YEAR 7 LATIN REVISION – SUMMER 2018
Common Entrance Level 1
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Contents
Revision Tips 1
Nouns 2
Adjectives 4
Superlatives 5
Verbs 6
Infinitives 10
Imperatives 10
Exam Format 11
Background Topics 12
Terminology 16
Vocabulary List 17
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Revision Tips
Use the following checklist to help you with your revision:
1. I know the set vocabulary from Latin-English
2. I understand what the six noun cases are used for
3. I understand what the three verb tenses are used for
4. I know my 1st and 2nd declension noun endings off by heart
5. I know my present, imperfect and perfect endings off by heart
6. I know what infinitives and imperatives look like and how to translate them
7. I know how to use the infinitive of a verb to identify its conjugation
8. I know how to use the genitive singular of a noun to identify its declension
9. I understand the way in which adjectives agree with the noun that they are describing
10. I know my chosen background topics well
Learning Methods
Look, Cover,
Write, Check
Look at a list of vocabulary or an endings table and try to memorise it. Cover it up and
write it out. Check against the original. Repeat until you can do it perfectly.
Verbal Testing Ask someone to test you verbally. This works particularly well for vocabulary.
Flashcards Identify words that you find difficult to remember and make flashcards with the Latin on
one side and English on the other.
Songs & Rhymes Reciting verb and noun endings to a tune or a particular rhythm is usually the most
effective way to commit it to memory.
Explaining Teaching a concept (e.g. how adjectives agree with nouns) to somebody who doesn’t
know it is the best way to see if you really understand it!
Identification Try looking through a translation passage and identifying things from the above checklist
e.g. a verb in the pluperfect, an infinitive, a pronoun.
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Nouns
Nouns are people, places and things. In Latin, nouns have endings to signal their role in the sentence; these
are called case endings. There are six cases:
Case Meaning
Nominative Subject of the verb – the person or thing doing the main verb in the sentence
(e.g. the master punished the slaves.)
Vocative Being addressed – a person or thing being spoken to – only used in direct speech
(e.g. “master, punish your slaves!”)
Accusative Object of the verb – the person or thing on the receiving end of the main verb
(e.g. the master punished the slaves.)
Genitive Owner of another noun in a sentence – unrelated to the verb – key word: of
(e.g. the master punished the king’s slaves.)
Dative Used if something is being given to or being done for a noun – key words: to, for
(e.g. the king gave food to the slaves.)
Ablative A variety of meanings – key words: by, with, from
(e.g. the master beat the slaves with a stick.)
Nouns are divided into five distinct groups and each group has its own set of endings to signal the above
cases; these groups are called declensions. For Common Entrance Level 1, you only need to know the 1st
and 2nd declension.
You can identify the declension of a noun by looking at its genitive singular ending, which is always given in
the dictionary next to every noun. The genitive singulars associated with each declension are:
1st Declension 2nd Declension
-ae -i
As well as cases, all nouns have a gender:
1st Declension 2nd Declension
feminine masculine or
neuter
There is one exception to the above:
1. poēta, agricola, incola and nauta are masculine 1st declension nouns since they refer to male roles
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The endings for each declension of nouns:
1st Declension Nouns
Singular Plural
Nominative (subject) puell – a puell – ae
Vocative (calling) puell – a puell – ae
Accusative (object) puell – am puell – ās
Genitive (of / owning) puell – ae puell – ārum
Dative (to / for) puell - ae puell - īs
Ablative (by / with / from) puell - ā puell - īs
2nd Declension Masculine and Neuter Nouns
Masculine Neuter
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative serv – us serv – ī bell – um bell – a
Vocative serv – e serv – ī bell – um bell – a
Accusative serv – um serv – ōs bell – um bell – a
Genitive serv – ī serv – ōrum bell – ī bell – ōrum
Dative serv – ō serv - īs bell - ō bell - īs
Ablative serv – ō serv - īs bell - ō bell - īs
It is essential that you know the 1st and 2nd declension noun tables off by heart.
