan safuZvels da rom presisaTvis Zli-
eri dacvis miniWeba gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovania�, sasamarTlom da-
adgina, rom `rogorc wevri qveynebis kanonebsa da profesiuli qcevis
kodeqsebSia mocemuli, Jurnalisturi wyaroebis dacva presis Tavisuf-
lebis umTavresi pirobaa. [...] wyaros konfidencialurobis garantiis
ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, informaciis wyaro, romelic mniSvnelovnad
exmareba presas sazogadoebis informirebaSi, Tavs Seikavebs Jurnalis-
tebTan TanamSromlobaze. Sedegad ki presa veRar SeZlebs `sazogadoeb-
rivi darajis� funqciis Sesrulebas da sazogadoebis uzrunvelyofas
zusti da sando informaciiT~.
demokratiul sazogadoebaSi presis TavisuflebisaTvis Jurnalistu-
ri wyaroebis mniSvnelobisa da wyaros gamJRavnebis Sesaxeb brZanebis `gam-
yinavi efeqtis~ SesaZleblobis gaTvaliswinebiT, sasamarTlom ganacxada,
rom amgvari zoma SeuTavsebelia konvenciis me-10 muxlTan, sanam is ar
iqneba gamarTlebuli `Zlieri socialuri interesiT�.
sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom gansaidumloebis brZaneba iyo farTo
Sinaarsis da bundovani, swored imgvari, rogoric kompaniis saidumlo
informaciis gavrcelebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb miRebuli sasamarTlo brZa-
neba. sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom ar arsebobda `gonivruli proporci-
ulobis kavSiri gansaidumloebis Sesaxeb brZanebis kanonier mizansa da
310
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
am miznis miRwevisTvis gamoyenebul saSualebas Soris. Sesabamisad, mosar-
Cle Jurnalistis sityvis Tavisuflebaze moqmedi gansaidumloebis Se-
saxeb brZaneba ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos aucileblad demokratiul sazo-
gadoebaSi... tetras uflebebis dasacavad... Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom miiCnia,
rom orive _ rogorc JurnalistisTvis wyaros gamJRavnebis Sesaxeb brZa-
neba, ise misi dasja am moTxovnis SeusruleblobisaTvis _ warmoadgens
sityvis Tavisuflebis uflebis darRvevas.
sabolood, sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom aseTi zomebis miReba ueWvelad
niSnavs presis TavisuflebaSi Carevas da daadgina, rom gaerTianebulma
samefom daarRvia evrokonvenciis me-10 muxli.
gudvinis saqmeze gamotanili gadawyvetilebis Semdeg, 2000 wlis 8
marts, evrosabWos ministrTa komitetma miiRo rekomendacia WoR (2000)7,
romelic exeba Jurnalistis uflebas, ar gaamJRavnos informaciis wyaro.
1996 weli
de haesi da gijselsi belgiis winaaRmdeg
faqtebi: aRniSnul saqmeze momCivnebi iyvnen yovelkvireuli Jurnal
`humos~ redaqtori da imave Jurnalis Jurnalisti, xolo mopasuxe _ belgia.
momCivanma Jurnalistebma gazeTis meSveobiT ganixiles sasamarTloSi
mimdinare procesi. maT xuT statiaSi gesliani terminebiT gaakritikes
saapelacio sasamarTlos mosamarTleebi. saqme exeboda ganqorwinebas,
romelSic saapelacio sasamarTlom bavSvebi mamas miakuTvna. mama, saqvey-
nod cnobili notariusi, adre misi colisa da colis mSoblebis mier
braldebuli iyo ori bavSvis mimarT seqsualur ZaladobaSi. ganqorwi-
nebis momentisTvis notariusis winaaRmdeg mimdinare gamoZieba Sewyve-
tili iyo sabraldebo daskvnis Sedgenis gareSe.
de haesisa da gijselsis saqmem sasamarTlos winaSe dasva sakiTxi presis
Tavisuflebisa da samarTalwarmoebis monawileTa uflebebis dacvis da-
balansebis Sesaxeb.
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
311
sasamarTlo praqtika
samma mosamarTlem da prokurorma gazeTis or Jurnalists uCivles
da cilismwamebluri gancxadebebis gamo moiTxoves zianis anazRaureba
samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi wesiT. samoqalaqo sasamarTloebma miiCnies,
rom am orma Jurnalistma Zlieri eWvis qveS daayena mosamarTleebis mi-
ukerZoebloba, radgan maT sasamarTlos daabrales saqmis gadawyveta
notariusis sasargeblod, am ukanasknelTan axlo politikuri kavSirebis
gamo. Jurnalistebs daevalaT zianis anazRaureba (simboluri TanxiT) da
sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis sakuTari xarjiT dabeWdva eqvs gazeTSi.
Jurnalistebma mimarTes evropul sasamarTlos da ganacxades, rom dair-
Rva konvenciis me-10 muxli.
gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daadgina me-10 muxlis darRveva.
motivacia: sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom presa asrulebs mniSvnelovan
rols demokratiul sazogadoebaSi: `misi movaleobaa... sakuTar pasuxis-
mgeblobebTan SeTavsebiT, gaavrcelos informacia da ideebi sazogado-
ebrivi interesis mqone yvela sakiTxis Sesaxeb... Jurnalisturi Tavisuf-
leba aseve faravs gazviadebas an, Tundac, provokacias... erovnuli mTav-
robis diskrecia SezRudulia sazogadoebrivi interesiT, rac gulisx-
mobs presis _ rogorc sazogadoebrivi darajis _ funqcias~.
amasTan dakavSirebiT, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom presa mniSvnelovan
rols asrulebs saxelmwifoSi, romelic kanonis uzenaesobiT imarTeba.
Tumca man ar unda gadaabijos garkveul farglebs, gansakuTrebiT, sxvaTa
uflebebTan da reputaciasTan dakavSirebiT, mis movaleobas warmoadgens
_ sakuTari valdebulebebis da pasuxismgeblobebis Sesabamisad _ mosaz-
rebebisa da informaciis gavrceleba sazogadoebrivi interesis mqone ne-
bismier sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT12.
politikuri debatebis Tavisufleba Tavisi bunebiT udavod absolu-
turia. monawile saxelmwifos SeuZlia, is SezRudvebsa da sasjelebs
dauqvemdebaros, magram sabolood mxolod sasamarTlo wyvets aRniSnuli
zomebis Sesabamisobas me-10 muxlSi gaTvaliswinebul gamoxatvis Tavisuf-
lebasTan13 . dasaSvebi kritikis sazRvrebi ufro farToa mTavrobasTan,
vidre calkeul moqalaqesTan an Tundac calkeul politikosTan mimar-
TebaSi. demokratiul sazogadoebaSi mTavrobis qmedebebi detalurad un-
12 ix. `sandi taimsi~ (#1) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg. gv. 268.13 ix. `obzerveri~ da `gardiani~ gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg. gv. 287.
312
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
da gaanalizdes ara mxolod sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo xelisuflebis
mier, aramed presaSi sazogadoebrivi azris meSveobiT. metic, is gansakuT-
rebuli roli, romelsac presa asrulebs, avaldebulebs mas, ganixilos
sisxlis samarTlebrivi devna (procesi) imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom presas
aqvs sxva saSualebebic, raTa pasuxi gasces usamarTlobasa da kriticizms
Tavisi mtrebis mxridan. saxelmwifos Sesabamis organoebs, rogorc sazo-
gadoebrivi wesrigis garants, ufleba aqvT, airCion, Tundac sisxlis
samarTlis kanonmdeblobis bunebidan gamomdinare, moaxdinon Tu ara
reagireba cilismwameblur braldebebze, romlebic moklebulia faqtob-
riv safuZvels, an Camoyalibebulia arakeTilsindisierad.
sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom apelantebis winaaRmdeg gamotanili gadawy-
vetileba emyareboda yvela im statias, romlebic 1986 wlis 26 ivnisidan
7 noembramde daibeWda X-is saqmis sakiTxebze. es gaTvaliswinebuli unda
iqnes gasaCivrebuli Carevis aucileblobisa da masStabis Sefasebisas.
statiebi Seicavs uamrav detalur informacias im garemoebebis Sesaxeb,
romlebSic moxda gadawyvetilebis miReba b-ni X-is bavSvebis meurveobis
Taobaze. aRniSnuli informacia emyareboda b-ni X-is winaaRmdeg bral-
debebisa da im eqspertTa mosazrebebis seriozul kvlevebs, romlebic
ganmcxadeblebs awvdidnen informacias bavSvebis interesebidan gamom-
dinare. TviT antverpenis saapelacio sasamarTloc ki adgens, rom `batoni
X-is meuRlesa da meuRlis mSoblebs, romelTa winaaRmdeg aRiZra saqme
kriminaluri ciliswamebisaTvis, ar hqondaT mizezi, eWvi SeetanaT bral-
debebis simarTleSi~.
aqedan gamomdinare, ar SeiZleba ganmcxadeblebis dadanaSauleba imaSi,
rom maT, TiTqosda, uRalates Tavis profesiul valdebulebas, rodesac
gamoaqveynes is, rac aRniSnuli saqmis Sesaxeb Seityves. informaciisa da
mosazrebebis gadacema sazogadoebisaTvis saintereso sakiTxebze presis
movaleobaa. da, aseve, sazogadoebasac aqvs maTi miRebis ufleba14 . es gan-
sakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania aRniSnul SemTxvevasTan dakavSirebiT _ bral-
debebis seriozulobidan gamomdinare, roca saqme exeba rogorc bavSvebis
beds, ise antverpenis sasamarTlo sistemis funqcionirebas. metic, ganm-
cxadeblebs am kuTxiT absoluturad naTeli pozicia ukaviaT, rodesac
14 jersildi daniis winaaRmdeg, gv. 304; gudvini gaerTianebuli samefos
winaaRmdeg, gv. 308.
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
313
sasamarTlo praqtika
1986 wlis 18 seqtembris statiaSi weren: `presam namdvilad ar unda
moaxdinos mosamarTlis rolis uzurpacia, magram am skandalur situaci-
aSi SeuZlebeli da dauSvebelia Cveni dumili~.
aRsaniSnavia, rom mosamarTleebsa da generalur advokats, romlebsac
procesi mihyavdaT, briuselis pirveli instanciisa da saapelacio sa-
samarTloebSi arc werilobiT da arc zepir argumentaciaSi dauyenebiaT
eWvqveS X-is bavSvebis bedis Sesaxeb gamoqveynebuli informacia, garda im
gancxadebisa, rom moxda aRniSnuli saqmis gamotana antverpenis sasamar-
Tlodan. magram am ukanaskneli punqtis mniSvneloba mTel sadavo sakiT-
xTan SedarebiT da TviT is faqtic, rom ganmcxadeblebma TviTonve Seas-
wores aRniSnuli gancxadeba, miuTiTebs, rom es incidenti eWvqveS ver
daayenebs Jurnalistebis mier Catarebuli samuSaos sandoobas.
Tumca batonebis de haesis da gijselsis komentarebi udavod metis-
metad kritikulia, isini savsebiT Seesabameba im aRSfoTebasa da aurza-
urs, rac statiebSi asaxulma braldebebma gamoiwvia. rac Seexeba Jurna-
listebis agresiul da polemikur tons, rac sasamarTlom ar moiwona, ar
unda dagvaviwydes, rom muxli 10 icavs ara mxolod gamoxatuli infor-
maciisa da mosazrebebis arss, aramed, maTi gamoxatvis formasac.
sabolood, aRniSnul saqmeze gamotanil gadawyvetilebaSi sasamar-
Tlom gaacnobiera, rom mosamarTleebi unda sargeblobdnen sazogado-
ebrivi ndobiT da, maSasadame, isini daculi unda iyvnen faqtobrivi sa-
fuZvlis armqone destruqciuli Tavdasxmebisagan. ufro metic, maT aqvT
diskreciuli valdebuleba, _ mosamarTleebs ar SeuZliaT, sajarod upa-
suxon Tavdasxmas, maSin roca, magaliTad, politikosebs amis gakeTeba xe-
lewifebaT. Semdgom sasamarTlom ganixila statiebi da aRniSna, rom maTSi
mocemulia bevri detali, maT Soris, eqspertebis mosazrebebi, rac kidev
erTxel adasturebs, rom Jurnalistebma seriozuli gamoZieba Caatares,
vidre am sakiTxs sajarod gamoitandnen. es statiebi mxolod nawili iyo
sazogadoebaSi gamarTuli im sajaro debatebisa, romelic sasamarTlos
mier incestis saqmis gadawyvetam gamoiwvia. gaiTvaliswina ra sazogado-
ebis mniSvnelovani ufleba _ iyos informirebuli sazogadoebrivi in-
teresebis momcveli movlenebis Sesaxeb _ sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom erov-
nuli sasamarTloebis gadawyvetileba ar iyo `aucilebeli demokratiul
sazogadoebaSi~ da, maSasadame, warmoadgenda me-10 muxlis darRvevas.
1996 weli
314
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
inkali TurqeTis winaaRmdeg
faqtebi: momCivans aRniSnul saqmeSi warmoadgenda Turqi politikosi
inkali, xolo mopasuxes ki _ TurqeTi.
inkalis saqmeSi xelisuflebis erovnulma organoebma sityvis Tavi-
sufleba SezRudes `areulobis Tavidan acilebis~ sababiT. b-ma inkalma _
erovnebiT Turqma da 1993 wels sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier gauq-
mebuli saxalxo leiboristuli partiis wevrma _ gaavrcela prokla-
maciebi, romlebic Seicavda TurqeTis samTavrobo policiis Sesaxeb
RvarZlian cnobebs da mouwodebda qurTi erovnebis mosaxleobas erTad
dgomisaken da erTiani politikuri moTxovnebis wamoyenebisaken. prok-
lamaciebi xalxs mouwodebda, amxedrebuliyvnen TurqeTis usafrTxoebis
policiisa da adgilobrivi mTavrobebis mier wamowyebuli antiqurTuli
kampaniis winaaRmdeg. am kampanias igi afasebda, rogorc `qurTi xalxis
winaaRmdeg qveyanaSi gaCaRebuli sagangebo omis nawils~. proklamaciebSi
saxelmwifos moqmedeba Sefasebuli iyo, rogorc `Turqi da qurTi pro-
letarebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli terori~. Tumca, amis miuxedavad, prok-
lamaciebi mkvlelobebisa da siZulvilis mowodebebs ar Seicavda. Tur-
qeTis uSiSroebis policiam miiCnia, rom proklamaciebi SeiZleboda Sefa-
sebuli yofiliyo, rogorc separatizmis propaganda. b-n inkals danaSa-
ulis Cadenis mcdelobisaTvis erovnuli sasamarTloebis mier mieniWa 6-
Tviani patimroba. mas aseve aekrZala samoqalaqo samsaxurSi Sesvla da
politikur organizaciebSi, asociaciebsa da savaWro gaerTianebebSi saq-
mianoba.
TurqeTis sasamarTloebis aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba b-nma inkalma
gaasaCivra evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTloSi da ganacxada, rom
TurqeTis xelisuflebam daarRvia evrokonvenciis me-10 muxli.
evropuli sasamarTlos winaSe TurqeTis mTavroba amtkicebda, rom
mosarClis mimarT gamotanili gadawyvetileba aucilebeli iyo areulo-
bis Tavidan asacileblad, radgan proklamaciebis ena iyo agresiuli, pro-
vokaciuli da stimulis mimcemi qurTi mosaxleobisaTvis, raTa maT da-
ejerebinaT, rom `sagangebo omis~ msxverplni iyvnen da, aqedan gamomdi-
nare, maT mier Tavdacvis komitetebis Camoyalibeba gamarTlebuli iyo.
mTavroba aseve amtkicebda, rom `proklamaciebis Sinaarsi erT eTnikur
jgufs aSkarad ganawyobda saxelmwifo xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg~.
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
315
sasamarTlo praqtika
gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daadgina, rom dairRva konvenciis me-10
da me-6 muxlebi.
motivacia: imis Sesafaseblad, iyo Tu ara mosarClis mimarT gamota-
nili ganaCeni `aucilebeli demokratiul sazogadoebaSi~, sasamarTlom
daadgina, rom `upirveles yovlisa, sityvis Tavisufleba mniSvnelovania
politikuri partiebisa da misi aqtiuri wevrebisaTvis�. sasamarTlom
dasZina, rom man ver SeZlo, daedgina verc erTi safuZveli, romlis gaT-
valiswinebiTac batoni inkali SeiZleboda, migveCnia pasuxismgeblad Tur-
qeTSi arsebuli terorizmis problemebis gamo[...]; dabolos, batoni in-
kalis ganaCeni iyo araproporciuli miznisa da, Sesabamisad, ar warmoad-
genda aucilebels demokratiul sazogadoebaSi. me-10 muxlis darRve-
vasTan erTad, sasamarTlom daadastura me-6 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli
samarTliani sasamarTlos uflebis darRvevac, radgan mosarCle gasa-
marTlebuli iyo sami mosamarTlisagan Semdgari sasamarTlos mier, rom-
lis erTi wevric samxedro mosamarTle gaxldaT.
1999 weli
ianovski poloneTis winaaRmdeg
faqtebi: ganmcxadebeli iyo poloneTis moqalaqe, qalaq zdunska vo-
laSis mcxovrebi Jurnalisti ianovski. 1992 wlis 2 seqtembers man qalaqis
moedanze dainaxa ramdenime municipaluri mcveli, romlebic quCaSi mo-
vaWreebs aiZulebdnen, moedani daetovebinaT da uaxloes bazarSi gada-
enacvlaT. ganmcxadebeli municipalur mcvelebs miuaxlovda da uTxra,
rom isini sakuTar uflebebs ametebdnen, radgan municipalitets Sesaba-
misi rezolucia ar miuRia. ganmcxadebelsa da mcvelebs Soris Selapa-
rakebas araerTi adamiani Seeswro. ramdenime dRis Semdeg olqis proku-
rorma sasamarTloSi sabraldebo aqti waradgina, romliTac, sisxlis sa-
marTlis kodeqsis 239-e muxlis Tanaxmad, ianovskis bralad edeboda sa-
jaro mosamsaxureebis sityvieri Seuracxyofa; xolo amave kodeqsis 59-e
muxlis Tanaxmad _ xulignoba. ganmcxadebels miusajes rva TviT Tavi-
suflebis aRkveTa, romlis aRsrulebac gadavadda pirobiT ori wlis gan-
316
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
mavlobaSi; mas daakisres 1 500 000 zlotis gadaxda, agreTve, _ 400 000
zlotis gadaxda saqvelmoqmedo dawesebulebebisTvis da 346 000 zlotisa
_ sasamarTlo xarjebisaTvis.
ganmcxadebelma saqme gaasaCivra regionul sasamarTloSi, sadac da-
obda, rom mas pasuxismgebloba arasakmarisi mtkicebulebebis safuZvelze
daakisres. regionulma sasamarTlom mizanSeuwonlad miiCnia ganmcxadeb-
lis pasuxismgebloba xulignobisTvis, radgan aRniSna, rom ganmcxadebeli
quCaSi movaWreebs icavda mcvelebisgan, romelTa qmedebac, misi azriT,
ukanono iyo. regionuli sasamarTlo daeTanxma ganmcxadebels, rom adgi-
lobriv municipalitets ar gamoucia werilobiT rezolucia, romelic
municipalur mcvelebs zemoaRniSnuli qmedebis uflebas miscemda. Tumca
regionulma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom olqis sasamarTlos gadawyveti-
lebaSi ar iyo moxseniebuli is sityvebi, romliTac ganmcxadebelma mcve-
lebs mimarTa. am ori sityvis safuZvelze (�suleli� da �viri�) sasamar-
Tlom daaskvna, rom ganmcxadebelma gadaabija gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis
farglebs da Seuracxyo sajaro moxeleebi. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom da-
adgina, rom ganmcxadebeli samarTlianad daisaja sisxlis samarTlis
kodeqsis 239-e muxlis safuZvelze, romlis mizania, aRkveTos sajaro
moxeleebisTvis muSaobaSi xelis SeSla.
ianovskim evropis adaminis uflebebis sasamarTlos mimarTa, sadac da-
obda, rom misTvis sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebiT
dairRva misi gamoxatvis Tavisufleba, rac evropuli konvenciis meaTe
muxliT aris gaTvaliswinebuli.
gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daadgina, rom konvenciis me-10 muxli
ar darRveula da Careva efuZneboda sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 236-e
muxliT.
motivacia: saxelmwifos mohyavda ori argumenti legitimuri miznis
arsebobis asaxsnelad. pirveli _ es iyo sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacva da
meore _ sajaro moxeleebis Rirsebisa da reputaciis dacva. sasamarTlo
daeTanxma saxelmwifo warmomadgenlebs, rom am SemTxvevaSi arsebobda
legitimuri mizani, kerZod, sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacva. sasamarTlo
amis Semdeg imis ganxilvas Seudga, aucilebeli iyo Tu ara Careva demok-
ratiul sazogadoebaSi. sasamarTlom kidev erTxel aRniSna gamoxatvis
Tavisuflebis mniSvneloba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi. gamoxatvis Tavi-
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
317
sasamarTlo praqtika
sufleba warmoadgens individis ganviTarebis safuZvels. gamoxatvis
Tavisufleba icavs ara mxolod im informaciasa da ideebs, romlebic sa-
siamovno mosasmenia, an Sefasebulia rogorc uwyinari da indiferentu-
lobis obieqti, aramed gamoxatvis Tavisufleba icavs im informaciasa
da ideebsac, romlebic wyenas mogayeneben, Soks moggvrian an agafori-
aqeben (hendisaidi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg).
sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom termini �aucilebeli� gulisxmobs �Zlieri
socialuri aucileblobis� arsebobas. wevr saxelmwifoebs gaCniaT Tavi-
sufali moqmedebis farglebi imis dasadgenad, arsebobs Tu ara aRniSnuli
aucilebloba. Tumca es diskrecia arsebobs evropul zedamxedvelobas-
Tan erTad, romelic moicavs sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebebs da saka-
nonmdeblo xelisuflebis mier miRebul kanonmdeblobas. miuleris saq-
meSi erovnuli xelisuflebis mier sityvis TavisuflebaSi ganxorciele-
buli Careva sasamarTlos mier miCneul iqna gonivrulad da `saWirod
demokratiul saxelmwifoSi~ _ `moralis~ dasacavad (lingensi avstriis
winaaRmdeg).
sasamarTlom daadgina, rom ianovski gamoxatvis dros ar iyo CarTuli
sajaro debatebSi da misTvis sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis da-
kisreba moxda ori sityvis warmoTqmis gamo. sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom am
saqmeSi Careva aucilebeli iyo demokratiul sazogadoebaSi da saxelmwi-
fos gaaCnda legitimuri mizani, gansakuTrebiT, imis gaTvaliswinebiT,
rom ganmcxadeblis patimrobis pirobiTi sasjeli apelaciisas gauqmda
da jarima minimumamde iqna dayvanili.
saqmeSi meaTe muxlis darRveva ar dadginda.
