- IBERO-CAUCASIAN INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH CENTRE , II Caucasiological Series, II

Giorgi Leon Kavtaradze

( )

THE PROBLEMS OF STATE DEVELOPMENT OF GEORGIA (from the earliest times)

Tbilisi 2006

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. , 2006 , 2006 , 0128, . . 1, .: 29 09 60, 8(99) 17 22 30E-mail: universal@internet.ge ISBN 99940-61-85-2

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Problems of the Development of State in Georgia (Summary).. 219

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, - .[14] , .[15] . . , , . .[16] . , , , , , , , .[17] (, ) , [. 10] , (, , ) . , .[18] , . , , , . , ; : , , , , . , , , , . , : .[19]

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.[23] , [. 12] : .[24] . , , . , , , . , .[25] . . , ( ) , ; , .[26] : inchoate (), typical () transitional (). .[27] . , " " .[28] , , . , .[29] , , . . IV 30- [. 13] , . , , .[30] , () , . ( ) - /. ,

, , , , , ; , -, . [. 14]

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. [. 15] , . . I , - - , . " " , : "...

, : , , , , . , " (I, 16, 21-23).[34] , . . melting pot- . -

, . . II , , , . , . . , ,[35] ,[36] [37] , , , . . XII - .[38] , . , / , [. 16] , , , .[39] / , , "" , , . . . . ,

. . . . IX , , , ; " " , .[40] , .[41] , . [. 17] , . , , , . , , . . II - . , ; , , .[42] . . , , , . . , , , , . .[43]

; , , , . , [. 18] .[44] , - , , ; , , , , .[45] . , , .[46] - / ; - (Xen., Anab., VI, VII, 1). , / - , - . . . / , "", -, , .

, [. 19] / . . XII-VIII . , "" (chiefdom) - .[47] , : -, "", .[48] , . , .[49] Daiaeni Daiani- , Diau i Diaue i .[50] / / "" . . , . , . . , [. 20] / . - . .[51] . , , -.[52] d- > t- . , , , -- di-a-u-i : aoi (), (, ayk : , ).[53]

"", , "", "".[54] , [55] , ""- : "" "".[56] , / . (-) [57] ( ) .[58] : , I- (. . 1114-1076 .) , . . 1112 . , [. 21] , "" .[59] III- (. . 858-824 .) . . 856 , . (-, ) ;[60] "//" - .[61] , III- " " . : "

, , , , . , . , . , , , , , , ".[62] . . 844 , . . 40 - , , , , , , .[63]

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, , , ..." ( , ).[67] , . , , " " . , , " " , , . , . , ( , -) , , , .

XIX . , -, .[68] . - [. 23] .[69] 1843 , , , , ;[70] . () . , 2090 . , . . . - (-) - (-) , . [71] - - . - - "" .[72] , - - ; - .[73] , . , Pyxurates- (n. h., V, 83). (Mt. Abus) (XI, XIV, 2). ( . . 63 . ); ( ), . , 12 , (n. h., V, 83).[74] .[75] , , , [. 24] - . - - - , .

, , -, - .[76] , , - - III- , , , (, - - ) , , -, , - - . , (Purattu) ( -, ) , .[77] - . , . .[78] [. 25] , III- . . . , .[79] , . III- , - .[80] , , , . , ,

; . , . . . , , - , , , .[81] , , . 1,5 x 0,7 , , I- [. 26] , " " .[82] , , ,[83] III- , , . . , [84] . , - , , , . , (. . 810 . 785/80 .) , . . IX VIII ( ) (URUailu(ni)). , III- , , . . , , "" . , - V- (. .

823-811 .) III- (. . 810-782 .) , . . . IX , , , , , . . . IX . [. 27] : " (?), () , () (?)",[85] , "", , .[86] , , , , , "" . , , .[87] ( , , . . 40 - ) : " ,

, , , - (). (?) , . ... , , ".[88] (- , . . 20 - ) , , :

" : : , ".[89] ( ), 18 - , . ( ) 2 - , 50 x 75 . . , . , . . IX VIII (. . . 825 . 810 .) , , VIII - " " [. 28] .[90] , .[91]

, " " , , . , , , " " ,[92] , , , . . .[93] 1961 , (. ), . , , , , . , , -.[94] . . . . , - , -- ---- , (, , ).[95] /()- (URUZuaina-Zua(ni)), (. Sngta, . 35 . ) , /() I- (. . 785/80-. 760 .) , . , , /() [. 29] , , . . , , , .[96] ( / ) () , - .[97]

, , , . , III- . . 844 , , , ( . 40 ) . 160-170 - . 90 - . . , - - (, . 40-20 ) . , , / . . , " " ( ) , I- , " " /().[98] / [99] . I- () , /() [. 30] ,[100] , , , , , /() . , (/()) () , .[101] /() ( ) ;[102] ""- ""- - (. ). I- - , /() ""- (. , ""-) .[103]

""- ( ""-) , , , , I- [. 31] , .[104] /() , /() [105], - , , , . . /() . " , " , . , . . . , [. 32] (URUUu ai asuni) "/"-, . . "Uhta"- .[106] , . ""- - "/"- .[107] "" "VII ".[108] - - (. ). - - /()? /() , ? . , , , , - , ,[109] .

, . ; , , .[110] , .[111] [. 33] , /() , , , , /() . , , . . , , , , . "" , . (-) , - ( , ) . 2030 - - , -, - (. Tortum-ay) (. Tortum-kale) . : " ( . .) ,

, , , . ". : "... , , , , , , , , , -, , , , , ".[112], - ,

1917 . .[113] [. 34] ; :

"... , , , . ",[114] - , ; - , - . , , 1923 - " " , "" .[115] , - , ,[116] , , , (-, ), . , .[117] , III- , / , , . : s , r l, o u ,[118] - s- u- o [. 35] ,[119] "" , "" "". . ""- .[120] , (. Sar "", . Esendurak- " ", ", , --"), "",[121] ""-. , "" "" ,

""-" "". -- --[122] ( , . , "--"-, "--"- ).[123] , "- -" , : , "" , "" , , : "", " ", " ", "" .[124] makie i, ailu , ;[125] I- (B1), , (KURQada) (KURAqalai) , (mArdaraki i), (mBaltul i) (mQabilu i) .[126] (. . ) , , [. 36] (" ") , . . - , , , . - . , . , XV - - ;[127] 1549 . I- - " " .[128] , XIII . , , "... () ..." (II, 310, 17-19, 311, 9-11).[129] . . , - " ", " ", " " .[130]

, . , , , , "" (., ). , , . , X , , .[131] . . , / .[132] [. 37] , / , .[133] . ailuni aki, "a" , , . .[134] III i-i-ilki-, i-il-i-ilki- . - I- (. . 1243-1207 .) , URU-i-la-sa- URUi-i-lu- .[135] , a-i-il-la-ni, - - - .[136] , , [137] . ""- , ;[138] "" " " . "" - .[139] (, . -) "".[140] [. 38] . *- - .[141] "-" "" : -; --- "".[142] ,

"/" (, , ), , .[143] , . , . , . - (-) - (-) Kargapazarl dalar " ", , - Ku-kularn ba- " ".[144] , , ; , , . "-/-" , .[145] [. 39] , , - a- "/" .[146] , , - , (Xen., Anab., IV, VIII, 22; V, II, 1; V, III, 2; ., Diod., XIV, 30, 3), / . , (. //[147] l i ) .[148]