A note on forming 2nd and 3rd declension nouns:
Some 2nd declension masculine nouns end in –er instead of –us. Some of these drop their ‘e’ (e.g.
magister, magistrī) and some retain their ‘e’ (e.g. puer, puerī). Always check the genitive singular to be sure.
Summary of Nouns
Each noun is giving you three pieces of information:
1. Its case – the role of the noun in the sentence
2. Its gender – masculine, feminine or neuter
3. Its number – whether the noun is singular or plural
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Adjectives
Adjectives are words that describe nouns. Since word order is so flexible in Latin, an adjective cannot be
relied upon to be next to the noun it’s describing as it would in English. Therefore the ending of the
adjective must match the noun in order to signal that they are connected; this is called agreement.
An adjective agrees with the noun it’s describing in three ways: case, gender and number.
e.g. if a noun is nominative, feminine and singular, its adjective must also be nominative, feminine
and singular.
Adjectives are divided into two distinct groups, sometimes called terminations. At this stage, you only
need to know 1 / 2 termination adjectives. In the dictionary, they look like this:
1 / 2 Termination Adjectives
laetus, -a, -um or
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum
For 1 / 2 termination adjectives, the masculine, feminine and neuter forms are provided to help you form
them. Here are the endings in full:
1 / 2 Termination Adjectives
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative laet – us laet – ī laet – a laet – ae laet – um laet – a
Vocative laet – e laet – ī laet – a laet – ae laet – um laet – a
Accusative laet – um laet – ōs laet – am laet – ās laet – um laet – a
Genitive laet – ī laet – ōrum laet – ae laet – ārum laet – ī laet – ōrum
Dative laet – ō laet - īs laet - ae laet - īs laet - ō laet - īs
Ablative laet – ō laet - īs laet - ā laet - īs laet - ō laet - īs
Note that these are identical to 1st and 2nd declension noun endings – if you know your nouns, you
know your adjectives!
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Superlative Adjectives
Adjectives used to describe nouns are said to be in their positive form, given above. Adjectives used to
signify that a noun is the most something or very something need to be in their superlative form.
Adjectives are easy to turn into their superlative form. Simply add –issimus to the stem and decline as normal
e.g. laetissimus puer (the happiest boy)
laetissimī puerī (the happiest boys)
Unfortunately, there are some adjectives that have irregular superlative forms. These just need to be
learnt:
Positive Superlative
bonus, -a, -um (good) optimus, -a, -um (the best)
malus, -a, -um (bad) pessimus, -a, -um (the worst)
magnus, -a, -um (big) maximus, -a, -um (the biggest)
parvus, -a, -um (small) minimus, -a, -um (the smallest)
multus, -a, -um (much) plurimus, -a, -um (the most)
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Verbs
Verbs are ‘doing words’. A verb is the main action in a sentence. Every sentence has a verb and the verb is
the most useful word in that sentence. It is usually found towards the end of a sentence.
Each verb is giving you three pieces of information:
1. The action – what is happening in the sentence
2. Its tense – when the verb happened
3. Its person – who is doing the verb
Always find the verb in the sentence before doing anything else; this will help you to avoid missing
sentences with a hidden subject (sentences where the person doing the verb is found only in the verb
ending and nowhere else in the sentence: e.g. puellam vīdī – I saw a girl.)
Verbs are divided into four distinct groups called conjugations. Each conjugation has its own vowel
sound, although the endings for most tenses are broadly the same. You can identify the conjugation of a
verb by looking at the infinitive (given amongst the principal parts in a dictionary).
e.g. pugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum – I fight
present infinitive perfect supine – meaning The infinitives associated with each conjugation are:
1st Conjugation 2nd Conjugation 3rd Conjugation 4th Conjugation
-āre -ēre -ere -īre
Knowing the conjugation of a verb will help you to apply the correct set of endings.
You need to know the following three tenses:
The perfect and imperfect tenses are both past tenses; the perfect tense describes a finished action in the
past (e.g. I jumped) whereas the imperfect tense describes a continuous action in the past (e.g. I was
singing).