1999 weli
sureki TurqeTis winaaRmdeg (N1)
faqtebi: mosarCles am saqmeSi warmoadgenda b-ni sureki, xolo mopa-
suxes ki _ TurqeTis mTavroba.
mosarCles ekuTvnoda ZiriTadi wili kompaniaSi, romelic gamoscemda
yovelkvireul Jurnals. gamoqveynda ori mkiTxvelis statia, sadac saxel-
318
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
mwifo moxeleebi mkacrad iyvnen gakritikebulni imisaTvis, rom wvlili
miuZRodaT `qurTistanSi~ _ samxreT TurqeTSi _ ganxorcielebul masob-
riv mkvlelobaSi. mosarCle damnaSaved cnes saxelmwifos erTianobis wi-
naaRmdeg mimarTuli propagandis gavrcelebasa da xalxSi mtrobisa da
siZulvilis gaRvivebaSi. mas jarima daekisra.
gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daadgina, rom konvenciis me-10 muxli
ar darRveula.
motivacia: sajaro moxelis mxridan adgili hqonda mosarClis Tavisu-
fali gamoxatvis uflebis SezRudvas; es ganxorcielda kanonis farglebSi
da emsaxureboda legitimur mizans, kerZod, erovnuli usafrTxoebis da
saxelmwifos teritoriuli mTlianobis dacvas da areulobisa da dana-
Saulis Tavidan acilebas. sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom gamoxatvis Tavisuf-
leba warmoadgens demokratiuli sazogadoebis erT-erT ZiriTad safuZ-
vels; rogorc me-10(2) muxlis dacvis sagani, vrceldeba sawyen, Sokis mom-
gvrel da SemaSfoTebel informaciasa da ideebzec. Tavisufali gamo-
xatvis uflebasTan dakavSirebuli yovelgvari gamonaklisi unda iyos mka-
crad gansazRvruli da SezRudvebis aucilebloba damajereblad unda
Camoyalibdes.
zedsarTavi `aucilebeli~, me-10(2) muxlis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare,
gulisxmobs gadaudebeli sazogadoebrivi saWiroebis arsebobas.
mTlianad saqmis fonze, sakamaTo frazebisa da maTi konteqstis gaTva-
liswinebiT, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda daeTmos imis gansazRvras, Tu
ramdenad proporciuli iyo gansaxilveli SezRudva legitimuri miznis
mimarT da ramdenad Sesaferisi da sakmarisia xelisuflebis mier warmod-
genili argumentebi... saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis pirebma unda aCvenon, rom
maT gamoiyenes me-10 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli principebis Sesabamisi stan-
dartebi da, amasTanave, eyrdnobodnen saTanado faqtebis misaReb Sefasebas.
sadavo SezRudva ganxilul unda iqnes politikuri demokratiis sa-
Tanado funqcionirebis uzrunvelyofaSi presis arsebiTi rolis gaTva-
liswinebiT. presis movaleobaa, gaavrcelos politikuri informacia da
ideebi, romelTa Soris SeiZleba iyos uTanxmoebis gamomwvevi mosazre-
bebic; sazogadoebas ki aqvs maTi miRebis ufleba.
me-10(2) muxlis mixedviT, politikuri gamosvlisa da sazogadoebisTvis
saintereso sakiTxebze debatebis SezRudva SeiZleba mcire farglebSi.
dasaSvebi kritikis sazRvrebi ufro farToa xelisuflebasTan mimarTe-
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
319
sasamarTlo praqtika
baSi, gansxvavebiT kerZo pirisagan. xelisuflebis moqmedebis an umoqme-
dobis marTebuloba unda Semowmdes sazogadoebrivi azris meSveobiT. do-
minanturi pozicia aiZulebs xelisuflebas, naklebad mimarTos sisxlis-
samarTlebriv procedurebs, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac arsebobs sxva
saSualebebi oponentebis usamarTlo Setevebisa da kritikis sapasuxod.
Tumca kompetentur saxelmwifo moxeleebs mainc SeuZliaT, moaxdinon
Sesabamisi reagireba aseT SeniSvnebze da miiRon sxvadasxva, maT Soris,
sisxlissamarTlebrivi xasiaTis zomebic ki. rodesac aseTi gamonaTqvamebi
mouwodeben kerZo piris, sajaro moxelis an mosaxleobis garkveuli nawi-
lis mimarT Zaladobisken, saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis pirebs aqvT ufro
farTo ganmartebis SesaZlebloba, raTa Seamowmon gamoxatvis Tavisuf-
lebis SezRudvis saWiroeba.
mxedvelobaSi unda iqnas miRebuli saqmis garemoebebi, kerZod, tero-
rizmis prevenciasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi. sadavo werilebSi `sisx-
lisRvraze~, `Jletasa~ da `sisastikeze~ miTiTebis garda, gamoyenebuli
iyo iseTi gansazRvrebebic, rogoricaa �faSisturi Turquli armia� da
`mkvlelebis banda~. sasamarTlos azriT, es iyo sisxliani SurisZiebis
moTxovna uaryofiTi emociebis aRZvrisa da sastik ZaladobaSi ukve ga-
movlenili gaborotebuli grZnobebis gamZafrebis meSveobiT. werilebi
gamoqveynda seriozuli mRelvarebis fonze, rodesac didi iyo msxverpli
da gamocxadebuli iyo sagangebo mdgomareoba. garda amisa, am werilebs
SeuZliaT, kvlav biZgi miscen Zaladobas. erT-erT werilSi pirovnebebi
moxseniebulni iyvnen saxelebiT, rac maTze Zaladobis ganxorcielebis
safrTxes qmnida. mosarCelisTvis dakisrebuli jarima mokrZalebuli iyo.
qveynis Tanamdebobis pirebis mier wamoyenebuli argumentebi mosarClis
damnaSaved cnobasTan dakavSirebiT, Sesabamisad, saTanado da sakmarisi
iyo da SezRudvac proporciulad Seesabameboda mis legitimur mizans.
1999 weli
fresozi da rua safrangeTis winaaRmdeg
faqtebi: mosarCleebma frangul satirul gazeT `Canrad Enchaine~-Si
gamoaqveynes statia, sadac saubari iyo Semdegze: kompania `peJos~ gene-
320
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
ralur direqtors, baton kavats, xelfasi seriozulad gaezarda maSin,
rodesac kompaniis menejmentis samsaxuri uars eubneboda TanamSromlebs
xelfasis momatebaze. batoni fresozi, romelic satiruli gamocemis di-
reqtori iyo, da batoni rua, Jurnalisti, romelmac statia gamoaqveyna,
damnaSaved cnes. isini daadanaSaules konfidencialobis darRveviT mopo-
vebuli dokumentis gamoqveynebaSi. Tavad dokumenti miRebul iqna saga-
dasaxado samsaxuris erT-erTi TanamSromlisgan, romlis vinaobac dad-
genili ar aris.
mosarCeleebma mimarTes evropis adamianis uflebebis sasamarTlos,
sadac daobdnen, rom maTTvis pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebiT dairRva kon-
venciis meaTe muxli.
gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daadgina konvenciis me-10 muxlis dar-
Rveva.
motivacia: sasamarTlom daadgina, rom Jurnalistebi valdebuli ari-
an, daemorCilon sisxlis samarTlis kanonebs sakuTar qveyanaSi. isini am
valdebulebisgan ar Tavisufldebian meaTe muxlis dacvis gamo. Tumca
am konkretul situaciaSi, sazogadoebrivma interesma da presis arse-
biTma rolma, SesaZloa, gaamarTlos profesiuli saidumlos darRveviT
miRebuli informaciis gamoqveyneba. im faqtidan gamomdinare, rom sagaze-
To statiam wvlili Seitana sazogadoebisaTvis saintereso sakiTxis irgv-
liv debatebSi, aseve im faqtis gamo, rom batoni kavatis xelfasis Sesaxeb
informacia ar exeboda mis pirad cxovrebas da, Tanac, es informacia ukve
cnobili iyo adamianTa sakmaod farTo wrisaTvis, _ sasamarTlom daad-
gina, rom am saqmeSi ar arsebobda sadavo informaciis konfidenciurobis
dacvis saWiroeba. sasamarTlom aqve aRniSna, rom mosarCeleebisTvis sis-
xlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba daefuZna im dokumentebis
gamoqveynebas, romelTa gamJRavneba kanons ewinaaRmdegeboda, Tumca do-
kumentebis Sinaarsi ar iyo konfidencialuri.
sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom meaTe muxli icavs Jurnalistis uflebas,
gamoaqveynos informacia sazogadoebrivi interesis sakiTxebze imis gaT-
valiswinebiT, rom imoqmedebs keTilsindisierad, zust faqtobriv gare-
moebebze dayrdnobiT da uzrunvelyofs sando da utyuar informacias
Jurnalisturi eTikis normebis Sesabamisad.
1999 weli
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
321
sasamarTlo praqtika
dalbani rumineTis winaaRmdeg
faqtebi: batonma dalbanma, romelic rumineTSi yovelkvireul gazeTs
gamoscemda, gamoaqveyna statia, sadac naTqvami iyo, rom saxelmwifos kuT-
vnili sasoflo-sameurneo kompaniis aRmasrulebeli direqtori batoni
j.s. CarTuli iyo finansur maqinaciebSi, ris Sedegadac kompaniam 23 000 000
lei dakarga. dalbani amave statiaSi saubrobda senator r.t.-s Sesaxeb,
romelic erT-erTi sasoflo-sameurneo kompaniis direqtorTa sabWos
wevri iyo da romelmac ukanonod isargebla sakuTari TanamdebobiT. ba-
toni dalbani damnaSaved cnes ciliswamebisTvis. mas daniSnuli sasjeli
gadauvades da daakisres sasamarTlo procesis xarjebis anazRaureba.
apelaciisas uzenaesma sasamarTlom gaamarTla dalbani baton j.s-sTan
dakavSirebiT, radgan daadgina, rom igi keTilsindisierad moqmedebda;
amavdroulad, sasamarTlom ZalaSi datova wina instanciis gadawyveti-
leba senatoris ciliswamebasTan dakavSirebiT, Tumca daxura saqme bato-
ni dalbanis sikvdilis gamo. batoni dalbanis qvrivma evropis adamianis
uflebebis sasamarTlos mimarTa, sadac daobda konvenciis meaTe muxlis
darRvevis gamo da kompensacias iTxovda.
gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daadgina, rom baton dalbanTan mimar-
TebaSi dairRva konvenciis meaTe muxli.
motivacia: sasamarTlom Tavdapirvelad kidev erTxel aRniSna gamo-
xatvis Tavisuflebis mniSvneloba, kerZod ki _ presis roli demokratiul
sazogadoebaSi; Tumca iqve dasZina, rom presam ar unda gadaabijos gark-
veul zRvars; rom Jurnalisturi Tavisufleba moicavs gazviadebis da
provokaciis garkveul xarisxsac. sasamarTlom aseve ganacxada, rom mi-
uRebeli iqneboda, Tuki Jurnalisti ver SeZlebda kritikuli Sefasebebis
gamoTqmas maTi simarTlis damtkicebis gareSe. saqmidan gamomdinare, ver
mtkicdeba, rom dalbanis statiaSi moyvanili faqtebi mcdari iyo da miz-
nad isaxavda j.s.-s da senator r.t.-s winaaRmdeg kampaniis dawyebas. saxel-
mwifos warmomadgenels sadavod ar gauxdia komisiis daskvna, rom Careva
ar iyo aucilebeli demokratiul sazogadoebaSi. sasamarTlom daadgina,
rom dalbanisTvis sisxlisamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebiT
dairRva Jurnalistis gamoxatvis Tavisufleba.
am saqmeSi aseve warmoiSva mniSvnelovani sakiTxi msxverplis statusTan
322
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
dakavSirebiT. sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom dalbanis sasargeblod gadawyve-
tilebis gamotana ar iyo sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom dalbanisTvis msxveplis
statusi gaeuqmebinaT, Tuki saxelmwifo organoebi konvenciis darRvevas
Riad ar aRiarebdnen da ar uzrunvelyofdnen darRveuli uflebis aRd-
genas. rumineTis uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, dalbani gaamar-
Tles j.s.-sTan dakavSirebiT, Tumca, misi uflebebi ar aRudgeniaT. uze-
naesi sasamarTlos mier senator r.t-sTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetile-
bis ZalaSi datoveba da saqmis daxurva dalbanis gardacvalebis gamo, ar
warmoadgenda konvenciis meaTe muxlis darRvevis aRiarebas.
Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom ganmcxadeblis cols Seunar-
Cundeba msxverplis statusi konvenciis 34-e muxlis miznebisTvis.
1999 weli
`bladet tromso~ da stensaasi norvegiis winaaRmdeg
faqtebi: pirveli ganmcxadebeli iyo SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis
kompania, romelic yoveldRiur gazeTs gamoscemda, meore ganmcxadebeli
ki _ am gazeTis redaqtori.
gazeT �bladet tromso�-Si gamoqveynda statia, romelic eyrdnoboda
specialurad daniSnuli inspeqtoris moxsenebas. es inspeqtori veSapebze
monadire gemze mogzaurobda wesebis dacvis Sesamowmeblad. moxsenebaSi
aRniSnuli iyo, rom monadireebma, savaraudod, daarRvies sakmaod mkacri
wesebi, romlebic dadgenili iyo am saxeobaze nadirobisaTvis. moxsenebis
gamoqveyneba TevzWeris saministrom droebiT gadado. xomaldis wevrebma
gazeTis warmomadgenlebs ciliswamebisTvis uCivles. sasamarTlom zo-
gierTi gancxadeba Seafasa, rogorc cilismwamebluri da ganmcxadeblebs
xomaldis wevrebisaTvis kompensaciis gadaxda daekisraT.
gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daadgina, rom saxeze iyo meaTe muxlis
darRveva.
motivacia: sasamarTlom Tavdapirvelad kidev erTxel aRniSna gamoxat-
vis Tavisuflebis mniSvneloba, kerZod ki, presis roli demokratiul
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
323
sasamarTlo praqtika
sazogadoebaSi; Tumca, iqve dasZina, rom presam ar unda gadaabijos gark-
veul sazRvrebs. sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom Jurnalisturi Tavisufleba mo-
icavs gazviadebis da provokaciis garkveul xarisxsac. xolo saxelmwifom
presas unda misces saSualeba, rom imoqmedos, rogorc sazogadoebis guSagma
da gamoaqveynos informacia sazogadoebisaTvis mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze.
sadavo gancxadebebi brals sdebda xomaldis wevrebs sisxlis samar-
Tlis danaSaulebebis CadenaSi. norvegiuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba
legitimur mizans emsaxureboda, kerZod ki _ xomaldis wevrebis uflebe-
bis dacvas. rac Seexeba gadawyvetilebis Sesabamisobas, aq unda aRiniSnos,
rom sasamarTlos mxedvelobaSi unda mieRo im droisaTvis norvegiaSi
veSapebze nadirobis Temis irgvliv warmoqmnili garemoebebi da winaaRm-
degobrivi debatebi. faqtebTan dakavSirebiT unda iTqvas, rom gazeTma
dabalansebulad gaaSuqa es Tema da warmoaCina sxvadasxva Sexeduleba am
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.
sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom saxelmwifo organoebma gansakuTrebuli
sifrTxile unda gamoiCinon, rodesac saqme exeba sanqciis dawesebas an
sxva iseTi zomebis miRebas, romlebsac SeuZlia uaryofiTi zegavlena mo-
axdinos presis monawileobaze sazogadoebrivad mniSvnelovan debatebSi.
konvenciis meaTe muxlis meore nawilSi aRniSnulia movaleobebi, rome-
lic unda daicvas pirma, Tuki igi gamoxatvis TavisuflebiT sargeblobs.
es movaleobebi presazec vrceldeba da gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas
iZens, rodesac saqme exeba piris reputaciis Selaxvas. amasTan, xomaldis
wevrebs, konvenciis meeqvse muxlis meore nawilis Tanaxmad, icavs uda-
naSaulobis prezumfcia, sanam maTi braleuloba ar dadgindeba sasamar-
Tlo wesiT. meaTe muxlis Tanaxmadve, Jurnalistebi keTilsindisierad
unda moqmedebdnen da uzrunvelyofdnen zusti da sando informaciis
miwodebas Jurnalisturi eTikis safuZvelze.
gamoxatva am saqmeSi moicavda ara SefasebiT msjelobas, aramed _ faq-
tebs, romlebic ar iyo gamagrebuli damoukidebeli kvleviT an gamo-
ZiebiT. faqtebTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos ramdenime mniSvnelovani
garemoeba: 1. gancxadebebi statiaSi cilismwamebluri iyo ara imitom, rom
xomaldis wevrebs bralad edebodaT veSapebisadmi gamoCenili sisastike,
aramed imitom, rom im konkretul veSapebze nadiroba aralegaluri iyo;
2. statiaSi moTxrobili iyo sisastikis Sesaxebac, magaliTad is, rom xo-
324
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
maldis wevrebma cocxlad gaatyaves veSapebi da cemiT daemuqrnen inspeq-
tors. magram es informacia gadmocemuli iyo zogadi msjelobiT, rac
SesaZleblobas iZleoda, statiis Sesabamisi monakveTi Sefasebuliyo, ro-
gorc garkveulwilad gazviadebuli. 3. statiaSi gamoqveynebuli iyo
xomaldis im wevrTa saxelebi, romlebsac inspeqtori esaubra, Tumca ar
iyo naxsenebi arc erTi saxeli im pirTagan, romlebsac bralad edebodaT
sadavo qmedebebi; 4. radgan moxseneba Sedgenili iyo oficialuri piris
mier, gazeTs ufleba hqonda, dayrdnoboda mas; 5. saxelmwifos ar gaukeTe-
bia raime gancxadeba, romelic saeWvos gaxdida sadavo moxsenebas.
am garemoebebze dayrdnobiT, sasamarTlos ar SeuZlia ganacxados, rom
xomaldis wevrebis uflebebis dacvam gadawona sazogadoebis interesi
aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. Sesabamisad, ar arsebobda Carevis
aucilebloba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi.
1999 weli
News verlags GmbH & CoKC -i avstriis winaaRmdeg
faqtebi: aRniSnul saqmeSi mosarCles warmoadgenda media organiza-
ciis mflobeli kompania News verlags GmbH-i da CoKC-i, xolo mopasuxes
ki _ avstria.
b-s dakavebis Semdeg, im samarTaldarRvevebisTvis, romlebic dakavSi-
rebuli iyo politikosebisa da sxva sajaro pirebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul
kampaniasTan, mosarClem gamoaqveyna specialuri publikacia da mogvi-
anebiT ki werili, romlebSic saubari iyo asafeTqebel werilebze, romel-
Tac eWvmitanili �b� agzavnida. gamoqveynda b-s ramdenime suraTi, ro-
melTac Tan axlda Semdegnairi warwerebi: `damnaSaveTa SeSlili samyaro~,
`fiureris terori~ da `msxverpli da faSistebi~. suraTebs mosdevda teq-
sti, romelic miuTiTebda, rom b-s brali miuZRoda danaSaulebriv qme-
debebSi, romelTa gamoc igi daapatimres. saavtoro uflebaTa aqtis Sesa-
bamisad, b-m moipova sasamarTlos dadgenilebebi, romlebic ukrZalavdnen
mosarCles misi suraTis gamoqveynebas mis winaaRmdeg warmoebul sisxlis
samarTlis procesTan dakavSirebiT. venis saapelacio sasamarTlom daad-
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
325
sasamarTlo praqtika
gina, rom mosarClis mier gamoqveynebuli b-s fotoebisa da TandarTuli
teqstis kombinaciis gamo gamarTlebuli iyo mosarCle kompaniisTvis
absoluturi akrZalvis daweseba. mosarCle kompania Cioda, rom amiT dair-
Rva misi Tavisufali gamoxatvis ufleba.
gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daadgina me-10 muxlis darRveva.
motivacia: sajaro Tanamdebobis piris mxridan adgili hqonda mosar-
Clis Tavisufali gamoxatvis uflebis SezRudvas. es ganxorcielda kano-
nis farglebSi da emsaxureboda legitimur mizans, kerZod, sxvaTa repu-
taciisa da uflebebis, agreTve, sasamarTlos avtoritetisa da miukerZo-
eblobis dacvas. SezRudvis aucileblobasTan dakavSirebiT sasamarTlom
miuTiTa, rom statiebi dawerili iyo sajaro pirebisadmi mimarTuli weri-
lebiT afeTqebis seriis winaaRmdeg. amrigad, isini warmoadgenda sazoga-
doebrivi mniSvnelobis axali ambebis aqtualur nawils. statia Seexeboda
eqstremist memarjveneebs da gansakuTrebiT ki b-s, romelic dapatimre-
buli iyo.
danaSaulebrivi qmedebebi, romlebSic igi iyo eWvmitanili, warmoad-
genda demokratiuli sazogadoebis safuZvlebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul po-
litikuri xasiaTis danaSauls. arc erT fotoSi aRbeWdili ar yofila
misi piradi cxovrebis detalebi; amasTan, aRmkveT dadgenilebebs ar mo-
eZebneboda gamarTleba b-s piradi saidumloebis uflebis safuZvelze.
demokratiul sazogadoebaSi presis arsebiTi rolis gaTvaliswinebiT,
sasamarTlom daadgina: �presa uflebamosilia, gaaSuqos da komentari ga-
ukeTos sasamarTlo procesebs, rac, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ar scildeba gar-
kveul sazRvrebs, xels uwyobs maT sajaroobas da, amdenad, SesabamisobaSi
modis konvenciis me-6(1) muxlis moTxovnasTan _ sasamarTloSi saqmis mos-
mena iyos sajaro. garda imisa, rom medias akisria aseTi informaciisa da
mosazrebebis gavrceleba, sazogadoebasac aqvs maTi miRebis ufleba. es
gansakuTrebiT aSkaraa im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saqme exeba iseT pirovne-
bas, romelic TviTon gamovida sazogadoebis samsjavroze da eqstremis-
tuli mosazrebebi gamoxata. Tumca mimdinare procesebis Sesaxeb dasaS-
vebi komentarebis sazRvrebi ar SeiZleba gavrceldes gamonaTqvamebze,
romlebic ganzrax Tu uneblieT winaswarmetyveleben samarTliani sasa-
marTlos winaSe wardgenili adamianis Sansebs, an aknineben sazogadoebis
rwmenas samarTalwarmoebisas sasamarTloebis rolisadmi.
326
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
im dros, rodesac SeiZleboda arsebuliyo argumentebi eWvmitanilis su-
raTis gamoqveynebis sruli akrZalvisTvis, venis saapelacio sasamarTlom
Tundac erTi aseTi argumenti ar moiyvana. sasamarTlom arc b-s interesebisa
da sazogadoebis interesebis urTierTSefardeba ganaxorciela.
dadgenilebebiT SeizRuda mosarClis arCevani, Setyobinebebis gad-
mocemasTan mimarTebaSi, maSin, rodesac mediis sxva warmomadgenlebs Tavi-
suflad SeeZloT gaegrZelebinaT b-s suraTis gamoqveyneba sisxlis samar-
Tlis procesis nebismier stadiaze. b-s suraTis gamoqveynebis sruli ak-
rZalva demokratiul sazogadoebaSi aucileblobasTan mimarTebaSi zedmeti
iyo.
2000 weli
`Bergens Tidende~ norvegiis winaaRmdeg
faqtebi: yoveldRiurma gazeTma `Bergens Tidende~-m gamoaqveyna masa-
laTa seria vinme eqim R-is mier klinikaSi Catarebul warumatebel plas-
tikur operaciebze; amasTan, zogierT maTgans Tan axlda dokumenturi
fotomasala. norvegiis uzenaesma sasamarTlom `Bergens Tidende~ damna-
Saved cno difamaciaSi, ramdenadac statiebSi moyvanili mravali mtki-
cebuleba sasamarTlom dausabuTeblad miiCnia.
eqimi R iyo specialisti kosmetikur qirurgiaSi da am sferoSi 1975 wli-
dan muSaobda. 1986 wels, axali klinikis gaxsnis Semdeg, pirvelma momCivanma
dabeWda statia, romelic aRwerda eqimi R-is samuSaos da kosmetikuri
qirurgiis upiratesobas. Sesabamisad, gazeTs daukavSirda ramdenime
qalbatoni, romelTac Tavis droze eqimma R-m umkurnala. isini gamoTqvam-
dnen ukmayofilebas gaweuli samedicino momsaxurebis gamo. gazeTma dabeWda
ramdenime saCivari da Tan daurTo fotoebi, sadac operaciis xarvezebi iyo
naCvenebi. analogiuri Sinaarsis statiebi gamoqveynda gazeTis Semdeg nom-
rebSic. rogorc diskusiis nawili, gazeTma gamoaqveyna interviu saavadm-
yofos plastikur qirurgTan. interviuSi qirurgi acxadebda, rom plas-
tikur qirurgiaSi warmatebul da warumatebel operaciebs Soris Zalian
mcire zRvaria. statiaSi gamoqveynebuli iyo, aseve, interviu eqim R-sTan.
