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THE YOUNGSTOWNMUSEUMPROJECT

Planning Project ReportPrepared by the Office of PlanningThe Ohio Historical Society

ThomasH. Smith, Director, The Ohio Historical SocietyWilliam G. Keener, Chief, Office of PlanningJulius Simchick, Coordinator, Youngstown Office

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( , TABLE OF CONTENTS

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I.II.

III.IV.V.

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VI.

VII.

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Backgroundoftheproject.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1

The Ohio Historical Society. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3

YoungstownMuseumTheme.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

TheNeedforanIronandSteelMuseum.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9

TheDevelopmentof theIronandSteelIndustry.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14A.TheProcesses.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

1. Blast Furnace.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152. CastIron.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193. WroughtIron. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 . Stee1 . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225. Blister and Cementation Steel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236. CrucibleSteel.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247. BessemerSteel.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248. OpenHearth.. . . . . ".. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279. Electric, Basic Oxygen, and QBOP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3010. Rolling 8 32

B.Labor.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331. The Early Period.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332. TheModernEra.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

C. Immigration , ~ . . . . . . . . . 35

D. Working Conditions.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38E. Unionism.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

F. Labor Today.. . . . . . . . .. . . . . It. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

TheMahoningValley:AShortHistory.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

YoungstownToday.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . 52A. AutomobileAccess.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

B. AirandBusAccess.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

C. Lodging,RestaurantandShoppingFacilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53D. OtherCultural/Recreational/EducationalFacilities. . . . . . . . . . . . 54

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XI.XII.

XIII.

Potential MuseumSites

Collections

Exhibits.

Formal Exhibits

Large Artifact Exhibits

ArchivesProgram. . . .The Museumas an Educator

Budget. . . . .A. Museum Program

B. Types of Funding

C. Continued Operating Requirements

D. Sources of Funding

VIII.IX.X.

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Summary

Appendix IAppendix II

Appendix III

Appendix IV

Appendix V .Appendix VI

Appendix VII

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81

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93

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99

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. 106

.109

.114

.118

.124

. 143

.146

. 152

A.B.

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( 1. BACKGROUNDOF THE PROJECT

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The YoungstownMuseumProject is being undertaken by the Ohio Historical Society in

par~ia1 fulfillment of its legal obligations as detailed in Section 149.30 and sub-sequent sections of the Ohio Revised Code. This legislation gives the Society

responsibility for many of the state's historical activities and programs.

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(The prospect of establishing an Ohio Historical Society museumfacility in the

Youngstown area has been under discussion for at least fifteen years. A number of

persons in the Youngstown area have approached the Society at various times to suggest

the propriety of such a venture. The Society likewise has had an interest in such a

project. This was expressed implicitly in the Society's Ten Year Plan as submitted to

the Ohio General Assembly in June, 1974. In that document, the Society's Board of

Trustees madeclear that the concentration of historic sites and museumsin predomi-nantly rural areas could not serve the'needs and desires of all Ohioans. Based on

this principle, the Board gave the development of urban facilities the highest

priority in future capital improvement plans.

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Throughout the late 1960s and the early 1970s, the Society was so engaged in a myriad

of other projects that the active planniTIg of a Youngstown facility had to remain a

hope for the future. - Interest remained high, however, both on the part of the Societyand also on the part of a number of persons in Youngstown.

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In 1977 the Ohio General Assembly passed AmendedSubstitute House Bill Number618.

Line item appropriation 360-508 provided the Society with funding through June 30,

1979 for the purpose of planning a Youngstown museumfacility. The General Assembly

stipulated that the Society should work toward lithe development of a program dealingwith the historical growth of the MahoningValley. . ~ ."

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In addition to the Youngstown facility~ the Society is planning museumcomplexes inCleveland and. Wooster. To coordinate these efforts and to insure their efficient

planning, an Office of Planning was established at the Ohio Historical Center in

Columbus. Early in 1978, the Youngstown Planning Office was opened in the heart of

downtownYoungstown. A local project coordinator was hired to head that office. Asmall research and secretarial staff has been added to the Youngstownoffice while

other researchers and designers have continued to work on the project in Columbus.

( The project coordinator has contacted many people in the Youngstown area to determine

the extent of local support and to discover what types of programs are desirable and

feasible. At the same time, research nas been undertaken to explo}'e possible museum

themes, locations, costs, and benefits. A variety of possible museumprograms havebeen and are continuing to be explored.

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This report will examine some of the pertinent issues associated with the establishment

and the operation of a Youngstownhistorical facility.

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( II. THE OHIO HISTORICAL SOCIETY

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Foundedin 1885, the Ohio Historical Society is a private, nonprofit educationalinstitution. The Society, one of the largest state historical organizations in the

nation, manages and operates more.than sixty sites across the state for the benefit

of Ohio's citizens. Under Section 149.30 and subsequent sections of the Ohio Revised

Code, the Society is chartered in general to IIpromote a knowledge of history and

archaeology, especially of Ohio. . .11and is responsible for a number of other duties

which are more specifically detailed in the Revised Code.

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The Society receives state funds to help fulfill its duties as specified in the above-

mentioned legislation. In addition to its museumand state memorial 'programs, the

Society is responsible for archives administration for the State of Ohio a~d itspolitical subdivisions.

(An eighteen-member board of trustees governs the Ohio Historical Society. Half of its

members are elected by the membership while the remaining nine are appointed by the

Governor. A director, selected by the Board of Trustees, administers Society operations.'

( Over four hundred employees are required to implement the Society's many diverse

programs. The Archives Division, which is the official repository for state documents.

also maintains more than five hundred manuscript collections and an extensive audio-

visual archives. The Library Division oversees an excellent non-circulating research

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library containing more than 125,000 volumes.one of the finest in the nation.

This division's newspaper collection is

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The Society operates a series of diverse museumprograms throughout Ohio. Natural

history museums, wildlife preserves, and interpretive programs educate Ohio citizens

abo~t their environment--both present day and past. The Society's expertise in pre-historic archaeology, which has b~en recognized worldwide since 1885, is demonstrated

through both .scholarly and popular publications. Several archaeology site museums, aswell as exhibits at the Ohio Historical Center in Columbus, inform the public about the

prehistoric peoples who once inhabited this area.(

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Sometwenty-three history museumsor restored buildings comprise the bulk of the

Society's history interpretation programs. Subjects range from an examination of thesettlement of the Northwest Territory at the restored section of the CampusMartius

stockade in Marietta to man's first exploration beyond this planet at the Neil Armstrong

Museumin Wapakoneta. Ohio's presidents of the United States are well represented bythe Rutherford B. Hayes home, museumand library; by the Ulysses S. Grant birthplace and

schoolhouse; by the William Henry Harrison tomb; and most recently by the acquisition

of the Warren G. H~rding home and memorial. Presidents, however, do not dominate the

Society's efforts. Black poet Paul Laurence Dunbar's Dayton home is maintained as amuseum, as are the homes of composer Benjamin Hanby and abolitionist John Rankin.

Fort Meigs, the largest restored stockade in the nation, tells the story of the War of1812, while Fort Laurens commemorateswith a museumthe only permanent Revolutionary

War installation in Ohio. Here also is a tomb containing the remains of the unknown

soldiers who died at. Fort Laurens while fighting for American independence.

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In 1965 the Society embarkedon a major expansion and renovation program. In theensuing thirteen years, the Society has opened fifteen new museumswhile also making

major improvements at eight existing museums. To date, this program has provided the

people of Ohio with approximately 350,000 square feet of new exhibits as well as three

major living history sites. This represents one of the largest capital improvement,

exh~bit, and interpretation programs ever undertaken by a state historical society.(

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( III. YOUNGSTOWNMUSEUMTHEME

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Whenthe YoungstownMuseumPlanning Project was initiated, the planners maintained nopre~onceived notion of what the major thematic thrust of the museumwas to be. The

establishment of the museum's theme is most important, for it is the prerequisite for

all future planning. Only when the theme is determined, can questions relating tomuseumlocation, size and cost be examined realistically.

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(To begin, a number of alternatives were sought out and considered. Data was assembled

to determine the subject areas most appropriate to the Youngstown-MahoningValley locale.

Manypersons were interviewed in an attempt to determine the prevailing opinion of local

residents concerning desirable or appropriate themes. While the museumis not being

undertaken solely for the benefit of these residents, community support is imperative

to the success of any such undertaking.

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( A motorist driving through the Mahoning Valley is soon aware that this is no placid

landscape. The valley is alive with sights and sounds. Smokestacks reach into the

clouds, stretching upwardsfrom sprawling complexes of black iron and brick. Even atsome distance, an assortment of sounds echo out across the valley clatteri~g andscreaming. Everywhere, railroad tracks announce that, here, movement is the watchword.

At night the sky is aglow with lights--not from the heavens, but from flaming openingsin the dark buildings which lie along both sides of the Mahoning River. Everywhere,

the valley speaks of the presence of man on a huge scale.

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This tour along the Mahoning River is, in a sense, an excursion to the very foundation

of American industry. The Mahoning Valley is one of the nation's most important steel

producing areas. From 1802, when the Heaton brothers erected the first iron furnacewest of the Allegheny Mountains, to the present, the Valley has produced much of the.

iron and steel used in building America's railroads, bridges and buildings.

\-Iron and steeJ are the building blocks from which nearly all of American industry isbuilt. The automobiles we drive are made from Mahoning Valley steel, as are the pipes

that bring oil to the surface of the earth and transport it from well to refinery, and

the trucks which bring it to the corner gas station. Victor Clark, a noted economichistorian, once remarked that "no single thing better measures the industrial standing

of a nation than its use of metal" and steel is the most important metal of the modern

era. Certainly, no area of the United States better illustrates the developmentof .

this nation's iron and steel industry than the Mahoning Valley.

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Any person who walks through downtownYoungstownor its hinterland inquiring of people

on the street about the history or present state of the Mahoning Valley will be struck

by the similarity of their responses. Everyone talks about iron and steel. A visitor

is not only surrounded by the physical facilities which today, and for manyyears past,

have produced this basic building block of industry, but also finds that nearly every

resident has some connection with the industry. Many.work or have worked .in the plants

of Republic, Youngstown Sheet and Tube, Sharon, or U. S. Steel; others can recount the

generations of their families who worked in the mills. Above all else, one is struck

by the pride these people have in their town and in its primary industry. Over and

over again, one hears, liThebest steel in the world is Youngstownsteel." Along with

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this sense of pride, one is aware that these people also have a tremendous appreciation

of the heritage of the Mahoning Valley iron and steel industry. Throughout the plants,

when people hear that the visitor is from the Ohio Historical Society, they point outthat the plant tour is itself a lesson in history. uYouwant a good museum?", many

ask. "Why, this plant is a museum--just look at these open hearths; they're 1917 and

they don't make them like that anymore."(

\- As the planning for the Youngstown historical facility progressed, one fact became very

evident. The historical development of the Mahoning Valley not only parallels the

historical development of the American iron and steel industry, it is one of its most

vital segments. As an important corollary to this basic fact, the people of the

Mahoning Valley view the iron and steel industry as the theme for the proposed museum.Therefore, surveys of both the history of the region, and also of community response

indicate the most appropriate theme for the Youngstownmuseumfacility is the historyof the American iron and steel industry.

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(IV. THE NEEDFOR AN IRON AND STEEL MUSEUM

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The importance of the iron and steel industry to the historical development and present

status of the United States is difficult to estimate. The industry's role in the

emergence of modern America has been considerable. An examination of the amount of

iron and steel produced makes evident that this industry's growth and success parallels

the.development of American technology and the economic status of the country as a

whole. The following diagrams give a notion of this phenomenal growth. Note that

from 1700 to 1879 the output listed is for iron while from 1886 to 1975 th~ figures

represent the output of steel. This reflects the change in ferrous metals production

which occurred with the advent of processes for manufacturing inexpensive steel during

the 1880s.

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As these statistics show, the production of iron and steel has increased by quantum

leaps in the past 280 years, not only in terms of gross tonnage, but also in terms of

per capita production. By comparing the output of iron and steel with the general

economic, status of the United States, it is evident that the output has been closely

tied to the overall economic well being of the nation. The relationship between

production of iron and steel and the general prosperity of the country is,so intricate

that a change in one generally accompanies a change in the other.(

Another relationship can be found in these figures. During periods of our history when

rapid technological development and industrial growth took place. the output of iron and(

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steel rose. This is not at all surprising, for first iron and then later steel were the

essential materials for industrial building. For example, the railroad boomwhich

occurred during the latter half of the nineteenth century consumed vast quantities ofsteel. Between 1865 and 1900, the American rail network grew from 40,000 miles of track

to 250,000 miles. During this boomperiod of railway building steel rails accounted formuch of the nation's total steel production; in 1887 alone 2,139,640 tons of steel went

into rail production. Rolling stock also consumed a great deal of steel during thisperiod. In 1834 an average locomotive weighed seven and a half tons. By the 1880s,

sixty-ton and larger locomotives were not uncommon.

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( The steel industry's growth has made it one of the most important segments of the

American economy. In 1976 the 454,128 persons who worked in the steel industry earned$8,331,464,000. In addition, millions of workers in other industries and services are

dependent to at least some degree on steel. Witness the economic disruption which

results when the demand for steel slumps or when the industry is slowed by labor

disputes.

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(Despite the historical and the contemporary importance of the iron and steel industry,few Americans knowmuch about it. While the news media makes us aware of troubles that

spring up in the industry from time to time, few of us are knowledgeable about the

size, operations or historical origins of this vital part of our nation.

(Iron and steel, both the products and also the industry itself. are such importantelements of American history that museumtreatment is to say the least highly desirable;

To understand the development of the United States--its economy, its society, its

culture--one must examine this vital industry.I .(

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Museumsare one of the most pervasive disseminators of historical information in

contemporary America. Recent statistics indicate that museumvisits in this country

total more than 308,000,000 per year. What makes this data especially impressive is

that the number of museumvisits exceeds the total population of the United States by

about one-third. In other words, many Americans visit more than one museumeach year.

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Whydo people attend museumsand what do they get out of their visits? These are

difficult questions, for museumsare so varied in theme, content, and approach that

they would defy classification by even a modern-day Linnaeus. All museums,however, do

share somethings in common. All exhibit and interpret objects in an attempt to increase

and diffuse knowledge about our environment, past and present. This fundamental purpose

makesmuseumseducational institutions in the truest sense. However; they differ funda-

mentally from other educational institutions, such as schools, in their reliance upon

objects rather than the written or printed word to convey information. Museumsalso

differ from schools in that museumsseldom rely on coercion to stimulate the learning

process. Museumsgive no tests; they ~ward no grades.

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( These two factors, the employment of objects and the absence of coercion, are the basis

of the museum's success as an educator as well as the foundation of its popular appeal.

Objects provide a sense of tangibility which is lacking in printed works. They allow

the past or the foreign to becomefirsthand, thereby forming the foundation on whicheven abstract concepts can be built. As one curator remarked, "Girls are muchmore

interesti:ng than descriptions of girls."

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The use of objects as educational tools is combined with an absence of coercion. No one

is forced to enter a museum. No one is tested on what they received once inside. This

increases the enjoyment of museumsand, as educators acknowledge, it is easier to learn

in a pleasant environment. Museumcurators and exhibit designers are well aware thatno one is forced to enter museums. They therefore strive to make the museum's environ-ment attractive, for one measure of a museum's success is its visitation. At the same

time, museumofficials recognize that education is their institutions' primary goal.

Thus, museumsattempt to educ~te in an environment of entertainment and pleasure. Oneneed only look at some of the most successful museumprograms offered in this country

to see that this is so. People are visiting museumsineve~increasing numbers and

they are finding that learning about the past can be an enjoyable and rewarding

experience.

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It is evident that the iron and steel industry for manyyears has been a vitally

important segment of the American society and economy. It is also clear that museumsare one of the best transmitters of historical information. An iron and steel museum.would fill a great need. Still, no museumin the United States today is devoted toiron and steel.

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The Ohio Historical Society has restored an 1850s charcoal iron furnace near Wel1ston,

Ohio. Somemuseums, like the Smithsonian, do look at portions of the iron. and steel

industry, but have not attempted a comprehensive portrayal. The same is true of period

reconstructions, such as Saugus Iron Works and Hopewell Village, whose interpretations

are limited to a single locale and period of time. While these and similar efforts

demonstrate that museumsare aware that iron and steel deserve coverage, as yet none(

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have developed a full-scale portrayal. This seems especially odd in light of the factthat museumsdo exist for the glass, oil and textile industries, and they are verysuccessful.

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A museumwhich focuses on a portrayal of iron and steel will help makepeople aware ofthe historical development of the industry. By providing an understanding of the

origins and the evolution of iron and steel in America, this museumwiil help in the

understanding of the present. As the remaining chapters of this report will show, now

is the ideal time for such an undertaking and Youngstown is the ideal 10catfon.

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( V. THEDEVELOPMENTOFTHE IRONANDSTEELINDUSTRY

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To discuss the merits of Youngstownas a location for the museum--to understand why the

Mah~ning Valley is at this time so ideal a choice--one must have some understanding of

the evolution of the iron and steel industry. Because the two are so intertwined, ahistory of the industry is in many respects also a history of the valley.

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(iIn 1619 a group of British investors attempted to erect an ironworks in Virginia. When

a group of Indians protested the intrusion into their territory by killing the iron-

workers and demolishing the facilities, iron production in the NewWorld ceased.

(Somefifty years later, iron production had been reintroduced. The center of the new

activity had moved to NewEngland where ore obtained from bogs or ponds was utilized

to make iron. From Massachusetts, ironworking spread to Connecticut, Rhode Island, and

then to NewJersey and NewYork. The most important iron center in pre-RevolutionaryAmerica, however, was established in Pennsylvania. Here were found the raw materials

needed to make iron, the streams to provide water power, and the entrepreneurs, like

William Henry Stiegel, who were willing to exploit the situation.

( Using local materials and selling primarily to local markets, these early iron

manufacturing concerns were small-scale entetprises. Nevertheless, they suppliedmuch needed iron, first to the Colonies and later to the new United States.

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All of these establishments used the same type of raw materials and all relied upon a

commontechnology to produce their iron. This processs in facts has changed little from

ancient times to the present. Refinementss to be sures have increased production, cut

costs, and permitted the utilization of less scarce materials. Yet, the basic method of

making iron is the same for today's giant corporations as it was for the Southhampton

adventurers who sought to make iron in seventeenth century Virginia.(

~ THE PROCESSES'

A. . The Blast Furnace - Metallic iron is rarely found in nature. Iron tends to react

readily with oxygen, forming an iron oxide. One of the most common,and troublesome,

of these oxides is called "rust." Deposits of natural iron oxide, or .iron ore, vary

in chemical content. While some contain as much as seventy-five to eighty percent ironothers possess as little as twenty percent. The job of the iron maker is to remove the

oxygen and other impurities from the ore, thereby leaving only the iron. This process,

whose chemical name is reduction, might be expressed by this formula: Fe304+heat~Fe to..It is important to note that this is a chemical reaction and not merely the "me1ting"of the iron free from its surrounding i~purities, as is often the case with other metals

such as gold.

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Other elements often are present in the ore and they too must be eliminated from the

final product. For instances two particularly troublesome impurities are sulfur and

phosphorous. A flux added to the reaction traps these and other impurities, facilitating

removal. Limestones the most commonlyused flux, melts and traps these impurities in

a liquid suspension which is removed as it floats to the top of the heavier molten iron.

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MODERNSTEEL PRODUCTIONPROCEDURES

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The reduction of iron ore to metallic iron takes place at very high temperatures--

several thousand degrees farenheit. The achievement of these enormous temperatures,

one of the greatest difficulties encountered in iron production, takes place in a large

reaction vessel called a blast furnace (see diagram). The basic design and the princi-

ples of the blast furnace operations have remained constant for centuries. Ore, fuel,and flux are dumped into the furnace from the top. The furnace is operated continuously,

for when allowed to cool the furnace's refractory lining must be replaced. The burning

fuel provides.the heat for the reaction, which becomes progressively more intense asthe'mixture descends further down into the furnace. The enormous heat required pre-

cludes allowing the fuel to burn under strictly atmospheric conditions. Air is pumpedinto the blast furnace through openings in its base. This blast of air, much akin to

the blacksmith's bellows, forces a more rapid and intense combustion, thereby raising

the temperature to the needed degree.

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) In the past century two major innovations have taken place in the design and operation

of blast furnaces. The first involved preheating the blast air prior to blowing it

into the furnace. Heating the air increased the yield of iron, thus cutting production

cost. As the nineteenth century closed, American blast furnaces had raised both the

pressure and the temperature of their blast air. By adopting this so-called "hard

driving" technique, American iron producers were able to make enormous profits on an

ever-increasing output of iron.

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)The second major innovation in blast furnace practice involved a change in the fuel.For centuries, iron was made in charcoal-fueled "furnaces. While charcoal was a nearly

ideal fuel in terms of energy output and lack of impurities. it was expensive. limited

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supplies of wood as well as the cost of the labor required to convert the wood to

charcoal continually increased the cost of this fuel. Nonetheless, charcoal was the

preferred fuel well into the nineteenth century. Beginning in the 1840s, however, iron-

masters gradually switched to other fue1s--first to anthracite coal and then to coke made

from bituminous coal. Several advantages thus were gained: (1) the cost of iron

production dropped with declining fuel costs and (2) larger furnaces could be built

because coke could be stacked higher than charcoal without crushing. These larger

furnaces provided an economyof scale and also allowed American furnaces to supply thehuge demands for iron products.

! )

)At the same time these major changes were winning acceptance throughout the industry,

a number of refinements were introduced into blast furnace practice. Improvements in

materials handling, energy conservation and by-product utilization all helped to

increase yields and profits. By the first decades of the twentieth century, however,

the main principles of blast furnace design and operation were established. and theycontinue to- operate today.

)

)

Iron, as it emerges from the blast furnace, is of limited use in the fabrication of final

products. This is largely due to the impurities which remain in the iron. Blast

furnace iron contains approximately 3.5 to 4.5 percent carbon, .5 to 5 perce~t silicon, .

.5 to 2 percent manganese, .035 to 19 percent phosphorous, and less than .05 percent

sulfur. The carbon content, influenced by the other elements present, either combines

with the iron or disperses within the iron in the form of graphite flake~. Carbongives the iron many of its most important characteristics. Cast iron, which contains

more than 3 percent carbon, is brittle and cannot easily be welded or forged. Iron

)

)

J

) 18

)

with a carbon content of .25 to 1.7 percent is called steel. This special form of iron

has such excellent strength and workability characteristics that it is the primary metal

of modern society. Until 1856, however, steel was so difficult to produce that little

of it was made. Finally, iron containing only traces of carbon--essentially pure iron--

is called wrought iron. This metal, while it lacks the strength and wearing qualitiesof steel, historically has been easier to produce than its stronger brother. In addition,

wrought iron is easily worked and welded. For centuries it was the primary ferrous metal.

)

Whil~ these definitions provide a ready identification for ferrous metals and indicate

at least the desired final product, if not the method of production, their simplicityis misleading. For centuries the chemistry of iron and steel was uncertain. Steel,

for example, was often believed to be a purer iron than wrought iron, rather than the

iron-carbon mixture we now know it to be o. Moreover, the extreme temperatures necessaryfor iron and steel production often precluded precise experiment~tion or even observa- °

tion. Variety in the ore, fuel, flux, and furnace linings further compoundedthese

difficulties. Until the twentieth century, iron production and metallurgy was an art,not a science.

Blast furnace iron is seldom considered a finished product. The iron must first undergo

conversion to wrought iron or to steel, or it must be cast into usable articles.

Usually b1ast furnace iron is either cast as pigs or is taken in its molten state for

conversion or casting elsewhere. Following the iron as it comes from the blast furnace

and tracing the methods which have been employed in turning it into finished products

is in many ways analogous to reading a history of much of the iron and steel industry.

The remainder of this section examines the production of the three major ferrous metal

)

~

... ' ,,--.