The tense endings can be summarised as follows:
Present Tense
I walk / I am walking
Imperfect Tense
I was walking
Perfect Tense
I walked
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Present Imperfect Perfect
I -ō -bam -ī
you (s) -s -bās -istī
he, she, it -t -bat -it
we -mus -bāmus -īmus
you (pl) -tis -bātis -istis
they -nt -bant -ērunt
Each tense laid out in full:
Present Tense
I fight / I am fighting, I warn / I am warning, I rule / I am ruling, I listen / I am listening
1st Conjugation 2nd Conjugation 3rd Conjugation 4th Conjugation
I pugn-ō mone-ō reg-ō audi-ō
you (s) pugn-ās monē-s reg-is audi-s
he, she, it pugn-at mone-t reg-it audi-t
we pugn-āmus monē-mus reg-imus audi-mus
you (pl) pugn-ātis monē-tis reg-itis audi-tis
they pugn-ant mone-nt reg-unt audi-unt
Imperfect Tense
I was fighting, I was warning, I was ruling, I was listening
1st Conjugation 2nd Conjugation 3rd Conjugation 4th Conjugation
I pugn-ābam mone-bam reg-ēbam audi-ēbam
you (s) pugn-ābās monē-bās reg-ēbās audi-ēbās
he, she, it pugn-ābat monē-bat reg-ēbat audi-ēbat
we pugn-ābāmus monē-bāmus reg-ēbāmus audi-ēbāmus
you (pl) pugn-ābātis monē-bātis reg-ēbātis audi-ēbātis
they pugn-ābant monē-bant reg-ēbant audi-ēbant
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Perfect Tense
I fought, I warned, I ruled, I listened
1st Conjugation 2nd Conjugation 3rd Conjugation 4th Conjugation
I pugn-āvī mon-uī rex-ī audi-vī
you (s) pugn-āvistī mon-uistī rex-istī audi-vistī
he, she, it pugn-āvit mon-uit rex-it audi-vit
we pugn-āvīmus mon-uīmus rex-īmus audi-vīmus
you (pl) pugn-āvistis mon-uistis rex-istis audi-vistis
they pugn-āvērunt mon-uērunt rex-ērunt audi-vērunt
Notes on forming each tense:
Present Tense Remember to use the correct vowel before the ending; ‘a’ for 1st, ‘e’ for 2nd,
‘i’ or ‘u’ for 3rd and 4th
Imperfect Tense Remember to use the correct vowel combination before the ending; ‘a’ for
1st, ‘e’ for 2nd and 3rd, ‘ie’ for 4th
Perfect Tense Always form this using the third principal part given in the dictionary as so
many are irregular and impossible to guess.
Notes on WHO is doing the verb:
1st person singular
1st person plural
I
we
2nd person singular
2nd person plural
you (s)
you (pl)
3rd person singular
3rd person plural
he, she, it
they
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You also need to know the verb ‘to be’, which is irregular:
sum, esse, fui – I am
Present Tense Imperfect Tense Perfect Tense
sum eram fuī
es erās fuistī
est erat fuit
sumus erāmus fuīmus
estis erātis fuistis
sunt erant fuerunt
Note that ‘absum’, ‘adsum’ and ‘possum’ are all compounds of ‘sum’ and follow similar
patterns of endings.
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Infinitives
We’ve already seen that the infinitive of a verb is listed among the principal parts in the dictionary and that
it helps identify the conjugation of the verb. This infinitive is called the present infinitive. It ends in –re
and is translated ‘to…’ (e.g. pugnāre = to fight).
Example sentence: puerī pugnāre cupīvērunt – the boys wanted to fight.
The infinitives associated with each conjugation are:
1st Conjugation 2nd Conjugation 3rd Conjugation 4th Conjugation
-āre -ēre -ere -īre
Imperatives
An imperative is a direct order or command. It can only be found in direct speech. There is a singular
form used when giving an order to a single person and a plural form used when giving an order to more
than one person.