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
327
sasamarTlo praqtika
Tumca eqimma uari ganacxada, komentari gaekeTebina konkretul SemTxvevas-
Tan dakavSirebiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom am pacientebma igi saidumlos dacvis
movaleobisagan gaaTavisufles. statiebSi iyo interviuebi imaTTanac, vinc
kmayofili iyo eqim R-is plastikuri operaciiT.
gasaCivrebuli statiebi Seexeboda adamianis janmrTelobis mniSvnelo-
van aspeqts da ixilavda sazogadoebrivi interesis mqone seriozul sakiT-
xebs. statiebi exeboda warmoudgenel mopyrobas im kerZo eqimis mxridan,
romelmac rva aTasamde operacia Caatara. amgvarad, statiebSi wamoWrili
iyo momxmarebelTa dacvis adgilobrivi da nacionaluri donis problema.
statiebi unda ganvixiloT imave gazeTis mier eqim R-is sasargeblo
wina statiis konteqstSi. rodesac erovnuli mTavrobis mier miRebul zo-
mebs SeuZlia gamoiwvios presis mier sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis mqone
sakiTxebis gamoqveynebisagan Tavis Sekaveba, saWiroa Zalze frTxili mid-
goma. 10(2)-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli movaleobebisa da pasuxismgeblo-
bebis safuZvelze JurnalistebisaTvis garantirebulia dacva, romelic
uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebrivi interesis Semcveli movlenebis gaSuqe-
bas. es gulisxmobs, rom Jurnalistebi unda moqmedebdnen keTilsindisi-
erad, raTa gadascen swori da sando informacia _ rac Seesabameba Jur-
nalisturi eTikis normebs.
statiebis gamoqveynebis Semdeg eqim R-sTan iklo pacientebis ricxvma
da, Sedegad, 1989 wels man klinika daxura. eqimma wamoiwyo sasamarTlo
saqme momCivnebis winaaRmdeg. uzenaesma sasamarTlom saqme eqimis sasar-
geblod gadawyvita da momCivanebs zaralis anazRaureba daakisra.
jarima mTavari redaqtorisTvis da statiebis avtori Jurnaliste-
bisTvis 4 709 861 norvegiuli kronis odenobiT ganisazRvra (daaxloebiT
900 000 amerikuli dolari).
gadawyvetileba: adamianis uflebaTa dacvis evropis sasamarTlom er-
Tsulovnad aRiara, rom norvegiis mTavrobam daarRvia adamianis ufle-
baTa dacvis evrokonvenciis me-10 muxli.
motivacia: sasamarTlom Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi ganacxada, rom ga-
moxatvis Tavisufleba warmoadgens demokratiuli sazogadoebis erT-
erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan safuZvels. is iseT informaciasa da ideebzec
vrceldeba, romlebic Seuracxmyofeli, Sokis momgvreli an amaforiaqe-
belia. `aucilebloba~ 10 (2)-e muxlis mixedviT, gulisxmobs Zlier soci-
328
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
alur moTxovnilebas. sasamarTlom unda daadginos, ramdenad iyo Careva
kanonieri miznis proporciuli da SeiZleboda Tu ara mTavrobis mier
moxmobili mizezebis miCneva relevanturad da sakmarisad.
uzenaesma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom sadavo statiebi Seicavda cno-
bebs imis Taobaze, rom eqim R-s aklda qirurgiuli gamocdileba da, ami-
tom, misi pacientebi cudad xdebodnen mkurnalobis Semdeg; Tanac, eqimi
ganzrax Cadioda amas. sasamarTlos mizans am SemTxvevaSi warmoadgenda
imis garkveva, Tu ramdenad iyo uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier miRebuli zo-
mebi kanonieri miznis proporciuli.
yuradReba unda gamaxvildes im faqtze, rom gazeTs ar daumaxinjebia
respondenti qalebis interviuebi. arc erTi statia ar Seicavda mtkicebas
imis Taobaze, rom operaciis arasasurveli Sedegebi gamowveuli iyo da-
udevari mkurnalobiT. statiebis saerTo xazi amtkicebda mxolod imas,
rom eqimma R-m ar ganaxorciela adekvaturi postoperaciuli mkurnaloba
warumatebeli operaciebis Semdeg.
aucilebloba. yuradReba unda gamaxvildes, agreTve, obieqturi da
dabalansebuli reportaJis principis dacvaze. gasaCivrebuli statiebi
warmoadgens argumentebis mxolod erT nawils, romelic dabeWda gazeTma.
erTi mxriv, eqim R-s saSualeba mieca, daecva sakuTari poziciebi, xolo
meore mxriv, daibeWda aseve sxva pirTa mosazrebebi. saxelmwifos mier
moyvanili mizezebi iyo relevanturi, magram arasakmarisi imisaTvis, raTa
daedasturebina Carevis aucilebloba.
rac Seexeba gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis darRvevas, sasamarTlom Tavda-
pirvelad xazgasmiT aRniSna im limitebis Sesaxeb, romlebic Jurnalis-
turi TavisuflebisaTvis aris dadgenilia:
`[gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis] garantiebi, romlebic vrceldeba Jurna-
listebze im sakiTxebis gaSuqebisas, rac ganekuTvneba sazogadoebrivi
interesis sferos, eyrdnoba pirobas, rom Jurnalistebi moqmedeben ke-
Tilsindisierad (good faith), raTa, Jurnalisturi eTikis dacviT, sazoga-
doebas swori da sando informacia miawodon...~
sasamarTlos SefasebiT, samarTlebrivi dacvis arqona ar arRvevda
momCivanis uflebas samarTlian sasamarTloze. Sesabamisad, es ar warmo-
adgenda Carevas arc misi gamoxatvis TavisuflebaSi.
rac Seexeba mowmeTa amoricxvas, sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom momCi-
vansa da mis warmomadgenels procesis mimdinareobisas saSualeba hqon-
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
329
sasamarTlo praqtika
daT, gaesaCivrebinaT es procesualuri moqmedeba. ufro metic, radgan
momCivanma mowmeTa gamoZaxeba ukanaskenl momentSi moiTxova, sasamarT-
lom aRniSna, rom amoricxva aucilebeli iyo procesis meore mxaris uf-
lebis (gonivrul vadebSi moemzadebina saqme) dasacavad.
rac Seexeba momCivanis miTiTebas imis Taobaze, rom masze iyo statiaSi
moyvanili gancxadebebis mtkicebis tvirTi, sasamarTlom aRniSna:
`aucilebelia, arsebobdes gansakuTrebuli mizezebi, vidre gazeTi ga-
Tavisufldeba misi Cveuli movaleobisagan _ daadasturos im faqtobrivi
gancxadebebis namdviloba, romelic Sinaarsobrivad difamacias warmo-
adgens. imis garkvevisas, Tu ramdenad arsebobda aRniSnuli mizezebi, unda
Sefasdes difamaciuri gancxadebebis buneba da xasiaTi, agreTve, unda
ganisazRvros, ramdenad sarwmunoa gazeTis wyaroebi aRniSnul sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT~.
sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom momCivans ar gadaumowmebia misi wyaroebis
namdviloba statiebis gamocemamde.
am saqmis ganxilvisas adamianis uflebaTa evropis sasamarTlom mxed-
velobaSi miiRo is faqti, rom sadavo statiaTa serialSi aRwerili iyo
konkretuli SemTxvevebi, romlebic efuZneboda im adamianebis gamocdi-
lebas, romelTa kosmetikuri operaciebi warumatebeli aRmoCnda. es Zal-
ze mniSvnelovani problemaa adamianis janmrTelobis dacvis Tvalsazri-
siT, amitom, sazogadoebrivi interesis gaTvaliswinebiT, msgavsi masalis
gamoqveyneba gamarTlebulia. sasamarTlom mxedvelobaSi miiRo isic, rom
SesaZloa, Jurnalisturi eTikis dacvis TvalsazrisiT, Jurnalistebi
arasakmarisad koreqtulad moqmedeben; magram sasamarTlo daeyrdno sa-
marTlebrivi normebis standartul midgomas, romlis Tanaxmadac, `arc
erT sasamarTlos ar SeuZlia ukarnaxos Jurnalists, rogori meTodebi
gamoiyenos movlenebis aRwerisas.~
2000 weli
fuentes bobo espaneTis winaaRmdeg
faqtebi: fuentes bobo iyo Tanaavtori 1993 wels gazeT `diario 16~-Si
gamoqveynebuli statiisa, romelSic gakritikebuli iyo espaneTis sazoga-
330
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
doebrivi samauwyeblo sistemis saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi
mmarTvelobiTi procesi. mogvianebiT, fuentes bobom or radioprogrmaSi
gaakritika TVE-is zogierTi menejeris saqmianoba, ris gamoc igi dis-
ciplinarul pasuxisgebaSi misces, xolo 1994 wels samsaxuridan daiTxoves.
gadawyvetileba: evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlom daaskvna,
rom dairRva konvenciis me-10 muxli, radgan samsaxuridan daTxovna war-
moadgenda gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis ukanono SezRudvas.
motivacia: sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom adamianis uflebaTa evrokonven-
ciis me-10 muxlis dacva vrceldeba rogorc TanamSromelze, aseve damqi-
ravebelze. sasamarTlom xazi gausva, rom TVE-is saqmianobis Sesaxeb kri-
tikuli gamonaTqvamebi nawili iyo Ria diskusiisa, romelic Seexeboda
sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblobis dakninebas espaneTSi. sasamarTlom mxedve-
lobaSi miiRo, agreTve, is faqti, rom bobos mier intervius dros gakeTe-
buli zogierTi gancxadeba met-naklebad provocirebuli iyo im Toq-Sous
msjelobis mimarTulebiT, romelSic igi monawileobda. ramdenadac sar-
Celi ar iyo aRZruli bobos gamonaTqvamebis Sinaarsis gamo, sasamarTlom
misi samsaxuridan daTxovna CaTvala gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis darRvevad
konvenciis me-10 muxlis mixedviT.
2000 weli
`ozgur gundemi~ TurqeTis winaaRmdeg
faqtebi: `ozgur gundemi~ aris gazeTi, romelic 1992-1994 wlebSi stam-
bulSi yoveldRe gamoicemoda. masSi aisaxeboda TurqeTSi mcxovrebi qur-
Tebis Sexedulebebi qveynis politikuri situaciis Sesaxeb. Tumca im te-
raqtebis, gatacebebis, mkvlelobis Semdeg, romlebic Turq qurTebTan
iyo dakavSirebuli, gazeTma arseboba Sewyvita. redaqciam es ambavi imiT
axsna, rom Sesabamisma saxelmwifo organoebma maT mxardaWera Seuwyvites,
radgan isini ukmayofiloni iyvnen qurTTa Sexedulebebis gavrcelebiT
masobrivi informaciis saSualebebiT. samTavrobo struqturebma miiCnies,
rom msgavsi gazeTis gamocemas SesaZloa rasobrivi da nacionaluri SuR-
li gamoewvia.
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
331
sasamarTlo praqtika
gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daadgina konvenciis me-10 muxlis dar-
Rveva.
motivacia: sasamarTlom CaTvala, rom TurqeTis xelisuflebas ufro
kvalificiurad unda daecva `ozgur gundemi~. sasamarTlos gadawyveti-
lebiT, konvenciis me-10 muxlis Tanaxmad, xelisuflebam unda aRiaros
kritika misi saqmianobis mimarT im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tuki es kritika pro-
vokaciuli xasiaTisaa. sasamarTlom aseve aRniSna, rom sazogadoeba in-
formirebuli unda iyos TurqeTis samxreT-aRmosavleTSi arsebul prob-
lemebze sxvadasxva Sexedulebis Sesaxeb. evropis sasamarTlos erTsu-
lovani azriT da gadawyvetilebiT, am SemTxvevaSi adgili hqonda konven-
ciis me-10 muxlis darRvevas.
2000 weli
nadreas vabli avstriis winaaRmdeg
faqtebi: avstriis parlamentis wevrma vablma brali dasdo gazeT
`kronen-caitungs~ (Kronen-Zeitung) `Jurnalistur faSizmSi~, ramdenadac
aRniSnulma gazeTma citireba moaxdina policielis sityvebisa, romelmac
vablisgan moiTxova, gaevlo testi sisxlSi alkoholis Semcvelobaze
(BUZ). erT-erTi saprotesto mitingis dros vablma am policiels xeli
mostexa. vablis winaaRmdeg aRZruli saqme damTavrda Semdegi gadawyve-
tilebiT: vablma aRar unda gamoiyenos Tavis gmonaTqvamebSi `Jurnalis-
turi faSizmis~ braldeba. Tumca, `kronen-caitungSi~ gamoqveynebuli
masalebi Sefasda, rogorc Seuracxmyofeli, magram avstriis kanonebisgan
gansxvavebiT, ar Sefasda, rogorc nacionalur-socialisturi xasiaTis
sisxlis samarTlis danaSauli. vablma moaxerxa Tavisi Sexedulebebis ga-
moTqma, magram ara iseTi eqspresiiT da iseTi terminis gamoyenebiT, ro-
goricaa `Jurnalisturi faSizmi~.
gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daadgina, rom am SemTxvevaSi konvenciis
me-10 muxli ar darRveula.
2000 weli
332
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
feldeki slovakeTis winaaRmdeg
faqtebi: 1991 wels dunkan slobodiCma, romelic damoukidebel kvle-
vebs awarmoebda, gamoaqveyna avtobiografia, saTauriT `polaruli wre~.
man avtobiografiaSi sxva TemebTan erTad aRwera misi sisxlissamarT-
lebrivi pasuxismgebloba, romelic ganisazRvra sabWoTa samxedro tri-
bunalis mier 1945 wels. dunkan slobodiCs brali im safuZvliT wauyenes,
rom, TiTqos, igi sabWoTa armiaSi jaSuSad iyo Segzavnili. man aseve aRwera
sakuTari reabilitacia 1960 wels sabWoTa kavSiris uzenaesi sasamarTlos
mier. 1992 wels dunkan slobodoCi slovakeTis kulturis da ganaTlebis
ministri gaxda.
ganmcxadebelma 1992 wels gamoaqveyna leqsi `gazeT telegrafSi~. leq-
si warmoadgenda komentars qveyanaSi mTavrobis Secvlze da aRniSnuli
iyo, rom yofili `SS~ da `ST~ (yofili saidumlo policia CexoslovakiaSi)
erTmaneTs Seekvrnen. es leqsi ramdenime sxva gazeTmac gamoaqveyna, xolo
orma Jurnalistma damoukideblad gaakeTa komentari, rom `SS~ leqsSi
niSnavda dunkan slobodiCs, radgan sayovelTaod iyo cnobili, rom meore
msoflio omis dros igi germanelebis mier organizebul samxedro wvrT-
naSi monawileobda. ganmcxadebelma mogvianebiT gamoaqveyna statia, sa-
TauriT �slovakeTis ukeTesi momavlisTvis _ faSisturi warsulis mqone
ministris gareSe�. statiaSi ganmcxadebeli SeSfoTebas gamoTqvamda imis
gamo, rom faSisturi warsulis mqone piri slovakeTis axal mTavrobaSi
iyo. dunkan slobodiCma ganmcxadebels ciliswamebisTvis uCivla. pirveli
instanciis sasamarTlom ar daakmayofila ministris sarCeli, Tumca me-
ore instanciaSi ganmcxadebels ministris sasargeblod Tanxis gadaxda
daakisres. Tavad ministrs ufleba mieca, sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba
mis mier arCeul xuT gazeTSi gamoeqveynebina.
gadawyvetileba: evropis adamianis uflebebis sasamarTlom daadgina,
rom dairRva konvenciis me-10 muxli, radganac Sida sasamarTlos gadawy-
vetileba warmoadgenda Carevas gamoxatvis TavisuflebaSi, romelsac le-
gitimuri mizezi hqonda, kerZod, sxvaTa uflebebis da reputaciis dacva.
motivacia: kanoniT dadgenili Careva _ sasamarTlom ganaviTara doq-
trina, romelic kanoniT dadgenil Carevas exeba. �erT-erTi moTxovna, ro-
melic kanoniT dadgenili CarevisTvis arsebobs, aris kanonis ganWvreta-
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
333
sasamarTlo praqtika
doba. norma ver CaiTvleba kanonad, Tu is Camoyalibebuli ar aris imgvari
sizustiT, rac saSualebas miscems moqalaqes, sakuTari qceva daareguli-
ros. moqalaqes unda SeeZlos, Tu saWiroa, garkveuli konsultaciis Sede-
gad _ ganWvritos, ra Sedegebi mohyveba mis qcevas. ar aris aucilebeli,
es Sedegebi absoluturad ganWvretadi iyos, radgan gamocdilebam aCvena,
rom amgvari mizani miuRwevelia. Tumca sizuste kanonSi didad sasurvelia,
radgan bevri kanoni met-naklebad bundovnad aris Camoyalibebuli da misi
interpretacia, iseve, rogorc Sefardeba, praqtikis saqmea.�
sasamarTlom gamoikvlia, rom Careva am konkretul saqmeSi sanqcire-
buli iyo samoqalaqo kodeqsis safuZvelze. kodeqsis ganxilvis Sedegad
sasamarTlom daadgina, rom arc kanoni da arc sasamarTlo praqtika ar
cdeboda im sazRvrebs, romlebic sasamarTlos mier dadginda. Sesaba-
misad, Careva kanoniT iyo dadgenili.
sasamarTlom Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi kidev erTxel xazgasmiT aRniSna
gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis mniSvneloba. gamoxatvis Tavisufleba demok-
ratiuli sazogadoebis qvakuTxedia da progresis erT-erTi safuZvelic
aris. meaTe muxlis meore nawilis Sesabamisad, gamoxatvis Tavisufleba
vrceldeba ara mxolod im ideebsa da informaciaze, romlebic sazoga-
doebis mxridan dadebiTad aRiqmeba, aramed imaTzec, romlebic Soks
hgvris, Seuracxyofs an awuxebs sazogadoebas. gamoxatvis Tavisufleba
icavs informaciis an ideebis ara mxolod Sinaarss, aramed maTi gadmo-
cemis formasac. es Tavisufleba eqvemdebareba garkveul gamonaklisebs,
romlebic mkacrad unda iyos formulirebuli.
sasamarTlom xazgasmiT aRniSna, rom politikuri debatebi umniSvne-
lovanesia, xolo politikuri debatebis Tavisuflebis xelSewyoba demok-
ratiuli sazogadoebis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani elementia. sasamar-
Tlo did mniSvnelobas aniWebs gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas politikuri
debatebis konteqstSi da miiCnevs, rom politikuri debatebis SesazRudad
metad myari mizezebia saWiro.
sasamarTlom kidev erTxel Camoayaliba �aucileblobis� testi.
testi �aucilebeli demokratiul sazogadoebaSi� moiTxovs, sasamar-
Tlom daadginos, esadageba Tu ara �Careva� �Zlier socialur moTxovni-
lebas� da iyo Tu ara Careva proporciuli legitimuri miznis misaRwevad,
agreTve, aris Tu ara saxelmwifos mier moyvanili mizezebi relevanturi
da saTanado.
334
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba Zalian viwro areals tovebs politikuri de-
batebis SesazRudad. ufro metic, dasaSvebi kritikis farglebi ufro
farToa politikosebisTvis, vidre kerZo individebisTvis, radgan poli-
tikosebi sakuTari nebiT aqceven Tavs sajaro kritikis sferoSi da maTi
movaleobaa, ufro meti tolerantoba gamoiCinon.
rogorc zogadi principi, Carevis aucilebloba yvela konkretul saq-
meSi zustad unda dadgindes. Sidasaxelmwifo struqturebisTvis pirveli
moTxovnaa, rom maT daadginon, arsebobda Tu ara �Zlieri socialuri
moTxovnileba� CarevisaTvis.
am konkretul saqmeSi sasamarTlom daadgina, rom ganmcxadeblis sta-
tia gamoqveynda saparlamento arCevnebis da axali mTavrobis Camoyali-
bebis Semdeg, romlis wevric iyo saqmeSi Careuli ministri. sadavo ganc-
xadebaSi ganmcxadebeli seriozul SeSfoTebas gamoTqvamda demokrati-
uli mTavrobis SenarCunebasTan dakavSirebiT. igi akritikebda ministrs,
romelsac, savaraudod, faSisturi warsuli hqonda da aRniSnavda mis
SeuTavseblobas axal mTavrobasTan. sadavo statia gamoqveynda politi-
kuri debatebis konteqstSi. Tavad debatebi qveynis warsuls exeboda da,
SesaZloa, debatebis Sedegebi qveynis momavalzec asaxuliyo. metic, sta-
tia exeboda sajaro figuras, ministrs, romlisTvisac dasaSvebi kritikis
farglebi farToa, kerZo individTan SedarebiT. sasamarTlom aRiara, rom
ganmcxadeblis statia Seicavda mkacr Sefasebebs, Tumca is ar iyo mokle-
buli faqtobriv garemoebebs. ganmcxadebeli namdvilad keTilsindi-
sierad moqmedebda, vinaidan eswrafvoda legitimur mizans _ axlad Seqm-
nili saxelmwifos demokratiul ganviTarebas.
sasamarTlom aseve daadgina, rom ganmcxadeblis mosazrebebi Sefase-
biTi msjeloba iyo, romelTa simarTlis dadgena SeuZlebelia da amgvari
moTxovna ewinaaRmdegeba azris Tavisuflebas.
sasamarTlom ar ganixila, warmoadgenda Tu ara fraza �faSisturi
warsuli� faqts. fraza sakmaod farToa da, SesaZloa, sxvadasxva Sinaarss
moicavdes. magaliTad, piri, SesaZloa, iyos faSisturi organizaciis wev-
ri da, SesaZloa, es wevroba arc gulisxmobdes faSisturi ideebis propa-
gandas.
slovakeTis uzenaesma sasamarTlom Tavisi gadawyvetileba daafuZna
im motivs, rom ganmcxadeblis mier gakeTebul Sefasebebs ar hqonda faq-
tobrivi sayrdeni. sasamarTlo adgens, rom es aris gamoxatvis Tavisuf-
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
335
sasamarTlo praqtika
lebis araswori interpretacia: �sasamarTlo ar eTanxmeba azrs, rom, ro-
gorc zogadi principi, mosazreba mxolod faqtebs unda emyarebodes.
faqtis da mosazrebis urTierTkavSiri gansxvavdeba konkretuli saqmis
mixedviT da konkretuli garemoebebis Sesabamisad.�
Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom ar arsebobda Carevis auci-
lebloba da dairRva ganmcxadeblis gamoxatvis Tavisufleba.
sasamarTlom ganmcxadeblis sasargeblod slovakeTis saxelmwifos
daakisra 65 000 slovakuri kronis gadaxda piradi araqonebrivi zianis-
Tvis, xolo 500 000 kronis gadaxda _ sasamarTlo xarjebisaTvis.
2001 weli
perna italiis winaaRmdeg
faqtebi: momCivanma, Jurnalistma jankarlo pernam, yoveldRiur ita-
liur gazeT `jornalSi~ gamoaqveyna statia, romelSic mkacrad akriti-
kebda palermos prokuroris b-n kaselis `komunistur radikalizms~.
imis gamo, rom prokurori italiis komunisturi partiis wevri iyo,
pernam eWvi Seitana mis damoukideblobasa da miukerZoeblobaSi. man aseve
brali dasdo kasels, rom igi garkveul strategias agebda, raTa daewe-
sebina kontroli mTeli rigi qalaqebis prokuraturebze; agreTve daada-
naSaula prokurori informator buSetis gamoyenebaSi italiis yofili
premier-ministris juliano andreotis winaaRmdeg. perna gaasamarTles
ciliswamebisaTvis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsisa da presis Sesaxeb kanonis
Sesabamisi muxlebiT.
gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daadgina konvenciis me-10 muxlis dar-
Rveva.
motivacia: imisaTvis, rom garkveuliyo, dairRva Tu ara adamianis uf-
lebebisa da ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis dacvis evrokonvenciis me-10 muxli,
evropis sasamarTlom kidev erTxel gamijna gansxvaveba faqtebsa da Se-
fasebiT msjelobas Soris. faqtebis damtkiceba SesaZlebelia, xolo Se-
fasebiTi msjeloba damtkicebas ar eqvemdebareba.
sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom kritika efuZneboda kaselis, rogorc komu-
336
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
nisturi partiis wevris, `politikuri radikalizmis~ faqts. Tavad es faq-
ti ki sadavo ar iyo. sasamarTlos moxelis aseTi saqcieli aucileblad
imsaxurebs kritikas im presis mxridan, romelic saxelmwifo xelisuf-
lebis damoukideblobas da miukerZoeblobas samarTlianad miiCnevs sazo-
gadoebrivi mniSvnelobis mqone ZiriTad problemad. sasamarTlom aRiara,
rom pernas mier gamoyenebuli gamoTqmebi gadaWarbebuli iyo, magram xaz-
gasmiT aRniSna, rom Jurnalisturi Tavisufleba sakuTar TavSi moicavs
gazviadebas da provokaciis moSveliebasac ki. amrigad, perna gaamarTles
da saxelmwifo gaamtyunes konvenciis me-10 muxlis darRvevisaTvis, ram-
denadac Jurnalistis dasja sasamarTlos moxelis amgvari kritikisaTvis
ar warmoadgens aucileblobas demokratiul sazogadoebaSi.
pernas mtkicebulebebTan dakavSirebiT _ rom kaseli saeWvo strate-
giiT cdilobda, gaekontrolebina zogierTi qalaqis prokuratura da
gamoeyenebina informatori buSeti andreotis samarTlebrivi devnisaT-
vis _ sasamarTlo mivida im daskvnamde, rom mosarClis dadanaSauleba
ver daefuZneboda konvenciis me-10 muxlis darRvevas. kritikisagan gan-
sxvavebiT, es braldebebi mosarCles konkretul qmedebebs miawerda.
statiis am nawilSi arc erTi mtkicebuleba da arc romelime sainforma-
cio wyaros citata iyo gamoyenebuli. aqedan gamomdinare, sasamarTlom
miiCnia, rom es braldebebi ar eqceoda konvenciis me-10 muxlis dacvis
qveS. daeyrdno ra sasamarTlo xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg aseTi gansakuT-
rebiT seriozuli xasiaTis braldebebis wayenebas, sasamarTlom gadawy-
vita, rom statiis am nawilSi pernam gadaameta dasaSvebi kritikis zRvars.