'- .L

) 19

products: cast irons wrought irons and steel. While what follows is a simplifiedoverview of the developments which have occurred over the past two centuriess it does

provide a foundation on which a discussion of the importance of the Mahoning Valleyindustry can be built.

)B. Cast Iron - Although cast iron lacks many of the workability and durability

characteristics of wrought iron and steels it nevertheless always has had important

uses. As the" name suggestss this form of iron is most suitable for casting rather

than for rolling or forging. Cast iron is so brittle that it cannot be worked withhammerand anvils nor can it be welded in the blacksmith's forge. It iss howevers

the cheapest iron product since it requires little in the way of purification before

actual fabrication takes place.

)

)For centuries ironmasters cast implements directly in front of the mouth of the blast

furnace. Molds of pots or kettles or cannon were formed in the sand in front of thefurnace's hearth. Whenthe furnace was tappeds the molten iron ran out and filled the

molds. While the quality of items produced by this technique often left much to be

desireds the method was cheap and suitable for the utilitarian ware most commonlycast.)

Castings not made directly from the furnace are produced in a foundry. Here furnaceiron is remelted and casts most often in molds made of a special sand. In modern

foundriess the iron often is brought from the blast furnace in a molten state by

special railroad cars. . This eliminates the cost of remelting. (See diagram.)

)

"' ,..,.,

HISTORIC CAST IRON PRODUCTIONPROCEDURES

<~IRON ORE

)

) BLAST FURNACELIMESTONE

FOUNDRYI

IN THE FOUNDRYPIG IRONS REMELTEIDANDCASTINTO

FINISHEDPRODUCTS.

- -~ -~.

- ------. - -- PIG IRONCASTING

IRON FROMTHE BLAST FURNACEIS EITHER CAST INTO PIG IRONOR CAST DIRECTLY INTO A FINISHEDPRODUCT.

CHARCOAL

DIRECTCASTING

FINISI

r I

)

MODERN CAST IRON PRODUCTIONPROCEDURES

, )

IRON OREI

I )

, ) LIMESTONE

COKE

BLAST FURNACE

CUPOLAFURNACE

THE CUPOLA FURNACI:IS USED TO REMELTPIG IRON FOR CAST:NG.

~:~..

..

.

'",".

o ..o

CAST I RONI

I.

J

20

)

C. Wrought Iron - Until the mid-nineteenth century, wrought iron was the primary

ferrous metal. Several factors contributed to the predominance of this type of iron.

Due to its very low carbon content, wrought iron is malleable, easily welded, and

easier to produce. Traditionally iron makers found it easier to remove all rather than.

just some of the carbon. Wrought iron's major drawback prior to the introduction ofmodern furnace designs was its high melting temperature--higher than either steel or

cast iron, whose carbon content lower their melting points.

)

For ~enturies, wrought iron often was made by a direct reduction process. Here the

ore was reduced to wrought iron in one step in a furnace called a bloomery. As the

ore was reduced to iron, it was exposed to the air which slowly oxidized out the

carbon. Then it was hammeredor rolled repeatedly to remove impurities. Although

the amount of iron produced by a single furnace was not great, bloomeries were rela-

tively inexpensive to build. This accounts at least in part for the process's enduringwell into the nineteenth century.

In 1784 an Englishman named Henry Cort introduced the "puddling" process for producing

wrought iron. Pig, or blast furnace, iron was melted in a reverberatory furnace, a

furnace which kept the burning fuel separated from the iron. Once the metal melted,

workers called "puddlers" stirred the iron with long iron "rabbling" bars. This

brought the molten iron into contact with the air where the oxYgenoxidized the carbon

in the iron, virtually burning it away. As the iron's carbon content decreased, the

melting point of the iron increased to such an extent that the successful removal of

the carbon was marked by a general loss of fluidity' of the pool of iron. Whensufficient

carbon was thus removed, the iron tended to form a pasty ball of semi-molten wrought

I

)

The puddling process remained the primary means of obtaining wrought iron until the

first quarter of the twentieth century. In fact, the Aston process, which now is used

to produce wrought iron, is little more than a Inechanizedand sophisticated puddlingoperation. Developed by Dr. James Aston in conjunction with Edward B. Story, this

process incorporates all the stages of the puddling operation--metal refining, slag

melting, and processing--to form a slag impregnated sponge ball. The steps, however,

are done in separate stages. utilizing separate furnaces and pieces of equipment.

)

In the Aston process, pig iron first is melted in a cupola furnace. The molten metal

next is worked in a Bessemer converter where carbon is removed. Concurrently, slag is

melted in a separate furnace which has no refractory lining to alter the slag'scomposition. Once melted the slag is poured into a large ladle. The molten iron, at

a temperature between 2,800 and 2,900 degrees, then is poured slowly into the slag.

The unequal temperatures of the two mixtures cause intense agitation, producing a

violent evolution of gases and a thorough, but temporary, mixture of iron and slag. .

The surplus slag is poured from the ladle, leaving a white bot sponge ball of iron.

This sponge ball is pressed mechanically into a bloom and then rolled into either slabs

or billets, making it ready for further reduction.

)

. )

Prior to the introduction of the Aston process in the early 1930s, a puddler and his

helper could produce about 3,000 pounds of wrought iron a day. With the new Aston

technology) ten thousand pounds of iron could be produced in twenty minutes and a

single furnace complex was capable of replacing eighty hand-puddled furnaces.

) 21

iron interspersed with liquid and solid impurities. At this point the ball was removed

and squeezed by hammer or roller to force out the impurities.)

, /

THREETYPESOF WROUGHTIRON PRODUCTION

BLOOMERY)

)

)F

PUDDLINGFURNACE

IRON ORE

)

LIMESTONE

),

COKE

BLOOMERY

FINISHED PRODUCTS

~

REMOVESCARBONAND OTHER IMPUR[T[ESFROM CAST [RON.

'~~~~/';I~~/;;~~~ ~1

BLAST FURNACE PUDDLING FURNACE

BLAST FURNACE

REMOVESSLAGFROM [RONSPONGEBALL.

.

ALEVER SQUEEZER

MOLTEN REF[NED [RON[S ADDED TO MOLTEN IRONSILICATE SLAG WHICHPRECIPITATES SMALL FRAG-MENTS OF [RON. THESEFRAGMENTSCOHERETOFORM A SPONGELIKE BALLIMPREGNATEDWITHLIQUID SLAG.

tiII

:~-~~ ~~~ PLATE' . ~LI~TUBE ~ 'l'~

~ GALVANIZEDANDOTHERFLAT ROLLEDPRODUCTS

.F[NAL PRODUCTSOF M[LL SOLDTOMANUFACTURERS.HOTROLLEDBARS

mEZES SLAGFRaiSPOOGEYIROOBAU..

,..~-I~

)

CHARCOAL

)

J

) 22

)

D. Steel - Steel is the primary building block of modern society. Its availability,cost, strength, and durability are so favorable when compared to other materials that

steel is in a class by itself. Bridges, tools, buildings, ships, and automobiles are

built primarily of steel. Moreover, steel often is an important ingredient even when

other materials are employed. Concrete, for example, gains much of its strength from

the steel reinforcement bars buried within it. Without steel, modern urban societywould be impossible.

...

),~.

)

Despite its present importance, the widespread use of steel did not commenceuntil about

the period of the Civil War. To be sure, steel has been produced for centuries byWestern man and perhaps even longer in the Orient and Africa. Its use', however, was

confined to special applications requiring very limited quantities, such as in the

manufacture of clock springs or edged weapons. The prestige of Sheffield, Damascus,

Toledo, and Japanese samurai swords remain a testimony to the steelmaking technologyemployed at these locations.)

)

Several obstacles prevented the quantity production of steel. The fact is that steel--

iron with a carbon content of .25 to 1.7 percent--was difficult to produce. The

ignorance of steel's composition often prevented even an attempt to develop a processcapable of producing the desired product. The high temperatures involved and thedelicate balance of carbon to iron further complicated matters.

)

The first European steel was produced perhaps as early as 1200 B.C. by a process which

historians can only surmise. In all probability, a spongy ball of wrought iron wasallowed to remain in contact with the charcoal of the forge until some of the charcoal's

)

)

23

)

carbon was absorbed into the iron. This basic technique was employed

East and also in the Orient. The process yielded some very fine tool

found its way into the manufacture of swords and armor.

both in the Middle

steel which often

~-

By the seventeenth century, Europeans had discovered procedures for quenching and thenreh~ating, or tempering, steel. This allowed smiths to forge steel blades which were

hard and durable while at the sametime eliminating the extreme brittleness whichaccompanied steel which had been only quenched.

) .

)E. Blister and Cementation Steel - By the time of the Middle Ages, ironworkers hqd

discovered case-carburization. They found that by placing an iron implement in a

charcoal~filled crucible and then heating the container to a red hot temperature andmaintaining this state for somehours, they were left with a tool which had a hardskin capable of taking a keen edge. What these medieval technologists were doing was

forming a steel sheath on an iron core by forcing a minute amount of carbon absorption

in the outermost layers of the iron.

)

) Beginning early in the seventeenth century, this principle was used to produce blister

steel. Bars of wrought iron were packed in charcoal and then slowly heated. As the

bars underwent the conversion to steel on their outer layers, the oxide and slag present

reacted with the carbon to form carbon monoxide gas. This in turn caused blisters on

the bar, hence the name blister steel. Blister steel, owing to the nature of the

technique, was not very uniform. The carbon content was higher at the surface of the

bar than at its center. To overcome this problem, several blister bars were forge-

welded together to form a more homogeneous product called cementation steel. These

cementation bars then were worked in the forge to produce durable steel utensils.

)

I)

)BLISTERANDCRUCIBLESTEELPRODUCTION

)

) IRON ORE

)

)

LIMESTONE

)

)

CHARCOAL

...

)

BLASTFURNACE

BLISTERSTEEL FURNACE

IN THE BLISTER STEEL FURNACEJWROUGHT'IRON BARSJ PACKED INCHARCOALJ ARE HEATED RED HOTAND HELD AT THAT TEMPERATUREFOR A PERIOD OF SEVERAL HOURS.CARBON FROM THE CHARCOAL ISABSORBED INTO THE OUTER LAYERSOF THE IRON BAR FORMING ASHEATH OF STEEL SURROUNDING ANIRON CORE.

PIG IRONCASTING

, .

C~'ENTATION

To OBTAI~A MORE UNIFORMSTEELJSE ERAL BARS OFBLISTER gTEEL ARE FORGE-WELDED TQGETHER PRIOR TOMAKING TH~ FINISHED PRODUCT.

~:rCRUCIBLESTEELFURNAC-

I

.IIr

1D

FINAL PRODUC

FORGINGTO FORMFINAL PRODUCT~

}

) 24

\. -

F. Crucible Steel - About 1740 Benjamin Huntsman, a watchmaker living in Sheffield,

England, discovered a better method for obtaining high quality steel. Huntsman found

that blister and cementation steel lacked the uniformity he required when making watch

springs. Even when forge-welded, cementation bars lacked a truly uniform dispersal of

carbon. To counteract this, Huntsman developed a coke-fired reverbatory furnace capableof attaining and sustaining very high temperatures. He next procured crucibles able to

withstand great heat. Into these containers Huntsman placed bars of cementation steel.

Whenmelted, "the carbon mixed uniformly and the steel could then be cast and subsequently

worked into finished products. The process yielded a high carbon homogeneous steel--

well suited for tools and watch parts. Although Huntsman tried to keep his process asecret, details leaked out to other Sheffield stee1makers and by 1787 the area wasnoted for its superb crucible steel.

)

)

)

)For nearly a century, the crucible steel method was the best steelmaking technique

available. While the quality of crucible steel was high, and indeed the process con-

tinued to be employed for years in the manufacture'of tool steel, the output waslimited and the cost was high.

)

G. Bessemer Steel - Until the introduction of the Bessemerprocess of steel productionin 1856, steel was a specialty product consumed primarily in small quantities by tool

and cutlery maker~. Wrought iron was the primary ferrous metal. In 1850, for example,English steelmakers produced only 60,000 tons of steel while that nation's wrought iron

industry turned out 2,500,000 tons of their product.

)

.F

) 25

)

The requirements of growing nineteenth century technology, however, demanded more than

wrought iron could provide. The softness and poor wearing characteristics of wrought

iron created problems for the nineteenth century engineer. Railroads, for instance,

needed strong durable rails--a requirement which wrought iron rails simply could not

fulfill. Nor could the crucible steel manufacturers meet the increasing demand; their

output was too limited and their product was too expensive. The Bessemer steel process

rectified these shortcomings by giving the world an inexpensive method of making huge

quantities of "steel.

)t.

~

.)While Englishman Henry Bessemer is credited with this steelmaking process, many

individuals actually contributed to its success. In fact, Kentucky ironmaster William

Kelley later claimed to have discovered a nearly identical process some five years

earlier than Bessemer. Nevertheless, Bessemer exploited the contributions of others

and through the force of his personality received credit for the new process.)

)

The basic concepts and principles underlying the Bessemerprocess were not radical.The technique involved blowing air through molten cast iron. The oxygen in the airblast removedsilicon and carbon through an oxidation reaction. Moreover, the heatgenerated by this reaction was sufficient to raise the temperature of the metal beyondthe melting point of full decarburized iron (cast iron, with its high carbon content,melts at approximately 12000 C while pure iron requires at least 15300 C). . In short,the air blowing through the iron burned awaycarbon and silicon, while at the same timeraising the temperature high enoughto keep the metal liquid.

)

)

J

) 26

)

After Bessemer demonstrated the process in 1856, it became an overnight sensation,

enabling its inventor to sell licenses for the use of his patent. Steel makers quickly

discovered, however, that the Bessemer process worked well only with certain types of

iron. For example, cast iron which had been made from are high in sulfur or phosphorouscontent was not suitable for use in a Bessemer converter.

) Shortly after Bessemer's announcement, Robert Mushet developed a process for the

introduction of manganese into air-blown steel. The manganBsecounteracted the harmful

effects of oxygen and sulfur. Whenhe learned of this, Bessemer added Spiegeleisen--a manganese-rich cast iron--to his steel. The Spiegeleisen, added to the ladle after

the metal was "blown," not only eliminated the sulfur problem but also replaced someof the oxidized carbon. This permitted a careful adjustment in the final carbon content

of the steel. Other refinements, such as improvements in the lining, construction, andoperation of the Bessemer converter, made the process a commercial success.

~-

)

.)

)

In its final form, the operation of the Bessemer converter was one of the marvels of :,

the age. (See illustration.) The open-topped converter, made of steel plates linedwith silica firebricks, was mounted on trunnions which permitted it to tilt. To start

the steelmaking operation, the converter was tilted and molten blast furnace iron;

usually some three to five tons, was poured in. The air blast, coming up through the

bottom of the converter, was started. Slowly the converter was returned to its uprightposition. As the blast continued, flames shot from the mouth of the converter until

the carbon was removed." Then the converter again was tilted, this time to pour the

metal into a moveable ladle where the Spiegeleisen was added. Finally, the moltensteel was poured into ingot molds and allowed to cool.

. )

)

2 BESSEMERSTEEL PRODUCTIONPROCEDURES

)COAL

)

BLAST FURNACE

MOLTENIRON

BESSEMflRCONVERTER

RAPiS'INGOTC!STING

HOT FORGING

)_. .,. . Q...::.::=r;.:

IRON ORE

)I . I _UJ st.

0"

I A/V\-\\ lJL,..hJLiIIL..1\ ,",UI1 YL..I\ I L..1\v ! 11 'fVL.. I oou- Iy

IW''/,#""'- ...

COMPRESSEDAIR I 'II!::r --..---- ..---I INGOT BREAKDOWN

MILL RLIMESTONE

- ----- .-....-..1.... O. ....... .. ......... - . '.'",,,.,. . .- .. ..-..-- ...---.. -) . )jl IK I ...-;....! IT.." II 111111 II 1111111. III \\\ Ri.....AIJn . ---c

I

]I T \ ) r{ \ill'.-..-I>- ..,

)

BESSEMERSTEEL PLANT)

)

BESSEMER CONVERTE

!S (A) ARE CHARGEDWITH MOLTEN IRO~

FURNACETHROUGHT~E CHARGINGSPOUTS (B). AFTER CON\

SPEIGELEISEN (MAN~ANESERICH CAST IRON)) MELTED IN (~(C)J IS ADDED TO fHE STEEL THEREBY ELIMINATING SULFl

!

ADJUSTING FINAL a RBON CONTENT. CONVERTER(A) IS Er

LADLE (D) WHICH I~ PIVOTED BY THE LADLE CRANE (E) 0'I

AND FILLS THE MO ~S. THE INGOT CRANE (F) THEN REMO'I

)

)

)

)A. BESSEMERCONVERTERSB. CHARGINGSPOUTS Ii

C. CUPOLA FURNACESFORI

MELTINGSPEIGELEISEN a)

. -

D. LADLE D

E. LADLE CRANE E

F. INGOT CRANES

}

,}---

27

)

The process also changed both the size and the business organization of the iron and steelindustry. Bessemer production required iron practica1ly free from phosphorous. Thus,

only certain iron ores could be utilized in making the cast iron for a Bessemer converter.Moreover, since the Bessemer used only already molten iron, it was most economical to

place blast furnaces and steel plants close together under single ownership. Thesefactors led to integrated steelmaking facilities and the adoption of modern business

management techniques. Perhaps best exemplified by the Carnegie organization, individual

giant companies owned ore and coal mines, blast furnaces, Bessemer plants, and rolling

mills. This arrangement was the foundation of the modern industrial steel corporation.

I )H. Open Hearth - With the successful introduction of the Bessemer process, the American

iron and steel industry experienced a fundamental transformation. Steel assumed a new

importance in American industrial development as it replaced wrought iron as the primaryferrous metal.

)

)

The Bessemer process, however, had serious shortcomings. Only ore free from phosphorous

was suitable for the cast iron used in Bessemer production. This stringent requirement

precluded the use of much of America's iron ore reserves. Furthermore, because the

process relied on molten iron, Bessemer converters could not utilize scrap iron and

steel. Since most fabrication techniques generated such scrap, the Bessemer's inability

to employ this valuable waste was a serious shortcoming. The speed of the Bessemer

process created yet another problem. The conversion to steel took place so rapidly

that operators did not have the time necessary to make any adjustments in chemical

content. Once the process began, it could not be slowed, accelerated, or held. More-

over, because the blast consisted of plain air, which contains about seventy percent

)

-,

)28

)

nitrogen, Bessemer steel had a nitrogen content of .01 - .02 percent. This made thesteel more liable to strain-age hardening and embritt1ement, thus limiting its use in

cold-rolled applications. The open hearth process overcame these problems and eventuallydisplaced the Bessemer as the primary method of making steel.

)

In 1856, the same year of Bessemer's discovery, Frederick Siemens, a naturalized

Englishman of German origin, obtained a patent for his heat-regeneration furnace. (See

illustration.) First employed extensively in the glass industry, the heat-regeneration

furnace was basica11y.a reverbatory furnace which utilized waste heat from the furnaceitself to preheat its own combustion air. Siemens thus utilized two well-known

principles in his invention. Like the puddling furnaces, Siemen's design incorporated

an open hearth with reverbatory heating--one in which the molten material lay on anopen bed and was subjected to heat passed over it. From then current blast furnace

design, Siemens realized the gain in thermodynamic. efficiency which was obtained by

preheating the combustion air. Along with this, he noted that much of the heat poured

into puddling furnaces was lost up the chimney. Siemens passed this waste heat through

a maze of loose firebrick which absorbed much of the heat. By passing the combustion

air through the heated firebricks prior to mixing it with the fuel, the combustion air

was then preheated. While simple in principle, the open hearth regeneration system

did require some clever design. Twofirebrick chambers were necessary; one was itselfheated while at the same time the combustion air was heated in the other. At set

intervals, valves were switched so that the chamber formerly used to heat the air was

nowitself being heated and vice versa. All in all, the regeneration methodof Siemensworked very well by utilizing heat that otherwise would have been wasted.

)

)

)

)

F

)29

" )

The fuel commonlyemployed was gas generated from converting coal to coke. In this way,

another economy was gained. As coal is made into coke, volatile gas is liberated--gas

which was used to operate the open hearth furnaces. As in the case of the Bessemer,

operating a steel furnace in conjunction with an integrated steel facility cut costs.

)

About 1863 Frenchmen Emile and Pierre Martin developed procedures for making first-rate

steel in an open hearth furnace. The Martin brothers utilized pig iron, iron ore, and

scrap metal. This ability to combine a variety of raw materials gave the process great

flexibility. The capacity of open hearth furnaces also was increased--often to someone hundred tons. This was necessary to offset the time--about twelve to sixteen hours--

required to produce a heat (one,furnace load) of finished steel. The lengthY time element

actually proved to be a benefit since it gave operators the opportunity to adjust thechemical content of the steel by adding various alloys and other substances.

)

~

) As important as these developments in open hearth technology were, a fundamental problem

remained. Iron containing phosphorous still could not be employed in steelmaking. Like

the Bessemer, the Siemens-Martin open hearth furnace could not produce quality steel

from iron containing phosphorous, and this greatly limited the entire steel industry.)

)

In 1875 two English cousins, Sidney Thomas and Percy Gilchrist, made a crucial discovery.

They found that when lime was added to molten steel the phosphorous was removed. This

principle soon was applied to the refractory lining of the furnace itself. By usingwidely available magnesite rock as the basis for the firebrick lining, phosphorous waseliminated from the finished steel. Since magnesite was basic, as opposed to the acidic

firebrick formerly used, the Thomas-Gilchrist technique was labeled the basic open hearthmethod.

)

I )OPENHEARTHSTEEL PLANT

)

A

)

)

) AJ BJ CJ D. REGENERATIVEOVENS

E. FURNACEHEARTH

I. REVERSINGVALVE FOR COKEGAS2. REVERSINGVALVEFORAIR

F.G.H.

SPOUT

CASTINGLADLEINGOTMOLDS

)

) r-

I! oj

- -- -.--.1""-.. ...... I I'y "''1' r1r,r,..'fl"

). I

1

. -1 .

/

OPENHEARTHFURNACEOPERATIONSCHEMATICDIAGRAM

)

I)

)

...

)Regenerators

D ...(')8ina.mx;jII)c:!!!

)

)

LCOKEGAS PASSES THROUGH REVERSING VALVE 1 INTO REGENERATOR A. HERE IT

MOVES THROUGH A MAZE OF RED HOT FIRE BRICK WHERE IT ABSORBS HEAT. FINALLY

IT ENTERS THE FURNACE. MEANWHILE) AIR REGULATED BY REVERSING VALVE 2GOES INTO REGENERATOR B WHERE IT IS ALSO HEATED BY RED HOT FIRE BRICK.

THE HOT AIR PASSES UP THE PORT AND MEETS THE HOT COKE GAS AT THE FURNACE.

THE AIR AND COKE GAS IGNITE AND THE FLAME IS FORCED DOWN ON THE METAL BY

THE ROOF OF THE FURNACE. HEAT NOT ABSORBED BY THE METAL PASSES OUT OF

.)

)

f

...

mx:rQ)c:2!

Furnace

)

I

l )

....

)

, ,....()ooiia.mx:rQ)c:2!

Regenerators

A B

Reversing Valves:Always operatedIn tandem

)

)

)

THE FURNACE INTO REGENERATORSC) D. THESE REGENERATORSABSORB MOST OF

THE HEAT FROMTHE EXHAUST GASES. THE EXCESS ESCAPES INTO A CHIMNEY.

II. AFTERABOUT30 MINUTES OF OPERATION) REGENERATORSA AND B HAVECOOLEDBYHEATING THE COKE GAS AND AIR WHILE REGENERATORSC AND D HAVE BEEN INTENSELY

HEATED BY THE COMBUSTIONGASES. REVERSING VALVES 1 AND 2 ARE REVERSEDAND

THE CURRENTSOF GAS AND AIR MOVE IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION AND CONTINUE

TO HEAT THE METAL.)