( . . ), (-, -) "" ,[149] [150] . . - (. /, /, /, /, /, /, [. 40]/, / . ., /, / [151] /[152]). - , - ( ) ,[153] , , . , , / [. 41], . . - .[154] / "", "||" "" "" .[155] , , , , . . -et - "" ,[156] , - s- , , "".[157] I- , , , ,

/(), . , I- , , " " ,[158] , ; , . .[159] , , , [. 42] .[160] " " : " . , ".[161] , "" "" ""- "" ""-, -et .[162] /() , ""- -, ---, " ".[163] - : ", (-)".[164] "-", , : " " ( , 15,).[165] , I- , II- (URUudala), . "-"- "(a)la"- .[166] / . , , , , . . IX - . .[167] , - [. 43] .[168] , " " , " " " " ,

- , , .[169] , - . , (- ) I- . (KURTariuni) .[170] - , "" .[171] , , . , - - .[172] , - , , "" (KURQula) , . "".[173] [. 44] -. , . . VII , - , , "" .[174] , , , , . ,

, , , . , / , , - . [. 45]

" " Pax Achaemenia- Pax Macedonica- . , .[175] - , - () - . " " (raison d'tre) -, , . , , (, ), (, ), . , ,

(Plinius Magnus), ( ) (n. h., VI, 30). XIII , : (Opus majus, 1, 301). . , , , , (Roman Limes). . , , . [. 46] . . . . , , - , .[176] , , , .[177] -, - , , , , , , , . , - - , , .[178] , , , "" . .. VI-V , . , . . . -, , ,

( , -- " ", ) (I, 103; IV, 1),[179] , " " " " . , , [. 47] (n. h., VI, 30: Ab his sunt Portae Caucasiae, magno errore multis Caspiae dictae) , , , , , , . . ,[180] , . . I ( ) , .[181] , , , . . VI , . . V . , , . ; . . 32-37 . , 109 , , , , , , (VI, 33). , (531-579 .) . , - . II- (408-450 .) . [. 48]

, .[182] - , . , " " . . IVV , IV .[183] . , VI . , VI . 563 , , , , .[184] , - - ; . ( , ) , .[185] . . . 750-250 ., . . 250 - . . 250 . . . . IV . VII , .[186] [. 49] , (V.9.11.15) , (XI, III, 3), , , ,

. - , .[187] , - .[188] . . I , , . . . . 35 , ; , Portae Caucasiae, , (Tac. hist., 1, 6,2).[189] . . 290 . 317 . , II- . IV , , , . , . .[190] [. 50] , - ( -) . , ( ) ( ). - , , , ( ) .

, , , , , , .[191] , , , -, , . . . . , . , , , . , , , , , , . - , .[192] , (-) .[193] [. 51]

. , corpus historicum- ,[194] .[195] , .[196] , VI- .[197] ,

. , , , , . . , , , , .[198]

, , , , - (1479 1495 ), - (1638 1645 [. 52] ) .[199] . . . , ( ),[200] , , , , .[201] 1125 1270 , ( , IV, , 1125 ) . , , . , , 1187 .[202]

, 1279 1311 . .[203] , .[204] . , , , .[205]

. , , , - , , [. 53] , , .[206] : , : , , , ; , .[207] . , , 800 , , . , , , .[208] , , , 1066 , , , .[209]

, , : " . , (I, 248)".[210] , . , : " ... (I, 248)". [. 54] . , (Patmut'iwn Vrac'), . 1884 .. " " , I- ,

, - .[211] , , , ( ) , (104).[212] , , (), , , . , . , , - .[213]

: 1. , , , Tabula Popularum- ;[214] 2. ; 3. . - . - , .[215] [. 55]

, . , , , .[216] , ( ) 795 813 . , 800 . .[217] , . , , , (interregnum-), . 580-888 . . .[218]

, , . , ; , .[219] - .[220] , , [. 56] , , .[221] , , . .[222] - , , 1888 . 1903 ., , , , (973 .) - . , - , , , , , , . - (. ). , , , , .[223] - . , -

. , , . ; , , [. 57] . , . , . , - , , , .[224] - , , [225] . : , (663 .), II , , . . - . - , ; . , , . .[226] , - , ( ), , , - .[227] - ,

, , [. 58] ( ), . , ; . , , , .[228] , - , , , .[229] - , , .[230] . . , , :

, , , .[231] , , . . , , .[232] , [. 59] - .[233] , .[234]

- , . , , . . . . , , , , , , (. 500-562 .) , . ,

. . . , , , . , , .[235] . .[236] , , .[237]

- , , - . , - , [. 60] , - , . , , , , - , , . , , , .[238] , , () .

. - , .

: "... -, [. : " "][239] ,

- - , , - ..." (320)[240] - - . - , -. :

" - , , ."[241] , - ,[242] [. 61] . , , , , , (. - ) , (I, 23)[243], - -, , , - .[244] .[245] , , . . , , / . . , , () ( ) ; .. III . - .[246] , I , (Plin., n. h., VI, 12, 31) . . 283/282 . (Strabo II, I, 2-7; Plin., n. h., II, 67, 167-168; VI, 21, 58), . , , .[247] . [. 62] , ,

, , .[248] , - , ,[249] : " ...

, , , , . , . , . , , " (I, 18). , " () , '', , (p'rotitosik), . . "(20).[250]

-, , , , , , - , (320).[251] , : , , "... ,

, . , [. 63] [] . : , , , [] , , . [] " (II, 8).[252] , II- , . . VI . , () ( )

, (. . 304297/293 ., , I- )[253] (Euseb., Praep. Evang., IX, 41, I; Chron., I; . Josephus, Con. Apion., I; Strabo XV, I, 6).[254] , , () , . , ,

" , ; , , , [] [] . [ ] " (II, 11).[255] , ( ) I- (. . 189-161 .), - VI, (. . 111-63 .), II- (. . 95-55 .) . . , / .[256] , VI, , [. 64] .[257] VI, , , , - .[258] , , () .[259] , , , , , . - , (Historia Alexandri Magni), ( . . IV .) , , , (. )[260] .[261]

, (Cl. Ptol., V,III,16; Euseb. Hier., Epist., 77,8). , . . IV- III . . , .[262] , , [. 65] I, III (. . IV . ), , .[263] , , . , .[264] (. . . 63 - . . 19 .) , , , (XI, XIV, 9), , , , , (XI, II, 19), , , - , ( ). , , , , ( ) . , , IV, , . , , . . , , , . , . . 329-328 . "" ( ) ,

, ( ) (XV, IV, 14, 15). , , [. 66] .[265] , , , , , . , ( - ) - , , /, , , , , -, , . , , (XI, XIV, 5).[266] , , , , , , , ; , - - , , . , . . IV III . , . ; [. 67] . . , - ;

, Pax Achaemenia- Pax Macedonica- , - .[267]

- , , ( ) , "" , -, " " (. I, 18). . , (=, ) , , , , .[268] , (?! - ..) , (I, 25), - , , ,[269] ""? (I, 18), . , "", , " " ? (., , ). . , "" -, , [. 68] , .[270] , , "" : -, -, .[271] , "" , - , , : , "".