2001 wlis 25 ivlisis gadawyvetilebaSi evropis adamianis uflebaTa
sasamarTlom daadgina, rom momCivanis dadanaSauleba imis mtkicebis gamo,
rom sasamarTlos erT-erTma mTavarma moxelem erTguleba Sehfica ita-
liis komunistur partias, evrokonvenciis me-10 muxlis darRveva iyo.
2001 weli
jerusalemi avstriis winaaRmdeg
faqtebi: aRniSnul saqmeSi momCivani, venis municipaluri sabWos wevri q-ni
suzen jerusalemi amtkicebda, rom sasamarTlo ganCinebam, romelic ukr-
Zalavda mas garkveuli gancxadebis kvlav ganmeorebas, daarRvia misi uf-
leba gamoxatvis Tavisuflebaze. sityviT gamosvlisas municipalur sabWoSi,
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
337
sasamarTlo praqtika
romelic ixilavda adgilobrivi sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebisaTvis
dotaciis gamoyofis sakiTxs, q-ma jerusalemma mkacrad gaakritika ori
organizacia. man am organizaciebs `totalitaruli xasiaTisa~ da `faSis-
turi midrekilebebis seqtebi~ uwoda. adgilobrivi sasamarTlos brZanebiT,
q-n jerusalems aRniSnuli gancxadebebis gameoreba aekrZala. sasamarTlo
akrZalva ZalaSi datova saapelacio da uzenaesma sasamarTlom, romelTac
gadawyvites, rom iseTi gancxadebebi, rogoricaa `faSisturi midrekilebebi~
da `totaluri niSnebis matarebeli seqtebi~ _ warmoadgenda damtkicebad
faqtebs, romlis dasabuTebac ganmcxadebels ar SeeZlo.
gadawyvetileba: evropis adamianTa uflebebis sasamarTlom erTsu-
lovnad aRiara konvenciis me-10 muxlis darRveva.
motivacia: sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom momCivani gamorCeuli saxelm-
wifo moRvawe iyo; agreTve, aRniSna is faqtic, rom gamoxatvis Tavisuf-
leba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania xalxis mier arCeuli warmomadgen-
lebisaTvis.
momCivanis gancxadeba gakeTda politikuri debatebis procesSi. da
Tumca municipalur sabWoSi warmoTqmuli mosazrebebi ar aTavisuflebs
pirs pasuxismgeblobisagan ise, rogorc adgilobrivi parlamentis sxdo-
mebze gamoTqmuli mosazreba, municipaluri debatebi mainc SeiZleba Seva-
daroT parlamentisas imdenad, ramdenadac, sazogadoebis interesebidan
gamomdinare, Tvalsazrisis Tavisuflebis dacva orive SemTxvevaSi metad
mniSvnelovania. sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom `parlamenti an masTan gaTanab-
rebuli institutebi saukeTeso adgilia politikuri debatebisaTvis.
unda arsebobdes Zalze damajerebeli mizezebi imisaTvis, raTa gavamar-
TloT Careva maTSi realizebul gamoxatvis TavisuflebaSi.~
sasamarTlom q-n jerusalemis gancxadebebi SefasebiT msjelobad mi-
iCnia da mxedvelobaSi miiRo misi mzadyofna, waredgina dokumenturi
dadastureba imisa, rom es SefasebiTi mtkicebulebebi keTilsindisier
kritikas warmoadgenda. avstriis sasamarTlos moTxovna, rom momCivans
daemtkicebina Tavisi gancxadebebis simarTle, im dros, rodesac mas
faqtobrivad ar hqonda saSualeba, waredgina Tavisi simarTlis damadas-
turebeli mtkicebulebebi, q-n jerusalemis gamoxatvis TavisuflebaSi
uzomo Careva iyo. sasamarTlom aseve daadgina, rom SefasebiTi msjelo-
bebis namdvilobis damtkiceba SeuZlebelia da rom aseTi moTxovna zRu-
davs azris Tavisuflebas _ ZiriTad uflebas, romelic konvenciis me-10
338
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
muxliT aris garantirebuli. sasamarTlom gamoitana daskvna, rom sadavo
gancxadebebis ganmeorebis akrZalva ar iyo aucilebeli demokratiul
sazogadoebaSi da, aqedan gamomdinare, arRvevda konvenciis me-10 muxls.
2001 weli
VGT Sveicariis winaaRmdeg
2001 wlis 28 ivnisis gadawyvetilebaSi evropis adamianis uflebaTa
sasamarTlom arakomerciuli telereklamebis translirebis uflebis
daSvebasTan dakavSirebiT sagangebo midgoma gamoiyena.
faqtebi: 1994 wels komerciulma telekompania `Publisuisse~-ma `cxo-
velTa xelovnuri moSenebis mrewvelobis mowinaaRmdege asociaciis~ (VGT)
moTxovnis miuxedavad, uari ganacxada, eTerSi gaeSva reklama cxovelTa
keTildReobis sakiTxebze. telereklama warmoadgenda xorcproduqtebis
mwarmoebelTa sapasuxo reklamas da mTavrdeboda Semdegi sityvebiT:
`moixmareT naklebi xorci da SeinarCunebT janmrTelobas, cxovelebs
da gare samyaros~.
`Publisuisse~-ma uari ganacxada am reklamis ganTavsebaze im motiviT,
rom mas politikuri elferi dahkravda; mauwyeblobis Sesaxeb kanonmdeb-
loba ki krZalavs politikur reklamas rogorc televiziiT, ise radioTi.
federalurma sasamarTlom, romelic, sxva danarCenTan erTad, eyrdno-
boda radiosa da televiziebis Sesaxeb federaluri kanonis me-18 muxlis
me-5 nawiliT dadgenil politikuri reklamis akrZalvis aucileblobas,
uaryo asociaciis saCivari.
gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom dairRva konvenciis me-
10 muxli.
motivacia: evropis sasamarTlo daeTanxma azrs, rom politikuri rek-
lamis, rogorc aseTis, akrZalva SeiZleba CaiTvalos kanonierad imdenad,
ramdenadac miznad isaxavs, aicilos mZlavri finansuri dajgufebebis mi-
er upiratesobis mopoveba politikur sferoSi; amasTan, miznad isaxavs,
politikur procesebs biznesis gadaWarbebuli gavlena aaSoros. aseTi
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
339
sasamarTlo praqtika
akrZalvebi, imavdroulad, uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebriv-politikuri
moZraobebis SesaZleblobebis garkveul Tanasworobas da mxars uWers
media saSualebebs, Tavad gadawyviton, gamoaqveynon Tu ara esa Tu is po-
litikuri reklama. Vgt-s sareklamo Setyobineba evrosasamarTlom po-
litikur reklamebs miakuTvna.
radiosa da televiziis Sesaxeb kanonis me-18 muxlis me-5 nawilis mixed-
viT, imis magivrad, rom auditoria produqciis SeZenisTvis ganawyon, es
reklama gamoxatavda zogierT sadavo azrs sazogadoebrivad aqtualuri
problemis Sesaxeb.
gadamwyveti momentis ganxilvisas _ iyo Tu ara gadacemis translire-
bis akrZalva aucilebeli demokratiul sazogadoebaSi _ sasamarTlom
mxedvelobaSi miiRo Semdegi faqtorebi: sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom mZlav-
ri finansuri jgufebi finansuri reklamebis meSveobiT upiratesobas aR-
weven. amitom, maT SeuZliaT, ganaxorcielon zewola masobrivi informa-
ciis saSualebebze da, saboloo jamSi, Sekvecon komerciuli reklamis
gamavrcelebeli radiosa da televiziis Tavisufleba. sasamarTlom aR-
niSna, rom aseTi situaciebi eWvqveS ayenebs gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis fun-
damentur rols demokratiul sazogadoebaSi. am SemTxvevaSi, momCivani
asociacia ar warmoadgenda mZlavr finansur jgufs. misi mizani iyo, mona-
wileoba mieRo cxovelTa dacvis Sesaxeb sakiTxebis sazogadoebriv gan-
xilvaSi da ara is, rom gamoeyenebina reklama arakeTilsindisieri konku-
renciisaTvis. garda amisa, Tumca, politikuri reklamis akrZalva Tavse-
badia adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis dacvis evrokon-
venciis me-10 muxlis moTxovnebTan, sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom swored
am saqmeSi moxda federaluri kanonis me-18 muxlis me-5 nawilis radiosa
da televiziis Sesaxeb gamoyeneba evrokonvenciis me-10 muxlis suliskve-
Tebis sapirispirod. sasamarTlos azriT, Sveicariis xelisuflebam ver
daadastura, rom safuZveli, romelic zogadad gamoyenebulia politi-
kuri reklamis akrZalvis mxardasaWerad, am konkretul saqmes miesadageba.
mxedvelobaSi miiRes, rom `Publisuisse~ _ warmoadgenda erTaderT
iuridiul pirs, romelic dakavebuli iyo reklamebis ganTavsebiT sazoga-
doebis moTxovnilebis donis mixedviT, xolo politikuri elferis mqone
reklamis uecarma akrZalvam SezRuda mayurebelTa farTo masebis infor-
mireba sazogadoebrivad mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis Sesaxeb.
340
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
aRniSnuli garemoebidan gamomdinare, sasamarTlom erTsulovnad ga-
dawyvita, rom eTerSi gadacemis akrZalva ar SeiZleba Sefasdes, rogorc
aucilebeli demokratiul sazogadoebaSi da, Sesabamisad, es akrZalva
arRvevs evrokonvenciis me-10 muxls.
2001 weli
toma luqsemburgis winaaRmdeg
faqtebi: saqme aRiZra RTL-is radioJurnalistis mark tomas winaaRm-
deg, romelmac miiCnia, rom misTvis samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebis wesiT
msjavris dadebam erT-erT programaSi gaparuli difamaciuri mosazre-
bebis gamo, daarRvia misi uflebebi gamoxatvis Tavisuflebaze.
ase, magaliTad, erT-erT programaSi Jurnalistma gaavrcela infor-
macia tyis resursebis aRdgenis sferoSi arsebuli saeWvo xasiaTis praq-
tikis Sesaxeb. amasTan, misi gadacema eyrdnoboda gazeT `Tageblatt~-Si
gamoqveynebul statias. aRniSnuli radioprogramis eTerSi gasvlis Sem-
deg, satyeo saqmeebis komisiis samocdasami TanamSromlis saCivris safuZ-
velze, luqsemburgis sasamarTlom Jurnalisti gaasamarTla difamaci-
isaTvis. tomam saCivriT mimarTa evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarT-
los.
gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom erTxmad daadgina, rom dairRva kon-
venciis me-10 muxli.
motivacia: Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi sasamarTlom kidev erTxel da-
adastura umTavresi principebi, romliTac is xelmZRvanelobs ganaCenis
gamotanis dros; xazi gausva presis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas demok-
ratiul sazogadoebaSi, Tumca ki ganmcxadeblis zogierTi gamonaTqvami
seriozul safuZvlad CaTvala difamaciaSi dasadanaSauleblad; aseve,
miiCnia, rom savsebiT SesaZlebelia am masalebSi gadakvriT moxseniebuli
satyeo komisiis TanamSromlebis identificireba. imavdroulad, sasamar-
Tlom SeniSna, rom radioprogramaSi dasmuli sakiTxi sazogadoebriv
interesebs exeboda da luqsemburgis masobrivi informaciis saSualebebSi
farTod ganixileboda.
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
341
sasamarTlo praqtika
amasTan, evrosasamarTlos mier am saqmesTan dakavSirebiT ganaCenis
gamotanisas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda im faqts, rom Tavis Seuracx-
myofel gamonaTqvamebSi toma eyrdnoboda misi kolega-Jurnalistis mier
ukve gamoqveynebul statias. sasamarTlom gaimeora Tavisi uwindeli das-
kvna imis Taobaze, rom Jurnalistis mxridan mesame piris mier gamoTqmuli
gansxvavebuli mosazrebebis gavrcelebis gamo misi pasuxisgebaSi micema
seriozul dabrkolebas uqmnis presas, Seitanos Tavisi wvlili sazoga-
doebrivad saintereso problemebis gaSuqebaSi. amitom, msgavs situaci-
ebSi Jurnalistis pasuxisgebaSi micemis SesaZlebloba ar unda ganixi-
lebodes manam, vidre ar iqneba warmodgenili gansakuTrebiT sarwmuno
sabuTebi am zomis gamoyenebis sasargeblod.
xolo luqsemburgis sasamarTlom gamoitana ganaCeni, romlis Tanaxma-
dac, Jurnalisti, romelmac ukve gamoqveynebuli statiidan moaxdina difa-
maciuri gamonaTqvamebis citireba, savaldebulo wesiT dauqvemdebara
pasuxismgeblobas mis mier Tavad difamaciis faqtis daSvebisaTvis; erTa-
derTi garemoeba, rac mas daexmareboda, Tavi daeRwia pasuxismgeblobisa-
gan, iqneboda is, rom Tavi Sors daeWira statiaSi gamoTqmuli azrebisagan.
Tavis mxriv, evropis sasamarTlom gamoTqva mosazreba, rom msgavsi
moTxovnebis wayeneba JurnalistebisaTvis _ araorazrovnad da erTmniSv-
nelovnad gaemijnon gamoyenebuli statiis Sinaarss, romelsac SeuZlia
cili daswamos, saxeli gautexos an ziani miayenos mesame pirs _ ar Seesa-
bameba presis sayovelTaod miRebul rols _ gaavrcelos informacia mim-
dinare movlenebis, Sexedulebebisa da ideebis Sesaxeb.
sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom mosarClem miiRo usafrTxoebis zomebi, ro-
desac ganacxada, rom gadascems citatas ukve gamoqveynebuli statiidan
da sagangebod aRniSna, rom xsenebuli citata Seicavs zogierT `mwvave
gamonaTqvams~. sasamarTlom gaiTvaliswina agreTve is faqtic, rom Jurna-
listma interviu CamoarTva tyiT dafaruli mxareebis mesakuTre mesame
pirebs imis Taobaze, Seesabameboda Tu ara simarTles mtkicebuleba tyis
aRdgenis seqtorSi TaRliTobis Sesaxeb.
aRniSnuli garemoebebidan gamomdinare, sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom mo-
sarClis gasamarTleba mesame piris uflebebisa da reputaciis dacvis mo-
tiviT, ar iyo aucilebeli demokratiul sazogadoebaSi.
2001 weli
342
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
kolombani da sxvebi safrangeTis winaaRmdeg
faqtebi: imisaTvis, rom marokos evrokavSiris wevrobis sakiTxis gan-
xilva dawyebuliyo, evropulma komisiam gadawyvita, detalurad da zus-
tad Seeswavla informacia qveyanaSi marixuanas warmoebis da misi aRmofx-
vris mizniT gatarebuli zomebis Sesaxeb. am miznisaTvis komisiam narkoti-
kebis geografiul observatorias daavala, moxseneba moemzadebina maro-
koSi narkotikebis warmoebisa da mimoqcevis Sesaxeb. observatoriam komi-
sias moxeneba 1994 wlis TebervalSi warudgina. masSi moxseniebuli iyo im
pirTa saxelebi, romlebic gamovlindnen, rogorc marokoSi narkotike-
bis warmoebasa da mimoqcevasTan dakavSirebuli pirebi. sabolood, komi-
siam moiTxova, rom am pirTa saxelebi moxsenebidan waSliliyo, raTa ko-
misias am dokumentiT molaparakeba daewyo marokos mTavrobasTan. mox-
senebis amgvarad Sesworebuli varianti sabolood gamoqveynda wignis na-
wilad (State of drugs drugs of states). es wigni moxseniebul iqna `le mondis~
1994 wlis 25 Tebervlis nomerSi. imis miuxedavad, rom Tavdapirvelad
moxseneba konfidencialuri dokumenti iyo, misi gavrceleba mainc daiwyo.
es `le mondma~ 1995 wlis Semodgomaze Seityo. 1995 wlis 3 noembers `le
mondSi~ gamoqveynda statia saTauriT: `maroko _ marixuanis eqsportis
msoflio lideri� da qvesaTauriT: `mefe husein meoris anturaJi konfi-
dencialur moxsenebaSi gamovlinda~. statiaSi moyvanili iyo informacia
moxsenebidan, sadac naTqvami iyo Semdegi: maroko, evropuli komisiis mox-
senebis Tanaxmad, marixuanis warmoebaSi msoflio lideri da evropuli
bazris mTavari mommaragebelia. moxsenebas eWvi Seaqvs marokos mTavrobis
realur ZalisxmevaSi, aRmofxvras narkotikebis warmoeba da mimoqceva,
miuxedavad imisa, rom 1992 wels sajarod gamocxadda narkotikebTan
brZola. korufciis gamo, narkodilerebs icaven oficialuri pirebi, ro-
melTa wre erT ubralo oficridan mefis uSualo garemocvamde midis.
marokos mefem safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrs mimarTa ofici-
aluri werilobiTi moTxovniT, rom aRZruliyo sisxlis samarTlis saqme
`le mondis~ winaaRmdeg. `le mondis~ redaqtorisa da Jurnalistis wina-
aRmdeg saqme aRiZra ucxo qveynis saxelmwifos meTauris Seuracxyofis
braldebiT. saapelacio sasamarTlom damnaSaved cno redaqtori da Jur-
nalisti, daakisra jarima 5000 frankis odenobiT da daavala sasamarTlos
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
343
sasamarTlo praqtika
gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb informaciis gamoqveyneba.
sakasacio sasamarTlom kolombanis da inkianis kasacia gansaxilvelad
ar miiRo. maT evropis adamianis uflebebis sasamarTloSi iCivles, sadac
daobdnen, rom dairRva konvenciis me-10 muxli.
gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daadgina konvenciis me-10 muxlis dar-
Rveva.
motivacia: presa demokratiul sazogadoebaSi arsebiT rols Tama-
Sobs, Tumca, man garkveul sazRvrebs ar unda gadaabijos, gansakuTrebiT,
rodesac saqme exeba sxvaTa reputacias da konfidencialuri informaciis
gamJRavnebas. ara marto presas gaaCnia valdebuleba, rom gaavrcelos
informacia, aramed sazogadoebasac aqvs ufleba, miiRos es informacia.
rac Seexeba dasaSvebi kritikis farglebs, es farglebi politikosebi-
saTvis ufro farToa, vidre kerZo individebisTvis.
Sesabamisad, gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis SezRudvis `aucilebloba~ da-
majereblad unda iyos Camoyalibebuli. Sidasaxelmwifo struqturisTvis
aucilebelia, rom Seafasos, arsebobs Tu ara `Zlieri socialuri moTxov-
nileba~ SezRudvis dasaweseblad. amgvari Sefasebisas wevri saxelmwifo
garkveuli diskreciiT sargeblobs.
winamdebare saqmeSi ganmcxadeblebs sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeb-
loba daakisres ucxo qveynis meTauris SeuracxyofisTvis. sisxlis samar-
Tlis pasuxismgebloba udavod aris Careva ganmcxadeblebis gamoxatvis
TavisuflebaSi. amis Semdgom sasamarTlom unda gaarkvios _ amarTlebs
Tu ara aRniSnul Carevas konvenciis meaTe muxlis meore nawili. pasuxi
unda gaeces SekiTxvebs: dadgenili iyo Tu ara Careva kanoniT? emsaxure-
boda Tu ara legitimur mizans? iyo Tu ara `aucilebeli demokratiul
sazogadoebaSi~?
sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom adgilobrivma sasamarTlom gamoiyena 1881wlis 29 ivlisis presis Tavisuflebis aqti, romelic adasturebs Careviskanonierebas. rac Seexeba legitimur mizans, saxelmwifos warmomadgen-lebma sasamarTlos winaSe daicves pozicia, rom sxvaTa reputaciis dacvalegitimuri mizania.
Tumca sasamarTlom unda daadginos, gamarTlebulia Tu ara es legi-timuri Careva demokratiul sazogadoebaSi _ anu gansazRvros, ramdenadmarTebulad gamoiyena Sida sasamarTlom sakuTari diskrecia, rodesacsisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba Seufarda ganmcxadebels.
344
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
sasamarTlom daadgina, rom sazogadoebas da, maT Soris, safrangeTismosaxleobas aqvs legitimuri interesi, icodes evropuli komisiis Sexe-dulebebi narkotikebis mimoqcevasTan dakavSirebiT marokoSi, romelmacevropis kavSiris wevrobaze ganacxadi gaakeTa da romelsac safrangeTTansakmaod axlo urTierToba akavSirebs.
sasamarTlom gaimeora, rom `movaleobebis da pasuxismgeblobebis~ ga-mo, rac gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis ganuyofeli nawilia, Jurnalistma undaimoqmedos keTilsindisierad da Jurnalisturi eTikis Sesabamisad; manunda uzrunvelyos zusti da sando informaciis gavrceleba. sasamarT-los miaCnia, rom narkotikebis geografiuli observatoriis moxsenebasando dokumenti iyo da misi ganxilva usaTuod unda momxdariyo ganmcxa-deblebis sasamarTlo procesze. sazogadoebrivi debatebis procesSi,presas ufleba aqvs, damoukidebeli kvlevis Catarebis gareSe gamoiyenosoficialuri dokumentebi. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom `lemonds~ ufleba hqonda, dayrdnoboda narkotikebis geografiuli observa-toriis moxsenebas. metic, ganmcxadeblebs saSualeba ar miecaT, rom TaviemarTlebinaT ciliswamebis kanonis safuZvelze. es faqtebi adasturebs,rom Sida sasamarTlos qmedeba gascda piris reputaciis dacvas.
Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom `Zlieri socialuri moTxovni-lebis~ gareSe, romelic gaamarTlebda SezRudvas, pasuxismgeblobis da-kisreba ucxo qveynis meTauris SeuracxyofisTvis arRvevs gamoxatvis Ta-visuflebas.
sasamarTlom saxelmwifos 6900 frankis gadaxda daakisra ganmcxadeb-lebis sasargeblod.
2002 weli
nikula fineTis winaaRmdeg
faqtebi: aRniSnul saqmeSi momCivans warmoadgenda helsinkeli advo-
kati nikula, xolo mopasuxes ki _ fineTi.
mocemuli saqme Seexeba mosarClis _ advokatis _ kriminalur difama-
ciaSi braldebas im gancxadebebis gamo, romlebic man gaakeTa sasamarT-
loSi Tavisi klientis sisxlissamarTlebrivi braldebebisgan dasacavad.
gancxadebebi zepiric iyo da werilobiTic, memorandumis saxiT. maTSi
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
345
sasamarTlo praqtika
mosarCle moiTxovda erT-erTi mowmis Cvenebis saqmidan amoRebas. moTxov-
naSi igi ewinaaRmdegeboda am piris braldebis mowmed gamoyvanas da akri-
tikebda bralmdeblis mier saqmis warmarTvis xerxs _ aRniSnavda, rom igi
borotad iyenebda Tavis diskreciul uflebamosilebas da manipulirebda.
bralmdebelma ki mosarClis winaaRmdeg aRZra sarCeli kriminaluri defa-
maciis Taobaze. sabolood, mosarCle cnes damnaSaved gaufrTxileblo-
biT difamaciaSi da mas Semdeg, rac uzenaesma sasamarTlom daamtkica ga-
dawyvetileba misi damnaSaved cnobis Sesaxeb, zianis anazRaureba da sasa-
marTlo xarjebis gadaxda daevala.