The singular imperative is formed by chopping the –re off the present infinitive (the second principal part
given in the dictionary):
1st Conjugation 2nd Conjugation 3rd Conjugation 4th Conjugation
pugā! (fight!)
monē! (warn!)
rege! (rule!)
audī! (listen!)
The plural imperative is formed by adding –te to the singular imperative. The only exception is that the –e
in the 3rd conjugation singular imperative must be changed to an –i before adding the –te.
1st Conjugation 2nd Conjugation 3rd Conjugation 4th Conjugation
pugāte! (fight!)
monēte! (warn!)
regite! (rule!)
audīte! (listen!)
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Exam Format
Section 1 – Comprehension
Although this is labelled a comprehension, it is more of a vocabulary test. You do not need to answer
in full sentences and the usual rule is one mark per Latin word that needs to be translated. Always
following the mark scheme so that you know how much to write for each question. Make sure that
you follow the story as it will help you in the next section.
Section 2 – Translation
This section is worth the most marks. Read the whole passage before attempting to translate. Pay
attention to tenses and look out for sentences with hidden subjects. Make a note of pronouns as these
often get missed out in translations.
Remember that each word is worth a mark; analyse the endings carefully. When you have finished,
read over what you’ve written to spot any errors such as inconsistencies with tense. Check singulars
and plurals carefully.
Remember to always put names into the nominative case. The nominative form of the name should be
given, either in the introductory sentence or in the vocabulary on the right.
WRITE YOUR TRANSLATION ON ALTERNATE LINES.
Section 3 – Grammar
This is the most challenging section. Read the questions carefully; they often have two or more parts
to them. Try to use the correct terminology. In the derivation question, ensure that you give the
meaning of the Latin, the meaning of the English and the way in which those two meanings are
connected.
When translating into Latin, use the vocabulary to identify the conjugation of the verb and the
declension of the nouns needed. Remember to put the verb at the end as there is a bonus mark for
this. Ensure that you have used the write tense and person for your verb and the right case and
number for your nouns.
Section 4 – Background
Choose only one question from a choice of three. Choose the one you know the most about. There
will be one question on the Trojan War, one question on the Wanderings of Odysseus and one on
The Roman Army. Revision notes on all three topics are found on the next few pages. Revising one of
these three topics well will be enough. The question will be worth 10 marks in a 75 mark paper.
Section 5 – English to Latin extension
You will be given a passage of English to translate into Latin. To be attempted if time allows.
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Background Topics
The Trojan War
The Judgment of Paris Achilles & Agamemnon
Discord, the goddess of strife, is not invited to the
wedding of Peleus and Thetis.
She takes revenge by throwing a golden apple into
the midst of the wedding party with the words
“for the most beautiful” inscribed upon it.
An argument ensues between the goddesses who
think it belongs to them: Hera, Athena and
Aphrodite. They ask Zeus to decide.
Zeus suggests they ask Paris, a mortal man who is
known for his love of beautiful women. Hermes
leads them to Paris.
Each goddess offers a prize to Paris if he chooses
them: Hera offers land and wealth, Athena offers
wisdom and Aphrodite offers a beautiful wife.
Paris chooses Aphrodite. She takes him to Sparta
to claim his wife – Helen, the wife of Menelaus.
When Menelaus realises that Helen has been
taken, he asks his brother, Agamemnon, to gather
all the armies of Greece and sail to Troy to rescue
her and punish the Trojans.
When the Greeks arrive, they are unable to
penetrate the walls of Troy. For nine years, they
camp outside the city, conquering nearby islands.
During one of these raids, Agamemnon captures
the daughter (Chryseis) of a priest of the god
Apollo. The priest prays to Apollo, who punishes
them by showering them with poisonous arrows.
Achilles, a powerful Greek warrior, begs
Agamemnon to let Chryseis go. Out of spite,
Agamemnon takes Achilles’s own slave-girl to
replace his own.
Achilles is furious and refuses to fight.
Achilles & Hector The Trojan Horse
Patroclus, Achilles’s best friend, steals Achilles’s
armour and goes into battle disguised as Achilles in
order to raise the morale of the Greeks, who are
losing to the Trojans.