! J

I'

)

)

)

)

)

)

I !

I )

I .I

'\

,

30

While basic refracto~ linings' could be installed in both open he~rth furnaces and in

Bessemer converters and would enable either to utilize iron containing phosphorous, it

most often fo~nd application in the open hearth. Indeed, the open hearth began to over-

take the Bessemer in terms of steel output. By 1907, worldwide open hearth production

surpassed that of the Bessemer. The new process's versatility, combined with the high

quality of its steel, gave the open hearth the competitive edge. By mid-twentieth

century, no Bessemer steel was made in American steel plants.

I. Electric Furnace, Basic OxygenFurnace and ~ - With the advent of the scientificmetallurgy and automated control systems, the deliberate slowness of open hearth furnaces

had become a detriment by the 1950s. As the demand for steel increased throughout this

century, steel manufacturers continually looked to new technology to meet the demand.

The electric furnace, first applied to steelmaking in 1899 by Paul Heroult of France,

was one of the techniques which received considerable attention. (See illustration.)

Huge currents, sent through carbon electrodes suspended in molten iron, heated themetal and oxidized the carbon. Because no conventional fuel was used, the electric.

furnace added no contaminants to the steel and allowed operators to adjust the final

chemical content of the steel with great precision. Although expensive to produce,electric furnace steel's extremely high quality made it the choice for many criticalapplications.

Amongthe latest developments within the steel industry was the introduction of the

basic oxygen furnace. Developed in the late 19405and early 1950s, it, in essence,uses purified oxygen as an agent for the reduction of such impurities as carbon,

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phosphorous,evolved, allbath.

and silicon. Although a number of designs for basic oxygen furnaces have

basically blow oxygen through a water-cooled lance onto an iron and slag

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Unlike the open hearth, the scrap and molten iron charge can be fed into the furnace in

a m~tter of minutes. The oxygen furnace also has the advantage in terms of energyefficiency--the open hearth process requires the introduction of heat from an outside

source and is 'wasteful because the heat has to pass through a layer of slag that lies

on top of the molten bath. In: the oxygen method, the heat is a result of the oxidation

processes that take place during the blowing of oxygen directly onto the molten metal;

basic oxygen furnaces do not require outside sources of heat. These two advances

resulted in a considerable reduction in the time required to prodce a "heat" of steel.While the fastest open hearths require a minimumof six to seven hours-for each "heat,"

the basic oxygen process takes less than an hour to produce the same tonnage.

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The Q-BOP, an oxygen process developed during the late 1960s, is a throwback to the

Bessemer process, although metallurgically the processes are not at all similar. The

Q-BOPvessel resembles the Bessemer converter because both blow the blast up through

the metal bath from tuyeres placed at the bottom of the vessel. The use of oxygen

instead of air produces a very different effect, however, from that attained in the

Bessemer process. Most important is the absence of nitrogen in the blast ~hat is

passed through the metal, thus reducing the impurities present in the steel. Oxygen

also has the advantage of producing much higher temperatures and developing,bettermetallurgical practices during the process.

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J. Rolling - Once steel is produced, all companies use similar means to form the molten

steel into a finished product. At present, some steel is cast or forged into its final

product. The methods employed are not significantly different, at least in outward

appearance, from the processes described earlier for cast or forged wrought iron.

)The most prevalent method of reducing steel into a finished product, however, is by

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From the steelmaking furnace, molten steel is poured into refractory lined ladles.

From these the steel is carried by an overhead crane to a pouring platform where it is

poured into cast iron molds. These molds are removed after the steel has solidified,

but before it has cooled completely, and are taken to the blooming mill.

)At the blooming mill, the ingots are rolled into either blooms, billets, rounds, or

slabs, depending upon what purpose the steel is to serve. This is accomplished by

heating the ingot to a predetermined uniform temperature in a gas-fired furnace called

a "soaking pit." From there the ingots'are passed through a series of rolling stands

where the ingot is reduced in size and formed into the appropriate shape required by

the finishing mill to which it is then sent. The finishing mills are responsible for

reducing these blooms, billets, rounds or slabs into their finished forms of pipe, rod,

wire, sheet or the wide variety of other products necessary for industrial .and com-mercial needs.

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The rolling mill is a product of the development and ingenuity of American technology.

An example of this advanced technology can readily be seen in a continuous hot strip

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mill, and this is only one example amongmany. Steel slabs two to seven inches thick

are fed into a train of roughing stands at one end of the mill and are reduced in

thickness while being held to a uniform width. From there the slabs are sent to the

finishing mill where their thickness is reduced again. At this stage the steel is only

a fraction of an inch thick. Its length, however, has increased greatly. In a

continuous mill, each steel piece may be undergoing reduction in three or more sets ofrollers at the same time. The timing of the steel moving through the various ro~ls is

critical. The steel sheet reaches speeds of 1800 feet per minute as it comes out of

the'final rollers and is either cut to the desired length or is wound into coils.

LABOR

The early iron and steel mills operated to a great extent on human labor. A man with

a strong back was the most efficient iron and steelmaking machine a companycould

install. The folk hero of the steel mills was a mythical seven-foot tall man made of

solid steel. According to legend, when asked his name by Hungarians who wprked in

the mill, he answered Joe Magarac (Mah-zhe-rahk). Magarac is the Hungarian word for

jackass. Whenthe men laughed at his being namedJoe Jackass, he retorted: "Sure!

Magarac, Joe, Oats me. All I do is eatit and workit same lak jackass donkey. Me.

I be only steel mans in whole world, ya damn right." All early iron and steel workers

had to be a little bit of a Magarac.

A. The Early Period - The MahoningValley's first iron enterprise relied upon this

type of human labor. In 1802 the Heaton brothers, James and Dan, constructed one of

the first blast furnaces west of the Allegheny River. This furnace operated along the

lines that-charcoal iron furnaces had been operating for the previous five or six

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centuries: trees were choppeddown, the woodstacked, and then burned to makethecharcoal; ore was gathered from the bottom of streams and outcroppings in nearby

cliffsides; and limestone was dug from the ground. The furnace's air blast first

operated by a IItrompell and later by a waterwheel and bellows. The raw materials werecarried to the top of the furnace by wheelbarrows pushed up a hillside ramp. Once there

they were dumpedinto the open top of the furnace-.

.Everything that occurred at the furnace- fell under the direct supervision of theironmaster. The iron's quality depended primarily on the skill of this man--the moreastute the ironmaster. the better the iron. With no scientific method of testing his

product, the ironmaster depended solely on his experience to produce a good product.His skill took years to develop. The ironmaster judged when the iron furnace was ready

to tap by the color, the smell, and, some say, the taste of the metal.

Iron and steelmaking remained a skilled trade for manyyears. In the wrought iron

industry puddlers stood by open furnaces stirring the bath with long bars until the iron

turned into a sponge-like mass. The mass was then formed into balls weighing two or

three hundred pounds apiece and were taken to a press where they were madeinto bars -

or blooms. Only the puddlers' skill enabled them to knowwhen the iron was ready for

the press. .

Rollers were also menwho had spent years mastering their craft. With no entirely

accurate method by which to judge roll pressure and with human labor alone to help

pull the sheets through rolls, rollers had to depend upon their years of experience

to produce the necessary thickness and smoothness of the flat rolled sheets.

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Al~ost every occupation in the mills required highly-skilled labor. This skilled laborgenerally was supplied by men of Anglo-Saxon or Irish background. Manyof these men had

learned their trade in the English mills and factories, and in many cases the skill was

passed from father to son. These skilled laborers constituted a tightly knit group;

they were almost a closed society resistant to any type of change that would endanger

their jOb or status in the mills. As mechanization of the steel mills took place, how-

ever, this closed society began to break down.....

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B. ~he Modern Era - With the discovery of better blast furnace methods, the introduction

of the Bessemer and open hearth processes, and the development of modern metallurgical

techniques, the making of iron and steel was removed from the realm of the I'black

arts. II The skill of the master was no longer needed to produce large amounts of uniform,

high-quality iron and steel. Now, because of the immense tonnage of iron and steel

produced, the steel companies needed large numbers of semi-skilled and unskilled menrather than a few highly skilled men. Pre-industrial work habits disappeared as time

clocks and efficiency experts dictated work schedules. Skill became secondary to

durability. These changes fundamentally altered the character of the work force in the

steel plants.

IMMIGRATION

The first settlers of the Mahoning Valley were descendants of the English,. Scotch-

English, and Scotch-Irish who first settled along the east coast 1n the l6~Os. Manyof these people of Anglo-Saxon background established the Valley's mills in the mid.

1800s. They supplied the bulk of the labor for the mills of this period most of which

were relatively small affairs producing a limited amount of iron products. With the

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rapid expansion of the railroads during and after the Civil War, a huge demand for iron

and steel arose. The Bessemer and open hearth processes, along with improvements in

blast furnaces, made it possible to meet this demand. However, this rapid expansioncreated a great labor shortage in all steelmaking areas of the country.

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The demand for labor was filled by the tidal wave of immigrants which flooded the United

States. In all, fourteen million immigrants poured into the country between 1860 and

1900, and some eighteen million more followed between 1900 and 1930. These immigrants

1ef~ their homes for a variety of reasons, ranging from a desire to escape poverty andpersecution to a desire to make their fortune' quickly and then return to their former

homes. In any event, upon arriving in the United States the immigrants needed jobs,

and most, by choice or need, ended up in the factory or in the mines. With the growthof the steel industry, urban areas sprung up around the mills. Steel manufacture

dominated the cities near the factories: steel constituted five-sixths of the industryin Young~town, one-half in Pittsburgh, and one-fifth in Cleveland by the early 1900s.Into these and other such cities poured the immigrants seeking work in the mills.

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Unlike earlier English and Irish immigrants, this new group did not speak English. Theircustoms and backgrounds differed completely from the Anglo-Saxon culture which confronted

them in the United States. These 'Iforeigners" overwhelmed' the cities and towns around

the mills. A Youngstown Vindicator article in 1924 commented that in Young~townit

seemed that "seventy-five percent of the people here are foreigners." By 1925 in the

nearby town of East Youngstown (now Campbell)~ the foreign-born population so outnumbered

the few Anglo-Saxon farmers of Coitsville Township that they constituted over ninety

percent of the towns population. Partly by necessity and partly by choice, the new.

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comers grouped together with others from their country of origin. Thus in Youngstown

and the Mahoning Valley Polish. Greek. Russian. Slovak. and Hungarian neighborhoodsemerged.

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The process of mechanization in the steel industry was not smooth; mechanization did not

take place instantly. In some jobs. such as puddling. the need for highly skilled laborwas eliminated altogether. The new immigrants filled these unskilled jobs. The older

skilled English and Irish workers were either bumped back to semi-skilled positions ormoved up in rank to foremen and supervisors. Some. of course. simply remained intheir skilled jobs. This created friction or tension within the labor force. The

English-speaking population of the mills resented these non-English speaking foreigners.The immigrants for their part realized that their lack of skills made them easilyreplaceable.

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.)Yet. the immigrants provided a stable labor force for the expanding steel factories. for

they needed the money. Although nearly twenty percent of the newly-arrived immigrantsintended to work temporarily in the milTs and then to return to their native countries

rich. most were more interested in settling down in their new country and raising a

family. In order to do this. they needed jobs. To keep the jobs meant doing what they

were told. not causing trouble. and not angering the boss. The steel companies them-

selves ~elped control the labor force by providing company housing for the workers--such

as the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Companyhouses in East Youngstown--and credit at the

company store. A laborer who lived ina company house and was in debt to t~e companystore was not likely to cause trouble.

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WORKINGCONDITIONS

Working conditions in the mills around the turn of the century were almost intolerable.

Working ten hours on the day shift and fourteen hours on the night shift, the worker had

only twenty-four hours off every two weeks. The pay scale for the majority of workers

ranged from fourteen to sixteen cents an hour. The work itself, carried on in a hot

mill, was physically exhausting and dangerous. Early blast furnaces were charged by

hand as men called "fillers" dumped their charges of iron ore, coke, and limestone into

the open tops'of the furnaces. Manywere felled by the heat or overcome by furnace gas.

Open hearth workers shoveled scrap iron, dolomite, and lime into the raging furnace by

hand. On the rolling mills, men called "catchers" used tongs to grab the metal passing

through the rolls and flip it over the rolling stand for another pass-~more than onelaborer returned home at night with burned or crushed fingers. Manyworkers lost their

eyesight in explosions of hot metal or were crippled when a limb was mangled in theheavy machinery. The men continued to work, however, for they had wives and families

to support and the company store had to be paid. Also, men always knew that they could'

be replaced; if one "hunkie" did not want to work, there were twelve more waiting atthe mill gate who did.

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)The immigrant faced hatred and bigotry from almost every direction. A belief in Anglo-

Saxon superiority was used as a weapon against these East European irnmigrants. JosephButler, an officer in the United States Steel Corporation, President of the American

Iron and Steel Institute, and one of the most important men in the Mahoning Valley,

described the immigrants as being "born and bred" to nothing but hard, mindless labor,

much like cattle bred for more milk or a higher yield of meat per pound. Butler

pictured them as IIherding together in droves, living on little or nothing, and hoarding

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most of their earnings. II Adding insult to injury, Butler also wrote that the immigrantswere IImore than ordinarily susceptible to unsound social and political propaganda, whichreacts strongly upon their experiences with government in the Old World." If Butler's

opinions were shared by the top steel companyofficials. one can easily imagine the

attitude of the foreman. It was commonpractice for the boss to expect a kickback inreturn for hiring the worker in the first place. If for some reason the worker did not

respond or if he angered the foreman in some other way, it was certain that the nextmorning that worker would be out of a job.

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At times it must have appeared to the immigrant that even his own children were not in

sympathy. As they grew up, the children learned English and eventually they forced

their parents into learning the new language. These children of immigrants knew thatthey differed from children born in America, and they felt the resentment of native

born children. They wanted to fit into this society and they wanted their parents to

be respected. While speaking your own language at homemight be acceptable, when in

public the children wanted their parents to speak English. Moreover, in marriage theywere not content to restrict their amours to fellow countrymen. Assimilation into

American culture was difficult, but nevertheless, ongoing.

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In 1929, with the stock market crash and the onset of the Depression, politicians found

themselves suddenly vulnerable. The immigrants along with their sons and daughters saw

an opportunity and took it. Immigrants ran for a variety of public offices'--from Mayorand City Council to dogcatcher. Often, they won. Before 1929 immigrants were not apolitical force in the Mahoning Valley. As they became a force to contend with, theywere transformed from Hunkies, Polacks and Dagos into Hungarians. Poles and Italians.

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The Poles and Italians and others then moved into the status of Polish-Americans and

Italian-Americans, and during times of crisis, such as World War II, just plain Americans.

An ethnic heritage became a source of pride, not a stigma.>

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UNIONISM

This report is not intended to recount the entire history of unionism in the steel

industry. However, a brief summary of the union's development in the Mahoning Valley

seems necessa~y since it became such a powerful force in the Youngstownarea. Thus,

we shall call attention to some of the highlights of the steelworker's struggle for

union recognition and acceptance.

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By the second decade of the twenti~th century, conditions in the mills could not continue

as they were. The problems caused by long hours, low pay, and hazardous working condi-

tions, eventually had to be corrected. Workers could be pushed only so far, no matter

how much they needed a job. The first sign of real trouble in Youngstowncame in early1916. The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Companyhad received many World War I orders for

steel when the workers struck the planti Nearly 1,000 of 7,500 workers employed at

the Sheet and Tube were willing to risk their jobs by striking. The strikers gathered

at the Wilson Avenue bridge entrance to the mill in East Youngstown. James A. Campbell.

President of Sheet and Tube, announced a pay raise for commonlabor from nineteen andone-half cents an hour to twenty-two cents, time and a half for overtime, and double

time for Sunday. Campbell felt that talking to the men and threatening loss of jobs

would bring the situation under control. Whenthe strikers refused the offer and

demanded twenty-five cents an hour, the residents of East Youngstownbecame uneasy.

After a workmanwas arrested, two hundred of his friends stormed the Municipal Building

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and secured his release. Mill guards then sealed off the entrance to the plant.

According to newspaper accounts, a confrontation occurred on the Wilson Avenue bridge

when someonein the crowd fired a shot at the guards. In reaction, the nervous guards

fired a volley into the mass of workers, wounding several and causing them to flee in

panic. The strikers then broke into the Sheet and Tube offices at the bridge and

burned all the records they could find. Whenthey lost control of the blaze, it spread

swiftly. Angered by the shootings, the mobrefused to let the fire department fight

the fire at the mill offices. Strikers broke into nearby saloons and drank whatever

they found, and having filled with drink, set out to burn everything in sight.

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)For several hours, in a drunken frolic the strikers set fire to enough buildings to

leave the business district in ruins. By the time a volunteer committee of citizens

was organized to halt the rampage, thirty-four buildings with a value of one and a

half million dollars were destroyed. Several families escaped the flames only by

chopping their way out of blazing buildings, and three men died of wounds as a result

of the conflagration. A great number of the wounded had been shot by the strikers.

themselves.

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Early on the morning of January 8 one thousand soldiers arrived in East Youngstown

armed with machine guns and ammunition. Whenthe three regiments of militia took

command,a stunned peace returned. Many people were homeless and just sat near thesites of their former homes.

After 1916 and throughout World War I, union demandstook a back seat to the demands

of the war. By 1919, however, unions were again in the forefront of steel news.

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and tear gas. As the strike spread, ten marchers were killed in Chicago, three menwerekilled in Massi11on, two in Youngstown, and one in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania. The

steel companies laid in a formidable store of guns and ammunition. The YoungstownSheet

and Tube Companyfurnished an inventory of its arsenal: 453 revolvers, 369 rifles,

190 shotguns, and 8 army machine guns. Republic Steel stockpiled 532 revolvers, 64

rifles with 1,325 rounds of ammunition and 245 shotguns with 2,707 gas grenades. The

companies also furnished local law enforcement agencies with tear-gas guns and ammunition.-

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Fina11y the army restored order. Under the pressure of World War II, the strike wassettled in 1942 when all four companies signed contracts with the union. The Youngstown

Sheet and Tube had to reinstate discharged workers and pay $170,000 in back wages.

Republic Steel paid $350,000 to men whowere beaten and shot during the strike and overa half-million dollars in back wages to discharged workers. The United Steelworkers of

America was now, finally, the bargaining agent for the country's steelworkers.)

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LABOR TODAY

Labor in the steel industry today is a far cry from the early 1900s. Safety rules and

conditions are enforced and the companyand the unions for the most part are able to

work together to solve the problems of the industry without resorting to violence or

strikes. Labor and management relations continue to improve; today they are better

than ever. The steel companies have realized that better working conditions increases

the productivity of the workers. The unions have realized that cool, levelheaded

collective bargaining can achieve union aims without the need for a financially

crippling strike. The companies and the unions seemed to have achieved the wish ofU. S. Steel President Benjamin F. Fairless. In 1952 he told the Union's Wageand

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Policy Committee, IIWemust find ways not only to work together) but to live togetherand understand each other1s problems.1I

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') VI. THEMAHONINGVALLEY: A SHORTHISTORY

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Youngstown and the Mahoning Valley historically have been associated with the steel

industry. In fact, the development throughout the valley would have been very different

were it not for iron and steel. The growth of the Youngstownarea was due, primarily,

to the growth of the steel mills.

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)NewYorker John Youngwas the person most reponsible for the establishment of Youngstown,

the first settlement in what is nowMahoningand Trumbull Counties. In the fall of 1796 '

Young purchased from the Connecticut Land Company15,560 acres of land in the Mahoning

Valley for $16,085.16. The following spring he journeyed up the Ohio, Beaver, and

Mahoning River Valleys with a group of surveyors to a spot known as Spring Commonand

there laid out YoungstownTownship. After Young had built a cabin at Spring Common,

he brought his wife and children to the Ohio territory. Mrs. Young, however, did not

like Youngstownand by 1804 she had convlnced her husband to return to NewYork. This

ended Young's involvement with the town.

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Until the canal system was established and the iron and steel industry had developed,

farming was the primary occupation of the residents in the Youngstownarea., In 1810,Youngstown had a population of 773 people. However, the nearby farming village of

Poland, Ohio, had a population of 836. Thus Poland was the big city while Youngstownwas merely a small farm village.

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In 1802two brothers, Jamesand DanHeaton [or Eaton], beganerecting the first ironfurnace west of the Allegheny River. The stone stack was located on Yellow Creek, near

Struthers, Ohio. This furnace, which the brothers named"Hopewell," was put into blastin 1805. The furnace--which was built of native stone and used the side of a bluff

as its back wall--never operated efficiently. The top of the furnace, some twenty feet

above the base, was parallel with the top of the bluff, thus facilitating loading thefurnace with ore, charcoal and limestone. The ore was found in the creek bed or in

outcroppings in the sides of nearby hills; trees in the vicinity were cut for charcoal;

and the limestone was mined in nearby Lowellville. Blast air was produced by a

Iitrompe," which was a wooden tank with one opening at the top and another some ~istancedown and at one side. Water from Yellow Creek was piped into the top of this tank.

A considerable amount of air was carried with the water. This air was compressed by

the weight of the water and thus formed continuous blast. Since the "trompell never

worked well, neither did the furnace. In addition, the men complained that it was

always cold and damp around the furnace. At best, "Hopewell" could produce two to

three tons of iron per week. Whenall the workers joined the army to fight in the

War of 1812, the furnace was abandoned. "Hopewell" never ran again.

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In 1807, Robert Montgomeryand John Struthers built the area's second furnace on

Yellow Creek. While the furnace stack was similar to "Hopewell," it was equippedwith a superior blast mechanism which utilized an undershot water wheel and. bellows

in place of the troublesome trompe. Although this furnace was a definite improvementover "Hopewell," financial difficulties forced Montgomeryand Struthers to shut it down

in 1812. It never operated again.

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Jamesand DanHeaton returned to the iron business when they built the area's thirdfurnace in Niles, Ohio. This new furnace, named "Maria," was probably the best of the

early Mahoning Valley charcoal furnaces. The Heatons operated this furnace until 1842.

Eventually "Maria" passed into the hands of James Ward, who operated it successfully fora number of,years. The only early Mahoning Valley charcoal stack to survive into the

raw coal era, the "Maria" furnace eventually became obsolete due to the rapid march ofevents and was torn down.,

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The fourth and final charcoal iron furnace built in the Mahoning Valley was constructed

in 1835 by Isaac Heaton, son of James, on Mill Creek. Knownas the "Trumbull" furnace,

it was the first furnace built in Youngstown proper. The Heatons previously had owned

an unsuccessful woolen mill on the creek and it was on this property that Isaac erected

his furnace. The stone stack was nine feet across at its base and about thirty feethigh. Trumbull furnace was capable of producing as many as three to four tons of iron

per day. As was commonwith these early furnace operations, however, the are deposits

soon were depleted and the timber was cut so far back that making the necessary charcoalsoon became difficult. By 1850 the furnace had ceased operating altogether.

~At this time it appeared that ironmaking in the Mahoning Valley was at an end. Howe~er,two discoveries made in 1845 put the Mahoning Valley iron industry back on its feet.First it was discovered that raw coal could be used as the furnace fuel instead of

charcoal and that Brier Hill block coal was the best coal for this purpose. The

second discovery made was that of a deposit of high grade iron are in Mineral Ridge,Ohio. This combination of Brier Hill coal and Mineral Ridge black band are initiateda building boom in the local iron industry.

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Probably the honor of being the first person to use block coal as the main reducingagent in the blast furnaces belongs to Governor David Tod. Governor Tod owned a farm

in Brier Hill that was underlayed with coal. For years he had attempted to sell the

coal as a home heating fuel; and had even offered a free cast iron stove to anyone who

would try a ton of his coal. Soon after Tod began the full scale mining of his coal,

Wilkes, Wilkinson and Company,a concern in which Tod was a partner, built the IIMaryll

furnace at Lowe11vil1e, Ohio. This furnace, which was specifically designed to use

raw block coal as its fuel, was such a success that it started a coal mining boomin

Youngstown. Coal mining became a major industry in the valley.