1996 wels helsinkelma advokatma anne nikulam evropis adamianis
uflebaTa sasamarTloSi sarCeli aRZra fineTis winaaRmdeg. igi amtki-
cebda, rom misi gasamarTleba difamaciisTvis sasamarTloSi advokatis
rangSi prokuroris misamarTiT gamoTqmuli kritikis gamo, misi sityvis
Tavisuflebis darRveva iyo. memorandumSi, romelic mosarCelem sasamar-
Tlos warudgina, prokurori, b-ni T, dadanaSaulebuli iyo `sasamarTlos
msvlelobis manipulirebisa da mtkicebulebebis ukanono wardginebi-
saTvis~. amis Semdgom b-ma T-m kerZo saCivari Seitana advokatis winaaRmdeg
da 1994 w. q-n nikula gaasamarTles boroti ganzraxvis gareSe Cadenili
sajaro difamaciisTvis. 1996 w. umaRlesma sasamarTlom daamtkica msjav-
rdeba sisxlis samarTlis wesiT, oRond, Seamcira sasjelis zoma da gan-
sazRvra is sasamarTlos xarjebisa da sxva saxis danaxarjebis gadaxdiT.
gadawyvetileba: adamianis uflebaTa evropis sasamarTlom 5 xmiT 2-
is winaaRmdeg daadgina, rom adgili hqonda konvenciis me-10 muxlis
darRvevas.
motivacia: sasamarTlom kidev erTxel aRniSna, rom gansakuTrebuli
statusi advokatebs marTlmsajulebis aRsrulebis epicentrSi ayenebs.
isini Suamavlebi arian sazogadoebasa da sasamarTlos Soris. advokatTa
am sakvanZo rolis gaTvaliswinebiT, logikuria maTgan velodoT sazoga-
doebis ndobis gamarTlebas. sasamarTlom miuTiTa, agreTve, imis alba-
Tobaze, rom konvenciis me-6 muxlis Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo procesis
mosmenebis dros advokatis Carevam sityvis TavisuflebaSi SesaZloa, Se-
amciros misi klienti-braldebulis ufleba _ samarTliani sasamarTlo
ganxilvis moTxovnis Sesaxeb. sasamarTlos azriT, principi `samarTleb-
rivi saSualebebis Tanasworobisa, romliTac procesis orive mxarea Se-
iaraRebuli~ da, ufro zogadad, principi samarTliani sasamarTlo gan-
346
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
xilvisa, mowodebulia, xeli Seuwyos Tavisufal da daundobel paeqro-
basac ki mxareebs Soris; TumcaRa, es ar unda gadaizardos sityvis Seub-
Ralav TavisuflebaSi dacvis mxarisaTvis.
mosarClis msjelobis kanonierebis Sefasebisas sasamarTlom, romelic
daeyrdno samarTaldamcavi organizaciis `interaitsis~ moxsenebas, kidev
erTxel gamijna mosamarTlisa da prokuroris _ rogorc braldebulis
oponentis _ roli. saWiroa, uzrunvelvyoT prokuroris ufro maRali
donis dacva braldebulis kritikuli gancxadebebisagan, gansxvavebiT im
sityvieri Tavdasxmebisagan, romlebic mimarTulia mosamarTlisadmi an,
zogadad, sasamarTlosadmi.
evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlo daeTanxma momCivanisa da sa-
samarTlos megobris argumentebs da ganacxada, rom kriminaluri difa-
maciis Sesaxeb momCivanis mimarT wayenebuli braldeba sityvis Tavisuf-
lebaSi Carevas warmoadgenda. sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom advokati unda
sargeblobdes sityvis SedarebiT farTo TavisuflebiT, vidre Cveuleb-
rivi piri, Tuki misi gamonaTqvamebi dakavSirebulia mis warmoebaSi arse-
bul saqmesTan.
sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom mosarClis kritika Semoifargleboda sasa-
marTlos darbaziT im dros, rodesac mosamarTlesa da advokats masob-
rivi informaciis saSualebebiT akritikebdnen. sasamarTlos azriT, xse-
nebuli movlenebis Semdeg advokatis mier prokuroris mimarT kritikuli
SeniSvnebis gamoxatvis akrZalva Znelad uTavsdeba advokatis movaleobas
_ TavgamodebiT daicvas Tavisi klientebis interesebi. dacvis mxridan
warmodgenil sabuTebze gavlena ar unda moaxdinos dasjis SiSma, agreTve,
miyenebuli zaralis kompensaciisa da sasamarTlo xarjebis gadaxdis
safrTxem. sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom advokatis sityvis Tavisuflebis
SezRudva, Tundac, mcire sisxlis samarTlebrivi sasjeliT, SesaZlebelia
dasaSvebi iyos demokratiuli sazogadoebisTvis, rogorc aucilebeli
RonisZieba, mxolod gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi. sasamarTlos TvalTa-
xedviT, saqmeSi ar arsebobda araviTari safuZveli imisa, rom aseTi uki-
duresi zomebisTvis miemarTaT. amrigad, q-n nikulasaTvis sityvis Tavi-
suflebis SezRudva ar Seesabameboda Zlier socialur moTxovnas.
2002 weli
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
347
sasamarTlo praqtika
makvikari gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg
faqtebi: dava exeboda cnobili sportsmenis Seuracxyofas.
1995 wlis seqtemberSi Jurnal `spikid~-Si gamoqveynda Jurnalist jon
makvikaris statia, romlis mixedviTac, mZleosani linford kristi akr-
Zalul samkurnalo preparatebs iyenebda xolme. batoma kristim uzenaes
sasamarTloSi sisxlis samarTlis saqme aRZra makvikaris winaaRmdeg _
ciliswamebis muxliT. difamaciis braldebiT mimdinare sasamarTlo pro-
cesis dros da sasamarTloSic Jurnalisti Tavad icavda sakuTar inte-
resebs, ramdenadac mas ar hqonda saSualeba, advokati daeqiravebina, an
raime saxis iuridiuli daxmareba mieRo. makvikarma dacva aago Tavissave
statiaSi warmodgenil mtkicebulebebze, romlebic simarTles Seesaba-
meboda rogorc arsebiTad, aseve _ faqtobrivad. mosamarTlem uari ga-
nacxada, moesmina ori mowmis Cveneba. Tu rwmunebiT aRWurvil orive mow-
mes eqneboda Cvenebebis micemis SesaZlebloba, es usamarTloba gamovi-
doda batoni kristis mimarT, ramdenadac mas aSkarad ar hqonda dro,
gamoeZaxebina mowmeebi Tavisi mxridan. ufro metic, akrZaluli prepara-
tebis viTomda miRebis detalebi sportsmenisTvis cnobili gaxdeboda
mxolod makvikaris mier mowveuli mowmeebisa gamosvlis Sedegad. 1998 w.
nafic msajulTa sasamarTlom daadgina, rom statia Seicavda Seuracx-
myofeli xasiaTis mtkicebulebebs, romelTa namdviloba Jurnalistma ar-
sebiTad ver daamtkica. sasamarTlom gankarguleba gasca, rom makvikars
gadaexada sasamarTlos xarjebi da aukrZala mas msgavsi gancxadebebis
gameoreba.
makvikarma saCivari evrosasamarTloSi Seitana. igi amtkicebda, rom
aRniSnul saqmeSi iuridiuli daxmarebis arqona arRvevda adaminis ufle-
baTa dacvis evrokonvenciis me-6 muxlis I paragrafs (samarTliani sasamar-
Tlo procesi) da me-10 muxls (gamoxatvis Tavisufleba). igi agreTve ac-
xadebda, rom mowmeTa Cvenebebis sasamarTloSi dauSvebloba da mtkicebis
mTeli tvirTis masze gadatana, aseve, sasamarTlo danaxarjebis dakisreba
da msgavsi publikaciebis momavalSi akrZalva kidev metad arRvevda kon-
venciis me-10 muxls.
gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daadgina, rom konvenciis me-10 da me-6
muxlebi ar darRveula.
348
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
motivacia: evrosasamarTlos azriT, makvikars araferi uSlida xels,
Tavisi ukmayofileba difamaciaSi dadanaSaulebisTvis uzenaes sasamarT-
loSi gamoexata, xolo sasamarTlo procesis miCneva usamarTlod mxolod
im mizeziT, rom mosarCle Zalze ganaTlebuli da gamocdili Jurnalis-
tia, romelsac SeuZlia, sasamarTlos damajerebeli argumentebi warud-
ginos, _ ar aris marTebuli. aqedan gamomdinare, konvenciis me-6 da me-10
muxlebis darRvevas adgili ar hqonia.
rac Seexeba mowmeTa Cvenebis dauSveblobas, gadawyvetilebas difama-
ciis procesis xarjebis dafarvisa da Semdgomi publikaciebis akrZalvis
Sesaxeb, sasamarTlom aseve daadgina, rom konvenciis me-10 muxlis darR-
vevas adgili ar hqonia. sasamarTlom Zalze seriozulad miiCnia statiaSi
gakeTebuli braldebebis SesaZlo uaryofiTi Sedegebi im adamianisTvis,
romelmac Tavisi sportuli karieris manZilze warmatebas da didebas mi-
aRwia. sasamarTlom xazgasmiT aRniSna, rom Tavad statiaSi ar aris
moyvanili arc erTi sarwmuno sabuTi dopinguri saSualebebis miRebis
Sesaxeb. am mizezebiT, sasamarTlom erTsulovnad daadgina, rom konven-
ciis me-10 muxlis darRvevas adgili ar hqonia.
2002 weli
gadawyvetileba safrangeTis winaaRmdeg
me-10 muxlis darRvevis gamo
faqtebi: saqme exeboda gazeTis redaqtoris da Jurnalistis mimarT
gamotanil gadawyvetilebas. gazeTSi gamoqveynda informacia, rom emig-
ranti muSebis saerTo sacxovreblebis mmarTvelma kompaniam am organi-
zaciis erT-erTi yofili xelmZRvanelis winaaRmdeg aRZra sasamarTlo
dava. xsenebuli verdiqti eyrdnoboda 1931 wlis 2 ivlisis kanonis me-2
muxls, romlis mixedviT, fizikuri piris mier aRZruli sasamarTlo pro-
cesis Sesaxeb nebismieri informaciis gamoqveyneba akrZalulia, sasamar-
Tlos mier ganaCenis gamotanis Semdegac ki. saqme gadaeca parizis saape-
lacio sasamarTlos, romelmac miiCnia, rom 1931 wlis kanonSi mocemuli
akrZalva Seesabameboda konvenciis me-10 muxls, ramdenadac is uzrunvel-
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
349
sasamarTlo praqtika
yofda udanaSaulobis prezumfciis dacvas da amitom Tavsdeboda am aq-
tiT daSvebul gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis SezRudvis sferoSi.
sakasacio sasamarTlom ar miiRo ganaCenis gamotanis Semdgom aRZruli
saCivari da momCivanebma adamianis uflebaTa dacvis evropis sasamarTlos
mimarTes. sasamarTlom pirvel rigSi daadastura, rom Jurnalistebi,
romlebic mimdinare sisxlis samarTlis process aSuqeben, pativs unda
scemdnen monawile mxareTa uflebebs. xolo rodesac sasamarTlom gani-
xila sakiTxi, moxda Tu ara Careva marTlmsajulebis msvlelobaSi, man
SeniSna, rom nebismieri tipis informaciaze gavrcelebuli sadavo akrZal-
va _ absoluturi da zogadi xasiaTisa _ exeboda fizikuri piris mier
inicirebul ganxilvas da ara prokuraturis mier an Cveulebrivi saCivris
safuZvelze aRZrul saqmes. mosamarTleebma gamoxates gakvirveba im gan-
sxvavebuli interpretaciis gamo, romelic ar efuZneboda raime obieqtur
mizezebs _ ramdenadac akrZalva mimarTuli iyo presis mier auditoriis
gasafrTxileblad im faqtebis Sesaxeb, romlebmac, SesaZloa, sazogado-
ebrivi rezonansi gamoiwvion (magaliTad, aseTia politikuri moRvaweebis
winaaRmdeg aRZruli saqmeebi, romlebSic maT TaRliTur moqmedebebs mi-
aweren im periodSi, rodesac isini sazogadoebrivi seqtoris kuTvnil
kompaniebs marTavdnen).
gadawyvetileba: `Canard Enchainne~-is saqmidan TiTqmis ori wlis Sem-
deg adamianis uflebaTa evropis sasamarTlo xelaxla mivida im daskv-
namde, rom safrangeTma daarRvia evrokonvenciis me-10 muxliT daculi
adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi.
motivacia: sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom arsebobs sxva meqanizmebi
gamoZiebisa da misi procedurebis saidumlos dasacavad; magaliTad, ise-
Ti, rogoric SemoTavazebulia sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis
me-11 da 91-e muxlebiT, gansakuTrebiT ki samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-9-1 mux-
liT, romelic iTvaliswinebs TiToeuli adamianis uflebas udanaSaulo-
bis prezumfciaze. ukanaskneli viTareba adgens, rom kerZo an sajaro
braldebis SemTxvevaSi, ganaCenis gamotanamde, mosamarTles SeuZlia, gas-
ces gankarguleba, raTa Sesabamis sainformacio wyaroSi gamoqveyndes
cnoba saqmis garemoebebis Sesaxeb _ braldebulis udanaSaulobis prezum-
fciis dasacavad.
moTxovna sruli akrZalvis Sesaxeb, romelic 1931 wlis kanonis mixed-
viT sasamarTlom sakmarisad miiCnia, sruliad usargeblo aRmoCnda.
350
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
amrigad, aRiarebul iqna safrangeTis mier me-10 muxlis darRveva, ram-
denadac akrZalva ar Seesabameboda sisxlis samarTlebrivi devnis kano-
nier mizans.
2002 weli
diCandi da sxvebi avstriis winaaRmdeg
faqtebi: aRniSnuli saqmeSi mosarCeles warmoadgenda b-ni diCandi, xo-
lo mopasuxes _ avstriis mTavroba.
1993 wlis ivnisSi mosarCleTa gazeTSi gamomcemlis fsevdonimiT ga-
moqveynda statia batoni grafis Sesaxeb. garda imisa, rom mas im dro-
isaTvis sakanonmdeblo komitetis Tavmjdomaris Tanamdeboba ekava, ba-
toni grafi, rogorc kerZo advokati, mosarClis erT-erTi ZiriTadi kon-
kurenti iyo. Tavisi saparlamento uflebamosilebis farglebSi batonma
grafma waradgina kanonproeqti, romelic sagrZnoblad zrdida finansur
pasuxismgeblobas sasamarTlos dadgenilebebis SeusruleblobisTvis: im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu mxare ar asrulebda sasamarTlos dadgenilebas, jarimebi
gamocemuli aRsrulebis brZanebebis ricxvis mixedviT unda gazrdiliyo.
mosarClis sagazeTo statia miuTiTebda, rom batonma grafma es kanon-
proeqti waradgina Tavisi kerZo klientis sasargeblod. avtori akriti-
kebda mas imis gamo, rom batonma grafma ar miatova Tavisi kerZo saadvo-
kato praqtika, rodesac saxelmwifo samsaxurSi daiwyo muSaoba.
batonma grafma sarCeliT mimarTa sasamarTlos da miiRo kidec dad-
genileba, romelic avaldebulebda mosarCleebs, Tavi SeekavebinaT iseTi
frazebis gamoqveynebisgan, romlebic miuTiTebda interesTa konfliqtze
_ batoni grafis, rogorc kerZo advokatisa da rogorc parlamentis wev-
ris _ uflebamosilebebTan mimarTebaSi. avstriis sasamarTlom baton
grafTan dakavSirebuli frazebi ganmarta, rogorc Seuracxyofa da iseTi
faqtebis dafiqsireba, romelTa WeSmariteba unda damtkicdes mosarClis
mier da ara subieqturi SefasebiT. garda amisa, avstriis sasamarTlom
miiCnia, rom statia Seicavda araswor faqtobriv monacems imis Sesaxeb,
rom batoni grafi iyo mTavrobis wevri. mosarClem gaasaCivra es dadge-
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
351
sasamarTlo praqtika
nileba avstriis or zemdgom sasamarTloSi, magram arc erT apelacias
Sedegi ar mohyolia.
diCandim evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlos mimarTa.
gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daadgina konvenciis me-10 muxlis dar-
Rveva.
motivacia: baton grafTan dakavSirebul frazebTan mimarTebaSi es
dadgenilebebi zRudavda Tavisufali gamoxatvis uflebas. sasamarTlom
daadgina, rom SezRudva kanonieri iyo, miuxedavad mosarClis sxvagvari
poziciisa, radgan am sakiTxze arsebobda mniSvnelovani Sidasaxelmwifo-
ebrivi sasamarTlo precedenti. sasamarTlom aseve daadgina, rom Sez-
Rudva Seesabameboda legitimur mizans, kerZod ki _ sxvaTa reputaciis
an uflebebis dacvas, miuxedavad mosarClis gansxvavebuli poziciisa. ka-
maTs mxolod is iwvevda, Tu ramdenad `aucilebeli iyo demokratiul sa-
zogadoebaSi~ es SezRudva. `aucileblobis~ sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT sasa-
marTlom kidev erTxel Camoayaliba misi ZiriTadi principebi:
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba demokratiuli sazogadoebis erT-erT arse-
biTi safuZveli da misi ganviTarebisa da TiToeuli adamianis TviTgamo-
xatvis erT-erT ZiriTad pirobaa. gamoxatvis Tavisufleba, romelic
legitimur SezRudvebs eqvemdebareba, gamoiyeneba ara mxolod im `infor-
maciasa~ Tu `ideebTan~ mimarTebaSi, romlebic dadebiTad miiReba, anda
aRiqmeba rogorc uvnebeli, aramed im SemTxvevebSic, rodesac `informa-
cia~ an `ideebi~ sawyeni, Sokis momgvreli an Semawuxebelia. Tavisufali
gamoxatvis uflebiT daculia ara mxolod gadmocemuli ideebisa da in-
formaciis Sinaarsi, aramed maTi gamoxatvis formac. SeiZleba, arsebobdes
gamonaklisebic, romlebic zustad unda Camoyalibdes.
imis Sesamowmeblad, iyo Tu ara esa Tu is gamoxatva `aucilebeli demok-
ratiul sazogadoebaSi~, sasamarTlom unda gansazRvros, gasaCivrebuli
`SezRudva~ ramdenad Seesabameboda `gadaudebel sazogadoebriv saWiro-
ebas~; iyo Tu ara is legitimuri miznis proporciuli da ramdenad Sesa-
ferisi da sakmarisia qveynis Tanamdebobis pirebis mier mis gasamarTleb-
lad SemoTavazebuli argumentebi. sazogadoebrivi interesis sakiTxebTan
dakavSiebuli politikuri gamosvlis an debatebis SezRudvebi mcire far-
glebSia SesaZlebeli. amasTan, misaRebi kritikis sazRvrebi, kerZo piris-
gan gansxvavebiT, ufro farToa politikosTan mimarTebaSi, romelic sa-
jaro uflebamosilebas axorcielebs; vinaidan es ukanaskneli gardauv-
352
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
lad da gacnobierebulad mzad aris imisaTvis, rom misi yoveli sityva da
moqmedeba detalurad Semowmdes rogorc Jurnalistebis, aseve mTeli
sazogadoebis mier. amitom, man didi tolerantoba unda gamoiCinos. po-
litikosma marTlac unda izrunos imaze, rom misi reputacia daculi
iyos im SemTxvevaSic, rodesac is ar moqmedebs piradi uflebamosilebis
farglebSi, magram aseTi dacvis moTxovnebi unda Seesabamebodes politi-
kuri sakiTxebis Ria ganxilvis interess...
presa mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs demokratiul sazogadoebaSi. mar-
Talia, man ar unda gadaabijos garkveul sazRvrebs, gansakuTrebiT maSin,
rodesac saqme exeba sxvebis reputaciasa da uflebebs; da mainc, misi valia,
sakuTari movaleobebisa da pasuxismgeblobis Sesabamisad gaavrcelos
informacia da mosazrebebi sazogadoebisTvis saintereso yvela sakiTxze.
aseTi informaciisa da mosazrebebis gavrceleba marto presis valdebuleba
ar aris, sazogadoebas aqvs maTi miRebis ufleba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, presa
ver SeZlebda `sazogadoebrivi darajis~ sasicocxlo rolis Sesrulebas.
meaTe muxli icavs ara mxolod gadmocemuli ideebisa da informaciis
Sinaarss, aramed maTi gamoxatvis formasac. Jurnalisturi Tavisufleba
aseve moicavs gazviadebis garkveuli xarisxis an TviT provokaciis Se-
saZlo gamoyenebas.
Tavis praqtikaSi sasamarTlo erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs faqtebis
gadmocemas da subieqtur Sefasebas. im dros, rodesac SesaZlebelia faq-
tebis arsebobis demonstrireba, subieqturi Sefasebis WeSmaritebis dam-
tkiceba SeuZlebelia. subieqturi Sefasebis WeSmaritebis damtkicebis
moTxovna Seusrulebelia da es moTxovna arRvevs TviT azris Tavisuf-
lebas, romelic Tavisufali gamoxatvis uflebis ZiriTadi nawilia.
rodesac gamonaTqvami subieqtur Sefasebas uTanabrdeba, SezRudvis
proporciuloba SeiZleba damokidebuli iyos imaze, arsebobs Tu ara sak-
marisi faqtobrivi safuZveli gansaxilveli gamonaTqvamisTvis; vinaidan
subieqturi Sefasebac ki, yovelgvari faqtobrivi safuZvliT gamyarebis
gareSe, SeiZleba zedmeti iyos.
publikaciis politikuri konteqstis fonze sasamarTlom daaskvna,
rom mosarClis publikaciaSi gamoqveynebuli fraza ufro subieqturi
Sefaseba iyo, vidre faqtis gadmocema. Sesabamisad, mosarCles ar unda
moeTxovos aseTi frazebis WeSmaritebis mtkiceba.
evrosasamarTlo ar daeTanxma avstriis sasamarTloebis daskvnas, rom
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
353
sasamarTlo praqtika
statiaSi arasworad iyo warmodgenili faqti batoni grafis mTavrobis
wevrobis Sesaxeb. sasamarTlom Tqva, rom mocemul konteqstSi aseTi gan-
marteba ar iyo gamarTlebuli. marTlac, maT ganacxades, rom batoni gra-
fis zusti funqcia garkveviT iyo aRwerili statiaSi.
statiaSi interesTa konfliqtze miTiTebasTan dakavSirebiT sasamar-
Tlom daadgina, rom es cnobebi iyo subieqturi Sefasebebi, romelTaT-
visac sakmarisi faqtobrivi safuZveli arsebobda da Sesabamisad, maTi
mtkicebis aucileblobac ar arsebobda.
interesTa konfliqtze miTiTebebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlom aRniSna: ba-
toni grafi iyo gavleniani politikosi da sazogadoebaSi SeiZleba dis-
kusia gamoiwvios faqtma, rom politikosi aRmoCnda iseT situaciaSi, ro-
desac biznesi da politikuri saqmianoba erTmaneTTan konfliqtSi modis
_ im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi kanonmdeblobis
mixedviT, Tanamdebobrivi SeuTavseblobis problema ar warmoiSveba.
rac Seexeba mosarClis gamonaTqvamebis uxeSobas, sasamarTlom dasZina:
mosarCleebma mwir faqtobriv safuZvelze dayrdnobiT marTlac gamoaq-
veynes Zlieri polemikuri eniT dawerili mwvave kritika. Tumca isic unda
aRiniSnos, rom Tavisufali gamoxatvis ufleba aseve icavs informaciasa
da ideebs, romlebic iwveven wyenas, Soks an SeSfoTebas.
yovelive zemoTqmulis safuZvelze, sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom avs-
triam ugulebelyo adamianis uflebaTa evropul konvenciaSi wevr saxel-
mwifoTa mier aRiarebuli faseulobebis farglebi da dadgenileba ar
iyo miznis proporciuli.