Patroclus is killed by Hector, the leader of the
Trojans, older brother of Paris.
When Achilles finds out, he is furious and goes
into battle himself, desperate to kill Hector.
After he kills Hector, he ties his dead body to a
chariot and rides in circles around the city of Troy
to taunt the Trojans.
His mother, a goddess, advises him to stop as his
behaviour is disrespectful. He returns the body to
Priam, the king of Troy.
Homer, the author of the Iliad and Odysseus, does
not tell us what happened to Achilles – other
myths suggest that he was shot in the foot with an
arrow by Paris.
When the Greeks are about to despair of ever
winning the war, Odysseus, a cunning Greek
warrior from Ithaca, devises a plan to build a
wooden horse, fill it with Greek soldiers and then
pretend to depart.
One man, Sinon, stays behind, pretending to be a
Greek deserter. When the Trojans come out of
the city to investigate the horse, Sinon tells them
that the Greeks have surrendered and that the
horse is a gift to the gods.
The priest Calcas, who attempts to burn the horse
out of fear, is consumed by sea serpents. The
Trojans bring the horse into the city and celebrate
the end of the war.
After the Trojans have fallen asleep, drunk and
happy, the Greeks come out of the Trojan horse
and slay them all, burning the city and recapturing
Helen.
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The Wanderings of Odysseus
Polyphemus the Cyclops Circe the Witch
After the Trojan war, Odysseus and his crew set sail
for Ithaca. After an encounter with the Lotus-Eaters
and Aeolus, god of the winds, they land on the island
of the Cyclopes.
Odysseus and 12 men find a cave filled with cheeses.
Complying with the rules of hospitality, they wait for
the owner of the cave.
Soon Polyphemus, the Cyclops, returns from grazing
his giant sheep. He rolls a large stone in front of the
mouth of the cave and eats 2 of Odysseus’s men for
supper.
The next day, Polyphemus eats 2 more men and takes
his sheep out to graze. Odysseus orders to men to
sharpen a large wooden stake that he finds lying
around and hide it.
When Polyphemus returns, he eats another 2 men.
Odysseus offers him the wine they brought with them
from the ship, telling him that his name is ‘nobody’.
Polyphemus gets drunk and falls unconscious.
Odysseus and his men stab him in the eye with the
wooden stake, blinding him. “Nobody has blinded me”
he shouts.
The next morning, as Polyphemus lets his sheep out,
Odysseus and his men cling to the underneath of
them, escaping from the cave. Odysseus shouts his
name to the Cyclops boastfully, not realising that
Polyphemus’s father is Poseidon, god of the sea.
After losing all but one of his ships on the island
of the Laestrygonians, Odysseus ends up on the
isle of Circe.
He splits his crew in two and sends out a
search party led by his lieutenant Eurylochus.
Eurylochus and the men soon find a lovely
house surrounded by tame wild animals. A
beautiful woman greets them and invites them
in for a feast. The men go in but Eurylochus is
suspicious and waits outside.
As the men drink Circe’s wine, they turn into
pigs. Horrified, Eurylochus rushes back to the
ship to tell Odysseus, who decides to rescue
his men.
On their way back to Circe’s house, they meet
Hermes, the messenger god, who gives
Odysseus the herb ‘moly’ to protect him from
Circe’s spell.
When Odysseus arrives at Circe’s house, she
greets him and invites him inside. When he
drinks the wine, however, he does not turn
into a pig. Circe is terrified and surrenders,
thinking that he must be a god. Odysseus
orders her to turn his men back into humans.
Circe agrees and holds a year-long banquet to
apologise for what she has done.
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Sirens, Scylla & Charybdis Homecoming
When Odysseus and his men are ready to leave,
Circe helps them prepare to sail past the sirens –
creatures with the faces of beautiful women and
the bodies of birds who lure sailors towards
them with their singing and devour them.