, , II- . , , " ", " , ",[272] . , , , , -, , , . , "", (. ), , . , , raison d'tre ( ), , , , , , .[273] , (I, 17), [. 69] : "...

, ... ". , , (I, 18).[274] , , , , . , ( Challenge-), , - - .

. ; , . ( ) , , "-" "" . , . , . . -, , , ", ", , "" , . , , - , (I, 18).[275] , [. 70] - , ( )[276] , . , . , , , - , (I, 11-13, 27, 63, 65-66), - , .

, , , . , , , : "

... . , . , , . , . -, . , , , ..." (I, 11-12)., , , () . , ( --, ) [. 71] . , :

" . . , . . , , " (I, 151). , , ; . , ( ):

" , . , , . . . , " (I, 336). , , , : " . " (I, 13). - ,

, .

, , , , : " , -, " (I, 14).[277] , , ( , ) :

"... , . [. 72] ; ". , , , " . " . , , " , . [] [] . [] [ ] . , " (II, 65).[278] , , , ( 19), , , ( -) , , , : "

. , , , ". , : " [] , . . , , ; ".[279]

: "

. , , , , , . , . , ... , ; " (I, 59-60). [. 73], , . , , , , . : "

; ... ... , . , , ..." (II, 85).[280] . , , - : "...

. - , , , , . " (I, 136). - , , , .[281] , , , - . , , , . "... ,

:

, ; , , . . . , , . , [. 74] : , " (I, 66). , : "

, " (I, 67). , , : "

, , - , ... , , " (I, 145-146). , : ", , , , , , , " (III, 12).[282] , , "

, , . . [- , , , . - . .] , , " (II, 9).[283] , - - , . , ", ", , - - . , , : "...

, ;

, , , . [. 75] [] , , , ..." (II,6).[284] , . (II, 6) ( ) , ; ( ) . , . , , , (II, 8, 11), , , - , " " ( ) . , ( ) , , , . (Porta Caucasi, , ), , (. ). ( ) , (n. h., VI, 30). , - , , . , , -, , , , , , , [. 76]

. , , (n. h., VI, 30). , , , , . , , , (-) ,[285] , . . ( ) , ().[286] , , , . . , (. . . I .)[287] , . : " -, , " " (I, 13). ( -, " ") , , . . VI , . , , , .[288] , , - [. 77] . , : " [ - . .] ,

, , . ,

, , (I, 13-14). , ( - ) (n. h., VI, 29). - , ( ), ; . . . . , , .[289] II- "", [290] , - ( ) - . .[291] . , "" ; , - .[292] . , (-) .[293] [. 78] , , , . - , , , , . , - .

Orbis Terarrum-. , , , .[294] , , . , , () . (. ). , , , , ( ) , , , ; , "". "", , p'rotitosik () = " ". . . , -, 1884 [. 79] . , p' -, - ( patrik-, . ).[295] . - , ", " , : , , -, , -, , p'rotitosik () p'roiritosik- (), "" .[296] , , , (. ), , , . , .

, VI , II- . . 66 . , . , , , , . , ( ), , ; : ",

, [ ..] , [, ..]... [ - ..] , . [ ..] ... [ - ..]" [. 80] (XI, III, 5).[297] - . (. . 155-235 .) , - () [ ..] , , (Cyrus) , (Dio XXXVII, 1, 4).[298] , , , , , , , . , ( , . . 106-48 .) (. . 65 .) , (. . 116-27 .) , , , , (n. h., VI, 51f.). , .[299] , , , (Plut., Pomp. 36).

, , .[300] , , , , , (Dio XXXVII, 3). , ( ) , . , , [. 81] , (XXXVII, 1). () , " " (Plut. Pomp. 34; Dio XXXVIIff.; Strabo XI, III, 5). "" - . . 36 ., (. . 83-30 .) , ( ) [301] [302] . , ( II-..) (Dio XLIX, 24f.). , (, ) .[303] , (. ). . ,

. , (. . 14-37 .) , , , , . I- ( I - ..) , , (. . 35-52 .) , [. 82] , (Tac., Ann. VI, 31-6; XI, 8-9; XII, 44-51; XIII, 5-6, 37; XIV, 26; Plin., n. h., XV, 83; Dio LVIII, 26, 3; LX, 8; Jos., Ant., 18, 97).[304] (. . 54-68 ) (66-67 .) (Plin., n. h., VI, 15, 40). , .[305] , , , - , , (quos idem Nero electos praemissosque ad claustra Caspiarum et bellum quod in Albanos parabat) (Hist. 1,6,2)[306]. , ; , .[307] , , . , , .[308] , I- , . . I (Ann. 12, 45). , , - . [. 83] , , , , , , . , , , , , -

.[309] ( , . . 39-65 .) (Parsalia, VIII, 222-225)[310]:

" , , () , , , , , "., , .[311] , , ; (. . 37 . 93 . ), , , : " [ ..]

. ; , . [ ..] [ ..] ; , ... [. 84] ... , . , , ; , . , " ( , 7, 7, 4).[312] , , , , (. . 69-79 .)

, .[313] , , ,[314] . , : .[315] , , , , .[316] , [. 85] , , , . , .[317] , , , : , ; , , . - status quo. Pax Romana- . . , , , , .[318] , , , . , .

, , . , . [. 86] . . , , -, . . . 77 ., , Legio XVI Flavia Firma-, , ,[319] Legio XII Fulminata-, . , . ( ),[320] , . . 75 . , , .[321] , , . . 75 . .[322] , , , : " ,

, , (), , , , , , , [. 87] , , , , , , () , , "[323]. , ,

: " . [ ..]

, , , " (I, 44). , , , , : " : , " (I, 164). , 7 , , , , . .[324] . , , ( 1779 .), , - - ( ..) , , , (Acroftopolis). . , .[325] , (), . . , , , . , , XII Fulminata- XVI Flavia- [. 88] , .[326] , ( , , ) : leg(atus) pr(o) pr(aetore) [imp(eratoris) Caesaris Vespasiani Aug(usti) exercit]us qui in A[---]. : "exercitus qui in... est" : "exercitus qui est in...", . , exercitus- . ,

, , . . 75 . ( ), , : leg(atus) pr(o) pr(aetore)

[imp(eratoris) Caesaris Vespasiani Aug(usti) exercit]us qui in A[rmeniam Maiorem an in A[lanos anda in A[lbanos missus est---].[327] , , , . , II, , , , . . , , , , .[328] - , , , . , , ( - ), , [. 89] ( ?) / (II, 8, 11). . , , "", , , . . 370-378 ., , , , . . .[329] . . : " [, ..] , " (I, 35) : " ,

.

: , , - , , , , . " (I,43).[330] [. 90] , ( ). , : "

. ... , , , , . . . . , . , , , , ... , , " (I, 4546).[331] , . (Hist., Fr. 47) (De Mag., 3, 52) , - - ,[332] , , , . ( [. 91] ), - , , , , I- (. 430-518 .) , . , - 502 . (1, 10, 9ff.). "" .

, , . . , , (., , ) : " ,

-. , . , . [] ; [] " (II, 50).[333] . , ( ) .[334] , , , [. 92] : " ,

, , , , , , , ; , ; - - " (I, 342). , ( , 7, 7, 4) : " , [ ..], ,

; , .