2002 weli
iankovi bulgareTis winaaRmdeg
faqtebi: todor antimov iankovi 1943 wels daibada qalaq plovdivSi,
bulgareTi. igi iyo miwis sainvesticio fondis da finansuri kompaniis
aRmasrulebeli direqtori. igi warsulSi aseve muSaobda ekonomikis mas-
wavleblad da hqonda am saganSi doqtoris xarisxi.
1996 wels igi daapatimres ukanono finansur garigebebSi monawileobis
354
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
braldebiT. ivankovi dakavebuli iyo da sasamarTlo process eloda ori
wlisa da TiTqmis oTxi Tvis ganmavlobaSi. dakavebaSi yofnisas b-nma ian-
kovma warumateblad Seitana ramdenime gancxadeba gaTavisuflebis
TxovniT. sxva motivTa Soris igi acxadebda Semdegs: is garemoeba, rom
yvela mtkicebuleba Segrovda gamoZiebis pirveli ramdenime Tvis ganmav-
lobaSi, amcirebda mis mier gamoZiebis Seferxebis raime safrTxes; mas ar
hqonda nasamarTlobis istoria; da ar arsebobda misi gauCinarebis saf-
rTxe, misi asakis, ojaxuri da janmrTelobis mdgomareobis gaTvaliswi-
nebiT, man ganacxada, rom sxva mizezebTan erTad itanjeboda maRali wne-
viT, aTero-skleroziT, TirkmelebSi kenWis gavliT, diabetiTa da depre-
siiT. igi aseve acxadebda, rom mis mimarT mtkicebulebebi iyo metad susti
da braldebebi efuZneboda Sesabamisi kanonis yalb interpretacias. Sede-
gad, 1998 wlis TebervalSi igi gaagzavnes hospitalSi specialuri samedi-
cino mkurnalobisTvis.
1998 wlis 10 marts advokatebTan Sexvedris win gaCxrekisas, cixis ofi-
cerma moaxdina im wignis konfiskacia, romelsac igi werda, im motiviT,
rom ivankovi apirebda am wignis advokatisaTvis gadacemas. teqstSi, rome-
lic aRwerda ganmcxadeblis dakavebas da mis winaaRmdeg warmoebul pro-
cess, cixis mcvelebs uwodebda `kargad-danayrebul usaqmurebs~ da `ub-
ralo soflelebs~, xolo cixis oficers uwodebda `provinciels~ da pro-
kurorebsa da gamomZieblebs aSkarad moixseniebda, rogorc `Zalaufle-
bis mqone unamuso adamianebs~. igi acxadebda, rom apirebda, mxolod ad-
vokatisaTvis waekiTxva Tavisi xelnaweridan ramdenime fragmenti, vina-
idan es mxolod masalis Savi versia iyo.
imave dRes cixis ufrosma gamosca da aRasrula brZaneba ganmcxadeb-
lis winaaRmdeg `oficrebis, gamomZieblebis, mosamarTleebis, prokuro-
rebisa da saxelmwifo institutebis winaaRmdeg Seuracxmyofeli da
cilismwamebluri gancxadebebisaTvis~. ivankovs Tavi gadaparses da mo-
aTavses izolatorSi 17 martamde. mis sakans ar hqonda tualeti da sakma-
risi sinaTle. igi imyofeboda metad mZime higienur pirobebSi.
aplikanti saavadmyofoSi moaTavses 1998 wlis 25 marts. 1998 wlis 10
ivliss igi gamouSves giraoTi janmrTelobis mdgomareobis gamo.
1998 wlis 30 oqtombers plovdivis raionulma sasamarTlom cno bral-
debulis braleuloba sazRvargareT Tanxebis ukanono gadaricxvebSi da
miusaja mas xuTi wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa. 2000 wlis 5 ivniss misi
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
355
sasamarTlo praqtika
ganaCeni gauqmda da ganaxlda winaswari gamoZieba. 2002 wlis noemberSi
warmoeba jer kidev mimdinareobda.
adamianis uflebaTa evropis komisiaSi ivankovma gancxadeba 1997 wlis
5 seqtembers Seitana. aplikanti Cioda, rom cixeSi mis mimarT mopyroba
ewinaaRmdegeboda adamianis uflebaTa evropis konvenciis mTel rig mux-
lebs, kerZod me-3 muxls (araadamianuri da damamcirebeli mopyrobisa
da sasjelis akrZalva) vinaidan igi moaTavses izolatorSi da gadaparses
Tavi. igi aseve acxadebda, rom wignis dawerisaTvis mis mimarT gamoyene-
buli disciplinuri zoma arRvevda me-10 muxls (gamoxatvis Tavisufleba),
aseve misi dakaveba ewinaaRmdegeboda me-5 muxls (Tavisuflebisa da usaf-
rTxoebis ufleba) da rom sisxlis samarTalwarmoebis xangrZlivoba iyo
aramizanSewonili da arRvevda me-6(1) muxls (sasamarTlo procesis goniv-
ruli vadebis ufleba). igi aseve miuTiTebda mis mimarT me-13 muxlis
(efeqturi dacvis ufleba) darRvevis faqtze.
2000 wlis 11 maiss ivankovis saqme nawilobriv dauSveblad cnes, xolo
2002 wlis 12 seqtembers sasamarTlom gancxadebis danarCeni nawilic
dasaSvebad gamoacxada.
gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daadgina, rom dairRva konvenciis me-10,
me-13, me-5(3), me-5(4), me-5(5) da me-6(1) muxlebi.
motivacia: sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom patimars, romelsac Tavs ZaliT
gadaparsavdnen, aucileblad eqneboda arasrulfasovnebis SegrZneba.
msgavsi mopyrobis magaliTi sxvebisTvisac, maT Soris cixis personalis,
dakavebulebisa da vizitorebis Tu sazogadoebisTvis, dauyovnebliv gax-
deboda TvalsaCino, Tu patimari gaTavisufldeboda an mas male sajarod
gamoiyvandnen. sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom dakavebulTa Tavis ZaliT ga-
daparsva principSi warmoadgenda moqmedebas, romelsac SeeZlo daemci-
rebina adamianis Rirseba an maTSi gamoewvia arasrulfasovnebis SegrZneba,
rac maT udavod daamcirebda.
gasaCivrebul moqmedebas ar hqonda samarTlebrivi safuZveli da ar
iyo myarad dasabuTebuli. Tundac igi ar yofiliyo mimarTuli damcire-
bisaken, aplikantisaTvis Tmebis gadaparsva specifiuri dasabuTebis gare-
Se TavisTavad iyo TviTneboba da dasjadi qmedeba da aqedan gamomdinare
mimarTuli iyo misi damcirebisaken. aplikantsac hqonda mizezi efiqra,
rom mizani swored misi damcireba iyo, vinaidan mas Tavi gadaparses sas-
jelis konteqstSi kritikuli da Seuracxmyofeli SeniSvnebis dawerisaT-
356
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
vis, sxvebTan erTad cixis mcvelebis Sesaxeb. aq aseve mniSvneloba hqonda
aplikantis asaks (55 weli im droisTvis) da im faqts, rom igi sajaro gan-
xilvaze gamoiyvanes Tavis gadaparsvidan mecxre dRes.
aplikantisaTvis Tmebis gadaparsva izolatorSi moTavsebis konteq-
stSi kritikuli da Seuracxmyofeli SeniSvnebis dawerisaTvis warmoad-
genda gaumarTlebel mopyrobas, rac SesaZlebeli iyo Sefasebuliyo, ro-
gorc damamcirebeli. sasamarTlom es miiCnia me-3 muxlis darRvevad.
konvenciis me-10 muxlis (gamoxatvis Tavisufleba) konteqstSi sasamar-
Tlom aRniSna, rom bulgareTis xelisuflebam aplikants Seufarda sasje-
li ise, rom gadawyvetilebebSi arc ki miuTiTebiaT, Tu ratom miiCnevdnen
mis gancxadebebs Seuracxmyofelad. miuxedavad imisa, rom gakeTebuli
komentarebi SeiZleboda miCneuli yofiliyo Seuracxmyofelad, isini
namdvilad ar iyo mZime xasiaTis mqone. isini aseve iyo xelnaweris formiT
dawerili im enaze da im stiliT, rac axasiaTebda personalur memuarebs
Tu msgavs literaturul formebs da igi Seicavda marTlmsajulebis aR-
srulebisa da masSi monawile pirebis arsebiT kritikas. amitomac bulga-
rel xelisufalT unda eCvenebinaT TavSekaveba TavianT reaqciebSi.
sasamarTlo aseve ganacvifra im faqtma, rom aplikanti dasajes saku-
Tari fiqrebis pirad xelnawerze gadatanisaTvis, rac mas aSkarad aravis-
Tvis ar uCvenebia CamorTmevis momentisaTvis. mas arc `uTqvams~ da arc
`gauvrcelebia~ raime Seuracxmyofeli an damamcirebeli gancxadebebi.
kerZod, ar yofila araviTari braldeba imaSi, rom man gaavrcela teqsti
sxva dakavebulebs Soris. aseve, manuskripti, rogorc dokumentis proeqti
ar iyo mzad gamoqveynebisTvis da ar arsebobda misi dauyovneblivi gavr-
celebis safrTxe, Tundac igi gatanili yofiliyo cixidan.
Tumca cixis administraciis wevrebi, romlebmac waikiTxes xelnaweri,
SeiZleboda piradad Seuracxyofili darCeniliyvnen maT Sesaxeb iq ga-
moTqmuli SeniSvnebiT, metad rTuli iyo am argumentis safuZvelze apli-
kantis dasjis gamarTleba. sajaro moxeleebze arasaTanado gavlena ar
unda moaxdinos piradma grZnobebma. ar momxdara samarTliani balansi,
erTi mxriv, aplikantis gamoxatvis Tavisuflebasa da, meore mxriv, sasa-
marTlo xelisuflebis avtoritetis SenarCunebasa da sajaro moxeleebis
reputaciis dacvas Soris. Seuracxmyofeli SeniSvnebis gakeTebisaTvis
sasamarTlo sistemis makritikebel pirad xelnawerSi, romelic ar
gavrcelebula dakavebulTa Soris, aplikantisaTvis sasjelad sadiscip-
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
357
sasamarTlo praqtika
lino sakanSi SviddRiani patimrobis SefardebiT xelisuflebam daarRvia
dasaSvebi moqmedebis farglebi, amgvarad daarRvia me-10 muxli.
aplikantis gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis darRvevasTan dakavSirebiT sasa-
marTlom aRniSna, rom am manuskriptis amoReba adgilze moxda da igi
moaTavses izolatorSi mis mimarT disciplinuri brZanebis gamocemis-
Tanave. ar dasabuTebula, rom mas misces gasaCivrebis gonivruli SesaZ-
lebloba sasjelis aRsrulebamde. im droisTvis da 2002 wlamde bulgare-
Tis kanonmdebloba ar iTvaliswinebda saizolacio sakanSi patimris mo-
Tavsebis faqtis gasaCivrebas sasamarTloSi.
sasamarTlom daadgina, rom aplikants ar hqonda mis winaaRmdeg da-
mamcirebel mopyrobaze an misi gamoxatvis Tavisuflebaze efeqturi re-
agirebis saSualeba, Sesabamisad daaskvna, rom dairRva me-13 muxli.
dapatimrebis Semdeg, aplikanti warudgines gamomZiebels, romelsac
ar hqonda ufleba, mieRo savaldebulo gadawyvetileba misi dakavebis
Sesaxeb. arc gamomZiebeli, arc prokurori, romelTac daamtkices daka-
veba, ar iyvnen saTanadod damoukidebelni da miukerZoebelni me-5(3) mux-
lis miznebisaTvis, braldebis procesSi maT mier Sesrulebuli praqti-
kuli rolis da sisxlis samarTalwarmoebaSi maTi monawileobis gaTvalis-
winebiT. aqedan gamomdinare, adgili hqonda me-5(3) muxlis darRvevas,
vinaidan aplikanti ar warudgines sasamarTlos Tu sxva pirs, romelic
kanonis Sesabamisad iqneboda uflebamosili, ganexorcielebina sasamarT-
lo xelisufleba.
sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom Tumca aplikantma warmoadgina argumenta-
cia misi dakavebis safuZvlebis aramizanSewonilobis Sesaxeb, sakuTar ga-
dawyvetilebebSi bulgareTis sasamarTloebs ar ganuxilavT arc erTi am
argumentTagani da aSkarad CaTvales, rom maT kavSiri ar hqondaT winas-
wari dakavebis kanonierebis sakiTxTan. es warmoadgenda me-5(4) muxlis
darRvevas (ufleba, rom dakavebis kanoniereba swrafad gadawydes sasa-
marTlos mier).
sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom bulgareTis kanonmdebloba aplikants ar
aZlevda kompensaciis savaldebulo uflebas dakavebis gamo, riTic dair-
Rva me-5(5) muxli (kompensaciis savaldebulo ufleba).
samarTalwarmoeba grZeldeboda sul mcire eqvsi wlisa da 5 Tvis gan-
mavlobaSi, Sesabamisad sasamarTlom daadgina, rom dairRva me-6(1) muxli
(gonivrul droSi samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba).
358
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, sasamarTlom gamoiyena 41-e muxli
(samarTliani dakmayofileba) da aplikants kompensaciis saxiT mianiWa 8, 000
evro araqonebrivi zianisaTvis da 4, 000 evro gaweuli xarjebisaTvis.
2003 weli
Scharsach and News Verlagsgesellschaft mbH -i
avstriis winaaRmdeg
faqtebi: ganmcxadeblebs warmoadgendnen venaSi mcxovrebi avstrieli
Jurnalisti hans-hening CarsaCi da axali ambebis yovelkvireuli gazeTis
News mesakuTre da gamomcemeli kompania Scharsach and News Verlagsgesell-
schaft mbH.
1995 wels gazeTma dabeWda statia, saTauriT �yavisferi Savis da wiT-
lis nacvlad?�. am statiaSi batoni CarsaCi ganmartavda, Tu ratom ewina-
aRmdegeboda samTavrobo koaliciis Seqmnas avstriis Tavisuflebis par-
tiis monawileobiT, romelsac saTaveSi iorg haideri edga. statia akri-
tikebda avstriis Tavisuflebis partias imis gamo, rom misma mesveurebma
ver SeZles gamijvna ultra memarjveneobisagan; statiaSi, agreTve, aRniS-
nuli iyo, rom �Zveli faruli nacistebi�, romelTac partia 1980-ian wleb-
Si miatoves, dabrundnen haideris xelmZRvanelobiT. amis dasturad av-
torma daasaxela garkveuli pirebi, maT Soris, qalbatoni rozenkranci.
politikosi qalbatoni rozenkranci iyo qvemo avstriis parlamentis
regionuli palatis (landtagi) wevri da qvemo avstriis Tavisuflebis
partiis regionuli ofisis Tavmjdomaris moadgile. sasamarTlo warmo-
ebis dawyebis momentisaTvis igi iyo avstriis parlamentis wevri da qvemo
avstriis Tavisuflebis partiis regionuli ofisis Tavmjdomare. misi me-
uRles sazogadoeba icnobda, rogorc ultramemarjvene politikoss da
gazeT `Akten“-is gamomcemels.
qalbatonma rozenkrancma aRZra sisxlis samarTalwarmoeba pativisa
da Rirsebis Selaxvis gamo baton CarsaCis winaaRmdeg da Seitana sarCeli
zianis anazRaurebis moTxovniT �News Verlagsgessellschaft mbH�-is wina-
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
359
sasamarTlo praqtika
aRmdeg. 1998 wlis 21 ivniss sent poltenis regionulma sasamarTlom ba-
toni CarsaCi braleulad cno pativisa da Rirsebis SelaxvaSi da daakisra
jarima daaxloebiT 4, 360 evros odenobiT. mediis Sesaxeb kanonis Sesaba-
misad, `News Verlagsgessellschaft mbH�-s mieca miTiTeba, momCivanisaTvis
2,180 evro gadaexada. regionulma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom statiis
mtkicebiT, q-ni rozenkranci CarTuli iyo farul neo-nacistur saqmiano-
baSi, magram statiis avtorma faqti ver daadastura.
ganmcxadebelTa saCivris mixedviT, maT winaaRmdeg gamotanilma gana-
Cenma daarRvia maTi gamoxatvis Tavisufleba, romelic garantirebulia
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-10 muxliT.
gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom moxda konvenciis me-10
muxlis darRveva.
motivacia: adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom
ganmcxadebelTa winaaRmdeg gadawyvetileba warmoadgenda maTi gamoxat-
vis TavisuflebaSi Carevas. es Careva dadgenili iyo kanoniT da hqonda
legitimuri mizani, kerZod, sxvaTa reputaciisa Tu uflebebis dacva.
sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom statia dawerili iyo politikur konteqstSi
da mimarTuli iyo politikosis winaaRmdeg; Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom
daadgina, rom dasaSvebi kritikis farglebi politikosis mimarT ufro
farToa, vidre kerZo piris mimarT. evropis sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom
avstriis sasamarTloebma ver SeZles, saTanado yuradReba mieqciaT sta-
tiis politikuri konteqstisTvis, rodesac isini afasebdnen Seuracxmyo-
feli sityvebis mniSvnelobas. termini �faruli nacisti� (�Closet Nazi�)
gagebul unda yofiliyo adekvatur konteqstSi, im mniSvnelobiT, rome-
lic mas misca Tavisuflebis partiis politikosma; kerZod, �faruli na-
cisti� avtorma aRwera, rogorc piri, romelsac araerTgvarovani damoki-
debuleba hqonda nacionaluri socializmis ideebTan.
avstriis sasamarTloebisgan gansxvavebiT, evropis sasamarTlom miiC-
nia, rom termini �faruli nacisti� miCneuli unda yofiliyo ara mxolod
rogorc gancxadeba faqtis Sesaxeb, aramed rogorc SefasebiTi gancxa-
deba sazogadoebrivi interesis mqone mniSvnelovan sakiTxze. Tumca, ar
iyo dadasturebuli q-ni rozenkrancis neo-nacistobis faqti, igi iyo me-
uRle politikosisa, romelic ultramemarjvene gazeTs gamoscemda. ro-
gorc politikosi, igi sajarod arasodes gamijvnia meuRlis politikur
360
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
Sexedulebebs da sajarod akritikebda �akrZlvis aqts� (Prohibition Act),
romliTac nacionalur-socialisturi saqmianoba ukanonod gamocxadda.
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom q-ni rozenkranci iyo politikosi; aseve
JurnalistTa da presis rolis gaTvaliswinebiT sazogadoebrivi inte-
resis mqone sakiTxebze sazogadoebis informirebis mxriv, sasamarTlom
miiCnia, rom �faruli nacistis� cnebis gamoyeneba ar scildeboda samarT-
liani komentaris kategorias. amitomac ganmcxadeblis uflebebSi Careva
dasaxuli miznis araproporciuli iyo da ar iyo �aucilebeli demokra-
tiul sazogadoebaSi�.
2003 weli
C.S.Y. TurqeTis winaaRmdeg
da iasar qemal goqCeli TurqeTis winaaRmdeg
faqtebi: 2003 wlis 4 marts adamianis uflebaTa evropis sasamarTlom
warmoebaSi gaaerTiana ori saqme da miiRo saerTo gadawyvetileba.
saqmis garemoebebis mixedviT, C.S.Y. iyo gamomcemloba, kerZo kompania,
romlis registrirebuli ofisi mdebareobda stambolSi. iasar qemali
goqCeli ki iyo stambolSi mcxovrebi Turqi mwerali.
1995 wlis 2 Tebervals momCivanma kompaniam dabeWda iasar qemal goq-
Celis ori statia wignSi `gamoxatvis Tavisufleba da TurqeTi~. statiebi
_ `Savi ca TurqeTis Tavze~ da `SesaZloa, gaizardos Tqvenze zewola~
ukve gamoqveynebuli iyo sazRvargareT. wigni warmoadgenda statiebis
krebuls, romelSic gakritikebuli iyo da komentari ukeTdeboda Turqe-
Tis xelisuflebis politikas `Turqul problemasTan~ dakavSirebiT,
TurqeTis respublikis daarsebis Semdgom.
1995 wlis 2 Tebervals erovnuli uSiSroebis sasamarTlos mosamarTlem
gasca brZaneba am wignis dapatimrebis Sesaxeb im motiviT, rom aRniSnuli
statiebi aRvivebdnen mtrobas da SuRls rasobrivi da eTnikuri war-
momavlobis niadagze. imave dRes, policiis oficrebi mividnen momCivani
kompaniis ofisSi dapatimrebis orderis aRsasruleblad. Tumca, vinaidan
ukve gavrcelebuli iyo wignis yvela asli, maT ver SeZles am gamocemis
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
361
sasamarTlo praqtika
dapatimreba. ar dakmayofilda gamomcemlis da statiebis avtoris saCivari
gamocemis dayadaRebis Sesaxeb brZanebis gauqmebasTan dakavSirebiT.
gamomcemlisa da statiebis avtoris winaaRmdeg aRiZra ori sisxlis
samarTlis saqme terorizmis aRkveTis Sesaxeb aqtis me-8 muxlisa da sisx-
lis samarTlis kodeqsis 313(2) muxlis safuZvelze. pirveli saqme statia
`SesaZloa, gaizardos Tqvenze zewolas~-Tan dakavSirebiT, dasrulda 1995
wlis 1 dekembers erovnuli uSiSroebis sasamarTlos mier braldebulebis
gamarTlebiT. rac Seexeba samarTalwarmoebas statiasTan _ `Savi ca Tur-
qeTis Tavze~, 1996 wlis 7 martis gadawyvetilebaSi erovnuli uSiSroebis
sasamarTlom braldebulebi damnaSaved cno sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis
312-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli qmedebis CadenaSi. gamomcemels daekisra
jarimis gadaxda 3.491.666 Turquli liris odenobiT, romlis gamoyeneba
SeCerda, xolo avtors miesaja patimroba erTi wlisa da rva Tvis xangrZ-
livobiT da jarima 466.666 Turquli liris odenobiT, romlis gamoyeneba
aseve SeCerda. sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom mTlianobaSi es statia miznad
isaxavda mtrobisa da SuRlis gaRvivebas Turquli da qurTuli warmo-
mavlobis moqalaqeebs Soris da rasisa da warmomavlobis adgilis safuZ-
velze. 1996 wlis 18 oqtombers sakasacio sasamarTlom daadastura pir-
vel instanciaSi miRebuli gadawyvetileba.
saqmeSi `c.s.y. TurqeTis winaaRmdeg~ momCivanma kompaniam ganacxada,
rom wignis `gamoxatvis Tavisufleba da TurqeTi~ dayadaRebiT Seilaxa
misi gamoxatvis Tavisufleba, gaTvaliswinebuli adamianis uflebaTa ev-
ropis konvenciis me-10 muxliT. saqmeSi iasar qemal goqCeli TurqeTis
winaaRmdeg, momCivani konvenciis me-10 muxlze dayrdnobiT acxadebda,
rom Seilaxa misi gamoxatvis Tavisufleba, vinaidan mis mimarT ganxorci-
elda sisxlis samarTlebrivi devna statiis dawerisaTvis.
konvenciis me-6(2) muxlis safuZvelze, igi aseve Cioda, rom dairRva
misi udanaSaulobis prezumfcia, vinaidan mosamarTle da erovnuli uSiS-
roebis sasamarTlo wignis dayadaRebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebiT daeyr-
dnen prezumfcias, rom sadavo statiebi winaaRmdegobaSi modioda kanon-
mdeblobasTan. dabolos, momCivani acxadebda, rom misi msjavrdeba ewi-
naaRmdegeboda me-7 muxls (ar arsebobs sasjeli kanonis gareSe).
gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daadgina, rom dairRva konvenciis me-10
muxli da ar darRveula me-6(2) da me-7 muxlebi.
motivacia: adamianis uflebaTa evropis sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom ga-
362
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
saCivrebuli zomebi warmoadgenda momCivanTa gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis
SezRudvas da isini kanoniT iyo dadgenili. iasar jemal goqCelis msjav-
rdeba efuZneboda sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 312-e muxls, xolo wignis
dayadaReba TurqeTis konstituciis 28-e muxls da sisxlis samarTlis
saprocesi kodeqsis 86-e muxls. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom aRniSnuli
SezRudvebi or mizans isaxavda, romlebic SesabamisobaSi iyo me-10(2) mux-
lTan: erTianoba da erovnuli usafrTxoeba da teritoriuli mTlianoba.
sasamarTlom daadgina, rom sadavo statiebi dawerili iyo politikuri
gamosvlis formiT, rogorc Sinaarsobrivad, aseve gamoyenebuli termine-
bis gaTvaliswinebiT. memarcxene mimdinareobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sit-
yvebis gamoyenebiT, avtori akritikebda da gmobda samxreT-aRmosavleT
TurqeTSi xelisuflebis samxedro aqciebs da maT mier gatarebul poli-
tikas, rac, misi azriT, gulisxmobda sakuTari miwidan qurTebis gandevnas,
maTi winaaRmdegobis moZraobis da brZolis CaxSobas avtonomiisTvis,
kulturisa da TviTgamorkvevis konteqsSi. sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom sta-
tiebSi gamoyenebuli terminebi faqtebs asaxavda da hqonda mkafiod
agresiuli xasiaTis emociuli toni.
garkveuli nawilebi gansakuTrebiT negatiurad warmoaCenda Turq
xelisufalT da hqonda mtruli toni. miuxedavad amisa, sasamarTlom
miiCnia, rom es iyo ufro konfliqtis erTi mxaris Seurigebeli poziciis
gamoxatuleba, vidre mowodeba Zaladobisaken.
mTlianobaSi, statiebis Sinaarsi ver CaiTvleboda Zaladobisaken, Se-
iaraRebuli winaaRmdegobisaken Tu amboxebisaken mowodebad: sasamarT-
los azriT, es iyo arsebiTi faqtori, romelic mxedvelobaSi unda yofi-
liyo miRebuli. ufro metic, gansaxilveli statiebis ZiriTadi idea Sem-
degSi mdgomareobda: `qurTuli problemis gadawyveta aucilebelia
mSvidobiani saSualebebiT~. sasamarTlom agreTve aRniSna avtorze dade-
buli jarimis simkacris Sesaxeb. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom
wignis dayadaReba da statiebis avtoris sisxlis samarTlebrivi msjavr-
deba ar iyo `aucilebeli demokratiul sazogadoebaSi~. man aRniSnul saq-
meebze erTxmad daadgina konvenciis me-10 muxlis darRveva.
rac Seexeba iasar qemal goqCelis gancxadebas, mis mimarT udanaSaulo-
bis prezumfciis darRvevis Taobaze, sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom wignis
dayadaReba iyo gardamavali RonisZieba Semdgomi samarTalwarmoebis ga-
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
363
sasamarTlo praqtika
marTvis perspeqtiviT. yadaRis dadebis Sesaxeb mosamarTlis gadawyveti-
leba miuTiTebda `eWvis arsebobis Sesaxeb~ da ar Seicavda braldebas.
ufro metic, Semdgomi samarTalwarmoebisas ar gamovlenila dadgenili
eWvis safuZvlianoba. aqedan gamomdinare, sasamarTlom erTxmad daadgina,
rom ar momxdara konvenciis me-6 (2) muxlis darRveva.
orive saqmeSi sasamarTlom daadgina, rom darRvevis dafiqsireba Ta-
visTavad warmoadgenda samarTlian dakmayofilebas ara qonebrivi ziani-
saTvis, romelic ganicades momCivanebma. sasamarTlom gamomcemloba c.s.y.-
is sakompensacio Tanxa daniSna 1500 evros odenobiT.