Odysseus wants to hear the singing so Circe
advises him to block his men’s ears with beeswax
and get them to tie him to the mast of the ship.
When they approach the sirens, they follow
Circe’s instructions. Odysseus shouts at his men
to untie him and steer the ship towards the
sirens but his men cannot hear him and continue
to sail straight on. Odysseus was the only mortal
ever to have heard the sirens and lived to tell the
tale.
Next the ship approaches two dangers: Scylla, a
six-headed dog-like creature who sits atop a cliff
and snatches sailors from their ships and
Charybdis, a whirlpool who sucks ships to the
bottom and swallows them.
Odysseus steers the ship wide of Charybdis
successfully but in doing so sails too close to
Scylla’s cliff. Each of Scylla’s dog heads grabs one
sailor between its teeth and eats them alive.
Odysseus and what’s left of his crew sail on
towards the island of Hyperion, the sun god.
After losing his ship and crew in a storm as a
punishment for his men who ate Hyperion’s sacred
cattle, Odysseus spends 7 years on the island of
Calypso and another year with Alcinous, king of the
Phaeacians.
Eventually, king Alcinous helps him to return to
Ithaca. However, Odysseus is cautious as he has
been gone for 20 years and does not know what has
happened to his wife, Penelope, so Athena disguises
him as a beggar.
Odysseus finds that his swineherd, Eumaeus, is still
loyal to him. Eumaeus introduces him to his son,
Telemachus, who was a baby when Odysseus left to
fight in the war.
In the palace are many suitors waiting for Penelope
to decide which of them she will marry. She delays
the decision by saying that she has to weave a
shroud and will not decide until it is finished. Every
night she unpicks the work she does in the day.
Eventually the suitors realise what she is doing and
demand that she make a choice. She sets a challenge
that she hopes they will not be able to complete –
to shoot an arrow from Odysseus’s war bow
through 12 axe rings. None of the suitors can even
string the bow but a beggar in the corner asks to
have a go.
Of course, Odysseus is able to complete the task.
He shoots each of the suitors before proving his
identity to Penelope, who asks him to move their
marriage bed. He knows that this is not possible
because it is carved from a living tree.
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The Roman Army
THE LEGION
Up to 6,000 men could be based in a standard legionary fortress under the command of a legate. They were divided
into ten cohorts, nine of which were made up of 480 men, with the first cohort nearly double size at 800 men. Each
cohort was then divided into six centuries of 80 men commanded by a centurion. Each century lived in a single barrack
block within the fortress. The centurion would occupy a range of rooms and offices at the end of the block, while the
80 legionaries were housed in ten sets of twin rooms (containing a sleeping room and a utility room).
THE LEGIONARY’S DAY
The day started at sunrise. The legionary would have spent the night in the bunk room (which he shared with seven
other soldiers) in the barracks, with possibly a brazier and woollen blankets to keep him warm. Breakfast would have
been prepared in the utility room. Porridge was a favourite, washed down with beer. While the soldiers were
scrabbling around in the first light, their centurion would have been at the fortress headquarters with the other officers
receiving the orders and duties for the day. Tasks within the fortress included guard duty, patrols, collecting food and
fuel, manning the bath complex, cleaning the latrines, or working in the various workshops and offices in the complex.
KIT AND INSPECTION
After the centurion had received his orders from the fortress legate he would have returned to inspect his men. The
soldiers would have been wearing woollen tunics (tunica), which came down to just above the knees, and linen
undergarments. On their feet they would have worn military hobnailed sandals (caligae). In colder months the soldiers
could also wear trousers (braccae) and socks. A sword (gladius) and dagger (pugio) hung from the waist by a belt
(balteus). Their armour (lorica segmentata) consisted of broad iron strips ('girth hoops') fastened to internal leather
straps. The strips were arranged horizontally on the body, overlapping downwards, and they surrounded the torso in
two halves, being fastened at the front and back. The standard broad neck guard helmet with cheek pieces (galea),
the rectangular shield (scutum) and the javelin (pilum) would have completed the kit.