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, The second major discovery--that of high grade ore in Mineral Ridge--was made by John

Lewis, a Welsh miner, early in 1845. Lewis noticed a rock which was presumed to beslate while at work in the coal mines. After a closer examination, Lewis concluded

that it was actually iron ore similar to a variety known in Scotland as IIb1ack bandllore. A sample of the ore was taken to James Ward's Maria furnace and tested. The

results indicated that the IIslate rock" was a valuable high grade iron ore which

produced a fine-grained soft iron especially suitable for casting intricate patterns.

Later, black band ore was mixed with other local and Lake Superior ores to produce an

iron widely knownas IIAmerican Scotch Pigll and "Warner's Scotch Pig.1I

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After 1845 the local iron industry grew rapidly. In the ensuing thirty years, no

fewer than twenty-one blast furnaces were erected in the Mahoning Valley. To supply

the demandfor raw materials and to transport the finished products, the MahoningValley's entire transportation network was improved. Until 1856, the Pennsylvania and

Ohio Canal carried the bulk of freight into and out of the Mahoning Valley and thus

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played a crucial role in the valley's industrial development. Although the life of the

canal consisted of time borrowed from the newly emerging railroads, it nevertheless

moved an amazing amount of freight, and continued to do so even after the coming of the

steam locomotive. The last barge, which journeyed down the canal in 1872, carried a

load of limestone from Lowe11vi11e, Ohio to a Brier Hill furnace. Ironically, perhaps

the major beneficiaries of the Canal's trade in Youngstownwere the railroads, for they

learned from the Canal's financial success that a profit could be made in the region.As the heirs to the canal trade, the railroads were instrumental in the development of

Youngstown's booming iron and steel industry.

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In 1848 the Cleveland and Mahoning Railroad was granted its first charter, and by 1856

the road was operating from Cleveland through Warren to Youngstown. Using the old

canal bed as their right of ways, the railroads aided the growth of the steel industry

to such an extent that the Youngstown area became the third largest steel-producing

center in the country. At one time more steel was produced within the Youngstowncorporate limits than in any other city in the world. In turn, the steel mills created.business for the railroads. In his 1976 bicentennial history, HowardA1ey noted

Youngstown'scontribution to the railroad industry: . "Because of the immensetonnageof the local iron and steel industries, it was said that more trains of cars, per day,passed beneath Center Street bridge in Youngstown than anywhere else in the nation."

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( Because of the tremendous improvements in steelmaking and the steadfast willingness

of local citizens to invest in the local iron and steel industry, by the end of

World War I the Mahoning Valley had acquired the nickname, "Little Ruhr Valley. II The

flourishing steel industry brought thousands of workers into the area. No longer was

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Youngstownthe small farming village unable to compete with Canfield for the county seat

because of its size. After mergers and consolidations, in 1919 the Youngstown areacould rely upon four major steel companies--Youngstown Sheet and Tube, United States

Steel, Republic Steel, and Brier Hill Iron and Steel--to provide the bulk of employment

in the valley. Furthermore, the Youngstown area was one of the most progressive stee1-

producing areas in the world. The Brier Hill Iron and Steel Comapny, for example, was

the first company in the United States to hire a chemist to improve the quality and toincrease the production of iron and steel. In 1919 the Youngstown Sheet and Tube

Companybuilt the most advanced metallurgical laboratory in the world to study thesteelmaking process.

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Youngstownwas a one-industry town and that industry was booming. The growth of theindustry continued at a rapid pace until the 19305, when the Depression halted its

rapid expansion. Growth resumed at the start of World War II and continued, but at a

more moderate pace, until the mid-1960s. Production cutbacks, a strike, or any otherproblem that would slow production or close the mills brought economic disaster to the

entire Youngstown area, so dependent was the economy on iron and steel. It was common

to see three generations of steel workers in the mills: grandfather, father, and son

all working together to make the Youngstown area one of the greatest steelmakingcenters in the world.

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( Since the mid 1960s, steel has not played quite so prominent a role in the Mahoning

Valley's economy. However, the pervasive importance of steel in the Youngstown area

was graphically demonstrated on September 19, 1977, when the Lykes Corporation--newowner of the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company--c10sed a large part of its Campbell

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Works and laid off approximately 5,000 men. A sense of shock and disbelief raced through

the valley, for it was almost unthinkable that such a thing could happen. Almost

immediately a local group of clergy and laymen organized in an attempt to save the

Campbell Plant. This group, the Ecumenical Coalition, has generated community-wide

support in its effort to reopen the plant under worker-community. ownership. The

Coalition might not succeed, but its very existence indicates that steel is still vital

to the economic health of the Mahoning Valley and that, when faced with a disaster, the

community can unite for the commongood. Even with its major industry in a state of

decrine, Youngstown continues to regard itself as a steel town. The industry may not

playas major a role in the life of the community as it did in the earlier part of

this century, but it continues to be a major force in the Mahoning Valley.

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( VII. YOUNGSTOWNTODAY

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While Youngstown1s suitability from an historical perspective as the site for a museum

devoted to the steel industry is reflected in the previous sections, some consideration

also must be given to Youngstown's present ability to support a large museum facility.

Museum pl~nners now recognize the necessity of making museums more readily available

to and more convenient for the traveler in terms of access and accommodations. Initially,

a museum may survive on support by the local population alone, but with the passage of

time it becomes imperative to attract visitors from outside the immediate area.

Youngstown has the potential to attract tourists and the ability to conveniently

accommodate them. (See Appendix VI for a statistical overview of Youngstown.)

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Youngstown is situated at the crossroads of the Eastern half of the United States.,

Located midway between Cleveland and Pittsburgh, two major steel-producing centers, and

midway between Chicago and New York, Youngstown is bracketed by two major East-West

arterial highway systems. The city rests between Interstate80 and Interstate76 (the

Ohio Turnpike) and lies only a few miles from this intersection--one of the busiest

in the country. The volume of traffic on Interstate80 has been estimated by the

Eastgate Development and Transportation Agency as approximately thirty thousand cars

and trucks per day. Half of that figure represents out-of-state traffic. Interstate

76, which passes to the south of Youngstown, carries between fifteen and twenty

thousand cars and trucks per day. Youngstown connects with both of these major highways

via Interstate 680, which channels traffic through the heart of the city. (See Maps.)

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YOUNGSTOWN'S100 MILE AND550 MILE MARKETS(

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AIR ANDBUSACCESS

The city operates YoungstownMunicipal Airport, conveniently located north of the downtown

area. The Mahoning Valley is also in close proximity to the airports of both Cleveland

and Pittsburgh. Greyhound and Continental Trailways also operate bus service terminals

within the city limits.

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LODGING,RESTAURANTANDSHOPPINGFACILITIES

Youngstown possesses a potential drive-by tourist market from which visitors for a major

museummay be drawn. The city also has the facilities to conveniently accommodate

these people. Over 2,300 roomsare available in the various hotels and motels scatteredthroughout the Youngstownmetropolitan area; mosta~ near the Interstate exits. Another

674 rooms are available in nearby Warren. Besides these motel accommodations, a largenumber of campgrounds are available within a forty mile radius of Youngstown. These

provide camping ranging from primitive to full-facility sites for recreational vehicles.

Included are five state parks: Pymatuning State Park, Mosquito State Park, West BranchState Park, Guilford Lake State Park, and Beaver Creek State Park.

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{ The Youngstownmetropolitan area also offers good restaurants and excellent opportunitiesfor shopping. The downtownarea contains two department stores and a number of smaller

specialty shops. Youngstown has been committed for a number of years to the visual

improvement of the downtownarea and, with the completion earlier this year of the mall

area, has accomplished this goal within the retail district. The downtownarea is nownot only convenient, but it is also a pleasant place to shop. The shopping needs of

the metropolitan area are further accommodatedby two major malls, the Eastwood Mall

in Niles and the Southern Park Mall in Boardman. Here can be found a complement of

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department stores, specialty stores, restaurants, and movie theaters. The area also has

a number of other plazas and shopping centers conveniently located throughout theMahoning Valley.

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OTHER CULTURAL/RECREATIONAL/EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES

Although the surroundings in the Mahoning Valley reflect the industrial activity with

which the area is largely associated, the development of cultural and recreational

activities has not been ignored. In the YoungstownPhilharmonic Orchestra, Youngstown

offers a good symphonic music program. The orchestra produces five concerts yearly,presenting a full range of classical offerings, generally in conjunction with a famous

guest artist. Performances are staged at Powers Auditorium, originally a lavishly

ornate movie theater built in 1931 by the native born Warner brothers. The city also

has the MondayMusical Series which are productions sponsored by a local civic-minded

organization and feature recognized artists in solo performances~

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Along with the SymphonySociety, Youngstown offers an excellent community-sponsored.

amateur playhouse program. The playhouse started during the mid-1920s, utilizingas its first theater a converted stable which had been constructed in the 1880s and

was used by Governor Tod1s son for keeping horses. The theater--known as the

Arlington Street Theater--was located on Youngstown1snear north side and contained a

165-seat auditorium. The first performance at that theater was presented in January,1928.(,

When the Community Theater ran into financial problems during the Depression, it was

forced to close the Arlington Street Theater. The group, however, had too much energy

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and talent to allow this to interfere with the presentation of drama in Youngstown. Theymoved their operations to Idora Park on the city's south side. They also presented

several plays on local radio stations during the lean Depression years. While efforts

continued during this period to reopen the theater on Arlington Streett a fire totally

gutted the building and terminated these activities. Instead, the theater group located

potential new surroundings in a former movie house--The Ohio Theater. There, the play-house group, referred to as the Youngstown CommunityTheater, presented a number oftheatrical productions from 1942 until Octobert 1958.

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(By that time, the quality and stature of the productions, as well as the number of

people involved, had far outgrown the available facilities. A new building located

near G1enwoodAvenue on the city's south sidet was planned and built. The first play

in the new structure was presented in January, 1959.1\

(Today the Playhouse presents eight new plays yearly. Offerings span the entire

repertoire of drama and comedy from Shakespearian tragedies to light musical comedies.

The Playhouse, whose productions are well-attended by the Mahoning Valley community,also has a children's theater program designed to attract the interest and attention

of younger members of the community.t\

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Youngstown State University also plays a vital part in the cultural and intellectual

atmosphere of the Mahoning Valley. The 120 acre campus, located only a few blocks from

downtownYoungstown, has a student enrollment of 15,000 and offers a wide range of

degree programs on both the undergraduate and the graduate level. The 'Universitymaintains a close relationship with the city's cultural, intellectual, business and

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industrial interests. This interaction with the city can be seen in the cooperation

between the University library and the Youngstown Public Library. Housed within a

short city block of each others the two libraries have ,developed a system which minimizesduplication and thereby procures greater efficiency from the dollars spent on acquisitions.

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The,University produces a number of plays, operas and musical offerings each year which

are open to the public. ManyMahoning Valley residents take advantage of this by attending.

In conjunction with the Dana School of Music, an excellent college at the University

specializing in music education, Youngstown State presents a varied series of classical

music programs, including the weekly Dana Recital Series and other specially produced

presentations. The Speech and DramaDepartment also offers four plays a year producedon the stage of Bliss Hall. Youngstown State University's lecture series presents a

wide range of speakers from all facets of American public life. These lectures are

delivered at Stambaugh Auditorium, located off campus on the city's north side, and atPowers Auditorium.

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,The University also participates in a full range of varsity athletic competitions in

affiliation with the NCAADivision II and the Mid-Continent Conference, a newhighlycompetitive conference which has quickly made known its presence in Division II. The

basketball program under the guidance of head coach DomRosselli is housed in Beeghley

Center. The football program, as well as several other varsity teams, will soon be

situated in a new multi-million dollar all 'sports complex under construction at thepresent time.

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The Butler Institute of American Art, with over 6,000 pieces of American art in its

permanent collection, is one of the most respected galleries in the country. Butler

Institu~e is one of only several art museumsin the nation devoted entirely to thecollection and display of American art in all of its many facets. Organized in 1919

by Joseph G. Butler, Jr., one of Youngstown's foremost iron and steel managers, theart collection was first housed in Butler's home. The collection later was moved into

a beautiful new facility designed in Early Italian Renaissance style by the noted

architectural firm of McKim,Meade and White. The Institute is located on Wick Avenue,

adjacent to the campus of Youngstown State University. The exhibits include an American

Indian collection that is among the most complete in existence and a display of clippership models that is one of the finest inland collections in the nation.. A rare set of

miniatures of all the presidents from W~shington through Kennedy and a group of 118Currier and Ives prints share space in the structure with a valuable treasure of

paintings and sculptures. The gallery attracts thousands of visitors each year to its

special shows and regular exhibits.

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Located within several hundred feet of the Butler Institute is the ArmsMuseum,the home

of the Mahoning Valley Historical Society. The Society itself was an outgrowth of

casual meetings between several of the more prominent early settlers in the Mahoning

Valley. It was chartered on Septemer 10, 1875, as the Mahoning Valley Historical

Society. Organized for the collection and preservation of books, records, papers andinteresting relics relating to the history and settlement of the Mahoning Valley, the

Society moved to its present location in 1961. The Society's small museumis housed

in IIGreystones,1I formerly the dwelling of the Arms family, one of the most prominent

families of the Mahoning Valley and leaders in business and industrial activity withinthe area.

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By stipulation of the Arms bequest, the museum's first floor is kept exactly as it was

during the days of the Arms family. The Arms' period piece possessions include family

portraits, furniture, china, glassware, silver, linens, oriental rugs and art objects.

The china and glassware are frequently changed to display the large and valuable col-

lection acquired by the family. The second floor presents a history of the settlement

of the Mahoning Valley and includes pictures, documents, early maps, relics, articles of

clothing and furniture. The lower floor has a large exhibition room with pioneer farm

and household 'tools, implements and utensils, antique toys, and Indian relics. Also on

dis~lay is the sizeable Fellows Gun Collection.

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One of the most popular educational and recreational facilities in Youngstown is Mill

Creek Park. Containing 1,467 acres, of which 917 acres are undeveloped, Mill Creek Park

surrounds the creek bed and gorge that contain Mill Creek. The park features scenic

drives, paths, three lakes, and recreational facilities. The largest township park inthe country, it extends from the mouth of Mill Creek at the Mahoning River, a few

blocks from central downtownYoungstown, through a picturesque gorge to an area south

of the Boardman-Canfield Road in BoardmanTownship.

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The park owes its existence to the efforts of Volney Rogers. Born in East Palestine,Mr. Rogers movedto the Youngstownarea to practice law. Rogers, an outdoorsmanatheart, fell in love with the natural beauty of the Mill Creek Gorge area. Motivatedby the news that a sawmill companyhad purchased a large parcel of land along the eastgorge, Rogers began to buy the area surrounding the banks of Mill Creek. Either throughoutright purchase, or through the purchase of options, he was able to negotiate con-tracts with 154 of the 196 people whoownedland along the gorge. While securing

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options on much of the land in the area, Rogers also enlisted the support of other 'like-

minded individuals. Within a year of his first purchase, Rogers convinced the Ohio

General Assembly to secure the land as a public park. Whenthe legislation passed on

February 12, 1891, it required the acceptance of the project by a majority of residents

in Youngstown. Volney Rogers' dream of a park was accepted by the people of Youngstown

on April 6, 1891 by a vote of better than three to one. This was a full three yearsbefore the first Ohio State Park was established. Mill Creek Park differs from all

state parks, hOwever, because it originally required a majority consent and functioned

only with the financial support of the local citizens, and it still does.

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Muchof the early industry in the area was located within the present day park. Mill

Creek offered an abundant water supply and the fall of the land through the gorge area

produced the necessary power to drive machinery. One mill has been preserved. The

building is the third mill at that location--the first two were washed away by floods.The present building erected between 1845 and 1846 houses a museum. Park officials

have undertaken a study to rebuild the milling machinery in the hope of returning thebuilding to its original function.

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The park also offers a number of recreational activities other than those specifically

associated with the nature and history of the Mill Creek area. Three large recreational

playgrounds incorporate areas for football, basketball, tennis, and playgro~nd areas for

children with supervised activities in the summermonths. A thirty-six hole golf

course also is available. Fifty picnic areas and over two hundred picnic tables are

available for public use in the park as well as several cabins and pavilions designedfor group use.(

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Amongthe manyvaried recreational activities available in the MahoningValley to boththe traveler and resident alike is Idora Park, an excellent ride-oriented amusement park

enjoyed by thousands of people each year. Located on Youngstown's south side, adjacentto Mill Creek Park, Idora first opened in 1895. At that time, the facilities were meager,

consisting of a merry-go-round, a dance hall, an outdoor theater, picnic areas, and a

few caged animals. Idora Park quickly grew, however, into an excellent amusement park by

adding a large number of rides and other entertainment. The dance hall, which at onetime was considered one of the finest in the eastern United States, has hosted many of

the biggest names in the dance band business. Idora Park also operates two roller

coasters, the larger of which was built during the Depression. That roller coaster

offers the flavor of the shakey, up-and-down, twisting and turning of frame-built

coasters. The Idora Park merry-go-round, built in 1890, is listed on the National

Register of Historic Places.

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I( One of the most interesting events in the Mahoning Valley area is the Canfield Fair

(Mahoning County Fair) which is held yearly on the fairgrounds in Canfield during the

labor Day weekend~ Attracting more than'ha1f a million people yearly, many from far

beyond the immediate surrounding area, the Canfield Fair ranks as one of the best

organized and one of the largest county fairs in the country.(l

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The fairgrounds house seventy permanent buildings with a valuation of over $1.5

million, fourteen paved highways and a 6,400 seat grandstand. Attractions lnc1ude

all of the activities expected at a first ra~e fair: shows with headline stars,midway rides, 475 concession stands, 1,400 feet of games, excellent food and a wide

range of educational and agricultural exhibitions. Amongthe most interesting

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exhibits are the steam-powered farm machinery display and the Pioneer Village. The

Village consists of a number of historic building~ that have been moved onto the fair-grounds and preserved there in their original forms. The buildings include ElishaWhittlesey's Canfield law office (1840), a one-room library (1910) which served as a

branch library in a nearby community, a one-room schoolhouse (c. 1900), a blacksmith's

shop (mid-1800s) originally built in Canfield to house a sawmill, a doctor's office

(1913), a country store (late 1800s), a log cabin (1829), a railroad station (1870),and a railroad watchtower (c. 1880).

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The Mahoning Valley also houses a number of sites listed on the National Register of

Historic Places. These landmarks are informative and interesting for both visitors

and residents of the area alike. The Old Rayen School, constructed in 1862-66 along

Greek Revival lines, today houses the YoungstownBoard of Education. Originally it

housed the city's first secondary school. Tours of the building can be arranged. .

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'L'OCliiUet1ii'f11tJu't'I-,ri'm!rt'O;wrfTl1j~ luwnsrri'P ;~ ~e 'S;i:e OTI~Trti;am 'fto"'lmes'1"lc:T:Iufley"~'Do,ynooQ

home. McGuffey, famous for his Eclectic Readers, lived in the area for eighteen yearsand although none of the original McGuffey-associated buildings remain,. the site has

been purchased and preserved by a local group. In 1966 the site was designated a

National Historic Landmark and a plaque was unveiled.

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The Austin Log Cabin, located in Austintown just west of Youngstown, is a reminder of

America's frontier past. Although the specific history of the cabin is uncertain, the

rectangular, two-story log house was probably built before 1820 by Judge Calvin Austinof Warren, Ohio. Available evidence indicates that Austin never occupied the house, buthad it built as a speculative venture to 'ur~ s~tt1ers into the Austintown area.

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Trumbull County, also intersected by the Mahoning River, lies to the north of Youngstown.

Several sites of historical interest are loca~ed here. Amongthese is the WilliamMcKinley Memorial. This large tribute to President McKinley, with its statue of the

President surrounded by a massive columned structure, is located in Niles, McKinley's

boyhood home. The nearby city of Warren maintains a number of houses and buildings of

his~orical value centrally located in its downtownarea and generally referred to as

"Millionaire's Row.1I Most of these structures, once the homes of Warren's first

families, were built during the second half of the nineteenth century. Others, like

the Trumbull County Court House and the public library, are governmental offices and

are open to the public.

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Youngstown, because of its central location and the convenience of the network of

interstate highways in the area, has the potential to draw visitors not only from the

local community and the State of Ohio, but from a large portion of the northern part

of the United States. Not only can visitors be conveniently accommodatedby available

motel and restaurant facilities, the area offers a wide variety of cultural, recreational,

and historical actlvities that may round' out a vis'it to the Youngstown area. A major

museumdevoted to the steel industry would in no way interfere with or duplicate any of

the other activities in the Mahoning Valley. In a very substantial way, an iron and

steel museumwould serve not only to inject a measure of vitality into the local

economY, it also would serve to attract new interest for many of these other activities.

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\. VIII. POTENTIAL MUSEUMSITES

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While examining the Youngstown area for the theme of the proposed museum, the Planning

Office found it natural to canvass the community for possible museumsites and to tryto determine what items possibly could become available for collections and exhibits.

After several lmpractical ideas for the proposed museumwere rejected, the theme of the

dev~lopment of the steel industry was selected as a starting point for more intensive

study. Then the examination of possible sites for the proposed museumbegan in earnest.

Through interviews with officials from various steel companies in the area, public

officials of the communities in the Mahoning Valley, and influential private citizens

with an interest in the project, the Ohio Historical Society was able to determine

that a wealth of material may become available to the Society to help produce theproposed museum.

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.Personnel from the YoungstownPlanning Office and the Office of Planning in Columbus

toured the steel mills belonging to the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company(now Jonesand Laughlin Steel), Sharon Steel Corporation, and United States Steel Ohio Works.

One of the first observations to be made on a tour through a steel mill is that nothingis small. No matter what the age or condition of the particular mill, virtuallyeverything is built on an enormous scale. A simple ladle to move molten metal is

twenty feet high, a small blast furnace is one hundred feet tall and a normal tap atan open hearth furnace contains one hundred and fifty tons of hot metal. It soonbecame quite obvious that the design of a steel museumwould have to be enormous in

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size if it were to convey the feeling of an actual steel production plant.mind, the Planning Office took steps to select a potential museumsite.

With this in

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A good urban museumsite should be large enough to provide adequate building, parking, and

display space; it should be easily accessible from major highways and, if possible, itshould have some historical connection with the theme of the museum. Several areas in

Youngstown and the Mahoning Valley meet these criteria.L

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Dueto excellent freeway access and central location, downtownYoungstownwas examined

to determine if the proposed museumpossibly could be located there. On the east end

of the downtownarea a- number of urban renewal plots of land are available. Most of the

plots would be too small for the proposed museum, however, especia11y when visitor parkingspace is considered. However, one plot of land along the north bank of the MahoningRiver, between the South Avenue and Market Street bridges, might be suitable. The land

now belongs to the Republic Steel Corporation; it was the site of the old Republic Steel

Bessemer Plant, now demolished. In the first quarter of 1979, the City of Youngstown

will apply for a grant from the Departmeht of Housing and Urban Development to purchasethe 35.95 acres and improve them for use as an industrial park. The City plans torequest allowance for adding an entrance to the land between the Cedar Street and South

Avenue viaducts. This will provide excellent access to the land from the east end of

the downtownarea. Conversations with the mayor of Youngstown and the head of the city's

Economic Development Agency led the Ohio Historical Society to believe that if the

Society does select this land as a site for the proposed museum, the property can beobtained at little or no cost. The site's major drawback is its size. Since this land

is nowscheduled to become the site of an industrial park, only a small portion of the

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space could be allotted to a museum.

renewal sites, see Appendix II.)