2003 weli
lesniki slovakeTis winaaRmdeg
faqtebi: ganmcxadebelma, 1940 wels dabadebulma slovakeTis moqalaqe
aleqsei lesnikma 1991 wlis 2 dekembers moiTxova erTi biznesmenis wina-
aRmdeg sisxlis samarTalwarmoebis dawyeba siyalbisaTvis. mas Semdeg, rac
am Txovnaze uari miiRo Sesabamisi saxelmwifo organoebisagan, a. lesnikma
policiaSi iCivla im motiviT, rom mas emuqrebodnen da ismenden mis sate-
lefono saubrebs. lesnikis winaaRmdeg aRiZra sisxlis samarTlis saqme
zemoaRniSnuli biznesmenis qonebis qurdobisTvis. 1993 wlis 6 dekembers
man werili miswera raionis prokurors da brali dasdo mis winaaRmdeg
saqmis gayalbebaSi, misi saCivris usamarTlod ukugdebasa da misi tele-
fonis mosmenis brZanebis gacemaSi. a. lesnikma aseve werili miswera gene-
ralur prokurors, sadac miuTiTa, rom raionis prokurorma borotad
gamoiyena samsaxurebrivi mdgomareoba da savaraudod, iRebda qrTams.
1995 wlis 25 aprils a. lesniks sajaro moxeleze sityvieri Setevis
ganxorcielebisTvis, 4 TviT patimroba miusajes, Tumca mas erTwliani
gamosacdeli vada misces. misi saCivari ar dakmayofilda, savaWro licen-
zia ki gauuqmda 1996 wlis 28 oqtombers, msjavrdebis motiviT, Tumca
1997 wlis 4 ivniss mas kvlav aRudga savaWro licenzia. lesnikma gaira
registracia, rogorc axali biznesis mesakuTrem da miiRo vaWrobis axali
licenzia.
364
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
man adamianis uflebaTa evropis sasamarTloSi Seitana ganacxadi ada-
mianis uflebaTa evropis konvenciis me-10 muxlis (gamoxatvis Tavisuf-
leba) safuZvelze. igi Cioda, rom misi msjavrdeba moxda saxelmwifo
bralmdebelis im moqmedebaTa kritikis gamo, romlebsac igi ukanonod
miiCnevda. igi aseve Cioda, rom mis mimarT gamoyenebuli zomebi arapro-
porciuli iyo, vinaidan msjavrdebis Sedegad mas gauuqmes savaWro li-
cenzia.
gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom, xuTi xmiT oris winaaRmdeg, daadgina,
rom adgili ar hqonia adamianis uflebaTa evropis konvenciis me-10 mux-
lis darRvevas.
motivacia: sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom a. lesnikis winaaRmdeg sisxlis
samarTlebriv devnas hqonda legitimuri mizani _ raionis prokuroris
reputaciisa da uflebebis dacva. Tumca sajaro moxeleTa kritikis far-
glebi farToa, vidre kerZo pirebis kritikis farglebi, isini mainc ar
unda eqvemdebarebodnen TavianTi yoveli sityvisa da moqmedebis iseT gaz-
rdil kontrols, rogorsac unda eqvemdebarebodnen politikosebi. pro-
kurorebi arian sajaro moxeleebi, romelTa mizania, wvlili Seitanon
marTlmsajulebis swor ganxorcielebaSi da sazogadoebis mxridan maT-
dami ndoba sazogado interess warmoadgens. aqedan gamomdinare, aucile-
belia maTi dacva usafuZvlo braldebebisagan. individebi uflebamosili
arian gaakritikon marTlmsajulebis aRsruleba da am procesSi CarTuli
oficialuri pirebi, magram msgavsma kritikam ar unda gadalaxos garkve-
uli farglebi.
lesnikis werilebi Seicavda SefasebiT gancxadebebs, romlebic ar eq-
vemdebareba mtkicebas, magram isini aseve Seicavda ukanono da Seuracx-
myofeli moqmedebebis Cadenis braldebas. nacionalurma sasamarTloebma
marTebulad moiTxoves misgan msgavsi braldebebis gasamyareblad mtki-
cebulebebis warmodgena. maT miiCnies, rom es braldebebi iyo usafuZvlo
da saqmeSi ar arsebobda arc erTi garemoeba, romelic gvafiqrebinebda
sasamarTloebis msgavsi daskvnis TviTnebur xasiaTs. ufro metic, pro-
kuroris reputaciisaTvis miyenebuli ziani SeiZleba kidev ufro damZi-
mebuliyo gazeTSi maTi gamoqveynebiT, rasac Tavad ganmcxadebelma Seuwyo
xeli Sesabamisi dokumentebis gavrcelebiT.
adamianis uflebaTa evropis sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom a. lesnikma
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
365
sasamarTlo praqtika
ver SeZlo daemtkicebina, rom ganicada raime ziani misi savaWro licen-
ziis gauqmebiT, da mas SeeZlo, nebismier SemTxvevaSi moeTxova kompensacia
Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobis mixedviT. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom msgavs sa-
kiTxebSi nacionalur organoebs aqvT Carevis gansazRvruli farglebi,
gasaCivrebuli Careva ar iyo legitimuri miznis araproporciuli. aqedan
gamomdinare, msgavsi Careva aucilebeli iyo adamianis uflebaTa evropis
konvenciis me-10 muxlis me-2 punqtis miznebisTvis.
2003 weli
roumeni da Smiti luqsemburgis winaaRmdeg
faqtebi: robert roumeni iyo luqsemburgeli Jurnalisti, an-mari
Smiti ki, aseve luqsemburgis moqalaqe, iyo misi advokati nacionalur
saqmis warmoebaSi.
1998 wlis 21 ivliss yoveldRiurma gazeTma Lëtzëbuerger Journal gamo-
aqveyna r. roumenis statia, saTauriT `ministri v. msjavrdebulia gadasa-
xadebis gadaxdisagan Tavis aridebisaTvis.~ statiaSi igi acxadebda, rom
ministrs daekisra sagadasaxado jarima 100,000 luqsemburgis frankis (da-
axloebiT 2,500 evro) odenobiT gadasaxadebis gadaxdisagan Tavis aride-
bisaTvis da aseve aRniSnavda, rom msgavsi moqmedeba gansakuTrebiT samar-
cxvino iyo im adamianis mxridan, romelsac sazogadoebisaTvis magaliTi
unda mieca. aRniSnul faqtze sxva gazeTebmac gaakeTes komentari.
1998 wlis 4 agvistos ministrma Seitana sisxlissamarTlebrivi saCivari
pirveli ganmcxadeblis mimarT profesiuli saidumloebis darRveviT mi-
Rebuli informaciis gamoyenebisTvis da aseve im ucnobi piris Tu pirebis
mimarT, romlebmac daarRvies profesiuli saidumloeba. prokuroris
gancxadeba moiTxovda, rom Casatarebel mokvlevasa da gamoZiebas daed-
gina miwis reestrSi da saxelmwifo sakuTrebis biuroSi momuSave is samo-
qalaqo moxele Tu moxeleebi, romlebic kurirebdnen Sesabamis fails da
romelTaTvisac xelmisawvdomi iyo dokumentacia.
1998 wlis 19 oqtombers, gamomZiebeli mosamarTlis instruqciebis Se-
sabamisad, r. roumenis saxlSi da samuSao adgilze Catarda Cxrekebi�yvela
366
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
im nivTis, dokumentis, nawarmisa da/an sxva sagnis aRmosaCenad da amosa-
Rebad, romelTac SeeZloT, naTeli moefinaT zemoaRniSnuli darRveve-
bisTvis an romlebsac SeeZloT gamoZiebis damakmayofilebeli msvlelo-
bis Seferxeba.~ Cxrekam veraferi ver gamoavlina. imis gaTvaliswinebiT,
rom sxva sakiTxTa Soris, Seilaxa misi rogorc Jurnalistis ufleba, da-
ecva miRebuli informaciis wyaroebi, r. roumenma Seitana ramdenime ga-
nacxadi Cxrekis orderebis gasauqmeblad. mas uari eTqva, rogorc am ga-
nacxadebis, aseve maTze saCivrebis dakmayofilebaze.
1998 wlis 19 oqtombers gamomZiebelma mosamarTlem aseve gasca brZa-
neba r. roumenis advokatis ofisis Cxrekis Sesaxeb. iq aRmoaCines premier-
ministrisadmi gagzavnili miwis reestrisa da saxelmwifo sakuTrebis bi-
uros direqtoris werili, romelzec xeliT iyo warwerili: `departa-
mentebis ufrosebs. konfidencialuri informacia saxelmZRvanelod.~ ad-
vokatma an-mari Smitma Seitana ganacxadi Cxrekis orderis gasauqmeblad.
vinaidan Cxrekisa da amoRebis oqmi ar Seicavda advokatTa kolegiis vice-
Tavmjdomaris mosazrebebs, romelic eswreboda Cxrekas da amoRebas, ra-
ionulma sasamarTlom amoReba gamoacxada baTilad da gasca brZaneba we-
rilis an-mari SmitisaTvis dabrunebis Sesaxeb. werilis dabrunebis dRes
Catarda axali Cxreka da werili xelaxla amoiRes. an-mari Smitma Seitana
ganacxadi Cxrekis orderis gasauqmeblad advokatis samuSao adgilisa
da klientTan misi mimoweris saidumloebis principis darRvevis safuZ-
velze. rogorc pirvelma, aseve saapelacio instanciam ar daakmayofila
es ganacxadi.
2001 wlis 30 noembers r. roumens brali daedo `profesiuli saidum-
loebis darRveviT miRebuli informaciis gamoyenebis gamo~. 2003 wlis
ianvarSi gamomZiebelma mosamarTlem mas uTxra, rom damTavrda sasamar-
Tlo gamoZieba.
roumanma da Smitma evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlos mimar-
Tes. r. roumenma Tavis ganacxadSi aRniSna, rom Cxrekebis Sedegad dairRva
misi, rogorc Jurnalistis ufleba, daecva miRebuli informaciis wya-
roebi da Sesabamisad, konvenciis me-10 muxli. an-mari Smitma ki Tavis ga-
nacxadSi aRniSna, rom Cxrekebis Sedegad dairRva misi piradi cxovrebis
xelSeuxebloba (me-8 muxli).
gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daadgina, rom dairRva konvenciis me-10
muxli r. roumenTan mimarTebaSi.
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
367
sasamarTlo praqtika
motivacia: r. roumenis ganacxadTan dakavSirebiT, sasamarTlom aRniS-
na, rom mis saxlSi da samuSao adgilze Catarebuli Cxrekebi udavod war-
moadgenda misi gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Selaxvas. sasamarTlom xazi ga-
usva, rom Cxrekebis mizans warmoadgenda mtkicebulebebis moZieba im pir-
Ta gamosavlenad, romelTac, SesaZloa, gaamJRavnes profesiuli saidum-
loeba da aseve Semdgom r. roumenis mier Tavisi profesiuli movaleobebis
Sesrulebisas Cadenili ukanono qmedebebis dasadgenad. aqedan gamomdi-
nare, zemoaRniSnuli zomebi udavod eqceoda JurnalistTa wyaroebis
dacvis konteqstSi.
r. roumenis statia Seexeboda dadgenil faqts sagadasaxado darRve-
visaTvis ministrze dakisrebul jarimasTan dakavSirebiT. udavo iyo, rom
statiaSi ganxiluli iyo sazogado interesis sakiTxi. sasamarTlo, xeli-
suflebis msgavsad, daeTanxma r. roumenis gancxadebas, rom saxlisa da
samuSao adgilis gaCxrekvis garda sxva zomebs (magaliTad, miwis reest-
risa da saxelmwifo sakuTrebis biuros moxeleTa dakiTxva) SeeZloT, dax-
mareba gaewiaT gamomZiebeli mosamarTlisTvis im pirTa dadgenaSi, rom-
lebmac Caidines prokuroris gancxadebaSi miTiTebuli darRvevebi. sasa-
marTlos azriT, Cxrekis uflebis mqone gamomZieblebs, romlebic SeiWr-
nen Jurnalistis samuSao adgilas, hqondaT metad farTo uflebebi,
kerZod maTTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxda roumenis mflobelobaSi arsebuli
yvela dokumenti.
zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom xeli-
suflebam ver daamtkica, rom daicva balansi interesebs Soris, kerZod,
erTi mxriv, informaciis wyaroebis dacvis interessa da meore mxriv, dam-
naSavis dasjis interess Soris. erovnuli xelisuflebis mier warmodge-
nili mizezebi miiCnies `Sesatyvisad~, magram ara `sakmarisad~ pirveli gan-
mcxadeblis (r. roumeni) saxlisa da samuSao adgilis gaCxrekisaTvis.
aqedan gamomdinare, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom gamoyenebuli zomebi
araproporciuli iyo da amiT dairRva adamianis uflebaTa evropis kon-
venciis me-10 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli r. roumenis ufleba gamoxatvis
Tavisuflebaze.
2003 weli
368
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
sabu da pircalabi rumineTis winaaRmdeg
faqtebi: don korneliu sabu da kalin dan pircalabi rumineTSi dai-
badnen 1971 da 1968 wlebSi da iyvnen rumineTis moqalaqeebi. aplikantebi
baia mareSi (rumineTi) cxovrobdnen, sadac isini adgilobriv gazeTSi Ziua
de Nord Vest Jurnalistebad muSaobdnen. 1997 wels maT gamoqveynes sta-
tiebis seria, romelic exeboda baia mares raionuli sasamarTlos Tavmj-
domaris dedis mier miwis ukanono SeZenas. pirveli statia akritikebda
am garigebas da acxadebda, rom igi ulmenis municipalitetis fermerebis
xarjze moxda. sxva statiebi mogviTxrobdnen imaze, Tu rogor mimarTavda
mosamarTle muqaras da cdilobda yalbi dokumentebis gamoyenebas mezob-
lisaTvis qonebis wasarTmevad.
statiaSi moxseniebulma mosamarTlem Seitana sisxlis samarTlebrivi
saCivari ciliswamebisaTvis da Sesabamisad, aplikantebis winaaRmdeg aRiZ-
ra sisxlis samarTlis saqme. 1997 wlis 15 dekembers nasaudis raionulma
sasamarTlom sisxlis samarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba daakisra aplikan-
tebs. sasamarTlom sabus miusaja 10 TviT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa da aseve
aukrZala profesiuli saqmianoba, SeuCera mSoblis ufleba da saarCevno
uflebebi patimrobis vadis ganmavlobaSi. sasamarTlom, aseve, daakisra
jarima 500,000 ruminuli leis odenobiT (62 evro) pircalabs da ubrZana
aplikantebs, gazeTTan erTad solidarulad gadaexadaT mosamarTli-
saTvis kompensacia 30 milioni leis (1,582.42 evros) odenobiT.
sabus da pircalabis mier Setanili saapelacio saCivari nasaudis saolqo
sasamarTlom uaryo, radgan daadgina, rom Jurnalistebi arakeTilsin-
disierad moqmedebdnen da saxeze iyo mosamarTlis reputaciis Selaxva. 1998
wlis 20 agvistos sabu patimrobaSi aiyvanes. am periodisTvis igi cxovrobda
Tavis partniorTan da or bavSvTan erTad. oTxi dRis Semdeg mis partniors
SeeZina kidev erTi bavSvi. sabu gaaTavisufles 1998 wlis 5 oqtombers, mas
Semdeg, rac daakmayofiles misi Txovna sasjelis aRsrulebis SeCerebis
Sesaxeb. 1999 wels igi Seiwyales. 2002 wlis maisSi gazeTma mosamarTles gada-
uxada sasamarTlos mier dakisrebuli Tanxa. pircalabma SemdgomSi srulad
aanazRaura es Tanxa xelfasidan yovelTviuri daqviTvebiT.
Jurnalistebma adamianis uflebebis evropul sasamarTlos 1998 wlis
25 seqtembers mimarTes, sadac daobdnen, rom dairRva maTi gamoxatvis
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
369
sasamarTlo praqtika
Tavisufleba, romelic garantirebuli da daculia adamianis uflebaTa
evropis konvenciis me-10 muxliT. sabu aseve acxadebda, rom misTvis mSob-
lis uflebebis SewyvetiT dairRva konvenciis me-8 muxli ojaxuri cxov-
rebis xelSeuxeblobis Sesaxeb. igi aseve acxadebda, rom me-13 muxlis Sesa-
bamisad, mas ar hqonda efeqturi saSualeba ojaxuri cxovrebis dacvis
uflebis uzrunvelsayofad.
gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daadgina, rom dairRva konvenciis me-10
da me-8 muxlebi.
motivacia: sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom sadavo statiebi aSkarad exe-
boda sajaro interess, kerZod ki, miwis restituciis Temas da savaraudo
korufcias administraciis maRali Tanamdebobis pirebs Soris.
sasamarTlom daadgina, rom sadavo statiebi exeboda mosamarTlis sa-
jaro da sazogadoebriv statuss da ara mis kerZo cxovrebas. Jurnalis-
tebis mier gamoqveynebuli statiebi efuZneboda faqtebs. ar arsebobda
araviTari mtkicebuleba, romelic daadasturebda, rom aRwerili faq-
tebi iyo sruliad mcdari da rom isini mimarTuli iyo mosamarTlis wina-
aRmdeg danaSaulebrivi ciliswamebis kampaniis sawarmoeblad.
sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom gasaCivrebisas aplikantebis mier wardge-
nili mtkicebulebebi ar Seamowma sasamarTlom. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom
aplikantebma scades mosamarTlesTan dakavSireba, xolo Semdeg SekiTx-
vebi dausves prefeqts da warmoadgines misi pozicia, sasamarTlom miiCnia,
rom ar arsebobda safuZveli, eWvi SeetanaT maT keTilsindisierebaSi. rac
Seexeba Sefardebul sasjelebs, sasamarTlom isini miiCnia gansakuTrebiT
araporporciulad: sabum, romelsac miesaja 10 TviT patimroba, cixeSi
gaatara 45 dRe, xolo pircalabma gadaixada sisxlissamarTlebrivi jari-
ma. orive Jurnalists aseve daekisra zianis anazRaureba rumineTSi saSu-
alo xelfasis Tormetmagi odenobiT.
Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom aplikantebis msjavrdeba iyo
araproporciuli legitimur mizanTan mimarTebaSi da xelisuflebis orga-
noebma ver warmoadgines Sesabamisi da sakmarisi mizezebi maT gasamarTleb-
lad. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom adgili hqonda me-10 muxlis darRvevas.
rac Seexeba me-8 muxls, amasTan dakavSirebiT msjeloba sasamarTlom
daiwyo bavSvTa interesebze saubriT. sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom bavSvis
interess aqvs upiratesoba yvela sxva interesze da pirisaTvis mSoblis
370
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
uflebebis CamorTmevis gamarTleba SesaZlebeli iyo mxolod gansakuT-
rebiT uRirsi saqcielis SemTxvevaSi. am SemTxvevaSi ki danaSauli, risT-
visac sabu iqna msjavrdebuli, ar ukavSirdeboda raimenairad mSoblis
pasuxismgeblobas da movaleobebs. sasamarTlom damatebiT aRniSna, rom
sabu arasodes yofila uyuradRebo mSobeli da mis mimarT arasdros yo-
fila wayenebuli raime braldeba bavSvebis mimarT arasaTanado zrunvis
Tu cudi mopyrobis gamo. rumineTis kanonebiT, mSoblis uflebebis Sew-
yveta warmoadgenda damatebiT sasjels, romelic avtomaturad Seefar-
deboda nebismier pirs, romelic ixdida sasjels patimrobis saxiT, sasa-
marTlos zedamxedvelobis ganxorcielebis da danaSaulis tipis Tu bav-
Svis interesebis mxedvelobaSi miRebis gareSe. aqedan gamomdinare, es akr-
Zalva warmoadgenda moralur zomas, romelic mimarTuli iyo msjavrde-
buli piris dasasjelad da ara bavSvis dasacavad.
konvenciis 41-e muxlis Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom daadgina qonebrivi
zianisaTvis pircalabis sasargeblod 1,582.42 evros, xolo araqonebrivi
zianisaTvis 1, 000 evros gadaxda, sabus sasargeblod ki, araqonebrivi
zianisaTvis 5, 000 evros gadaxda. sasamarTlom aseve daadgina maT sasar-
geblod 4, 000 evros gadaxda gaweuli xarjebisaTvis.
2004 weli
princesa karolina germaniis winaaRmdeg
faqtebi: aplikanti iyo monakos princ rainer I I I -is ufrosi qaliSvili,
princesa karolina, romelic 1957 wels daibada. igi monakoSi cxovrobda
da monakos moqalaqe iyo, Tumca, weliwadis garkveul dros parizSi ata-
rebda.