The centurion's inspection could well have been a nervous moment for the men. As a rank of office a centurion carried
a heavy vine stick with which to administer punishment. Officers had the authority to beat soldiers at will for any
violation of the rules and also regularly handed out the worst jobs to unfavoured soldiers. Reports of soldiers bribing
centurions to get the best jobs are well known in the archaeological record.
TRAINING
After roll call many soldiers would commence training. The Roman writer Vegetius tells us that soldiers were trained
every day so that they would be ready for battle at all times. This required constant and vigorous training with personal
and siege weapons, running, jumping and swimming. Working in formations, marching, ditch digging and preparing
temporary camps were also standard activities. Every three months the soldiers had to complete a route march of 20
miles carrying full equipment within a time limit of five hours. The centurion with his vine stick would be waiting for
the stragglers.
EVENING MESS
The soldiers took their main meal of the day in the evening. Each soldier was responsible for preparing their own food
(with the exception of bread which was baked for each century). Corn was the staple, which could be made into
porridge or bread. Meats such as beef, mutton and lamb and a variety of fish supplemented this. A wide range of
vegetables was also available, such as lentils, beans, cabbage and carrots, as well as fruit and nuts. In addition to local
produce, the fortress imported favourites from the continent, including figs, dates, wine, olive oil and fish sauce.
FREE TIME
With duties completed, soldiers would have enjoyed the bath house. Here they could play ball games, swim, gamble,
employ the services of a hair-plucker or have a massage. They could also have series of cold, warm and hot baths,
adding oil to their bodies before the hot suite, then having it scraped off before a final plunge into the cold bath.
They may also have been given a pass to visit the civilian vicus, or settlement, near the military base. Traders, bars,
performers and brothels could all be found nearby. Though not allowed to marry whilst in the army, many soldiers
had unofficial partners who lived in the vicus settlement and who relied on the soldiers for financial support.
END OF THE DAY
As night drew in the soldiers would have to return to their double barrack room where they first started their day.
Perhaps they would finish off the day with some gambling or board games.
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Terminology
Adjective a word that describes a noun; agrees with its noun in case, gender and number
Adverb a word that tells you how or when a verb is done (e.g. quickly, yesterday, at last)
Case the role of a noun in the sentence; there are six cases, each indicating a different role
Conjugation a group of verbs that all have the same infinitive; there are four conjugations
Declension a group of nouns that all have the same genitive singular; there are five declensions
Gender masculine, feminine or neuter
Imperative an order or command found in direct speech; there is a singular and a plural form
Infinitive the second principal part of a verb; it ends in –re and is translated ‘to…’ (e.g. to fight)
Noun a person, place or thing
Number singular or plural
Person who is doing a verb; 1st person (I, we), 2nd person (you), 3rd person (he, she, it, they)
Preposition a word that tells you where a noun is or the direction in which it is moving; followed by
either the accusative or ablative case
Pronoun a word that stands in place of a noun (e.g. hic, ille, is, qui)
Superlative a type of adjective ending in –issimus that describes a noun as being the most something
Tense when a verb happened (present, imperfect, perfect, pluperfect, future)
Verb a doing word
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Vocabulary List
1. ā/ab + abl from, by
2. absum, abesse, āfuī I am away
3. ad + acc to, towards
4. adsum, adesse, adfuī I am present
5. aedificō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus I build
6. ager, agrī (m) field
7. agricola, -ae (m) farmer
8. altus, -a, -um high, deep
9. ambulō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus I walk
10. amīcus, -ī (m) friend
11. amō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus I love
12. ancīlla, -ae (f) maid
13. aqua, -ae (f) water
14. audiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītus I hear, listen
15. aurum, -ī (nt) gold
16. auxilium, -ī (nt) help
17. bellum, -ī (nt) war
18. bene well
19. bībō, -ere, bībī I drink
20. bonus, -a, -um good
21. caelum, -ī (nt) sky
22. cantō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus I sing
23. capio, -ere, cēpī, captus I take, capture
24. celeriter quickly
25. cibus, -ī (m) food
26. clamō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus I shout
27. clārus, -a, -um clear, famous
28. cōnstituō, -ere, cōnstituī I decide
29. cōnsūmō,-ere, cōnsūmpsī I eat
30. contrā + acc against
31. cum + abl with
32. cupiō, cupere, -īvī I want
33. cūr? why?