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Another potential site, presently owned by the Republic Steel Corporation, is near the

east end of Youngstown at Center Street. This site is now an active steel mill. However,

Rep~b1ic's plans call for the three blast furnaces and coke plant to be shut down as newfacilities are constructed in Warren, Ohio. This site does not appear as desirable as

other potentia~ sites because it is not centrally located, although it does have

excellent access to the new freeway system. Furthermore, at the moment its availability

is questionable due to its status as an active steel-producing facility.

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Other possible sites, although not as potentially available for the Youngstownmuseum

project, include land in the now-closed portion of the YoungstownSheet and TubeCampbell Works. However, land in this area is not as readily accessible by freeways and

major routes as the two previously mentioned sites. Furthermore, there is a possibilitythat the Ecumenical Coalition will be able to reopen the facilities as an active

community-worker owned steel company.

(Even so, it still may be possible to acquire a site which was once part of a steel plant.

Benefits would be gained by adapting an existing structure for a museumsite. Utilizingsuch a structure(s) would add authentic historic value to the museumas well as reducecosts. Several structures in Youngstown and the Mahoning Valley would be excellent

for this purpose. One of the best complexes, but probably the least available, is the

former Youngstown Sheet and Tube General Office and the Technical Center, located on

U.S. Route 7 (Market Street) in BoardmanTownship. The buildings, built in 1958, are

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located on fifty-six acres of landscaped property and between them contain over 256,000

square feet of floor space. Because of the merger between YoungstownSheet and Tube and

the LTVCorporation, the buildings are in the process of being closed and eventuallywill be sold. Within the 178,000 square feet of the General Office Building are an

auditorium, a fully-equipped cafeteria, and at least 100,000 square feet of open spacewhich could constitute a potential display area. The Technical Center houses 78,000

square feet with good potential for display purposes, as well as sixteen offices, 'twelve

photographic and reproduction rooms, and a two-story open bay area which comprise 25,000

square feet of potential display space. (For further details on the buildings, see

Appendix III.)

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The buildings, however, have three major drawbacks. First, despite excellent accessfrom the freeways, the buildings are removed from the center of the city and their

corresponding steel mills. Second, the purchase price of the buildings may be in

excess of what the Society can afford. Third, there 'is a possibility that the MahoningValley Economic Development Committee will establish a 'national steel research center

in the buildings. Anyone or a combination of these three reasons may preclude theSociety from acquiring this site.

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Twoother sites with structures already on them are located in the Brier Hill section

of Youngstown. Brier Hill, once the home of Governor David Tod, was the location of

the Brier Hill Iron and Steel Company. Brier Hill Iron and Steel merged with the

Youngstown Sheet and Tube Companyin 1923. Twogroups of structures are located justoff the Route 680 exit on U.S. Route 422 and are less than a mile from the Route 80

exit in Girard, Ohio. The first and least desirable structure is the old Brier Hill

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Division Office building, built in 1929 by the YoungstownSheet and Tube Company. The

six-story building is now for sale under private ownership. Although the brick and

steel "I" beam constructed building contains 9,000 square ~et of space per floor, it is

in need of major renovation. The building possibly could be purchased rather cheaply,

but the cost of renovation and a relatively small property lot reduce the building1sdesirability as a museumsite.

~I~. The second and"most desirable area also is located at Brier Hill and contains the

Jeanette blast furnace. The facility currently is owned by. Jones and Laughlin Steel andwas part of the merger package between Jones and Laughlin and the YoungstownSheet and

Tube Company. The structures on this location include a blast furnace, eight heaterstoves, a boiler house, a large empty casting house, and a blast engine house, as well

as railroad trestles, stock houses and other small structures. (For complete informa-tion and history on the site, See Appendix IV.) Utilization of the Jeanette site would

open an entirely new concept in museumconstruction and provide one of the most uniquemuseums in the country. Preliminary meetings with first the YoungstownSheet and Tube

Companyand then Jones and Laughlin Steel indicated that Jones and Laughlin would be

willing to enter into negotiations with the Ohio Historical Society for exchanging

ownership of the sixteen-acre Jeanette site, either through purchase of the site by the

Ohio Historical Society or as a gift to the Society from Jones and Laughlin. Meetingsalso were held with the Ecumenical Coalition and with the United States Ste~l Workers

Local 1462 to determine if either of these organizations would object to the Societyacquiring the site. Neither organization objected, however, due to the enormous cost--

over twenty-eight million dollars--of refurbishing the furnace as an active ironproducing facility.

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Jeanette first was put into blast in 1918 and is now the smallest blast furnace existing

in the Mahoning Valley. Because the furnace site is east of the Division Street bridge

(Route 711 and 680), it is removed from the rest of the Brier Hill Plant. Standing aloneon the banks of the Mahoning River, Jeanette is a handsome edifice. With proper restora-tion the site could be made into a unique and noteworthy museum.

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Membersof the Office of Planning , in Columbusand the YoungstownPlanning Office havetoured the Jeanette site several times to determine if the facility, properly renovated,

could be the central focus and primary exhibit of the proposed museum. The qualities

of the Jeanette comp1ex--excel1ent accessibility, large amounts of needed space, and

historic significance to the Mahoning Va1ley--qualify the site as a potentially superb

museumdedicated to iron and steel. Another consideration worth noting is that althoughmost iron and steelmaking equipment can be moved to a museumsite, moving a blastfurnace would be prohibitively expensive.

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Additionally, the furnace is located across the Mahoning River from the United States

Steel CompanyOhio Works. This plant, presently operating at a reduced rate, probably

will be closed within the next several years. The Ohio Works contain the wor1d1s only

operating steam-driven blooming mill, which was built circa 1907. Someday it may bepossible to add this superb old mill, with its three-story high flywheels, to the

proposed Youngstownmuseumat very little cost. The Jeanette complex and the Ohio

Works are connected conveniently by private vehicular and railroad bridges across theMahoning River.

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Acquisition of the Jeanette site would mark another contribution to historic preservationby the Ohio Historical Society. In the near future there will be no blast furnaces left

in the Youngstown area. The four blast furnaces in Campbell will shut down by the end of

1979. The three furnaces of Republic Steel will close down shortly thereafter. Jeanette

already is out of blast, and only one furnace at the Ohio Works is operating presently.

Because of their value as steel scrap, every non-operating facility will be disassembled

and fed into open hearth and BOFfurnaces to make new steel; in this way the old Bessemer

plants gradually vanished. Within the next few years, the skyline of the Youngstownarea,once silhouetted with twenty-seven blast furnaces, will be flat.

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Whatever site is selected for the proposed museum, new structures undoubtedly will have

to be built to house collections, displays, and archives; to function as an orientationcenter, and to provide the necessary space for offices and storage. The Youngstown

museumwill need approximately 41,000 square feet of building space to ensure adequate

room in which to operate a successful museumprogram. This space would provide room

for orienting visitors about to tour the museum, as well as house exhibits (mill

models, photographs, artifacts, etc.) and a collection of steel companyarchives which

the Society plans to acquire. Historical collections require care, and museumitems

must be stored in a secure, controlled environment, safe from the ravages of moisture

and heat. Artifacts must receive restoration or conservation to ensure their longevity

and space must be provided for the laboratories and photographic rooms that would benecessary for this restoration and preservation.

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The new structure or structures can be constructed on a factory site, such as the

Jeanette site. It also might be possible to construct the new facility within an

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existing industrial structure. While a factory building is muchtoo di.fficult to heatand weatherproof, the "building-within-a-building" concept cou.ld answer the problems ofheating, insulation and weatherproofing.

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l IX. COLLECTIONS

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A coherent and comprehensive collections policy is a fundamental part of any good museum

program. Museumsnot only have a responsibility to employ artifacts as a part of their

overall educational program, they also have a duty to preserve portions of our material

culture for future generations. While museumsare no longer merely open storehouses of

the relics of the past, by definition they are not museumsif they ignore three dimensionalmaterials.

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A collection of steel mill artifacts would be quite unlike any ordinary museumcollection.

Ladles, open hearth furnaces, crane hooks, hot-metal cars, rolling stands, ingots, molds,

and other items are weighed in at tons instead of pounds. Not only are some of the

artifacts heavy, they also are huge; fifteen to twenty feet high is not an 'uncommon

height for items used in steel manufacturing. Items such as these should provide an.excellent attraction for the proposed museum.

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Furthermore, several area steel mills have mill models that would make excellent displays

for the proposed museums. Amongthese are three model mills built by the Youngstown

Sheet and Tube Companyduring the mid-1930s. There is a complete seventy-nine inch hot

strip model, a butt weld pipe mill model and a seamless pipe mill model. Built to exact

scale, all of these models are working models; they each produce a product.. As with

other steel artifacts, they are also heavy. The seventy-nine inch hot strip model alone

weights over three tons. (For further information on the models, see Appendix V.)lt!\t

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Modelssuch as these three and others produced by Republic Steel t and WeanUnitedt amanufacturer of steel mil 1st may be available to the Ohio Historical Society for use in

the proposed museum.

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Along with large itemst such as the modelst area mills also maintain collections of

photographs, printed material and records. YoungstownSheet and Tubet alonet had a

photographer on its staff since 1903 and saved every negative ever taken. Steel companies

often regard these materials as worthless and they eventually end up in the land fill when

the company runs out of storage space. A museumdevoted to the iron and steel industry

can preserve these photographs, publications and records in an active archives program.

The museumcould become a repository for all steel companies and a major research

center for future scholars studying the industry.

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Both to insure an adequate supply of artifacts suitable for exhibition and to preserve

expendable itemst the YoungstownIron and Steel Museummust pursue a vigorous collections

program. Artifacts must be sought out ~ith diligence--it is not enough to depend onunsolicited donations. Such an effort requires a great expenditure of staff timetfirst to determine what is needed and then to seek it out. Curators must be sensitive

to the industrYt both past and presentt in order to realize what artifactst collections.

records and other steel related items are important to demonstrating the development

of the iron and steel industry. They must have contacts with various steel. companiesin the United States to insure that valuable material is not discarded with the

thought that IInobodywould want this junk. II.

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The broad outlines mentioned here will allow the YoungstownIron and Steel Museumto

establish it~elf as one of the most unique museumsin the United States. Not only will

the people of Youngstownand the Mahoning Valley be able to take pride in their heritagebut people from the entire country will be able to see the ways in which iron and steel

has played a .major part in the development of the United States.

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( X. EXHIBITS

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Exhibits will be the principle product of the Youngstown Iron and Steel Museumproject.

It is through a vigorous exhibits program that the collections of artifacts are

presented to the public. It is also through a well developed exhibits program that

the museumfulfills most of its educational goals.

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Ideally, several fundamentally different types of exhibits will be employed at the

Youngstown Iron and Steel Museum. Together these exhibits will produce an exciting

and informative museumcapable of providing museumpatrons with a thorough under-

standing of the history of the American iron and steel industry.

( FORMALEXHIBITS

Upon entering the museumfacility visitors first will encounter an orientation

program. This will provide them with the information needed to better utilize theremainder of the museum. The goal of the orientation center will be to establish a

general outline which can then be developeQ throughout the rest of the museum. A

multi-image presentation or film tracing the development of iron and steel from

ancient times to the present is one method of accomplishing this difficult task.

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(The formal exhibit area will expand upon the orientation exhibits, employing" artifacts,

graphics, and audio-visual aids, and examining more carefully the topics touched upon

in the orientation. Due to the enormous size of many original artifacts, scale models,

photographs, films, and other media must come into play.(

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A general outline of these exhibits might include:1. What is iron

A. Physical properties

B. Chemical propertiesWhat is steel

A. Physical properties

B. Chemical properties

III. The geology of iron

A. Raw materials

1. Iron ores2. F1uxes3. Fuels

B. Geographical distribution of raw materials

1. Economic influences

Ancient ironworkingA. Africa

B. Orient

C. Greek and Roman

D. Pre-Modern European

European heritageA. Medieval ironworks

B. Iron in the Renaissance

C. The Industrial Revolution

The New World

A. Early ironworks

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B. Iron in American Revo1uti on

C. Early 19th Century and late 18th CenturyThe blast furnace

A. Evolution of design

B. New techniques

C. The end product

D. The blast furnace today

Casting

A. Properties and uses

B. Evolution of techniques

C. Modern casting

Wrought iron

A. Properties and uses

B. Evolution of production techniques

C. Modern techniquesSteel

A. Properties and uses

B. Evolution of production techniques

C. Modern techniques

Forging and rolling

A. Basic principles

B. Evolution of technology

C. Modern techniques

Welding, heat treating and other techniques

A. Description and explanation of processes

B." Uses and importance

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I XIII. The Workers

A. Work during the colonial and early national periodsI l. Who the workers were('.

The work that they performed2.

3. Social, religious and economic factorsB. Work in the 19th Century

,{ l. The skills requiredl 2. . Wages, hours and housing

3. Job safety

'. c. Immigration( l. The early period, 1614-1860

2. The IInewll i mmigra t ion, 1870-19303. The ethnic community4. Problems of assimilation

( 5. Post World War II migrationD. The Union

l. The earliest attempts2. The drive for recognition

\ 3. The Depression and NIRA4. Recognition and Little Steel5. The union today

XIV. The Company.<

A. Early years - small scale enterprisesB. Newtechnology and new business methods) 1860-1900

1. Integration( 2. Cost accounting(

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C. Prosperity, 1900-1930

D. Challenges of the post-World War

1. Foreign competition2. Environmental control

3. NewtechnologyThe Products

A. Historical

B. Importance

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I.survey of the products made of iron and steel

of industry to an economy and society

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LARGE ARTIFACT EXHIBITS

One of the major benefits to be derived from establishing an iron and steel museumin

Youngstownat this time is the possibility of acquiring actual iron and steel production

machinery. With the conversion to new mqchinery and the phasing out of all types of

older equipment--from blast furnaces to rolling mills--the Youngstown Iron and Steel

Museumhas the chance to acquire some prime artifacts.{

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These items can be employed in an exhibits program. Through the display and interpretation

of this type of artifact, museumpatrons will be exposed to the reality of iron and steel

production on a scale unobtainable in a more traditional exhibit program. The sheer mass

of these artifacts providesan impact that words, pictures, and models can never portray. .

~The most feasible means of exhibiting this type of material is to situate them in a large

existing structure. While they will require maintenance, such as occasional painting,

they will not require the environmental controls necessary with more formal exhibits.

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Rather than encasing the item, the visitor would be enclosed in a controlled-environment

IIshellll from which he or she can look at and examine the machinery. A variety of audio-

visual and graphic aids will explain the items--how they work and their role and signi-ficance in the iron and steel industry.

~Whi1.emuch remains to be done in determining what is available and what is the best way

to exhibit it, somepreliminary concepts can be put forward:1. A variety of representativ~ machines should be presented.2. The exhibits should reflect the evolution of the industry as3. Each piece of equipment should be interpreted to explain its

operation.

4. The relationship of worker to machine and the overall role of labor in productionmust be examined.

In order to accomplish these goals, a numberof different machines need to be included.A representative list might include:1. Blast Furnace

2. Puddling Furnace3. Crucible Furnace4. BessemerConverter

5. OpenHearth Furnace6. CokeBattery7. Rolling Equipment8. Forging Equipment9. ladles

a whole.

purpose and methodof

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10. Transport Equipment11. .Prime Movers

12. Assorted Subsidiary Equipment

All of these itemss of courses are not available at this time. Somemay become so in

the futures while others may have to be reconstructed. The primary requirement for

this program is a commitment to it) a relentless search to obtain the necessary compon-ents, and the facilities to house the program.

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The full implementation of the entire exhibits programwill not take place at once. Overa period of time additional development can enhance the original presentation. Initialsuccess will add impetus to a continuing program of exhibits which has the promise ofbeing one of the finest in the United States.

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I, XI. ARCHIVESPROGRAM

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In order to enhance the educational impact of the Youngstown Iron and Steel Museum,

plans call for the creation of an archives program to operate in conjunction with the

museum. Although the plans and details of this endeavor are in the early stages of

development, tt is believed that Youngstown can becomethe location not only for a

unique museum,but also a center for research devoted to the early development and

growth of the steel industry. As of this date there are no centers for the study ofthe steel industry anywhere in the country.

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The role of the archives center will be twofold. The first function will be to locate,

collect and preserve important archival material. For this important facet of archival

collection and cataloging, the Youngstown Iron and Steel Museumwill rely on the many

years of experience of the Ohio Historical Society. . Oncethe archives are collected,

it is important that the research material benefit the widest number of people through

an extensive educational program. This goal requires that the archives have easy and

comfortable access, that they be properly catalogued and that space for ongoing researchbe provided.

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The National Iron and Steel Archives Center will be a facility from which research

about all facets of the iron and steel industry may be undertaken. Utilizing a

trained, professional staff, archives covering a wide range of steel-related matterswill be acquired. As envisioned, the material 'wil1 include both local and national

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iIl archives concerning the history of the formation and development of the iron and steel

industries. The center will also have a program devoted to the acquisition of documentsconcerning the history of the labor supply for the industry (both native American and.

immigrant) as well as the subsequent development of the United Steel Workers of America

and its predecessor movements for the organization of the steel workers. Included in

the archival program will be an extensive oral history project to record and preservethe experience of the people who helped build the steel industry. This is a new and

vital method of historical documentation and one that has not been extensively under-take~ for the steel industry.

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The Ohio Historical Society recognizes that the collection of business records by

public agencies is a delicate subject within the business community. For this reason,the archives program will focus its early. acquisitions on records and documents of a

nonsensitive, but historically significant, nature. Negotiations for the acquisition

of the photographic collection of the YoungstownSheet and Tube Companyand a completeset of that company's Bulletin magazine have already been initiated with Jones and

Laughlin by .the Youngstown planning staff. The general reception by local officialsof J & L for this material has been cordial and favorable. There are also a number

of documents concerning the early steel industry already available in the public sector

that have not been collected into a single location. The acquisition of these two

types of materials will provide that basis for further expansion of archival material.As other steel companies become aware of the care with which the documents are handled

and stored in a controlled environment and can view the benefits that will evolve

from the study of this material to the better understanding of the steel industry and

its history, negotiations to acquire the historic archives of other companies will befacilitated.

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A number of people in the local area have been contacted about creating an iron and steel

archive center in Youngstown. The Youngstown Planning Office staff has discussed thisproject with industrial, union, civic, and academic officials and leaders in the

community. Their response has been quite favorable and many have offered their full

cooperation. (See below for a complete list.)IIL

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The archives program will enhance.the educational impact of the Youngstown Iron and

Steel Museumby providing the foundation for scholarly study of the steel industry.

With the necessary research material made readily available in one location in Youngstown,

the study of the iron and steel industry will be facilitated and thereby increase the

understanding of the history of the steel industry and its role in shaping our society.<

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BUSINESS

Frank Haber - Haber's DepartmentStoreFrank Harris - DowntownBoard of TradeR. E. Hatton - District Supervisor, ConrailGilbert James - Local Businessman and Memberof Chamberof CommerceFrank Johnson - Public Relations, ConrailWest Johnstone - Executive Director, Youngstown Chamberof CommerceThomasMasters - Masters Office SupplyJamesMcLaughlin - Local BusinessmanHowardShafer - ArchitectFred Tod - Local Businessman and Memberof Chamberof Commerce

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LABOR

GeorgeButsika - Director of Education, USWAS. Clark - Assistant Director, District 26, USWAReiss Gibbons - Editor, Steel Labor - USWAJames P. Griffin - Director, District 26, USWA(Retired)Ed Mann- President, Local 1462, Brier Hill, USWA,

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lABOR (Continued)

Dr. ThomasShipka - local labor leaderDonald Smith - Assistant Editor, Steel Labor - USWA

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STEELINDUSTRY

Henry Evans - President, Sharon SteelRonald Towns - District Superintendent J & LEd Salt - Historian, Y S & TPerce Kelty - Chief Photographer, Y S & T (Retired)Randall Walthius - Public Relations, U.S. SteelLouis Vicarel : Public Relations, Republic SteelWilliam Brown- Public Relations, WeanUnitedJames Butler - Public Relations, J & LTed Patrick - Superintendent Buckeye School, J & LJames Walker - Assistant Superintendent, Fuel and Power, J & LFurman T. Blackwell - Superintendent, Blast Furnace, &S &T (Retired)Edward Prokopp - Superintendent, General Office Building, J & lRodger Slatter - Manager of Primary Operations, J & LSamuel Carbon - Superintendent Cold Strip, Y S & T (Retired)

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Sen. Harry Meshel - Ohio SenatorPhillip Richley - Mayor, City of YoungstpwnRocco Mica - Mayor, City of Campbell.Nicholas Deramo- Mayor, City of GirardW. Doutt - Mayor, City of NilesArt Richard - Mayor, City of WarrenJohn Palermo - Commissioner of Mahoning CountyGeorge Bindas - Commissioner of Mahoning CountyCharles Barrett - Commissioner of Mahoning CountyJulius Geewax- Director of Development,City of YoungstownFeli.x Kikel - Chief Planner, City of YoungstownWilliam Brenner - Planner, Eastgate Development and Transportation Agency

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HISTORICAL

Charlotte Cunningham- Lowellville Historical SocietyWilliam Masters - BoardmanHistorical SocietyFlorence Galida - Campbell Historical SocietyPatricia Cummins- MahoningValley Historical SocietyElizabeth Szabo - International InstituteJohn Zackuzia - Pa. Anthropological SocietyRichard Ulrich - Canfield Historical SocietyRebecca Rodgers - Poland Historical SocietyHowardAley - Local HistorianWalter Damon-. Local H.A.P. RepresentativeWilliam Whitehouse - Naturalist, Mill Creek ParkKen Zinz - Austintown Historical Society

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RELIGIOUSCOMMUNITY

Aux. Bixhop William Hughes - Diocese of YoungstownRev. William Connal - Assistant Rector, St. ColombiaRev. Martin Susko - Rector, St. ColombiaPastor Louis Furtomioto - Pastor, First Christian AssemblyPastor Fred Ripper - Youth Pastor, First Christian AssemblyRev. Edward Stanton - Ecumenical CoalitionRev. Leo Doboschevits - Pastor, St. Joseph the ProviderRev. George Pappas - St. Michael, The ArchangelRev. Edward Witt - Diocese of YoungstownRev. George F. Winca - St. Matthias Church

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Dennis Finneran - Editor, Catholic ExponentJay Paris - P.hotographer, Ohio MaqazineErnest Brown,Jr. - Reporter, YounqstownVindicatorDale Peskin - Reporter, Younqstown VindicatorDennis LaRue - Reporter, Younqstown VindicatorrI

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,~- EDUCATION

Dr. John Coffelt - President of Youngstown State UniversityE. Catsoulis - Superintendent of Youngstown City SchoolsHerbert G. Thomas - Superintendent of Liberty City SchoolsDr. Michael J. Elsberry - Superintendent of Struthers City SchoolsDr. Robert P. Shreve - Superintendent of Mahoning County City SchoolsJohn R. Holan - Superintendent of Warren City SchoolsRobert Pond - Superintendent of Salem City SchoolsLuther H. Gutknech - Superintendent of Hubbard City SchoolsRobert Hetrick - Superintendent of Campbell City SchoolsDr. John White. - Department of Anthropology, YSUDr. George Beelen - Chairman of Department of History, YSUDr. James Ronda - Department of History, YSUProfessor Hugh Earnhart - Director of Oral History, YSUAnn Harris - Department of Geology, YSUDr. George Kelly - Department of Biology, YSURobert Griffith - Director of Mahoning County LibraryProfessor A.E.T. Morris - Department of Architecture, Oxford University,Miss Patricia Wall - Assistant Head Librarian, YSUJohn Cvengros - Teacher, Campbell City SchoolsLarry Lushinski - Teacher, Youngstown City SchoolsDonald Koma- History Teacher, Youngstown City SchoolsAndrew Hammady- History Teacher, YoungstownCity Schools

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,( XII. THE MUSEUMAS AN EDUCATOR

L-Education of the public is the primary goal of the proposed Youngstownmuseum. Museums

in general perform the important role of introducing the public to history in a palatable

form and thereby facilitate educational processes concerning the past. In short, museums

are successful because they provide an inherent attractiveness and a good atmosphere in

whiCh learning can be developed and fostered without the disadvantages that often

accompanymore structured methods. This is not to say that museumscan replace basic

education as the primary learning tool about the events of our past, but they can,

working in conjunction with other educational institutions, develop programs through

which information can be readily assimilated.