, ". - - , : "

; . , [] ... , , , , [] , . , . [ ] , [ ], , , , , -. [] [. 93] , . ..." (II, 85).[335] , , :

"... , . [ - ..] , , ; , ... , , , ..." (I, 47)., - . . I . , , . , ,

,[336] -- .[337] , , II- - , , ;[338] . , , .[339] . , , - , , , [. 94] . , . . 76 . . , , , I- .[340] , , , . . . 95 . (. . 45-96 .) "" (Silv., 4, 4, 63f.).[341] , . , : "Imp(eratore) Domitiano Caesare Aug(usto) Germanic(o) L(ucius) Iulius Maximus (centurio) leg(ionis) XII Ful(minatae)". (" ") . . 84 . , Germanicus- .[342] . , . , XII , , .[343] , , , - . , , . , , ( ) : , , [ I- - ..], .[344]

XII Fulminata . , ( ) .[345] , [. 95] . . .[346] . , . , , , . , , . , , , . , Legio XII Fulminata- , , , .[347] , . . II - , , . ( ) : " ,

, , - , . ... , , 21 ",[348] - : ", ,

, , , 21 , [. 96] ".[349] , . , , .

- , , , "" .[350] - . - : " ". " " , "".[351] , . , . . 251 . , , . . .[352] (. . 98-117 .) , . . 115 . , III- , : "

, , , , , . , , () ( ) , , () , - ".[353] , .[354] [. 97]

. - , (. 138-161 .) , : " [ II - ..], ,

, , , . , , " (LXIX, 15, 3).[355]

() , ( ). , I (. . II . ) , II (. . III . ) - . , , , . IV . .[356] , , . , - . . , - , , . . 35 ., I- .[357] , , [. 98] , " ". , , , , , , - . . , , , ..

(70 x 70 , - 32 ). . . . , . , (, ) , , .[358] , . , (Hermozika) (Horum Zighe) ; , ( , .. " " ..), , . .[359] [. 99] , (I, 18) . , , . . . I , , - , . , "" (I, 18) - , -, - (. ), "", - , , . (. ); , . , , , , , .[360] ,

"" ( ) , , , " " (. ).[361] , "" (I, 18), "" (patrician),[362] adlectio inter patricios [. 100] , . . 73/74 . ,[363] . Legio XII Fulminata- , (Saepinum) ,[364] , exercit]us qui in A[rmeniam maiorem, : exercit]us qui in A[lbanos.[365] - , , , , , -, Juppiter Optimus Maximus Dolichenus. "" : "

: , . , . " (I, 25).[366] . , , . xarenahvant, "", ""[367] [. 101] , . ,[368] , , , , .[369]

, , , : "... , , , , , , ... ; , , - " (I, 89-90). : "... , , , . ... , - " (47)." ", "", "" (- ""), , ( ) , Iuppiter Optimus Maximus Dolichenus- , , , . Iuppiter Dolichenus-, Hadad- ( , , - ), , , . . 64 ., . Iuppiter Optimus Maximus- , . Iuppiter Dolichenus- , [. 102] , , .[370] , (I, 89). "" " " , "" () "" , , . , ( - - ), , , Apollo Citharoedus- Diana Lucifera- . , Diana

Apollo- Iuppiter Dolichenus- .[371] Iuppiter Dolichenus- , Iuppiter Dolichenus- (., , I, 18). Appolo- Diana-, Iuppiter Dolichenus Hercules- Minerva-, Isis- Serapis-, , Dioscur-, Castor- Pollux-, Juno Dolichena- Asclepius- .. - .[372] , () , Attis- Kibela-, , , anda/anta, .[373] , [. 103] . . , / , , IV - III , () - . - , () -. , , , , , , , ,

( - . . 69-96 .) . - - Pax Romana- - . , , . , . , , , - . . [. 104] , . , , - (), , , . ( , orbis terarrum) . , ( , ), , , (, ) . , orbis terarrum- , , .

, . , . ( ) , : " [ - ..] ,

. ... . " (I, 63). . [. 105] . . VII , . - , . : "

, , . - , , , " (I, 15). , , - , - . , / .

.

. . . V . , VII . . , , ()[374] ; . , [. 106] . II , (438457 .) . , II- . 417-457 . .[375] , , . . , , .[376] , . , , V . , ,[377] , ( ' ), , , .[378] , -19 ( ). , ,

[C]CC [. 107] C . , , . , . , , . , . : . : ,[379] . : - ( ),[380] . : , -. . : .[381] . , , . . , , .[382] , . . .[383] , . .[384] . . , , . ; : , [. 108] ( ) ( ).[385] . , . , . , ( , people, ) ( /, principality, ) (

. , ; . : the people of the Kark'edovmayets'i principality), , , , ( kingdom, ) ( . .) () . , , ( ) , , , : 1. ; 2. . , , . , . , , . , , ., - .[386] , , ( III-) [. 109] , , , (. ., II, 8, 11). . , , () . , () (. ., II, 8), , . ,

II- (. . 605-562 .) . . IV-III . , (Euseb., Praep. Evang., IX, 41, 1).[387] II- () () , .[388] , . , - - () .[389] [. 110] - . ,[390] , , . - . . . IV - , . . . , -? , Kart H dat kart , ,[391] , - ( - - ), , , -, , , . , / -, (. ). , karta, , - ard- ( ,

), , karta ard- . , , [. 111] , - ard : /, , . , , - ; , - ` ( / ), , birt.[392] , birtha , . kart- , ; , , , (), (). , , , (), () () .[393] [. 112]

- ,

, . XX , (Pivot Area, , . ), , - ; , - , , , (Inner or Marginal Crescent, . ), (Outer or Insular Crescent), , , , , ( . , ., ).[394] , . , [. 113] , , -, .[395] , - , , , - , :

" , , . ,

, , . , .... , ..."[396] , , . , , , (Roman Limes), , () . . - orbis terarrum- , , [. 114] , " " .[397] , , , , - , - - , , . , , .[398] ,

(marches) , , , . , , , , , , , , , , -. , , , , . , , . - , , , . , , , , ( ) ( ) , , , [. 115] . . [399] , . , , (" ", "" ..) . . , ( ) , ,

, - .[400] , , - , . ( - ) , . , , , . , , , , [. 116] , , - . - , , , , . , , , , (fault line). , , , , , , , . , ,

. . , , .[401] . . IV Pax Achaemenia- Pax Macedonica- , translatio imperii, , . "" , , - .[402] . [. 117] , , , . , , . - " " , .[403] , - . , .[404] - , : " ,

, . , . .[405] . , " " :

" , , , ... , ? ..."[406][. 118] , , - , . , - . - , . . . , , , (Challenge) . . (Response), . , , . (raison d'tre-) , (, orbis terarrum) ,

. , , . , , . , , , . [. 119]

- , .[407] , , , : , , (). , . , , , , .[408] , , . , . . V , , - - .