1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi princesa karolin fon hanoveri sistema-
turad cdilobda, sasamarTlos meSveobiT SeeCerebina misi fotoebis da-
beWdva germanul presaSi. man ramdenimejer mimarTa germaniis sasamarT-
loebs SemzRudveli brZanebis gamocemis TxovniT, romliTac aikrZale-
boda 1990-ian wlebSi misi fotoebis mTeli seriis gamoqveyneba germanul
JurnalebSi `Bunte~, `Freizeit Revue~ da `Neue Post~. princesa karolin fon
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
371
sasamarTlo praqtika
hanoveri acxadebda, rom Seilaxa misi piradi cxovrebis dacvis ufleba
da misi ufleba, gaekontrolebina sakuTari gamosaxulebis gamoyeneba.
1999 wlis 15 dekembris cnobil saqmeSi federalurma sakonstitucio
sasamarTlom daakmayofila aplikantis moTxovna im fotoebTan dakavSi-
rebiT, romlebSic igi sakuTar bavSvebTan erTad iyo gadaRebuli. moTxov-
nis dakmayofilebis motivi is iyo, rom bavSvis piradi cxovrebis dacva
ufro metad aucilebelia, vidre srulwlovanis. Tumca, princesa karo-
linTan mimarTebaSi sakonstitucio sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom mas, ro-
gorc sajaro pirs, unda moeTmina misi fotoebis sajaro adgilebSi gamoq-
veyneba, _ im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tuki igi fotoebze aRbeWdili iyo yoveld-
Riuri saqmianobis dros da ara oficialuri movaleobebis Sesrulebisas.
am mimarTebiT, sakonstitucio sasamarTlom miuTiTa presis Tavisufle-
baze da sazogadoebis legitimur interesze, icodes, zogadad rogor iq-
ceva aseTi piri sazogadoebaSi.
princesa karolinma amis Semdeg gancxadebiT mimarTa evropis adaminis
uflebebis sasamarTlos, sadac daobda, rom germaniis sasamarTloebis
gadawyvetilebebi xelyofda konvenciis me-8 muxliT gaTvaliswinebul mi-
si piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobas.
gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom erTsulovnad gadawyvita, rom adgili
hqonda konvenciis me-8 muxlis darRvevas.
motivacia: Tavdapirvelad sasamarTlom warmoebidan amoiRo ramdeni-
me foto, romlebzec aplikanti gadaRebuli iyo Tavis SvilebTan erTad
da msaxiobTan erTad restoranis Soreul kuTxeSi. es fotoebi aRar war-
moadgenda ganxilvis sagans, vinaidan federalurma sakonstitucio sasa-
marTlom akrZala maTi nebismieri damatebiTi gamoqveyneba im motiviT, rom
isini xelyofda aplikantis piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis uflebas.
amis Semdeg sasamarTlom mimoixila piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis
koncefcia da aRniSna, rom is Sedgeba mravali elementisgan, maT Soris,
piris fsiqikuri da fizikuri mdgomareobisagan, misi identifikaciisgan
da sxva elementebisgan. sasamarTlos azriT, germaniis sxvadasxva Jur-
nalis mier aplikantis im fotoebis gamoqveyneba, romlebzec igi gamosa-
xuli iyo yoveldRiuri cxovrebisas Tu sxva pirebTan erTad, marTlac
Sedioda aplikantis piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis kategoriaSi. Sesa-
bamisad, moqmedebda konvenciis me-8 muxli.
372
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
aqedan gamomdinare, aucilebeli iyo aplikantis piradi cxovrebis uf-
lebis dabalanseba gamoxatvis TavisuflebiT, rac garantirebulia kon-
venciis me-10 muxliT.
sasamarTlom aqve aRniSna, rom gamoxatvis Tavisufleba vrceldeba
fotoebis gamoqveynebazec, magram es is sferoa, sadac sxvaTa uflebebisa
da reputaciis dacvas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba, vinaidan is
exeba ara `ideebis~, aramed iseTi gamosaxulebebis gavrcelebas, romlebic
Seicaven metad piradul an sulac intimur `informacias~ individis Se-
saxeb. ufro metic, yviTel presaSi gamoqveynebuli fotoebis gadaReba
xdeboda mudmivi gaRizianebis fonze, rac Sesabamis pirSi iwvevda pirad
cxovrebaSi Carevis an devnis gamZafrebul SegrZnebas.
sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom piradi cxovrebis dacvasa da gamoxatvis Tavi-
suflebas Soris dabalansebis gadamwyveti faqtori is iyo, Tu ras warmo-
adgenda gamoqveynebuli fotoebi da statiebi sajaro interesis Tvalsaz-
risiT da ra wvlili Sehqonda maT sajaro debatebSi. mocemul saqmeSi arse-
bul fotoebSi gamosaxuli iyo karolin fon hanoveris yoveldRiuri yofiTi
cxovrebis scenebi, romlebsac aSkarad piradi xasiaTi hqonda. am mimarTebiT,
sasamarTlom gaiTvaliswina garemoebebi, romlebSic moxda fotoebis
gadaReba: aplikantis codnisa da Tanxmobis gareSe da, zogierT SemTxvevaSi,
farulad. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom am fotoebis gamoqveynebas raime
wvlili ar Seutania sajaro debatebSi, vinaidan aplikanti ar axorcielebda
oficialur funqcias. Sesabamisad, fotoebi da statiebi dakavSirebuli iyo
eqskluziurad misi piradi cxovrebis detalebTan.
sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom, miuxedavad yvelafrisa, sazogadoebas aqvs
informaciis miRebis ufleba, rac demokratiul sazogadeobaSi erT-erTi
umniSvnelovanesi uflebaa. es ufleba, gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi, sa-
jaro pirebis pirad cxovrebasac exeba. Tumca, am saqmeSi mocemuli faq-
tebi msgavsi daskvnis saSualebas ar iZleva: sazogadoebas ar hqonda legi-
timuri interesi, codnoda, Tu sad imyofeboda karolin fon hanoveri an
rogor iqceoda igi pirad cxovrebaSi. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu arsebobda
msgavsi interesi _ magaliTad, Jurnalebis komerciuli interesi _ ganpi-
robebuli fotoebisa da statiebis gamoqveynebiT, sasamarTlos azriT,
es interesebi unda gadaefara aplikantis mier piradi cxovrebis efeq-
turad dacvis uflebas.
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
373
sasamarTlo praqtika
sasamarTlom kidev erTxel xazgasmiT aRniSna piradi cxovrebis dacvis
fundamenturi mniSvneloba pirovnebis ganviTarebisTvis da aRniSna, rom
yvelas, maT Soris, sazogadoebaSi cnobil pirebs, unda hqondeT `legi-
timuri molodini~, rom daculi iqneba maTi piradi cxovreba. kriteriumi,
dadgenili Sida sasamarTloebis mier Tanamedrove sazogadoebis gamoCe-
nili figuris gansasxvaveblad sajaro pirisagan _ ar iyo sakmarisi apli-
kantis piradi cxovrebis efeqturad dasacavad. mas mocemul viTarebaSi
unda hqonoda `legitimuri molodini~, rom misi piradi cxovreba daculi
iqneboda.
zemoaRniSnuli faqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT da am sferoSi saxelmwifo-
ebis Tavisufali gansazRvris principis miuxedavad, sasamarTlom miiCnia,
rom germaniis sasamarTloebma ver moaxdines samarTliani balansi urTi-
erTdapirispirebul interesebs Soris. Sesabamisad, man daadgina, rom ad-
gili hqonda konvenciis me-8 muxlis darRvevas da ar arsebobda saWiroeba,
gamoetana gadawyvetileba ojaxuri cxovrebis uflebis darRvevasTan
dakavSirebiT.
2004 weli
amihalaCio moldovas winaaRmdeg
faqtebi: mosarCle georg amihalaCio 1949 wels moldovaSi daibada da
kiSinovSi cxovrobda. igi iyo iuristi da moldovas iuristTa asociaciis
prezidenti.
2000 wlis 15 Tebervals moldovas sakonstitucio sasamarTlom gamo-
itana gadawyvetileba deputatTa jgufis da ombudsmenis mier aRZrul
saqmesTan dakavSirebiT. am gadawyvetilebis Tanaxmad, arakonstituci-
urad cnes kanonis debuleba, romelic iuristebisgan moiTxovda mol-
dovas iuristTa kavSirSi gawevrianebas.
ganmcxadebelma zemoaRniSnuli gadawyvetileba gaakritika Jurnalis-
tisTvis micemul interviuSi, romelic daibeWda JurnalSi `ekonomikuri
analizi~. 2000 wlis 6 martis saboloo gadawyvetilebaSi sakonstitucio
sasamarTlom ganmcxadebels daakisra 36 evros ekvivalenturi administ-
374
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
raciuli jarima sasamarTlos mimarT upativcemulobis gamoxatvisaTvis.
es jarima mas daekisra gamonaTqvamisTvis, rom aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebis
Sedegad `iurisprudenciis sferoSi sruli qaosi gamefdeboda~. inter-
viueris azriT, miRebuli gadawyvetileba dRis wesrigSi ayenebda sakons-
titucio sasamarTlos konstituciurobis sakiTxs. sasamarTlom mas ja-
rima Seufarda aseve gamonaTqvamisTvis, rom mosamarTleebi `savaraudod,
avtoritetulad ar miiCnevdnen adamianis uflebaTa evropis sasamar-
Tlos~.
ganmcxadeblis saCivris safuZvels warmoadgenda adamianis uflebaTa
evropis konvenciis me-10 muxli, acxadebda ra, rom masze zemoaRniSnuli
jarimis dakisreba usafuZvlod xelyofda misi gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas.
gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daadgina, rom adgili hqonda evropuli
konvenciis me-10 muxlis darRvevas.
motivacia: sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom ganmcxadeblis dajarimeba mar-
Tlac xelyofda misi gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas, rac gamyarebuli iyo
sakonstitucio proceduris kodeqsis 82-e muxliT. sasamarTlom, agreT-
ve, aRniSna, rom marTalia, kanonmdebloba absoluturi sizustiT ar gan-
sazRvravda qmedebebs, romlebic dajarimebas eqvemdebareboda, magram
miRebuli profesiuli ganaTlebisa da gamocdilebis safuZvelze ganmc-
xadebels unda gaeTvaliswinebina, rom mis SeniSvnebze SeiZleboda gavrce-
lebuliyo es debuleba. ase rom, zemoaRniSnul xelyofas hqonda legi-
timuri mizani _ sasamarTlo xelisuflebis avtoritetisa da miukerZo-
eblobis SenarCuneba.
rac Seexeba gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis xelyofis `aucileblobas demok-
ratiul sazogadoebaSi~, sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom aplikantis gancxa-
debebi moicavda zogad interess, kerZod: sakonstitucio sasamarTlos
mier iuristTa statusis Sesaxeb miRebuli gadawyvetileba qmnida safr-
Txes, rom iuristebs Soris daiwyeboda dapirispireba. aRniSnuli gadawy-
vetilebiT dasrulda iuristTa gaerTianeba erT struqturaSi, moldovas
iuristTa kavSirSi, romlis prezidentic Tavad aplikanti iyo.
Tundac b-n amihalaCios gancxadebebi garkveuli upativcemulobis Sem-
cveli yofiliyo sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mimarT, isini ar unda mi-
eCniaT seriozulad an am sasamarTlos mosamarTleTa Seuracxmyoflad.
ufro metic, vinaidan b-n amihalaCiom Semdgom uaryo nawili gancxadebe-
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
375
sasamarTlo praqtika
bisa, romlebic presam mas miawera, sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom mas ver da-
ekisreboda pasuxismgebloba yvelafrisTvis, rac presaSi gamoqveynda. xo-
lo dakisrebuli jarima, miuxedavad mcire moculobisa, mainc adastu-
rebda ganmcxadeblis mkacrad dasjis ganzraxvas, vinaidan sakonstitucio
sasamarTlom gamoiyena kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli jarimis maqsimumi.
aRniSnuli garemoebebis safuZvelze sasamarTlom CaTvala, rom ar ar-
sebobda `gadaudebeli socialuri saWiroeba~ ganmcxadeblis gamoxatvis
Tavisuflebis SesazRudad da qveynis xelisuflebam ver warmoadgina `Se-
sabamisi da sakmarisi~ safuZveli Carevis gasamarTleblad. vinaidan apli-
kants ar daurRvevia konvenciis me-10 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli kritikis
zRvari, gasaCivrebuli xelyofa ver CaiTvleboda `aucileblad demokra-
tiul sazogadoebaSi~.
2004 weli
safrangeTis radio safrangeTis winaaRmdeg
faqtebi: 1997 wlis 31 ianvars da 1 Tebervals `France Info~-s mier gada-
cemul samocamde sainformacio gamoSvebasa Tu biuletenSi moxseniebuli
iyo yovelkvireul Jurnal `Le Point~-Si gamoqveynebuli statia, romlis
mixedviT, miSel Juno, pitivieris (Pithiviers) prefeqti, 1942 da 1943 wlebSi
aTasi ebraelis deportacias zedamxedvelobda.
am informaciis gadacemis gamo, parizis sisxlis samarTlis sasamarT-
los gadawyvetilebiT, boionsa da galixers bralad daedoT saxelmwifo
moxelis sajaro ciliswameba, daekisraT jarima _ 3 048 evros ekvivalenti
_ 20 000 franguli franki da moraluri zianis anazRaurebisTvis _ 7 622
evros ekvivalenti _ 50 000 franguli franki. aplikant kompanias daekisra
sasamarTlos am gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb gancxadebebis ganTavseba `France
Info~-s eTerSi 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi, yovel or saaTSi erTxel.
1998 wlis 17 ivnisis gadawyvetilebiT, parizis saapelacio sasamarT-
lom daadastura es ganaCeni. sakasacio sasamarTlos sisxlis samarTlis
ganyofilebam uaryo aplikantebis sakasacio saCivari 1999 wlis 8 ivniss.
1999 wlis 21 ivliss aplikantebma gancxadebiT mimarTes adamianis uf-
376
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
lebaTa evropis sasamarTlos. saCivari nawilobriv dasaSvebad gamocxad-
da 2003 wlis 23 seqtembers.
konvenciis me-7 muxlze dayrdnobiT, aplikantebi Ciodnen, rom sisxlis
samarTlis moqmedebis farglebi gadametebuli iyo. maTi gancxadebiT, vi-
naidan sadavo faqtebi Tavsdeboda 1982 wlis 29 ivlisis audiovizualuri
komunikaciebis aqtis arealSi, Sida sasamarTloebma Seqmnes danaSaulis
axali kategoria `analogiis~ proceduris meSveobiT.
aplikantebma damatebiT aRniSnes, rom 1982 wlis 29 ivlisis aqtma Seqmna
udavo prezumfcia, rom sagamomcemlo direqtori braleuli iyo; amiT ki
Seilaxa konvenciis me-6 muxlis meore punqtiT garantirebuli misive uda-
naSaulobis prezumfcia. ufro metic, aplikantebi miiCnevdnen, rom es
aqti xelyofda iaraRTa Tanasworobis princips konvenciis me-6 muxlis
pirveli punqtis darRveviT (samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba).
dabolos, konvenciis me-10 muxlze dayrdnobiT, aplikantebi Ciodnen,
rom Sida sasamarTloebis mier maTze sanqciebisa da sxva zomebis dadebis
gamo, dairRva maTi ufleba `informaciis gadacemaze~.
gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom daadgina, rom konvenciis me-10 muxli
ar darRveula.
motivacia: sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom braleulobis prezumfcia, ga-
moyenebuli sagamomcemlo direqtoris winaaRmdeg 1982 wlis 29 ivlisis
aqtis 93-3 punqtis Sesabamisad, iyo Sedegi misive valdebulebisa, rom ga-
ekontrolebina informacia. es braleuloba warmoiSva mxolod maSin, ro-
desac moxda sadavo gancxadebis `winaswari Cawera~ mis gadacemamde.
`France Info~ muSaobs regularuli biuletenebis monacvleobiT. aqedan
gamomdinare, safrangeTis sasamarTloebma ar miiCnies sagamomcemlo di-
reqtori braleulad pirveli biuletenis gamoqveynebisTvis, magram mi-
iCnies, rom mogvianebiT es pirveli biuleteni iqca �winaswar Cawerad�
Semdgomi mauwyeblobisTvis. Sesabamisad, maT CaTvales, rom sagamomcemlo
direqtors SeeZlo, winaswar gaekontrolebina mauwyebloba. raki man es
ar gaakeTa, amis gamo cnes sisxlis samarTlebriv braleulad.
`France Info~-s muSaobis stilis gaTvaliswinebiT, sisxlis samarTlis
sasamarTloebma ganmartes `winaswari Caweris~ cneba gansaxilveli danaSa-
ulis SinaarsTan SesabamisobiT da imgvarad, rom es iyo `gonivrulobis
farglebSi winaswar ganWvretadi~. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom
adgili ar hqonia me-7 muxlis darRvevas.
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
377
sasamarTlo praqtika
sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom saCivari, me-6 muxlis pirveli punqtis Se-
sabamisad, faravda me-6 muxlis me-2 punqtis safuZvelze Setanil saCivars
da, aqedan gamomdinare, ar arsebobda saWiroeba, rom calke ganxiluliyo
me-6 muxlis pirveli punqtis Sesabamisi faqtebi.
1982 wlis 29 ivlisis da 1881 wlis 29 ivlisis aqtebis mixedviT, saga-
momcemlo direqtori sisxlis samarTlebrivad braleulia difamaciuri
gancxadebebis mauwyeblobisTvis, rakiRa adgili hqonda `winaswar Caweras~
mis gadacemamde. braleulobis es prezumfcia gaigivda kidev erT pre-
zumfciasTan, romelic ar iyo absoluturi da romlis mixedviTac igu-
lisxmeboda, rom difamaciuri gancxadebebi keTdeba boroti ganzraxviT
(bad faith).
sagamomcemlo direqtors SeeZlo, Tavidan aecilebina pasuxismgeblo-
ba, Tuki daamtkicebda, rom sadavo gancxadebebi gakeTda keTili ganzrax-
viT (Good Faith), an, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu daamtkicebda, rom adgili ar hqonia
sadavo gancxadebis `winaswar Caweras~. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom 1982
wlis 29 ivlisis aqtiT Seqmnili prezumfcia Tavsdeboda `gonivrul far-
glebSi~ da safrangeTis sasamarTloebs ar gamouyenebiaT samarTali im-
gvarad, rom SeelaxaT udanaSaulobis prezumfcia. Sesabamisad, sasamar-
Tlom miiCnia, rom adgili ar hqonia me-6 muxlis me-2 punqtis darRvevas.
imavdroulad, sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom aplikantebisaTvis gamota-
nili ganaCeniT ilaxeboda maTi gamoxatvis Tavisufleba. boionisa da
galixeris winaaRmdeg gamotanili gadawyvetilebebis, aseve, uarmyofeli
gancxadebis valdebulebis safuZveli iyo sisxlis samarTali. sasamarT-
los mixedviT, aplikanti kompaniis samoqalaqo pasuxismgebloba emyare-
boda or faqtors: samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1382-e muxls, romelic ukavSir-
deboda yvelas pasuxismgeblobas sakuTar moqmedebebze da, agreTve, Sida
precedentul samarTals, romelic sasamarTloebs aZlevda eqskluziur
iurisdiqcias gancdili zaralis saTanado dakmayofilebis SerCevaSi.
aRmoCnda, rom sasamarTlo gancxadebebis gamoqveyneba presis mier miye-
nebuli zianis gamosworebis zogadi forma iyo.
sasamarTlom, aseve, aRniSna, rom sadavo Carevas legitimuri mizani
hqonda, kerZod, sxvaTa uflebebisa Tu reputaciis Selaxva. rac Seexeba
imas, iyo Tu ara Careva dasaxuli miznis proporciuli, sasamarTlom aR-
niSna, rom debatebi Seexeboda sajaro interesis sakiTxs, kerZod, maRali
Tanamdebobis pirebis qcevas okupaciis dros. ufro metic, sadavo publi-
378
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
kaciebi qveyndeboda farTo sajaro debatebis fonze, kacobriobis winaaR-
mdeg danaSaulSi braldebuli mauris paponis sasamarTlo procesis pa-
ralelurad.
rac Seexeba sadavo gadacemebs, maTi kvotireba, wyaroebze sistematuri
miTiTebiT, moxda detaluri da kargad dasabuTebuli statiidan da in-
terviudan, romelic gamoqveynda maRali reputaciis mqone yovelkvireul
JurnalSi. aqedan gamomdinare, ar SeiZleboda `France Info~-s Jurnaliste-
bis dadanaSauleba keTili ganzraxvis (Good Faith) gareSe moqmedebaSi mxo-
lod imitom, rom maT aRniSnuli gadacema eTerSi gauSves. Tumca, gada-
cemaSi aRniSnuli iyo, TiTqos, miSel Junom aRiara, rom `organizeba ga-
uwia deportirebulTa dransiSi gadayvanas~. sasamarTlos mixedviT, es
braldeba, romelic ar dabeWdila `Le Point~-Si, saTanadod ar asaxavda
gamoqveynebul statias Tu intervius. gadacemis danarCeni nawili, rome-
lic axdenda gamoqveynebuli informaciis kvotirebas, ramdenime winada-
debaSi ajamebda vrcel masalas, xazgasmiT aRniSnavda mis yvelaze STam-
beWdav aspeqtebs da, amgvarad, faqtebs gacilebiT ufro kategoriul ton-
Si warmoadgenda, vidre JurnalSi gamoqveynebuli statia. miuxedavad imi-
sa, rom Semdgom gadacema odnav Seicvala da aRiniSna, rom Sesabamisi piri
uaryofda braldebebs, Tavdapirveli biuleteni mainc ramdenjerme gada-
ica.
miSel JunosTan arasworad dakavSirebuli faqtebis gansakuTrebuli
seriozulobis gaTvaliswinebiT, agreTve, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom gan-
cxadebebi mravaljer gavida eTerSi, Jurnalists unda gamoevlina ukidu-
resi sifrTxile da TavSekavebuloba, vinaidan biuleteni radiosadgu-
ridan mTeli safrangeTis masStabiT gadaicemoda. am pirobebSi, sasamar-
Tlom miiCnia, rom saapelacio sasamarTlos mier aplikantebis msjavr-
debisas aRniSnuli mizezebi iyo `adekvaturi da sakmarisi~.
rac Seexeba aplikantis ganaCenebs, sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom boioni
da galixeri cnes braleulad danaSaulis CadenaSi, maT daekisraT zomieri
jarimebi da zianis anazRaureba. ufro metic, ubrZanes ra 118 sityvisagan
Semdgari sasamarTlo gancxadebis dReSi ocjer `France Info~-s eTerSi gaS-
veba, amiT sasamarTloebi cdilobdnen, sasjeli yofiliyo zianis Tanazo-
mieri. sasamarTlos azriT, es warmoadgenda Sesabamisi arxis sagamomcem-
lo ganrigis mxolod limitirebul SezRudvas.
2004 weli
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba evropaSi
379
sasamarTlo praqtika
380
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aSS-Si
Georgian non governmental organization Liberty Institute with financial support of United
States Agency for International Development (USAID) and International Research and
Exchange Board (IREX) has compiled a two-volume manual aimed at teaching media
law as well as analysis of freedom of expression related judicial practice in Georgia.
First volume of the publication covers fundamental principles and standards of freedom of
expression and case law of the United States and European Court of Human Rights.
Second volume analyzes new freedom of expression legislation in Georgia, offers com-
parative analysis of European and United States law, rulings related to freedom of speech
by Georgian courts � first endeavor of drawing case studies in this field in Georgia.
One of the authors of Georgian Administrative Code, currently Prosecutor General of
Georgia Zurab Adeishvili:
�This manual, created for future and acting journalists, judges and lawyers,
is valuable in the sense that it covers freedom of expression related decisions
made by Georgian courts for last eight years and their analysis thus being
the first attempt of creating database of such cases in Georgia...
This work allows to compare American, European and Georgian experiences
and, more importantly, understand why protection of freedom of expression
both by state institutions and public at large is important for our country�s
democratic development.�
Authors of the publication hope that the manual will be supportive for students of journal-
ism, judges and lawyers.
Freedom of Expression
Authors: Maia Okruashvili, Irakli Kotetishvili
Editor: Tamar Kintsurashvili, Levan Ramishvili
Designer: Besik Danelia