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History is generating increasing interest amongthe public with each successive year.

History books and historical novels continually appear on the best seller lists while

television and motion picture producers 'find that presentations with historical themes

captivate audiences. Recently, the television programs "Holocaust" and IIRootsll have

drawn more viewers than any previous television presentations. History wrapped in an

attractive packagehas been and continues to be a most lucrative and popular enterprise. .

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~ While manymuseumshave been successful in meeting the needs of the public, it should

be noted that Science and Industry museums, in the last decade, have led the way in

fulfilling the dual role of attracting and educating visitors. Science and Industry

museumsare visited by thirty million people annually. The success of this type ofrI.(

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program can best be illustrated by the popularity of the Museumof Science and Industryin Chicago and, while the Smithsonian Institute draws a large number of visitors each

year, it is their Science and Industry exhibits that consistently attract the mostattention.

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Because the proposed Youngstownmuseumcombines both the general interest in history and

in industry-related museums, along with the ability of museumsto serve an important

educational function, this project has an excellent potential for a high level of success.

As can be seen in the information presented in the previous sections, the steel industryand its development in the Mahoning Valley are ideal topics for historical treatment in

a museum. While few people other than those actually involved with the steel industry

are aware of the processes involved in making steel, the inherent nature of the industry

lends itself to attractive treatment and an informative educational program. Thesetwo characteristics can be utilized by the planners of the Youngstownmuseum.

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The planned areas of coverage in the Youngstownmuseumhave been discussed elsewhere

and do not need extensive reiteratio~ h~re, but it must be noted that the program isa diversified one that will appeal to every segment of the local and state-wide public.

The museumwill undertake the very important, and to this point ignored, subject of themaking and forming of iron and steel products, as well as an examination of the

development of the industry within the Mahoning Valley. It will also deal extensively

with the humandimensions of the steel industry, examining the interrelationship between

the development of the steel industry and the development of the Mahoning Valley as a

place to work and live. This dual scope will have a tremendous educational impact,

because it demonstrates both the processes used by the industry to make its products

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and shows the pervasive influence of iron and steel on the development of the surroundingcommunity and all of its social structures.

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The immense size involved in the steelmaking process lends itself to a museumtreatment

that is different from most of the other types of museumsnow available. Manyof the

exh~bits in the Youngstown museumt as mentioned earliert will involve patrons in theexhibits and give them a first hand look at steel production. This kinetic approach

will enhance the teaching function of the museum. Thist howevert is not the only type

of exhibit planned and the museumwill incorporate a wide variety of exhibits designed

to be informative to almost everyone. As part of its educational function, 'the museum

will also incorporate a well-designed program of films and lectures that will extend the

educational role into t~e community by providing a variety of programs at schools andother civic functions. These programs will be both educational and serve as a vehicleto generate community awareness of the museum.

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Visitation by school children will constitute one of the most important educationalfunctions of the Youngstownmuseum. There are over 160,000 children enrolled in the

various school systems in the four county area of Ashtabula, Trumbull, Mahoning, and

Columbiana Counties. If the area from which children may be drawn is extended to a

seventy mile radiust pupils from Western Pennsylvania, Cleveland and Pittsburgh wouldbe included. It is projected that a museumdevoted to the development of the steel

industry would successfully draw from these areas since they also are major steel

centers and have noeducational facilities with an industrial theme. The YoungstownPlanning Office has corresponded with a number of school officials from the Trumbull,

Mahoning and Columbiana County areas and has received enthusiastic responses, demon-strating the interest and need for the museum.

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In order to enrich the educational opportunities of the Youngstownmuseum, programs and

services must be initiated to accommodate the students whose classes visit the facility.

Educational packets must be prepared which explain to teachers how they can best utilize

the museum. These packets also should contain orientation and follow-up materials which

the students will use in their school prior to and after the museumtrip. Tours and

lectures must be prepared for every grade level and must be so constituted that the

museum's programs dovetail into the curriculum of the various area school systems.

Classrooms and. demonstration areas must be incorporated into museumdesign to provide

the ~ppropriate environment for learning. Special programs to aid handicapped andretarded children are also a necessity.

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The creation of a museumin the Youngstownarea devoted to the development of the iron

and steel industry is an excellent educational opportunity not only for the residents

of the Mahoning Valley, but also for people throughout the state of Ohio. The develop-

ment of the steel industry and subsequent development of the Mahoning Valley, both

industrially and culturally, are interconnected. Steel is the heritage, the Ilroots" if

you will, of the valley. While most people in the area are aware of this, surprisinglyfew know how steel is made and even fewer know howor why the industry developed along

the banks of the Mahoning River. This phenomena is particularly evident in second and

third generation descendants of the first immigrants who worked in the Mahoning Valley

mills. Social and economic mobility have isolated them from the work of their fathers

and grandfathers. Generally, these steel workers were very proud of the skills andingenuity required to make steel. Yet, many felt that a thorough assimilation of their

descendants into society required a college education and white collar job. Because

of this many steel workers have not encouraged their children to go into the mills.

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!,L An iron and steel museumwill provide these workers with a meaningful way to share with

their children the vocation which has made possible this assimilation and upwat'd mobility.I-f

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History, although a discipline that is involved with the description and analysis of thepast, serves a useful educational function in helping examine the direction in which

society is headed. The Youngstownmuseumalso will serve this very important function.

The recent events leading to the decline of steelmaking operations in, the Mahoning Valleyhave been well-chronicled. A museumdevoted to the steel industry in Youngstowncon-

sequ~ntly will help the people to evaluate the future of the American steel industry asa whole by presenting its past. This is not to say that it will be the museum's intent

to channel people in one direction or another concerning the policy decisions that must

be made, but rather to present the historical foundation upon which new policies andnew directions may be built.

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(The Youngstownmuseumwill also serve an important state-wide educational function. As

has been mentioned earlier, the primary function of many of the museumslocated in Ohio

is the portrayal of the early settlement,'of the state and few have an urban emphasis.

While agriculture is the backbone of the society and its development, it was industry,and particularly the steel industry, that provided the building blocks. Steel and

steel products are and have been a pervasive force in the development of the state.

Yet, the development of this industry has not received adequate recognition andtreatment as a museumproject.

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Indeed, the primary goal of this museumis directed toward making people aware of the

processes involved in making iron and' steel and "also how the organization of these

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led to the development, and subsequent dependence, of a large metropolitan

All Ohioans will benefit by this educational treatment in the Youngstown

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\XIII. BUDGET'

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The proposed Youngstown Iron and Steel Museumis a large undertaking. The scope of the

mus~um's content is truly national and not at all restricted to the Mahoning Valley.

All aspe~ts of this important industry--labor, technology and economics--are to be

examined in a-comprehensive overview. Additionally, the physical size is impressive.The simple fact is that this is an industry of.gargantuan proportions. Blast furnaces,

rolling mills, coke plants and open hearth furnaces present new problems for museum

curators and exhibit designers. The size of these artifacts precludes many

traditional methods of storage, conservation and display. Yet, these artifacts mustbe integral ~arts of this museumif it is to accurately document the iron and steel

industry.

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MUSEUMPROGRAM

The essential direction of the Youngstown Iron and Steel Museumhas been set forth both

in this report and also in discussions and public meetings held in the Youngstownarea

over the past several months. The response of the community, the industry, and govern-

ment officials has been positive and enthusiastic. The degree of excitement which this

project has generated was unanticipated. It points out, however, both the desire and

the need for this type of facility.(

The estimates listed below represent a preliminary evaluation of the costs which will

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be incurred. They do not reflect, however, engineering

technical data. At this point in the planning process,

cannot be developed.

studies or other highly

absolute figures just

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TYPESOFFUNDING

The YoungstownIron and Steel Museumwill require two distinct types of funding.Capital Improvement funds will be required for new building construction and

architectural fees; for existing structure restoration, adaption and architecturalfees; for the production and installation of exhibits; and for equipping the

facility with the necessary assortment of museumand office accouterments. Operating

funds will be required for salaries, building and collections maintenance, supplies

and materials, and other miscellaneous expenses incurred in the daily operations ofthe museum.

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/I( During the 1980-1981 biennium, the development of the Youngstown Iron and Steel

Museumwill require both capital development and operating funds. Capital develop~ment funds will be expended to build one new structure; to rehabilitate, stabilize

and adapt existing structures; and to construct and install exhibits. Operating

funds will be required to pay research, design and construction personnel; to mount a

major fund raising effort; and to purchase and maintain equipment and supplies.

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(This budgetary program assumes that the thirteen acre Jeanette blast furnace site,

presently ownedby Jones and Laughlin, will be donated to the Society. The entireprogram will be carried out on that site utilizing existing facilities and buildingone new structure.

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$ 144,0.0.0.

216,0.0.0.

114,0.0.0.

459,0.0.0.

152,0.0.0. .

228,0.0.0.

162,0.0.0.-

$1,475,0.0.0.

B. Existing Facilities: Adaption and restoration of existing structures tohouse exhibits, to carry out artifact conservation, and to serve as exhibits

themselves in some cases. $1,675,0.0.0.C. Architectural and Engineering Fees:

Implemented for both A and B above

D. Exhibits Production and Installation

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CAPITAL DEVELo.PMENTCo.STS:

A. NewConstruction (o.ne Building):Lobby & o.rientation Area

Auditorium (30.0.seats}

Archives/Library Reading Room

Archives/Library Stack Areao.ffices

Classraoms/Demonstration AreasMechanical & Rest Rooms

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( SUMMARY o.F CAPITAL DEVELo.PMENT Co.STS:

A. New Construction

B. Existing Facilities

C. Architectural & Engineering FeesD. Exhibits

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2,0.0.0. Sq.

3,0.0.0. Sq.

3,0.0.0. Sq.

17,0.0.0. Sq.

4,0.0.0. Sq.

6,00.0. Sq.

6,0.0.0. Sq.

Ft. @$72 Sq. Ft.

Ft. @$72 Sq. Ft.

Ft. @$38 Sq. Ft.

Ft. @$27 Sq. Ft.

Pt. @$38 Sq. Ft.

Pt. @$38 Sq. Pt.

Ft. @$27 Sq. Ft.

$ 60.0.,0.0.0.

$4,250.,0.0.0.

$1,475,0.0.0.

1,675,0.0.0.

60.0.,0.0.0.

4~250.~0.0.0.

$8,0.0.0.,0.0.0.

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PROPOSEDCAPITALDEVELOPMENTFUNDING:A. State of Ohio

B. Other, to include:Federal Grants

Industry DonationsLabor Donations

Private Foundations

Individual Contributions

$4,000,000I(t

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l- 4~000,000

$8,000,000

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(OPERATINGFUNDS

Under the present proposal, project planning would be continued, but on a more intense

scale with a subsequent increase in staffing. Design development, script production

and collections acquisition would commence. As an important component, amajor

national fund raising campaign would be initiated to secure the necessary non-state

capital development funds.

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("100" FUNDS

11 Positions

+ 21%Fringe Benefits

FY"1980

$146,492

30~763

$177,255

FY 1981

$153,130

32,157

$185,287

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"200" FUNDS

Rental (Realty Building and Utilities)

Contract Services - fund raising andscript production

Materials and SuppliesTrave 1

Printing and Binding

, 'FY'1980

$ 15,000

FY 1981

$ 15,000

I\.-

50,000

20,000

7,500

5,000

$ 98,000

50,000

20,000

7,5005,000 ,

$ 98,000

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11300" FUNDS

Audio-Visual

Vehicles

Office

Equipment

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.\ TOTAL OPERATING FUNDS, FY 1980..1981

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$ 15,000 $ 10,000

7,500 -0-1a 000 2,500

$ 32,500 $ 12,500

'$307755 $295,287

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fI 100 FUNDS - 1980-1981 Bienniuml

(POSITION RANGE/STEP 1980 1981(

I.. 1. *Curator V (Coordinator) 31/1 $ 16,661 $ 17,4722. *Curator II (Research) 28/1 12,542 13,146

.- 3. *Design Specialist V 30/3 14,456 14,872( 4. *Secretary I 26/2 10,982 11,398 .I 5. Curator V (Research)l- 31/1 15,163 15,891

, 6. . Curator IV (Research) 30/1 . 13,790 14,456I 7. Curator III (Research) 29/1 12,542 13,146\.-( 8. Curator III (Collections) 29/1 12,542 13,146I

9. Tech. Specialist V (Conservation) 31/1 15, 163 15,891,'-.

10. Tech. Specialist III (Conservation) 29/1 12,542 13,146

r 11. Secretary I 26/1 -. 10,109 10,566r $146,492 $153,130

+ 21%Fringe Benefits 30,763 32,157. $177,255 $185,.287

*Existing staff.

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CONTINUEDOPERATINGREQUIREMENTS:

Once the initial museumdevelopment is completed and the museumis opened to the public,

the Youngstown Iron and Steel Museumwill require operating funds. These funds will be

utilized to carry out the educational, collections, and maintenance programs necessary

for the successful operation of this museum. Operating monies also will be used to

update and improve existing programs and to initiate somesmall-scale new projects.(.L The Youngstown Iron and Steel Museumalways will have to rely upon the State of Ohio to

prdvide these operating funds. Museumsare not self~supporting institutions; sufficient

revenue simply cannot be generated by admissions charges and sales programs. 'While the

museumwill continue to solicit funds from the private sector and from federal grant

programs in the years to come, it is difficult to secure these funds to meet operating

costs. To provide some notion of the cost~ involved, the following budget for fiscalbiennium 1982-1983 is offered.

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"100" FUNDS

45 Position~

+ 21% Fringe Benefits

FY1982

$ 557,881

117~155

$ 675,036

FY 1983

$ 582,875

122,404.$ 7bs,279

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"200" FUNDS FY 1982 "FY 1983

Exhibit Maintenance and Repair $ 25,000 $ 25,000

< New Exhibits-Temporary 25,000 25,000

New Exhibits-Traveling 25,000 25,000

Collections Maintenance and Repair 50,000 50,000

Trave 1 15,000 15,000( Supplies and Materials 35,000 35,000 ""

,

Building Maintenance and Repair 50,000 50,000. Utilities 75,000 75,000,I

Shipping 15,000 15,000(

Printing and Binding. 25,000 25,000.

l-$ 340,000 $ 340,000

"300" FUNDSI

NewExhibit Equipment $ 20,QOO $ 20,QOO(

New Maintenance Equipment 20,000 20,000

Replacement Office Equipment 5,000 5,000

Collections,

25,000 25,000

(New Audio-Visual Equipment 25,000 25,000

$ 95,000 $ 95,000

TOTALOPERATINGFUNDS,FY 1982-1983 $1,110,036 $1,14Q,279

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100 FUNDS - 1982-1983Biennium

POSITION 'RANGE/STEP 1982 1983(

- -. 1. Director 36/1 $ 24,309 $ 24,6052. Administrative Assistant 30/1 13,790 14,4563. Secretary I 26/1 10,109 10,566

{ 4. Curator V 31/1 15,163 15,891I

5. Curator IV 30/1 13,790 14,456\......

6. ' Curator II I 29/1 12,542 13, 146I

7. Curator II I 29/1 12,542 13,1'46

( 8. Tech. Specialist V 31/1 15,163 15,891, 9. Tech. Specialist IV 30/1 13,790 14,456. .

10. Tech. Specialist III 13,14629/1 12,542I 11. Tech. Specialist III 29/1 12,542 13,146It 12. Tech. Specialist III 29/1 12,542 13,146

13. Technician III 26/1 10, 109 10,56614. Technician III , 26/1 10,109 lOt 56615. Technician III 26/1 10,109 10,566

( 16. Design Specialist V 31/1 15,163 15,891.17. Design Specialist III 29/1 12,542 13, 146

18. Secretary I 26/1 10 ,109 10,566

19. Typist I 3/1 8,632 9,027( 20. Editor 31/1 15,153 15,891

21. Photo Specialist 28/1 11,586 12,043

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iPOSITION RANGE/STEP 1982 1983

22. A-V Specialist V 31/1 $ 15,1 63 $ 15,891

(23. Archivist V 31/1 15,163 15,89124. Archivist II 28/1 11,586 12,04325. Archivist II 28/1 11,586 12,04326. Librarian V 31/1 15, 163 15,891. 27. Librarian II 29/1 12,542 13, 146(

..-. 28. Librarian I 28/1 " ,586 12,043, 29: Secretary I 2J5/1 10 ,109 10,5661-- 30. Education Specialist V 31/1 15, 163 1-5,891

31. Education Specialist II 29/1 12,542 13,14632. Secretary I 26/1 10 ,109 10,566"-33. Intern 2/1 8,070 8,445

r34. Intern 2/1 8,070 8,445.35. Intern 2/1 8,070 8,445(

36. Bldg. Maint. Supervisor II 31/1 15,163 15,89137. Custodial WorkerSupervisor . 4/1 9,235 9,651

38. Custodial Worker Supervisbr 4/1 9,235 9,651{ 39. Custodial Worker 2/1 8,070 8,445

40.'Custodial Worker 2/1 8,070 8,445.41. Custodial Worker 2/1 8,070 8,44542. Custodial Worker 2/1 8,070 8,44543. Security Supervisor 28/1 11,586 12,043.44. Security Officer III 26/1 10,109 10,566

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POSITION

45. Security Officer I

46. Security Officer I

47. Security Officer I

48. Security Officer I

RANGE/STEP..

23/1

23/1

23/1

23/1

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+ 21% Fringe Benefits

1982

$ 8t258

8t2588t258

8,258

$557,881

117,1 55$675t036

1983

$ 8,632

8t6328,632

8,632

$582t875

122,404

$705,279

SOURCESOF FUNDING

The Youngstown Iron and Steel Museumpotentially can draw funding from several sources.

This potential is one of the project's strongest attributes, for it means that no single

source will be relied upon to carry the entire burden.

1. The State of Ohio stands to benefit from this museum. It will provide a unique

and heretofore missing educational opportunity to this state's citizens--both

young and old. The Youngstown Iron and Steel Museum"stourist attractionpotential and its recognition of I one of Ohio~smost important industries isanother benefit.

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By supplying a portion of the capital funding and assuming the primaryresponsibility for operating costs, the state would demonstrate its commitment to

the project as well as providing an impetus for others to contribute. The museum

will require continued support from the state, especially to cover da~to~dayoperations.

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2. Federal grant monies from the National Endowmentfor the Humanities and the

National Science Foundation are a second source of possible funding. Several

types of grant programs now in existence should be thoroughly inVestigated and

pursued. Under most of these programs, funds are provided on a matching basis.

3. Private foundations should be approached for support. Manyfoundations do providefunds for projects of this sort. The Youngstown Iron and Steel Museum"snationalscope and pertinent subject matter no doubt would stimulate the interest of atleast several foundations.

4.ii!The steel industry is one of this nation's largest and most important businesses.

This museumwill portray the evolution of that industry from its beginnings to

the present. It seems only natural to request aid from the industry, for in

many ways the project benefits them. Not only the exhibits program, but also

the archives will be a source of pride and a repository of the heritage of the

industry. The steel corporations, which have shown great interest in the project. .

thus far, should be approached for financial assistance and for contributions ofartifacts, graphic materials and for technical assistance.

To accomplish this on a national basis will require the full-time services of a

competent and experienced fund raiser. This person must also possess an under~standing of the industry.

The history of labor in the steel industry is a vital segment of the museum

program. Like the industry, labor stands to benefit greatly from this museum.

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For the first time, a museumwill present the men and womenwho made the industry

run. The tremendous impact of European immigration and of black migration will be

told, as will the struggle and rise of the unions. Museumplanners have contacted

union officials, rank and file members, and various ethnic organizations. All

have been enthusiastic over the prospects for this museum. All of these groups

should be asked to assist in making the project a reality.

(

L Once again, such an undertaking will require the services of a public relations

expert who can explain the project and elicit various types of support.

I~- 6. Many individuals in the Youngstown area have expressed a personal interest in this

project. They are proud of the role which they and their ancestors have played in

the growth of the iron and steel industry and they are anxious to participate in

the project. This type of support probably is not confined to the Mahoning Valley,but will be found wherever iron and steel are major industries. The contributionswhich dedicated individuals can make must not be overlooked.

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All of these sources should be explored in the development of this project. Certainly,

support cannot be generated overnight. The project must be explained and promoted so

that individuals and organizations can become aware of the goals of the Youngstown

Iron and Steel Museum. While hard work and careful planning will be required, it canand must be done if the museum;s to become a viable institution.

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(SUMMARY

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The Youngstown Iron and Steel Museumis an exciting project. For the first time anywhere,a mu~eum,in the state of Ohio, will focus upon the processes and upon the development ofthe iron and steel industry. This vital industry has contributed significantly to the

stature of the $tate of Ohio and is one of the most important determinants of Americansociety as we know it today.

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rThe Youngstownarea is one of the best locations in the United States for an iron and

steel museum. The city is at the center of an immense potential market. Located closeby major transportation routes, Youngstown is easily accessible to that market. Public

accommodations abound in the Mahoning Valley while other cultural and educational

institutions throughout the city insure that this museumwill operate as one segment inan extensive overall program of humanistic enrichment.

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fThe history of the MahoningValley provides the background for such an undertaking thatfew locations in the nation can match. In the nineteenth century, the area was noted

for its ability to produce large quantities of quality iron products. With theemergence of steel as the primary metal product in the twentieth century, the Youngstownarea again emerged as one of the major steelmaking centers in the country and for

decades the city of Youngstown held the unique position of producing more s~eel than

any other city in the world. With the decline of steelmaking operations in the Mahoning

Valley. Youngstown has become our ideal location for the:study of the iron and steel

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industry. While several steelmaking companies in the Mahoning Valley continue to lead

the industry in the development and use of progressive steelmaking techniques, the

valley also offers several abandoned mills which are excellent examples of early steel-

making operations and from which a wealth of educational materials may be procured.The Youngstownarea is also an ideal location for the study of the very important other

side of the steel industry--the humanfactor. In fact, the Mahoning Valley can beconsidered a laboratory of the growth of the iron and steel industries in all of itsfacets.

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The Ohio Historical Society brings to this venture an expertise unparalleled nationwide.

While the Society has the maturity to insure stability and realistic planning, it also

has the enthusiasm and the willingness to be innovative which characterizes dynamically

growing institutions. The Society's record of achievement over the past fifteen years

is one unmatched by any other state historical society.I I

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It is easy to see that the Mahoning Valley will benefit from this museum. Employment

at the Youngstown Iron and Steel Museumand visitation to it will bring money into thecommunity as well as stimulate visitation to other area cultural institutions. On

closer examination, however, it also is evident that all the citizens of Ohio will

profit from the Youngstown Iron and Steel Museum. This museumwill enable all Ohioans

to understand the complexities of the processes involved in making steel as well as

the history and development of the iron and steel industry, an industry whose influence

in society is pervasive. The educational value of the Youngstownmuseumis .a productwhich all Ohioans will share.

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Moreover, all Ohioans can be proud of the Youngstown Iron and Steel Museum. The

. progressive venture in museumconcept and design without doubt will draw national

attention. Just as the Serpent Mound's fame is not limited to AdamsCounty, Ohio,

the Youngstown Iron and Steel Museum's drawing power and impact wi.ll not be confined

within the corporation limits of Youngstown. This museumwill be an important additionto Ohio's impressive and dynamic list of educational and cultural resources.

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APPENDIXI

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Manyof the persons who will visit the Youngstownmuseumfacilities will have need of a

variety of local services. Those remaining in the vicinity overnight will require

hotel/motel accommodations. Manywill find the need to purchase products--newspapers,

baby bottles, raincoats, or a myriad of other items. Certainly many will have at leastone meal in the area.