, , . . [. 120] : "

, ...[409] , . . , , , . , ... , , , ..." (I, 63-64). , , , . , VI . , , , (), () (6, 1, 278-280).[410] VI . , (De origine actibusque Getarum) , . , ( - ..) (VII, 50).[411] , () , , , (, ) ( ) . , 523-542 . [. 121] II- . , ()

.[412] , . . VI . .[413] . . , , : "

, , . , , " (I, 234). : " [ , ..] , ,

. , , . - , , , , , , " (I, 256-257). , [. 122] , " ", . , , , , . , , " " "" (Ann., VI, 33). . . IV . , , .[414] , , , .

, . , .[415] VII - , , , ( ), , , - XI , .[416] , , . , .[417] , [. 123] , , , , .[418] IV . 450-451 - , , . , . , .[419] . (459-484 .) , . 60- (, ) ,[420] V . . , [. 124] .[421]

. , , . , .[422] , , , , , "

, , - , ". , , (I, 145-146).[423] . , , .[424] . , , . , .[425] . , . . "

, ".[426] , , , [. 125] . , , , , .[427] , . , , , . , , , "" , .[428]

483 . . , , , . , , . , .[429] , , , . : , . , , . , , , . , , , . [. 126] . , .[430] . VI . 30- 40- , , . , "

, . ". . , .

. "

, , ", . 627 . .[431]

VII . , , , , X . , , . , , "" .[432] , , , .[433] [. 127] , VIII - . , . (724-743 .) --. ( ) , 728-729 . --- . . , . 732-733 ( ) - ( ). 737 , , . .[434] , , . VIII .

. , , .[435] , . VIII . , , . [. 128] "" .[436] VIII ( , I, 252-253). , , . .[437] IX 80- - . , - , , , , .[438] . , . ( ), " " ( ), (), (), . " " , ( , .) () , .[439]

; IV- , . , . ; " , " ( , I, 313).[440] [. 129] , , 1118 "

" ( , I, 336). , . , " , , ", " , ".[441] - . , . , .[442] , , , .[443] , , .[444] . 1125 , , , - -. , , , , , , , . , , [. 130]

, XIII . - , - - .[445] , , - . , 1119-1126 . (Galterius) , , - , , , .[446] , - -, , , . ,

. , , ... ( ), . "" , ....[447] " " , : " , , , , ", : "

, , , , ; , , -, , ; [. 131] , , , . , , " ( , II, 158). ,

, . - , . , " , " "

, , " ( , II, 182-183). , -.[448] VII- (1393-1407 .) ; , " ", . . , .[449] , 1264 , ( , II, 246-248), : (" "...), , , , . , .[450] XV , I- (14121442 .) [. 132] " " , , ,[451] , .[452] 1453 . ,

.[453]

XV . , , , .[454] V (16581676 .) , , - , , _ .[455] [. 133]

, . - , , . , . . , , III- , , .[456] , , .[457] "-" " ", " "

" ", ( ) . , , . " ". , , " " ( ) . . , " ( ) " , " ". , - [. 134] .[458] - ( ) . , , - - . ... , , , , , .[459] . , - , , . : , / , , , . 1555 - -. , ,

, , . , , "" , [. 135] , " ".[460] XVI , . , , XVII .[461] XVI , , , , .[462] , 40 , 1564-1605 . , 17 .[463] ( ) XVI XVII ; I- 1723 .

. , , XVI [. 136] .[464] . . , . (., ). - , , .[465] , XVI , , I- , , . 1713-1716 , ; 1722 , VI- XIII- VI-. I- , , VI . , I- . , .[466] . . . VI-

[. 137] , 1724 . , , 1724 . : , , . , , . . , VI- , , , , . , 1725 .[467] I-, , VI- .[468] , ; . VI- . , . II 1783 . VI- 1200 , 1762 - , , . . [. 138] , 1801 , .[469]

- , "

".[470] , VI- , II . : "...

? , , , , ... , ? ".[471] I- , , II- , . . , I- , . . , , , .[472] XVIII , . , , , , [. 139] , . . , , ,

"" .[473]

-

XIX . , , , . . , , , , . .[474] , , .[475] , . , VI- . , " , ".[476] , II .[477] [. 140] , .[478] , , - . 1770 . , : ... ,

, , ....[479] - . , -. . . .

.[480] II- -. 1781 . . , 1782 , , . - ; , . 1783 , .[481] II- , , , , : ...

, , , . : , , , . [. 141] 1782 18 .[482] , . 1783 16 , , ; : ,

, , .[483] , . 3 : . , 6 ,

". 1783 18

. . .[484] , , , , . - II- 1782 . . , , [. 142] . , II- . :

, , .[485] XVI . . . , , , .[486] II- I , . . . II- .[487] , , . , ... ,

[488] , . . II- : - . -

? , . , , , . 1783 . 23 : [. 143] , , .[489] , . , , ; , , . , , - , , , . , , XVIII , , .[490] , , , , ( , ), . . , , .[491] , 1792 , , -- , 1783 , , , ,

.[492] , , , . [. 144] , . . , , , , . , , . : , , , , , , , , , .[493] II- , , I- , , .[494] XVIII , , , . . . , : , , , , ,

, .[495] , [. 145] , , .[496] . , , , , () , . , . II- II- VI- , . , , VI- . II- II- . , , . - ; , . - , , , , , , . - ; . - , , , .[497] , [. 146] , , , , .[498]

. - , II- , 1765 . . ; - - , : - , .[499] , , , II (1711-1786 .) : Moi en Europa, et en Asie linvinsible.[500] , 1799 . 18 , :

, ...[501] II- , , - , , .[502] , , , , , , .[503] , , XII , 1799 . [. 147] , .[504] . , . , 1782 . , - ; II- , , , ,

, .[505] , , , , , , .[506] 1783 . II- VI- II - .[507] , II- , - . . . , . . , II- II- , , 1783 . 24 ( 3 ) -, .[508] [. 148] , . . . 1786 , , , " ( _ ..) ".[509] , ( - ..) , , , 12 . . ,

, , .[510] , ( ), , .[511] 1782 II - . . , ( ) , , . . , , , , . , , .[512] . , , [. 149] , . , .[513] , . , , , , - , , , XIX .[514] , , , , , XIX ,

, , , , - . , , , . , . ; -, . , , . XIX [. 150] . " " , -. , . .[515] VI- , II, , . , XVIII , . , ; ,

.[516] , .[517] , , , , . . , , .[518] 1783 - . . , [. 151] , , , , .[519] II- . .[520] . ; .[521] , 1787 . . , , , , :

, , , ,

. - , . , .[522] . 1790 . 6 . :

, , , [. 152] .[523] . , , .[524] - , , , , . . . , , .[525] . 1783 , . . , 1800 : , .[526] . 1794 . 6 , . . . 10 , 80 . , , , II- 2 , 5 , 1500 ( 2500- 3000-). .[527] . II , 1798 11 . 1795 ,

. II [. 153] - - 3 . 28 . , , . . , , .[528] , , II , , . .[529] , . . 1 - 11 18 - 1795 . .[530] , 1795 11 , .[531] . . . , II- , , [. 154] - .[532] XII . : ( - ..) ; ( II- ..) ,

, . I- XII : , ,

( . - ..), - , - , : ... , , ( , - ..), .[533] , . , . , 1792 II- , : .[534] 1787 () , , , 1783 , 1799 , , . . , [. 155] 1783 .[535] . , 1787 , 1795 . 1797 I- , .[536] , , 1795 . 15 , ; :

, , , ,

, , ( - ..), , -- , .[537] , . , . , , -- , .[538] , , , - . , XVI , .[539] . II , [. 156] .[540] . , II- 1796 . , , .[541] II . , 1783 . ,

.[542] 1798 - XII- , .[543] I- XII- , , " ".[544] , . , 1800 . 18 , . _ " " (1800 . 24 ), I- XII [. 157] .[545] 18 . . . , - . . "" .[546] 1800 1783 . . . , , , .[547] . , . , "" ; - . 18 1801 . 16 , . , , , , ,

, -,[548] - .[549] , 21 , . . , , , , . : ..., , , , , .[550] [. 158] I- . 1801 . 20 , - , . , , , , , , , -. - . .[551] , I- , , . , , , . , .[552] , , , , .[553] , . , - , , XII- , , , . XII

, . I, , - . 1799 . 8 [. 159] , , , XII- , 12 20 - . .[554] XII- - XII , I- . I- XII- - , "" . 1800 . 22 - 18 , , 28 , XII ( 1801 . 9 ).[555] XII , . , XII- , .[556] , . "" . . . , . 1801 . 5 , 18 , "

". , " ", .[557] , 1801 18 I- , 20 . , [. 160] , .[558]

, , , - . 1783 . . , - XVIII 700 , 500 , . 18%- . - 350 200 .[559] . 1801 . 28 - , 61 35 -- .[560] : , , , ; , , ; , , , , . , , , , , , , , , [. 161] , .[561] 1801 12 , I , I-, , , , .

; XII- , 1801 . 27 , , , , .[562] ,

, 1783 . , , ".[563] , , . , , , , , , , I . , , , , . :

800 , , ; ?[564] [. 162] - , . , , 1784 ., . 1770 . 16 . . , . - , . , .[565]

, , - ( ) , . , I-, , , 1801 . 12 , . , 8 . , . .[566] , .[567] I- , 1783 " ", 1801 12 18 . . [. 163] , I- , - , . , , .[568] , , , .[569] . , , 1801 I , , 1806 , , "

". - , "" . . , , ,

.[570] . , "" . . , 1830 .[571] 1828 . . , . . , [. 164] .[572] ( 1810 ), , , 1811 ; II , ; 140 ; .[573] . , .[574] I- . , , , ( - 1783 - ..) .

.[575] . , - . 1817 ; ; - [. 165] . ; ,[576] . ; , . . . , .[577] , . , .[578] XVIII . (), , - () , ,[579] . , , . (, ) , . , -, , , , -. , 1816 , - , . :

,

, , , , , . , [. 166] , , ....[580] , , . , , , , . 1800 . , 43,0% , 1783 . , ; 1832 . , 38,4%- , 1865 . - 35,6%, 1886 . 30,7%, 1897 . - 28,8%-. XX , 1926 . 31,2% , , 1917 . , : 1959 . 27,3%, 1970 . 25,5%.[581] 1988 . , , . , , , , , , . . , , , , .

, - , [. 167] . - : ![582] , , . , ; : , .[583] . 1804 1812 , 1832 . . , , . , , .[584] - , . XIX . , . , 1801 - , . , , .[585] 1802 . 21 , , , , , , .[586] , , [. 168] , .[587]

I-, I-, , , . , . , , , () , .[588] 1812 31 ; . . . , "" . , , , . , . , , -; , . . 1812 1 . .[589] 1815 , , , . [. 169] , .[590] 1830-32 -, , . , - . - .

, [591] , .[592] . , . .[593] 1957 " , 1658-1832 ." , , , .[594] [. 170] . 1839 , - I , 1783 .[595] [. 171]

XIX - , , (1844-1854 .) . . , , 100 000 1 800 000 .[596] , , , , , , .[597] . , ,

. , , .[598] , , , . , , XIX , , , .[599] . , , , , , , . [. 172] . , , , . - . , . .[600] . , , .[601] - , , , - , . . , , , .[602] , - . ,

- .[603] , , . 1897 , 1912 .[604] . , 1917 [. 173] , : " , !".[605] . 1915 , - . , , 52 000 7 000 .[606] XIX - ; , , . XX . 1907 1801 . II , . , . , 1783 20 II- II- .

, , , , , . 30 21 . 12 [. 174] . 15 - XII- I- , , - , XII- I-, I- 1801 12 . , . : 1804 , 1812 . , . . (. 2 400 000 ) . , 47% . 1783 , .[607] , (Ernest Nys) 1906 24 , , . , , , , ; ;

, [. 175] . .[608] 1914 . , - . , -, , . , . , 1783 . , de jure , , .[609] 320 , , 160 , . , , ;[610] 1921 . , , 1795 . 750 . ! 1918 . 26 . . 1918 13 , , [. 176] .[611] . ,

"" . , . . , , , . .[612] . , , , . . . , , . II , . , .[613] . 1918 . , .[614] 27 - , . 13 , [. 177] , 14 , , .[615] . . , , , , ,

, .[616] , , , , 1918 , .[617] , , .[618] , 1918 . 1921 . , , , , . , , . , , , , .[619] :

, [. 178] .[620] . , .. , . , , .[621] , . . ; : ,

; . , .[622]

, .[623] . , 1919 . , , . , , . . , , , .[624] 1919 . . , "", , : " ,

, , [. 179] ".[625] , , , , .[626] . , , , - ( -) , . . , , , .[627] ,

, .[628] , , , , . , , ; , , .[629] , , , . . , [. 180] . , . 1918 , , , 1919 18 1920 21 .[630] 1918 14 ; 31 .[631] . , : , , . , , , , . , . . , ,

"" . , .[632] , , , . , , .[633] [. 181] , , .[634] . , , , , , .[635] . , , , . , , . , , - .[636] , 1920 16 , , , , , .[637]

. . , , , , [. 182] , , .[638] . , , , , , . :

. , .[639] , , , , . . 1920 . 7 . , 1920 7 , . 1922 1 , , , . , , . . .[640] " " , , .[641] , , [. 183]

. , , de jure , . 1920 7 . , , .[642] . 1920 7 . , .[643] , , , , , , , 1920 . 1783 . , .[644] . . , , , - 1920 1783 II- II- , . , , 1920 , , .[645] . , 1920 7 [. 184] . . , ; : " ". . , .[646] ,

, . 1920 .[647] , , , .[648] , , 1920 , , " " . . . , "

... . . ".[649] . , , , .[650] [. 185] 1920 . , , , 1921 . :

, , . , . .[651] , , . , , ,

.[652] , 1906 - , , , .[653] , - , , , . , , " " , , .[654] 1907 29 [. 186] . . : , .

, , . -. , .[655] "" " " , . , - , , 1918 .[656] , , , , , ; , , ,

.[657] , "" "" , .[658] . , , , 1920 . 7 . . [. 187] .[659] . . , , , , .[660] , 1920 , , , , , .[661] . , . , " ". "".[662] 1920 . . , , . , . , , , - .