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Fortunately, all of these services and more are readily available in the immediate

Youngstownarea. While it would be impossible to list all of the restau.rants, hotels,

motels, and retail stores, the following pages will provide some notion of what isavailable.

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(MOTELSIN THEYOUNGSTOWNAREAl

,TELEPHONE MOTEL . ROOMS(856-1900 Avalon Inn 90

{ 549-2141 Congress Inn 62L 759-3410 Days I nn* 138

793-9806 Days Inn* 138L 758-4515 El-Dorado* 46

533-3149 El-Patio 12f

L 538-2221 Holiday Inn* (Exit 15) 108( 549-2187 Holiday Inn* (Exit 16) 90(

Holiday Inn* (Rt. 46) 90\..

Holiday Inn* (1-80; Rt. 193) 150( 744-1131 Hotel Ohio 50I

759-3180 HowardJohnson* 155

\ 799-7482 Jan Mar 16( 536-6273 King1s . 38

'<793-9305 Knight's Inn* (Rt. 46) 110759-3190 L & K 88\

758-5737 Lake Park* 48

L549-3543 Lone Pine 4758-4591 Mavette Motor Lodge 30

« 538-2211 May* 30\t

799-0041 Merrimac 8( 759-2183 Motel "6" 125l(tL

f~- *AAAApproved

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I!\ .(r 111

I549-3224 Ohio Motel Superior* 40\

549-3988 Penn Ohio 41i

( 759-3190 Penny Pincher Inn* 82\,

758-5873 Phil rose 12{ 538-2231 Pike Econo 22t

758-4551 Plaza 20759-0040 Quality North 50

L 758-2371 Quality TownHouse* 50

, 759-7850 RamadaInn* 154I 792-3871 Sherwood 43l..( 758-2315 Sagecoach* 30r

549-2152 Stardust 30f

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788-5087 Terrace* 18, 782-8021 Tower 22I

792-2351 Westgate Manor 20

744-0185 Wick Motor Inn 70

758-4556 Wi11i ams Motel.

32.

t2,362TOTAL

i 112(

,MOTELSIN THEWARRENAREA'.

e TELEPHONE MOTEL ROOMS369-2114 Adeline's Motel 13652-1481 Best Western 78

l 872-5979 Betsy Ross 26

e 856-4699 Capri 11L 392-2515 Downtown* 73

898-2260 Gateway 16399-3606 Holiday Inn 119...

( 872-0863 Home Inn 7I.

399-2766 Imperial Motel 49\...

872-0988 Pike Plaza Mote1* 36898-1700 Riverview 18

\

872-7080 Rustic Oaks Lodge 22(

1 898-2460 Sunnysi de Motel, 11\

: 369-3601 Town & Country (now called Executive Inn) 92369-4100 Trave10dge 57

\( 872-0971 WarrenMotor Lodge* --1§.

TOTAL 674.(

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MAJORSHOPPINGCENTERSIN THEYOUNGSTOWNAREA

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Does not include the downtownarea nor the concentrated commercial developments along

main thoroughfares.

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NAME ADDRESS NUMBEROFUNITS.Austintown Plaza 6000 Mahoning Avenue 31

i BoardmanPlaza 201-525 Boardman-Canfield Road 49.l Colonial Plaza East Main Street, Canfield, Ohio 15( Eastwood Mall Route 422, Niles, Ohio 109IL Kirkmere P1aza . 3373-3507 Canfield Road 5

Liberty Plaza 3551-3567 Belmont Avenue 41,l Lincoln Knolls Plaza 2828-2996 McCartney Road 29

( Mahoning Plaza 3303-3377 Mahoning Avenue 16r Marhi11 Shopping Center 3600 Market Street 10,\.

55Markinola Center 2555-2801 Market Street

f Marwood Shopping Center 6949-6999 Market Street 8(

McGuffey Mall 701-795 North Garland Avenue 23

I Southern Park Mall Routes 7 and 224 90

{ Struthers Plaza 962-1020 Fifth Street, Struthers, Ohio 13

Struthers-Poland Plaza 430-466 Youngstown-Poland Road 10t

Union Square Plaza 2545-2555 Belmont Avenue 14

WedgewoodPlaza 1715-1741 South Raccoon Road 8

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~APPENDIXII

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This land, which once was the site of the BessemerPlant of the Republic Corporation,

consists of 39.95 acres along the north bank of the Mahoning River. At present, the

only entrance to this land is under the Market Street viaduct, by the Republic Steel

office building. The city of Youngstown is applying for a grant from the Department

of Housing and Urban Development in order to purchase the land and improve it for use

as an industrial park. The city will apply for the grant during the first quarter of1979. Plans call for the building of an entrance road between the Cedar Street viaduct

and the South Avenue viaduct. This will bring the entrance road into the property at

grade and provide excellent access from the east side of downtown Youngstown. The Ohio

Historical Society can purchase this property at a very minimal cost or possibly acquire

the property at no cost at all. This information came from the Mayor of the city of

Youngstown and from the head of the city's Economic Development Agency.

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VACANTURBANRENEWALLANDIN DOWNTOWNYOUNGSTOWN

MAP#1t

--" Lot No. Square Feet Cost per Square Foot

Lot #1 4,658 $2.00,

Lot #2 6.00l 42,723

Lot'#3 8,980 7.75

Lot #4 20,091 8.00-

Lot #5 17,099 8.00

( Lot #6 14,597 7.75l- Lot #7 8,897 7.75(

Lot #8 12,385 Not Available

\ Lot #9 9,575 Not Available

Lot #10 5,768 5.00I

( Lot #11 7,221 7.00

Lot #12 18,658 Not Available

Lot #13 7,649 . 3.50Lot #14 7,800 3.25

(- MAP#2

Lot #15 4,495 3.70

Lot #16 95 .90

Lot #17 58,749 Not Available(-

Lot #18 55,680 Not Available

Lot #19 65,924 Not Available

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( APPENDIXII I

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Jones and Laughlin) whoacquired the YoungstownSheet and Tube Companythrough a merger,presently are phasing out operations at the Sheet and Tube General Office Building. Aformer Technical Center has been closed for some time.(

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Jone~ and Laughlin officials have indicated to the Ohio Historical Society Youngstown

Planning Office that they intend to sell the General Office Building and the Technical

Center. Membersof the Youngstown and Columbus Planning Offices toured the office

building to ascertain its suitability for conversion to museumfacilities. Without

doubt the building could be adapted to a museum. However, as pointed out in the body

of this report, serious problems would be encountered in such an undertaking.(tIl

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The following documentsoffer an overview of the building's history and an account ofthe facilities available.

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(I... YOUNGSTOWNSHEETANDTUBE COMPANYRESEARCHCENTER

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General Facilities

73~000 Square Feet

3 Connecting Building Wings of Both Single and Two-Level

1 Freestanding Storage Building

Metal and Glass Construction

Air Conditioning System

480 V~ 3-Phase Power

Steam Heating System

Design

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L. Building #1

Single Level -16 Offices

4 Toil et Areas

Conference Room

Library

210~000 Ft.

Building #2

Two Level - 37,000 Ft.2

50 Offices

50 Laboratories

12 Photographic and Reproduction Rooms5 Toilet Areas

2 Conference Rooms

Cafeteria

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,f Buil di ng #3

High Bay Design with Mezzanine -2

25,000 Ft.

10-Ton Crane - 651 Span

Machine Shop9 Laboratories

3 Offices

Toilet Area

Building #4

Single Level Storage Area - 1,000 Ft.(

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[APPENDIXIV

, -Available information suggests that the Jeanette blast furnace was erected in 1918 and

that it did not replace any previous structure on the spot where it is located. The

furnace was designed and largely built by the Brier Hill Steel Corporation, which merged

into the YoungstownSheet and Tube Campbell Works in 1923. The super-structure apparentlywas built by the McClintock-Marshall Company.1 Originally the Jeanette furnace was aboutninety feet in height and had a hearth diameter of seventeen feet. The hearth later

was expanded to eighteen and a half feet by reducing the thickness of the brick work in

the bosh and by utilizing cooling plates.2 The furnace sits on an iron base pad thirty

feet in diameter. The iron pad in turn rests on a brick foundation which is forty-threefeet across and sixteen feet thick. Bedrock underlies this foundation. The total cost

of construction in 1917-18 was about three million dollars, a figure reportedly higher

than normal due to the inflated costs of labor and material caused by World War 1.3

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fThe Jeanette furnace originally was supplied with hot blast air from three stoves whichwere later increased in number to four. The stoves are standard five inch checker

brick with side combustion chambers of the "two-pass" design; they stand one hundred and

five feet high and are twenty-three feet in diameter. Although the Grace furnace is no

longer standing, its stoves, which are of an older McClure three-pass design, now arelocated near the Jeanette stoves.4(

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~

Jeanette is what used to be described as a "tough" furnace. It was not particularlyefficient, nor did it make consistently good quality iron. Later, when this problem was

corrected by design modifications, Jeanette became the "best furnace in the Sheet and

Tube Corporation;" that is, it produced the most iron per ton of coke. The furnace

experienced few problems other than an occasional minor break-out, an occurrence whichalmost never resulted in a significant loss of production or the necessity to take the

furnace out of blast to make a major repair, and a rare explosion because of slippage.

While these explosions threw flue-dust and debris throughout the mill, they never

resulted in any major damage. As far as can be determined, only one fatality was

associated with Jeanette. The tragedy involved a worker who succumbed to some carbon

monoxide gas that had seeped from the combustion chamber of one of the stoves.5

t

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The Jeanette furnace was named for the daughter of the president

w. A. Thomas. An account of the initial lighting of the furnace

the war years:The hand of little Miss Thomas applied the flame to the wood in the hearthas the blowers drove the blast thru (sic) the stack thereby setting inmotion the smelting of ore for the iron sorely needed 50 hammerhome fromcannons' mouths, democracy's message to Hun barbarism.

of Brier Hill Steel,

reveals the temper of

(

The Jeanette furnace was in almost continuous operation for over fifty years.

taken out of blast for the last time in late August 1972.

It was

(The Brier Hill Steel Corporation added several other facilities to the Jeanette area

during 1917-18. The one million ton ore dumpand ore bridge were built during this

period along with the adjacent car dumper. The car dumper originally could handle thirtycarS an hour.{

L.'.

125,(

"

( 126

(~

FOOTNOTES

l.

1Interview with FurmanT. Blackwell on December6t 1978. Mr. Blackwell began

work for Brier Hill Steel in 1919. He later becameGeneral Superintendent of the

Blast Furnace Department. Mr. Blackwell thought that McClintock-Marshall was located

in Pittsburgh and was a subsidiary of Bethlehem Steel.

,.2Ibid.

3YoungstownTe1egramt September 20, 1918t p. 1; Youngstown'Vindicator, September 11,1918, p. 10.

4Interview with Blackwell, December6, 1978, and January 19, 1979; YoungstownVindicator, September 22, 1918, p. 10.

5Blackwell, December6, 1978.

6Youngstown Telegram, September 20, 1918, p. 1. It must be noted that the furance

was put in operation during World War I:

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JEANETTEFURNACESITE

TOTALACREAGE:

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128

FACILITIES

Jeanette: Built in 1908, enlarged in 1920, rebuilt in 1948.(~ Hearth 171-0"

181-6"

1st

2nd

3rd

4th

5th

6th

6th

7th

8th

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Grace Furnace Stove Built:

Jeanette Stoves 1,2,3Jeanette Stove 4

Blowing Engine HouseAdditions

Trestle and Bins

Ore Yard

rl

l

Blown in 9/20/19 ran to 10/22/24 - 986,843 tons

1/31/25 " " 12/15/28 - 1,066,586 tons

3/23/29 II " 9/30/41 - 1,369,185 tons

11/28/41 " " 1/01/47 - 1,478,428

1948 Carbon Hearth Walls1953

1961

1956/1963

1966

Repai rs

& Stove Repairs

1908

1918

1925

1908

19181908 & 1918

1918

Ship Hoist - 200 HP - 20B - 750A - 230V

400 RPM- 400 FPM

10,000# Load(!Il

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II

FURNACESPECIFICATIONS

,(~ -

COMPANY:

WORKS:

FURNACE:

YoungstownSheet & TubeBri er Hi11

No.2 Jeanette

Gas System

No. of off takes 4 - 56.74 sq. ft.Downcomer . 2 @5'6 = 47.52 sq. ft.Dustcatcher diam. 24' 011Dustcatcher height 30' 0"Primary gas cleaning Orifice plateFinal gas cleaning

Top Pressure

Design oper. top. press.Control systemPress. equalization

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Stoves

NumberTotal heating surfaceCombust. chamber areaStove burner capacityAir fan capacity

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Burner-stove isolation

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Hot blast valve typeBack draft stack:(a) Note yes or no(b ) SizeCc) PositionStove operationFuel enrichment

(,I.

43 oz.Butterfly valve

Primary clean BF gas

4 ,274,188 sq. ft.22.47 sq. ft.N.A.12,500 cfm - 711static pressure

Burner sleeve andblank

Mushroom3011

None

ManualNone

WORKINGVOLUME:

HEARTHDIAMETER:

DATELASTBLOW-IN:

Miscellaneous

MudgunTap hole drillFuel injectionNo. of iron notchesNo. of cinder notchesOxygen enrichmentSlag handling systemCooling waterTop gas analyzer

22,335 cu. ft.20' 211

8-12-66

4.0 cu. ft. (steam)Percussion (column mt.)

None11NoneHard slag pitsRiver waterNo

Furnace

Stockline protection Castings (steel)Space between sheel & lining - about 111Packing used FireclayStack cooling Plate (copper)Height above mantle 30' 9"(a) No. of rows 11 .

(b) Max. & min. spacing 3'011 - 213"Bosh construction Bands & cooling platesNo. of rows 10No. of tuyeres 12Tuyere breast cooling Ext. .water cooledHearth cooling C. I. stavesUnderhearth cooling NoneUnderhearth thermoc. NoneInwall thermoc. No

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.

. .130

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131

FURNACESPECIFICATIONS- No.2 Jeanette - Continued

,( Filling System"

Type of stock shedStock shed screening(a) Coke(b) Fe bearingSkip VolumeSkip SpeedLarge bellLarge bell hopperVol. large bell hopperSma11 be11Small bell materialDistributor

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Scale carNone

147 cu. ft.360 fpmCast (hard surfaced)4 pes. (cast)474 cu. ft.616" @51° (seat 51°)Manganese(cast)Revolving (McKee)

./

"

L-

( -

FURNACESPECIFICATIONS

(COMPANY:

WORKS:

FURNACE:

Youngstown

Brier Hill

No.1 Grace

~-

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L'

Gas SystemNo. of bfftakesDowncomer .Dustcatcher diam.Dustcatcher heightPrimary gas cleaningFinal gas cleaning

Top PressureDesign oper. top. press.Control systemPress. equalization

L(

~-

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Stoves

NumberTotal heating surfaceCombust. chamber areaStove burner capacityAir fan capacityBurner-stove isolationHot blast valve typeBack draft stack:(a) Note yes or no(b) Size(c) PositionStove operationFuel enrichment

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Sheet & Tube

(idle since 10/60)

2 - 66.36 sq. ft.2 - 56.54 sq. ft.

241 0"30' 0"

N.A.N.A.None

4 .

175,868 sq. ft:23.58 sq. ft.N.A.N.A.ValveMushroom30"

None

ManualNone

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WORKINGVOLUME:

HEARTHDIAMETER:

DATELASTBLOW-IN:

Miscellaneous

MudgunTap hole dri 11Fuel i njecti onNo. of iron notchesNo. of cinder notchesOxygenenrichment.Slag handling systemCooling waterTop gas analyzer

Furnace

Stockline protectionSpace between shee1 &Packing usedStack coolingHeight above mantle(a) No. of rows(b) Max. &min. spacingBosh constructionNo. of rowsNo. of tuyeresTuyere breast coolingHearth coolingUnderhearth coolingUnderhearth thermoc.Inwa11 thermoc.

132

17,160 cu. ft.161 0"6-9-61

4.0 cu. ft. (steam)NoneNone11NoHard slag pitsRiver waterNo

Castings (steel)lining - about 111

FireclayPlate (copper)30'10 above mantleNoneBands&cooling plates1012Ext. water cooledC. I. stavesNone.NoneNo

.I

)

J;.' .

" "133

FURNACE SPECIFICATIONS - No.1 Grace - Continued

) Fi 11ing System

Type of stock shedStock shed screening( a) Coke(b) Fe bearingSkip volumeSkip speedLarge be11 .Large bell hopperVol. large bell hopperSmall bellSmall bell materialDistributor

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Scale carNone

N.A.N.A.Cast (hard surfaced)2 pcs. (cast steel)663 cu. ft.410" @45° (seat 45°)Cast steel "

None

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YoungstownSheet & Tube CompanyYoungstownDistrict - Brier HillNo.2 Blast FurnaceDate of Last Blow-out:Date of Last Blow-in:Record Campaign:Record Month:Rated CapacityVolumeBelow TuyeresWorking VolumeVolumeabove 6' StocklineTotal VolumeW.V./H.A. Ratio

Works

8-12-661-30-682277977 Tons

34356 Tons800 Tons/Day

1175 Cu. Ft.22335 Cu. Ft.2394 Cu. Ft.

26904 Cu. Ft.74.7

--'w~

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)135

#53-96-0. L.-634\ ,

.) BUILDING #29

~-

Blowing Engine House - Erected 1908.

Construction & Size - One story and two-thirds basement brick - 571611x 1031 X 641 high.

)I

Foundation - Heavy concrete mat, heavy concrete walls 141 high, balance 911, 13" and17" brick and pilaster 501 to eaves, wood sash windows.'\-

)

Floor - Basement - Concrete, heavy floor 8' average below grade.reinforced over basement, balance concrete on fill.

Roof - Double pitch type, corrugated iron roofing, 8" channel purl ins 516" on center,~channel rafters 814" on center, steel trusses 251 on center, 5 longitudinal runssteel trusses, 2 rows built up channel columns 251 on center, 4 - 36" diameter vents.

First - Heavyconcrete

-j

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Mechanical Features - Lighting - open wiring, metal reflectors.Plumbing - 1 shower stall, 1 water closet, 1 lavatory, drains.

Other features - Office enclosure - One story concrete block - 121 x 161 x'lOI high.Miscellaneous steel stairs and platform.

Heating- pipe coils.,.

, J

Additions - Pump room - one story brick - 121 x 301, 9" brick walls 121 high average,corrugated iron roofing on 6" I beams 31 on center, lighting, extends into building #30.Instrument and toilet rooms - one story brick - 516" x 81 x 8'6" high, 51611x 61 and41 x 516" X 816" high, concrete foundation, floor and roof, 55 lineal feet 4" brickwalls, 81 x 91 X 91 high, same with 25 lineal feet 9" brick walls, 41 x 61 X 71 high,concrete foundati on and floor, 14 1i nea 1 feet 4" bri ck wa11S, corrugated iron and steelframe roof, 61 x 71 X 91 high, same, with 19 lineal feet 9" brick walls.

1 - Corrugated i'ron and steel frame - 51 x 61 X 81 high.

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136

,, . BUILDING#30

,I.)

Boiler House (Blast Furances) - Erected 1908.

Construction & Size - High one story brick & metal - 49' x 233' x 33' high.

L-Foundation - Concrete walls and column footings.

Walls - 9" brick 9' high, corrugated iron on angle girts 24' average high.. ),,

Floor - Concr~te on fill, heavy steel plate flooring over trenches.

Roof - Double pitch, open monitor type, corrugated iron toofing on 8" channelpurl ins 5' on center, structural steel trusses 18'6" on center, 2 rows built upcolumns.

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Mechanical Features - Lighting - open wiring.and 1 shower.

Plumbing- 1 water closet, 3 lavatories,

,t

Other Features - Miscellaneous steel plate walks around boilers, including steel stairsand ladders.

A

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Additions - Pumphouse and locker room - one story brick - 12'6" x 68', 12" concrete4' high average, 9" brick 14' high average, concrete floor on slag fill, corrugatediron roofing on 8" channel purlins 4' pn center, 12" I beams17' on center average,lighting and cast iron radiators, including miscellaneous one story brick entranceways to main building.

Basement - 12'6" x 18', 12" concrete walls la' high, concrete floor and lighting.

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\ )137

I'- , BUILDING#31

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Filter Plant - Erected 1910.

Construction & Size - One story and basement brick - 33' x 5016" x 23' high.

Foundation - Concrete wall footings.1...

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Walls - 1811 concrete 10' high average~ 13" brick and pilaster 13' average high~ woodsash windows.

Floor - Basement - concrete 20% area, 91 average below grade, 80% - 51 average below grade.First - 911 concrete metal pan construction~ 611I beams 1711on center~ 1211 I beams andgirders 25% area~ open around tanks.\

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Roof - Double pitch, corrugated iron roofing~ 2" decking~ 7" channel pur1ins 31611oncenter, structural steel trusses 16'611 on center, 4 - 1211galvanized iron vents.

Mechanical Features - Lighting - conduit wiring~ metal reflectors. Heating - pipecoils. Plumbing - 2 lavatories and 1 water c10set~ 1 shower sta11~ floor drains andsewers.I~

i . )

, .,IIl-

. Other Features - 50 lineal feet 1811concrete partition walls in basement 101 high.Basement extension - 61 x 15'. Twoframe offices - 7' x 101 X 81 high. Miscellaneousframe toilet room enclosed walls.

, ), ....

Additions - Sodaash storage - one story corrugated iron - 1616" x 7l'611~ 1211 concrete4' high~ 9" brick 8' average high~ corrugated iron 41 average high, concrete floor,3' above grade, single pitch iron roof, steel channels, steel trusses and columns,lighting.

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\ - BUILDING #32

Pump House & Intake - Erected 1917.. )

Construction & Size - One story brick and concrete - 2716" x 651 x 64' high.

Foundation - Heavy concrete mat and foundation walls.~ .

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L

Wa11s - North and south - 9" bri ck 51 hi gh, 17" bri ck 81 hi gh, 22" concrete 61 high,48" concrete 291 high to pumpfloor. Balance heavy concrete wall to concrete mats.East - 17" brick 181 average high, 48" concrete 291 high to pump floor, balance sameas above.West - 17" brick 151 high average, 48" concrete 321 high to pumpfloor, balance sameas above.

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Floor - Pumpfloor - heavy concrete floor, 241 average below grade at north wall.

Roof - Double pitch type, corrugated iron roofing, 2" decking, 8" channel purl ins ,structural steel roof trusses 1516" average on center.

iI

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Mechanical Features - Lighting - conduit wiring, metal reflectors.coil in office. Plumbing - 1 water closet, 1 lavatory, 1 shower.

Other Features - Ba1coni es - 616" X 191 iin.d 111 x 19', concrete and metal panconstruction on 1511steel beams and chanhe1s. Three 1811x 191 X 81 average high,reinforced concrete arched tile walls. Three 21611x 291 steel plate walks, angleguard rails including miscellaneous steel stairs, landings and platforms.

Heating - pipe

.: )l .

,.

Addition - Pump room - 141 x 351, including 2 sides and 1 end, walls 17" brick 151average high, pump room below inside size 201611x 291 X 291 high to pumpfloor,including 70 lineal feet 4811concrete walls 291 high to pumpfloor, balance of wallsand floor construction as main pump room, concrete roof, 17' x 371, concrete metalpan construction on steel beams and girders.I )

L

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138

I

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,'-.,

YARD CONTINUED

1.-:'

Y-50- Meter House - 5' x 5' - one story brick concrete foundation, 9" brick walls 6'average high, earth floor, single pitch 4" reinforced concrete slab roof.

-..

Y-51- Switchman Shanty - one story brick - 14' x 3116" x 8'6" average high, concretefoundation and floor, 9" brick walls, double hung wood sash windows, single pitch,corrugated iron roof, steel pipe and light steel I beamframing, lighting, pipe coilheating, 1 water closet, 1 54" semi-circular Bradley washfountain, 1 shower stall,floor drains, 1 water heater including Oil Shanty Addition - one story brick - 5' x5' X 81 high, concrete foundation and floor, 15 lineal feet 9" brick walls,steelplate and steel frame roof, lighting, heating.