, .[663] , , 1921 23 , , [. 188] , .[664] , 1920 - , , 1921 27 de jure , .[665] 7 . , . .[666] , , , de jure . , 1921 25 , , , . , ...[667] , , , . - , , , , , [. 189] .[668]

1921 . 25 , 1920 7 , , , , , XI . . : .[669] . . , , [670]. . , 1920 . , , , , [671] , .[672] 1920 7 . , , . , , .[673] , - [. 190] , , , , , . .[674] ,

, , , .[675] , , , -, , ,[676] . , , , , . . , , . . , - .[677] - , () . , , , .[678] . , 1921 . - , .[679] [. 191] 1921 17 , , . . , , , 16 , , , . , ,

, . .[680] XII , .[681] , , .[682] , , . , .[683] . , , 1921 ; , .[684] [. 192] . . - , , . , , , - . , .[685] , . 20- , , " . . . _

, . ."[686] - , 1923 . . - , , .[687] . . , , - - , " ".[688] , 1923 25 , [. 193] , , .[689] , , . , , , . . , , . , "" " " " " . .

. , . , , "", " " .[690] , , , .[691] , . , , [. 194] , .[692] . , , .[693] , , . - ; , . , , . , - , . , , , , , - .[694] . ,

, .[695] , I , " " . , . , , [. 195] , - , , .[696] , , . . , - . , . , , , , , 1918 1921 , . , , , , , .[697] [. 196]

- :

1. ""- ( ) ; 2. ; 3. - .

"" ( ) , . , , , . , , . ( ), , . , , , , ( ) . : , , . , , , - , . , , [. 197] [698] ; , ,

(., ., "- " "- "). "", "Transcaucasia/Transkaukasien", . , "" , . , , , , - , "" . , , "" ( ) " " . 5 : 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5. - - ;[699] , , , , , , , , . , - , , . , [. 198] ? , , motto? , , , , , , ? , .

, , , , , . , . ; ? , ? . , , . , . , . , . ( ) ; . , , , [. 199] . , , ; , . , - , .. . , , ,

- , . . , , , , , . , , , , , ; , - , . . . , , ( ) . [. 200] , . , , , . , , 1921 -, , ; .

. , , , . , 1905 . ( 1943 . ) , , 1. (Pivot Area, ), , 2. (Inner or Marginal Crescent) , , , 3. (Outer or Insular Crescent), , , , . . , ( - ..) , , . , . "" . [. 201] , . (1861-1947), 1919 , , , , , , - , , , ; ( , , ), , , , , , , , , 1905 . .[700]

, . , , 1905 . , , , , 1919 . , . , 1919 . , , . . , , , , . , , , . , .[701] [. 202] . , , ( - ) . , , " " . . , ( - , - )[702] (, ) .[703] " ", . , - , - , . , , , ,

, " " . " ", , , , - . " " , . , , , , " ".[704] [. 203] . (1893-1943) , (Rimland), . , (1840-1914) , . - . . , ( ) , - , "" ( "") . . , , , , . . : " .

; . () ".[705] , , ,

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. ( ) , , , . , - , , , , . . , , , ; , . , , , . ; , . , , , . , , , , - - , , , , - . , , - , . [. 219]

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Giorgi L. Kavtaradze THE PROBLEMS OF STATE DEVELOPMENT OF GEORGIA (from the earliest times) (Summary) If we throw a glance through the main - Eurasian - part of the Eastern Hemisphere we can easily find Transcaucasia, located between two seas. It has quite an extraordinary, I dare say, even central position on the Hemisphere. In the north of it, across the Great Caucasian Range, is situated typical northern country - Russia, in the south - genuine Middle Eastern Turkey and Iran, in the west the Black Sea divides it from Eastern Europe, and in the east - the Caspian Sea from Central Asia. Such an intermediate location of the Caucasus should be the reason of its ethno-cultural diversity noticed already by Greco-Roman authors. Georgia (ancient Colchis and Iberia) - the country of the Golden Fleece of Classical Greek mythology is located in the central and western parts of Transcaucasia. It is chained to the Caucasus like Prometheus who found his last abode in the same mountains. Even on the former state emblem of Georgia, under the hoofs of the horse of Tetri (White) Giorgi (the image of Georgia) the Caucasian mountains are depicted - instead of the dragon of St. Georges icon - a symbol of natural challenge of the country, representing the link of its destiny with one of the main markers of the geographical, ethno-cultural and political division of the world. Georgia, and Transcaucasia generally, lies not only at the crossroads of all four sides of world, but at the cross-roads also from the temporal standpoint between the old and new worlds - the old world of totalitarianism and the new world of democratic society. Both these cross-roads are at the same time intertwined with each other. The areas north and east of the Caucasus are still embodiments of totalitarian societies, the areas west and south - of societies with a democratic way of life, or on the path of democratic transformation. The beginnings of Georgian statehood is one of the most controversial problems of the Georgian historiography. Some scholars are connecting the beginnings of Georgian statehood with Colchis of the legendary king Ayetes.

At the same time the very beginning of Georgian statehood by the indication of ancient Georgian historical tradition should be searched in the south-western part of ancient Georgia, where the land of Daiaeni/Diaukhi of Assyrian and Urartian cuneiform inscriptions existed from the late second millennium BC. By the information of the inscription of [. 220] the Assyrian king, Shalmanasar III, which was dated to 844 B.C., the land of Daiaeni was located near the source of the Euphrates (i. e. the Western Euphrates or the Karasu) in the territory which is known by Georgian and Armenian tradton as Tao or Taik. Except for the obvious similarity between the archaeological material of the Early Iron Age of the central and south-western parts of Transcaucasia (i. e. central part of eastern Georgia and south-western part of hstorcal Georgia), some toponyms characteristical of Daiaeni/Diaukhi are also often considered of Kartvelian origin. An additional evidence in this connection might be provided by the name of the "Royal city" of Diaukhi "ailu", mentioned nearly half a century after the Shalmanasars campaign in the inscription of Urartian king Menua which possibly was situated on the place of the Medieval Georgian village of Sasire (immediately west of the well known castle of Tortomi or Tortum-kale, ca 20-30 km north-west of the Dumlu-su, the source river of the Euphrates) which means in the old Georgian the "place of birds" (sasire). When identifying ailu as Sasire we take into account the fact that in Urartian cuneiform script it is impossible to distinguish from each other the sounds and s, l and r, u and o and the information of the above inscription of Shalmanasar III that he erected his statue in the anonymous city of Asia when the latter came to him exactly to the source of the Euphrates. The period of replacement of the Pax Achaemenia by the Pax Macedonica marks out the emergence of Iberian (East Georgian) kingdom and the beginning of unbroken state tradition of Georgian monarchy which has lasted till the beginning of 19th century. Numerous states were created in all parts of the world after the First and Second World War and the collapse of Communistic system. In our days this process takes place mainly in new countries of the post-Soviet space, among them in Georgia, where an analogous situation was known already after the annihilation of the Russian Empire and the three year period of the time of existence of the Georgian Democratic Republic, occupied by Soviet Russia in February-March 1921. Though the tradition of statehood in Georgia counts thousands of years. It seems that the factors of geopolitical character caused not only the emergence of statehood in Central Transcaucasia in the Classical period but also determined its historical development in Medieval, New and Newest times. The main purpose of the future studies is to outline the possible trends in Georgias political orientation against the background of existing tendencies in the political life of Georgia itself, of Transcaucasia generally, and of a more wide area adjacent to the basins of the Black and Caspian seas. [. 221]

Discussions under way among Georgian politicians and public of how to solve the triple choice which faces the country: 1. to join the security system of the CIS (i.e. Russia), 2. declare neutrality, 3. integrate with the Euro-Atlantic democratic societies. Pro-Russian trend actually means turning back from the process of state creation to final dissolution (though gradual) in the Russian maw the age-long dream of Russian political circles. In spite of the decisions of various summits Russia tries to retain by all means its military presence in Georgia and at the same time to widen its economic and political positions in the country. Neutral status is irrelevant for a country lying on the highway of political processes and surrounded by aggressive neighbours - primarily by Russia; Turkey and Iran to some extent, during the reinterpretation of their Caucasian policy after the breakdown of the Soviet Empire, are trying to ensure peace and security of the region different with their old historical traditions. At the same time, Turkey could be considered itself as a member of the Transcaucasian family. We have in mind the fact that Transcaucasian southern boundary is confined by the flow of the Araxes River. The upper reaches of it form a boundary between Transcaucasia and Anatolia, going west from the same river along the Palandken and Kop ranges; and further to the north, the presumable border runs along the middle and lower flow of the oruh River. We could use the term Turkish Transcaucasia as the manifestation of a widening interpretation of Transcaucasia. The pro-Western trend seems the only option, which can secure the independent development of Georgia. But can we be sure that this choice answers the national interests of the country? Why the pro-Western orientation becomes a motto of Georgian society? How trustworthy are the fears spreading among a part of Georgian public that because of their pro-Western orientation the country and its population are under the unforeseeable and imminent threat of punishment coming from rivals of the Western democratic societies and, therefore, in the opinion of this part of public, the political orientation of the country should be changed? These questions show how tense and uncertain the political situation in Georgia is today. I dont think that there exists an easy answer to all questions that are facing Georgian public today, but historians could try to make the situation more understandable from the standpoint of the historical development of this country. Therefore, we need to throw a glance from the historical perspective to gain an insight into the character of developments underlying modern processes. The pointer of Georgias political compass was directed at various sides of the world in different times, but what kind of mechanism caused [. 222] such a shift of orientation? Which point, having strong magnetic power, was most determinative for the Georgian pointer throughout the history? These are the questions that should be answered.

Unfortunately nobody paid attention in the special literature to the interconnection between the existence of state power in Central Transcaucasia and the necessity to control the passes through the Caucasus, indicated by the historical development of the area. This must be mainly due to the fact that during the last two hundred years Transcaucasia was incorporated in the Russian and Soviet empires and no governmental employee in charge of these totalitarian states would allow, or will encourage even now in a much more democratic Georgia, to carry out such a study. Both these countries (the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union) succeeded in total subjection of the Transcaucasian territory which was of vital importance for their expansionistic plans against the entire East Mediterranean-Middle Eastern area. On the other hand, the fact that no Caucasian nation was represented on the political map of the world over the last two centuries, with the above-mentioned short exception, is the main reason why Caucasian history was actually neglected by Western specialists even when studying the areas adjacent to it. The breakdown of the Communist system gave specialists of countries belonging to this system the possibility of using such methodological principles that are far removed from the dogmas of Marxism-Leninism and that were sometimes already obsolete in other parts of the world. In connection with the early Caucasian political history the use of Arnold Toynbees Challenge-andResponse model seems preferable, as the emergence and development of the idea of statehood in the Caucasus finds its stimulus (Challenge) in the reaction (Response) of the local natural and social environment. The political history of Georgia, like other Transcaucasian countries, was mainly dominated by the fact of the geographical location of Transcaucasia south of the Great Caucasian mountainous chain, one of the most important watershed systems of the world. These mountains form a fracture (something like a geological fault-line) not only from the geographical and ethno-cultural points of view, but also from the geopolitical division of the world. The key importance of the location of the Caucasus was picturesquely stated by Pliny the Elder (Plinius Magnus), already two thousand years ago, namely that the Caucasian Gate (i.e. the Darial Pass, crossing the central part of the Great Caucasian Range), divides the world in two parts (n. h., VI, 30). There was always a need for a barrier to be erected by the world of reasonable men against the world of barbarians, such as the Great Wall of China or Hadrians Wall (Roman Limes). The Caucasian Gate had the same function for the Middle East. From times immemorial it barred the descent of the Eurasian nomads into the civilised world of common interest - the Mediterranean-Middle Eastern oikoumene. [. 223] The Caucasian Gate is frequently called the Pillars, Stronghold or Iron Gate of Alexander the Great by the Classical (Greco-Roman) authors. The linkage of Alexanders name of the legend with the emergence of the Iberian statehood, known from the evidence of old Armenian and Georgian chronicles, indicates the raison dtre of this state, namely to be the outpost of the civilised world in its

struggle with the realm of Gog and Magog lying beyond the Caucasian Gate. The above-mentioned emblem of Georgia, bears the sun, the moon and the five stars, supposedly bestowed on the Georgians by the legendary image of Alexander of old Georgian chronicles as an ideological basis of their state religion. Thus the concept of Alexanders Iron Gate was the reflection of the concrete political function of the Georgian State - the control of one of the most important strategic passes of the world. This function of the state seems to have been one of the main decisive factors that challenged the emergence of the Georgian State in the central part of Transcaucasia in the Early Hellenistic period. The location of Georgia, south of the Great Caucasian Range, in the contact zone of the Eurasian nomads and the Middle Eastern civilised societies, had predetermined the continual external pressure from the north, a Challenge, which for its part caused a Response - the creation of a state (i.e. the Iberian Kingdom) in Central Transcaucasia. The raison dtre not only of Iberia, but also of other new states of the Classical period, Albania and Lazica (the successive state of Colchis), were to become strongholds of the civilised world (Greek oikoumene or Roman orbis terarrum) in its struggle with the barbarian Realm of Darkness beyond the Caucasian Gate. However, there was undoubtedly a difference between the western political orientation (the Greek states, Roman and Byzantine empires) of Iberia and also to a certain degree of Lazica, on the one hand, and the eastern orientation (Persia, Parthia) of Albania (together with Armenia), on the other. The control of the Caucasian passes could create the most favourable opportunity for the preservation of Pax Romana in the Middle East. The Iberians (eastern Georgians) were the most important allies of the Romans in the region, having supremacy over the Caucasian Gate. The close collaboration between the Romans and the Iberians, based on their joint strategic interests as parts of one and the same orbis terarrum was the leit-motif of their interrelations. At the same time, the rulers of the Iberian Kingdom successfully used the favourable strategic location of their country to balance the pressure of the powers coming from all sides of the world, often changing the direction of their orientation. Already Tacitus noted that the Iberians were masters of various positions and could suddenly pour mercenaries from across the Caucasus against their southern enemies (Ann. 6, 33). [. 224] The long-term aspiration of the medieval Georgian monarchy, going back presumably to the times of the Roman Empire, to bring under its sovereignty not only the Caucasian Gate, but all existing Caucasian passes from the Black to the Caspian Sea, is expressed by the formula of its territorial integrity in the Georgian chronicle of the eleventh century the Life of Georgia: from Nikopsia to Daruband, i.e. from the northeastern Black Sea littoral to the Derbent gateway (the second important pass of the Caucasus), on the western shore of the Caspian Sea. This f