Y-51A- Steam Line t~eter House - one story brick - 6' x 819", brick walls 616"average high, single pitch corrugated iron roof on steel frame, foundation and floortaken with steam line tower.

, )

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Y-51B - Concrete Wall - 60 lineal feet 15" average concrete 516" high above grade.

Y-54- HoseHouse- one story corrugated iron - 6' x 71 corrugated iron walls 71high average, wood floor, single pitch roll roofing on wood frame.

,t

Y-55 - Elevated Chart & Control Room - one story corrugated iron, 61 x 231 corrugatediron walls on steel frame 916" average high, reinforced concrete floor, single pitchroll roofi ng on steel frame, 1i ghti ng ancj 1 - 12" vent.o

Y-56 - Valve House - one story brick - 18' x 31', concrete wall 6' high, 9" brickwalls 61 average high, cement floor, 51 below grade; single pitch corrugated ironroofing, steel frame, lighting, 1 - 9" brick cross partition wall, 1 - 24" vent.

~

~ )

\l

Y-58A- LabonShanty & Pump House - one story brick - 14'6" x 2416",38 lineal feetconcrete wall foundation, 9" brick walls 816'1 average high, double hung wood sashwindows, balance of walls are on bin and trestle piers, cement floor, single pitch6" reinforced concrete slab roof, lighting.. }

\

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139

J

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140

.\. YARDCONTINUED

\"-

Y-69A- Storage - one story brick - 1116" x 531 t concrete foundation wall 9" brickwalls 121 average high, cement floor, double pitch corrugated iron roofing on steelframe, lighting.

Y-70 - Ore Bridge & Car Unloader Foundations North Wall - 2 - 140# rails, r x 911x 5'ties 18" on centert 2 - 100# rails (car dumper) 711x 9" X 41 ties t 18" on center, onconcrete walls 51 wide x 41 high and 10 to 141 wide x 281 high on 191 wide and 101average hight concrete pad to rock bottom North Car Dumperfpundation, 2 - 100# railstwood tiest 4' to 51 concrete wall 41 high on 1811x 61611concrete pad. Ore Bridge Wall,1,022 lineal feet, Car Dumper Wall 8041 average long, South Ore Bridge foundation wall98l',longt 2 -140# rails, 711 x 911 X 81 tiest 1811 on center on concrete wall 81 to161611concrete x 36' high on 41 x 21' concrete pad on Raymond concrete piles.

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Y-7l - Stock Delivery Trestle - 271 x 6961t section 4 standard gauge rajls, wood tiest~4' wide 211wood plank walk with 31611high angle guard rails on 611I cross girders61 on center on 594 lineal feet 4 runs 3011I and 102 lineal feet 4 runs 4811built upsteel stringers with 1511channel spreaders 91 on centert heavy reinforced concretepiers and abutments 30' average on center, lighting, 271 to 431 X 2941 section 6standard gauge rails, wood tiest 201 wide 211plank walk with 3'611 high angle guardra il on 6" I cros s gi rders 61 on center, 6 runs 30" I s tri ngers wi th 1511channe1cross girders on reinforced concrete piers and abutment 301 on center.

Y-72 - Garage - one story brick - 201611 'I.' 281, concrete foundation walls t 911 brick

~ average high, earth floor, single pitcht 411 reinforced concrete slab roofing.Onestory brick hose house- 51611 x 71611,concrete foundation, 9" brick walls 6'high, brick floort flat concrete slab roof.

I. )

. )

't,

..

Y-73 - Tar Loading Shed - 16' x 83', 20" average reinforced concrete wall 6" averagehigh, balance of walls open, double pitch, corrugated iron roofing, structural steelroof trusses, 911built up columns and concrete piers 3' wide, 1/411 steel plate walkand angle guard rails supported by roof trusses, lighting. '

Y-74 - Pedestrian Bridge - 156 lineal feet 416" widet angle and gas pipe guard rails,supported by pipe bridge trusses. 29' and 201 section, 41611 wide, 2" plank floorsupported by light structural steel trusses, structural steel columns and concretepiers, 2 runs steel stairs and landings.

( )~

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\...-~I ,

!

\ )141

II

\

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THE YOUNGSTOWNSHEET & TUBE COMPANYDBA - BRIER HILL WORKS

CITY OF YOUNGSTOWNMAHONINGCOUNTY, OHIO

1975 CONSTRUCTION SUMMARY

)

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Replacement True AssessedDescription & Item No. Value Depreei ation Value Value Tax

Blowing House Engine (29) $228,800.00 65/35% $ 52,050.00 $ 18,217.50 $ 874.44Boiler House (10) 166,080.00 70/35% 32,380,00 11,333.00 534.98Filter Plant (31) 70,800.00 70/35% 13,810.00 4,833.50 232.00PumpHouse & Intake (32) 346,270.00 65/15% 103 ,OlD. 00 36,053.50 1,730.57Steam LineMeter House (Y-51A) Sound Value 150.00 52.50 2.52Wall (Y-51B) 2,100 .00 80/50% 1,060.00 73.50 3.52Hose House (V-54) SoundValue 50.00 17.50 .84Elevated Chart & Control

Room(V-55) 1,970.00 65/40% 410.00 143.50 6.89Valve House (V-56) Sound Value 100.00 35.00 1. 68Retaining Wall (Y-58A) 3,980.00 70% 1,190.00 416.50 19.99Railroad Trestle (V-67) 43,200.00 65/50% 7,560.00 2,646.00 127.01Clock House (V-67A) 1,400.00 40/50% 420.00 147.00 7.06Railroad Trestle (V-68) 49,920.00 65/50% 8,740.00 3,059.00 146. 83Storage. (V-69A) 8,220,/00 65/50% 1,440.00 504.00 24. 19Ore Bridge & Car Unloader

(Y-70) 2,351,630.00 70/50% 352,750.00 123,462.50 5,926.20Stock Delivery Trestle (Y-68) 468,720.00 65/50% 82,030.00 28,710.50 1,378.11Garage (Y-72) 5,150.00 65/50% 900.00 315.00 15. 12

TOTALTAX $11,031.96

TAX - 10% Roll Bck $ 9928.76

~.\.)

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(

, ) 142

PROPERTYTAXFORJEANETTE(1975)

r)Assessed Value is 35%of Listed Value

"- Tax Rate is $48/Thousand

, CLASSOF PROPERTYII\. -.),

Acreageat

L Lot $15,000 Per Acre Value

773 .04 $ 600I 773 .09 1,350l. 773 .79 11,850

) 773 2.00 30,0008869 .48 7,2008869 .0677 1,0208868 .47 7,0508867 .568 8,250

l 797 .114 1,710I ) 797 .051 770

797 1.1 16,310

1 662 4.39 65,850. 800 . 1.94 29,100

1658 1.94 29,100

. )776 4.59 68,8501652 2.21 33,150774 .294 4,4101661 7.37 110,550

)Total tax value is: $7 ,180.15Total tax - 10 roll back: $6,462.14

J,tI\, .

,.

\ )143

)'. -APPENDIXV

)

The three mill models--the seventy-nine inch hot strip mill, the seamless pipe mill, and

the butt-weld tube mill--were desgined and constructed by employees of the Youngstown

Sheet and Tube Campbell Works. The work was directed by Myron Curtis, Sales and

Promotion Manager; Georg'e E. James, Superintendent of the pattern shop; and Edward

Hendricks, Superintendent of the No.1 machine shop at the Campbell Works. The models

were built to exact scale. Little information is available concerning the butt-weld

tube mill model, but apparently it was the first of the models constructed, being builtin 1934.

I.

. )

L

.>

)

The largest of the th~ models is the seventy-nine inch hot strip mill, built in 1935.

Built on a scale of 3/411 to the foot, the mill is twenty-six feet long and weighs two

and one-half tons. This weight does not include the coiler located at the end of the

model. The model is powered by a pair of two and one-half horsepower motors that were

built and furnished by Westinghouse. From the two non-working replicas of slab

reheating furnaces, slabs move to the scale breaker and then onto the twenty-threefoot stretch of four roughing mills and six finishing mills. The sheets are then cut

to the desired length by flying shears and finally coiled into rolls. Like the actual

hot strip mill, the model was designed to handle six pieces at one time. The model was

made from 355 separate castings and was constructed over a period of two and one-halfmonths.

. )

, )

I. .)

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.'

) 144

)

The seamless mill model was built in 1938--about the time that the actual mill was placed

into operation by the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Campbell Works. It was constructed on

a scale of one inch to the foot and is twenty-three feet long, four and one-half feet

wide, and weighs over three tons. The castings used in the model weigh 6,600 pounds.

Like the other models, all the construction, with the exception of the castings, was

done by employees of the YoungstownSheet and Tube Campbell Works. This mill requiredseventy-eight days to build. It utilizes interchangeable rolls and adjustable piercing

units, and produces pipe of various sizes.

~ ,

)

~

\)

The models were displayed at var.ious industrial shows and exhibitions throughout the

country before they were moved into their present location in the Buckeye School ofthe YoungstownSheet and Tube Campbell Works (now Jones and Laughlin). The models won

numerous awards and accolades for their design, construction, and ability to demonstratethe functions of the actual mills.

)

)

)

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f

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,) 146

\ )APPENDIXVI

. )

L

Youngstown, located in the northeastern part of OhiD, five miles from the Pennsylvania

lin~, and midway between Cleveland and Pittsburgh, is the center of the fourth largest

steel producing district in the country. The area within the city is. approximately

thirty-five square miles, while the metropolitan area extends to a radius of twentymiles.

~)

(Youngstown's population, according to the 1970 census, of 140,909 is housed .in 46,866

dwelling units. The Youngstown-Warren metropolitan area has a population of 536,836

with a trading area population of over 800,000.

.) While exact statistical information on the lineage of the population within the

metropolitan area is no longer obtainable, a sizeable portion are descendents of

Eastern and Southern Europeans who came'to the Mahoning Valley in the last two decades

of the nineteenth century to work in the iron and steelmaking plants. The largest

group which at present is recognizable statistically is of Italian descent and comprises

about twenty-five percent of the population. Approximately twelve percent of the peoplein the Mahoning Valley are Black.

t

,,, )\

/ ) Although it is in close proximity to the business and industrial

section of Youngstown occupies the surrounding hills and rollingnumerous attractive residential districts. The streets are well

centers, the residential

area, making possible

kept, shaded, and(t

),(I~

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)147

),

connect with a system of improved highwaysdirections. There are more than 448 miles

and over 350 miles of paved streets.

and freeways traversing the area in all

of combined sanitary and surface sewers

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Youngstown has a HomeRule Charter form of government. The mayor is the chiefexecutive officer, elected for a term of two years. The legislative power of the

city is vested in a council consisting of the president and seven members electedfor a term of'two years. Youngstown is the county seat of Mahoning County. The

valuation of its personal and real property and intangible property is $529,269,930and its bonded debt is $22,646,160 which includes all types of outstanding bonds,

except school bonds.

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The Youngstown district is primarily recognized as a great steel producing center.

Its several large steelmaking operations include U. S. Steel (Ohio Works), Jones and

Laughlin, Republic Steel, and Copperweld Steel. A number of spin-off businesses

supply the steel industry with a wide variety of essential products. Approximatelyone-third of the district work force i~ either directly or indirectly involved with

the production of steel in the Mahoning Valley, although the percentage has fallen

due to the recent mill closings.

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A wide diversity of manufacturing and other business concerns are located within

the Youngstown metropolitan area. Mechanical and moulded rubber goods, electric lamps,

a wide number of aluminum extrusions and products, steel office furniture, rolling

mill equipment, automotive parts, automotive assembly, truck assembly, steel building

specialties, paint, slacks, raincoats, plastics, electronic equipment, paper envelopes,

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and manyother different prod~cts add to the manufacturing importance of the Youngstownarea. The city is also the hub of a large trucking and transportation network. It is

served by ninety-five freight terminals and six railroad lines.~

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The financial needs of the community are satisfied through two national banks, two

state banks, and three savings and loan institutions. More than $2.5 billion in bank

clearings in 1977 (the last year for which statistics are available) were conducted

through the seventy-four local offices of these financial institutions.L

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The city also contains representatives of both the printed and broadcast media. The

Youngstown Vindicator, a locally-owned newspaper which began publication in the 1880s,

is published daily and on Sunday and has a circulation of over 100,000 daily and

157,000 Sunday papers. Four television stations in the Youngstownarea represent all

four major national networks (ABC, CBS, NBC,and PBS). Six radio broadcasting

stations are located in Youngstown, including WYSU-FM,a station offering educational

and cultural services from the campus of YoungstownState University.

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. )The spiritu~l needs of the community are served by 350 churches: 278 Protestant(representing all principal denominations); 53 Catholic (Youngstown is the See City ofthe YoungstownDiocese); 11 Eastern Orthodox; and 4 Jewish synagogues.

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POPULATION

Youngstown-Warren Metropolitan Area (Mahoning-Trumbul1 Counties)Mahoning CountyCity of Youngstown

Source: 1970 U.S. Census of Population

Youngstown is the center of an 800,000 population trading area.

536,837304,526140,909I

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CITY DATA

Size-rank-among Ohio cities (population)Elevati on (feet above sea 1eve1) : High

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City of YoungstownAssessed Valuation: Real Estate, Public Utilities and

Personal Property - 1978 (estimate)

7th1148 feet825 feet35 square miles

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f4ahoning CountyCity of Youngstown

Tax Rate (per $1,000)City Income Tax RateState Sales TaxOhio State Income TaxDaylight Savings Time from the last Sunday in April

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FINANCE

$1,436,199,000$ 529,269,930

$48.2015 mil s

4%1/2 - 3 1/2%

last Sunday in October.

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.Clearinghouse BanksBranchesDeposits (June 1978)Assets (June 1978)

Savings & Loan AssociationsAssets (June 1978)Deposits (June 1978)

Postal Receipts (1~77)Bank Clearings

449$ 935,746,000$1,060,110,0003$ "638,862,000$ 742,290,000$ 8,813,325$2,"443,625,347

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EDUCATION

Youngstown State University (October 1978)Penn-Ohio Junior College (October 1978)Youngstown College of Business & ProfessionalMahoning County

Enrollment (October 1978)Parochial (Youngstown & Mahoning County)

Enrollment (October 1978)Youngstown Public Schools

Enrol1~ent (October 1978)

Drafting

15,598 students250 students

(October 1978) 400 students51 schools

29,500 students26 schools

9,655 students40 schools

18,242 students

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TRANSPORTATION

Airlines Serving Area:Allegheny Airlines, Inc.Dade Air CharterUnited Airlines, Inc.Y.oungstownAirways (Executive Fleet)

Air Freight Forwarding Service availableExpress:

Greyhound Package ExpressHilson Moving Transfer CompanyExpressTrailways Package

Motor Freight TerminalsRailroads Serving Area:

ConrailChessie SystemPittsburgh and Lake ErieYoungstown and NorthernYoungstown and SouthernLake Erie and Eastern

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) COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY

Building Permits (Valuation) 1977 - Mahoning CountyRetail Sales (Est.) 1977 - Youngstown-WarrenMetropolitan AreaValue added by manufacture est. (U.S. Dept. of Commerce)

$ . 53,913,849$1,796,562,000$2,444,700,000

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Population, 1970' Persons 3-34 years old enrolled in schoolU.S. Rank 62 Kindergarten and Elementary 98,454Tota 1 536,0'03 High School 42,677Per Square Mile 522 College 15,0'84

hange, 1960'-1970' 1abor Force, 1970' (16 years old and overlTotal 5.5 Total 211,543N,et Migrati on % -3.8 Civilian Labor Force - Total 2". ,230'Fema1e % . 5"1.4Urban % 77.3 Employed - Total 199,485

Age Industry

Under 5 years % 8.2 Manufacturing % 42.918 years and over % 65.2 Wholesale & Retail Trade % 19.565 years and over % 9.4 Services % 5.3Median age % 29.3 Educational Services % 5.9

Foreign StockConstruction % 4.9

Total % 21. 8 Employed

Leading country of irigin % IT 24.6 Government % 10'.0'

Persons of Spanish heritage % 1.1 White Collar Workers

Birth Rate - per 1,0'0'0' pop., 1968 16. 1 Professional, Managerial % 17.9

Death Rate - per 1,0'0'0' pop., 1968 ; 9.9 Sales and Clerical % 22.0'Cra'ftsmenand Foreme.n% 17.6

Education, 1970'

Persons 25 years old and over 293,90'0'School years completed:

Median (years) 12. 1Less than 5 years % 4.74 years high school or more 52. 14 years college or more 6.9

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1). APPENDIXVII

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LIST OF CONTACTS, MADE BY PROJECT DIRECTOR, OF PEOPLE FAVORABLE TO THE IRON & STEEL MUSEUM

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BUSI~ESS

West Johnstone ~ Executive Director of Youngstown Chamber of CommerceFred Tod - Local Businessman and Member of Chamber of CommerceGilbertJames - Local Businessman and Member of Chamber of CommerceRaymond Jaminette - ArchitectHoward Shafer - ArchitectRobert Buchanan - ArchitectJames Olsavsky - ArchitectThomas Mosier - ArchitectThomas Syrakis - ArchitectWilliam Steinmetz - ArchitectR. E. Hatton - District Supervisor, ConrailFrank Johnson - Public Relations, ConrailMichael Pontikous - Master Painting CompanyAnthony Ricci - Ricci Photography StudioFrank Harris - Downtown Board of Trade'Frank Haber - Haber's Department StoreJames McLaughlin - Local BusinessmanThomas Masters - Masters Office SupplyJames E. Modarelli - JewelerJay Showalter - Insurance Underwriter

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LABOR

James P. Griffin - Director, District 26 USAW(Retired)S. Clark - Assistant Director, District 26 USAWGeorge Butsika - Director of Education, USAWReiss Gibbons - Editor, Steel Labor - USAW

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hABOR(Continued). Donald Smith - Assistant Editor, Steel Labor - USAW

Dr. Thomas Shipka - Local Labor LeaderEd Mann - President Local 1462, Brier Hill - USAW

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STEEL INDUSTRY

Henry Evans - President, Sharon SteelLeo Murphy - Public Relations, Sharon SteelWalter Mathews - Public Relations, Sharon SteelRonald Towns - District Superintendent - J & LEd Salt - Histor.ian, YoungstownSheet and TubePerce Kelty - Chief Photographer, YoungstownSheet and Tube (Retired)Randall Walthius - Public Relations, U. S. SteelLouis Vicare1 - Public Relations, Republic SteelWilliam Brown- Public Relations, WeanUnitedJames Butler -Public Relations, J & LJohn Hall - Superintendent of Maintenance, J & LJack Weber- Public Relations, J & LTed Patrick - Superintendent Buckeye School, J & LEd Rodgers - Act. District Superintendent, J &LGeneBova- Superintendent Fuel and Power, J & LJames Walker - Asst. Superintendent Fuel and Power, J &LRaymondHarris - Superintendent of Safety at Brier Hill - J & LH. Wolfe - Superintendent of Safety, U.S. SteelArchie Bianco - Chief Rigger, Sharon Stee' (Retired)Furman T. Blackwell - Superintendent Blast Furnaces, Y S &T (Retired)Edward Prokopp - Superintendent General Office Building, J & LRodger Slatter - Manager of Primary Operations, J & LCyril Zetts - Chief Annealer, Y S & T (Retired)Gene Yaun - General Foreman, Seamless ~1il1, J & LJoseph Navinski - ShearmanPickler Department, Y S &T (Retired)Joseph Ruby - Hot Strip Roller, Y S & T (Retired)Samuel Carbon - Superintendent Cold Strip, Y S &T (Retired)

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GOVERNt~ENT

Senator Harry Meshel - Ohio SenatorPhillip Richley - Mayor, City of YoungstownRocco Mica - Mayor of City of CampbellNicholas Deramo - Mayor, City of GirardW. Doutt- Mayor, City of NilesArt Richard - Mayor, City of WarrenJohn Palermo - Commissioner Mahoning CountyGeorge Bindas - Commissioner Mahoning CoulityCharles Barrett - Commissioner Mahoning CountyJul ius Geewax "- Director of Deve1opment, City of YoungstownFelix Kikel - Chief Planner, City of YoungstownWilliam Brenner - Planner, Eastgate Development & Transportation AgencyGeorge Zokel - Planner, Eastgate Development & Transportation AgencyPatrick Ungaro - Councilman, City of Youngstown

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HISTORICAL

Charlotte Cunningham- Lowellville Historical SocietyWilliam Masters - BoardmanHistorical SocietyFlorence Galida - CampbellHistorical SocietyPatricia Cummins- Mahoning Valley Historical SocietyElizabeth Szabo - International InstituteJohn Zackuzia - Pa. Anthropological SocietyRichard Ulrich - Canfield Historical SotietyRebecca Rodgers - Poland Historical SocietyHowardAley - Local HistorianWalter Damin- Local H.A.P. RepresentativeWilliam Whitehouse - Naturalist, Mill Creek ParkKen Zinz - Austintown Historical Society

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RELIGIOUS COMMUNITY

Aux. Bishop William Hughes - Diocese of YoungstownRev. William Connel - Asst. Rector, St. ColombiaRev. Martin Susko - Rector, St. ColombiaPastor Louis Furtomioto - Pastor, First Christian AssemblyPastor Fred Ripper - Youth Pastor, First Christian Assembly

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RELIGIOUS COMMUNITY(Continued)

Rev. Edward Stanton - Ecumenical CoalitionRev. Leo Doboschevits - Pastor, St. Joseph the ProviderRev. GeorgePappas- St. Michael the ArchangelRev. Edward 'wi;tt - Q;oce:se: of '( oUflgs telilnRev. GeorgeF. Winca- St. Matthias Church

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MEDIA

Dennis Finneran - Editor, Catholic ExponentJay Paris - PDotographer, Ohio MagazineErnest Brown, Jr. - Reporter, YoungstownVindicatorDale.Peskin - Reporter, YoungstownVind;.catorDennis LaRue- Reporter, Youngstown VindicatorCindy Ikins - Talk ShowHost, WYTVGary Coverly - Talk ShowHost, WYTVJeffrey Pierce - Station Manager and News Director, WYTVTomHolliday - NewsDirector, WYSULowell Bridges - Reporter, WYTV

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)EDUCATION

Dr. John Coffelt - President of Youngstown State UniversityE. Catsoulis - Superintendent of Schools, Youngstown CityHerbert G. Thomas - Superintendent of ~iberty City SchoolsDr. Michael J. Elsberry - Superintendent of Struthers City SchoolsDr. Robert P. Shreve - Superintendent of Mahoning County SchoolsJohn R. Holan - Superintendent of Warren City SchoolsRobert Pond - Superintendent of Salem City SchoolsLuther H. Gutknech - Superintendent of Hubbard City SchoolsRobert Hetrick - Superintendent of Campbell City SchoolsDr. John White - Department of Anthropology, YSUDr. George Beelen - Chairman of Department of History, YSUDr. James Ronda - Department of History, YSU

Professor HughEarnhart - Director of World History, YSUAnn Harris - Departmentof Geology, YSUDr. George Kelly - Department of Geology, YSURobert Griffith - Director of Mahoning County"Library

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EDUCATION(Continued)

Professor A.E.T. Morris - Departmentof Architecture, Oxford University, EnglandMiss Patricia Wall - Assistant Head Librarian, YSUJohn Cvengros - Teacher, Campbell City SchoolsLarry Lushinski - Teacher, Youngstown City SchoolsDonald Koma - History Teacher, Youngstown City SchoolsAndrew Hammady- History Teacher, YoungstownCity Schools

In addition, the Project Director addressed the following groups:)

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Alliance of Mahoning County HistoricalCamppell Historical SocietyLowellville Historical SocietyMcGuffey Historical SocietyMahoning County Genealogical SocietyYoungstown State University President'sDowntownLion's Club

Breakfast Forum

Societies

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