34. currō, -ere, cucurrī I run
35. dē + abl down from, about
36. dea, -ae (f) goddess
37. decem 10
38. decimus, -a, -um 10th
39. deinde then
40. dēleō, -ēre, dēlēvī I destroy
41. deus, -ī (m) god
42. dīcō, -ere, dīxī, dictus I say
43. discēdō, -ere, discessī I leave
44. diū for a long time
45. dō, -āre, dedī, dātus I give
46. dominus, -ī (m) master
47. dormiō, -īre, -īvī I sleep
48. dūcō, -ere, dūxī, ductus I lead
49. duo, duae, duo 2
50. ē/ex + abl out of
51. ego I
52. equus, -ī (m) horse
53. et and
54. etiam even, also
55. faciō, facere, fēcī, factus I do, make
56. fēmina, -ae (f) woman
57. fessus, -a, -um tired
58. festīnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus I hurry
59. fīlia, -ae (f) daughter
60. fīlius, fīliī (m) son
61. fortiter bravely
62. gladius, gladiī (m) sword
63. Graecus, -a, -um Greek
64. habeō, -ēre, habuī I have
65. habitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus I live
66. hasta, -ae (f) spear
67. heri yesterday
68. hīc here
69. hodiē today
70. iaciō, iacere, iēcī, iactus I throw
71. iam now, already
72. ibi there
73. igitur therefore
74. in + abl in, on
75. in + acc into, onto
76. incola, -ae (m) inhabitant
77. īnsula, -ae (f) island
78. intrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus I enter
79. īra, -ae (f) anger
80. īrātus, -a, -um angry
81. itaque and so
82. iterum again
83. iubeō, -ēre, iussī I order
84. labōrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus I work
85. laetus, -a, -um happy
86. laudō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus I praise
87. legō, -ere, lēgī, lectus I read, choose
88. lentē slowly
89. liber, librī (m) book
90. locus, -ī (m) place
91. lūdō, -ere, lūsī I play
92. magister, magistrī (m) master
93. magnopere greatly
94. magnus, -a, -um big, great
95. malus, -a, -um bad
96. maneō, -ēre, mansī I stay
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97. meus, -a, -um my
98. miser, misera, miserum wretched
99. mittō, -ere, mīsī, missus I send
100. moneō, -ēre, -uī, monitus I warn
101. moveō, -ēre, mōvī, mōtus I move
102. mox soon
103. multus, -a, -um many, much
104. mūrus, -ī (m) wall
105. nauta, -ae (m) sailor
106. nāvigō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus I sail
107. -ne? (question)
108. necō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus I kill
109. nihil nothing
110. nōn not
111. nōnus, -a, -um 9th
112. nōs we
113. noster, nostra, nostrum our
114. nōtus, -a, -um famous
115. novem 9
116. novus, -a, -um new
117. numquam never
118. nūntius, nūntiī (m) messenger
119. octāvus, -a, -um 8th
120. octō 8
121. ōlim once
122. oppidum, -ī (nt) town
123. oppugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus I attack
124. ostendō, -ere, ostendī I show
125. parō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus I prepare
126. parvus, -a, -um small
127. patria, -ae (f) country
128. pecūnia, -ae (f) money
129. per + acc through, along
130. periculum, -ī (nt) danger
131. perterritus, -a, -um frightened
132. poēta, -ae (m) poet
133. pōnō, -ere, posuī, positus I put
134. portō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus I carry
135. prīmus, -a, -um 1st
136. proēlium, -ī (nt) battle
137. prope + acc near
138. puella, -ae (f) girl
139. puer, -ī (m) boy
140. pugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus I fight
141. pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum beautiful
142. pūnio, -īre, -īvī, -ītus I punish
143. quārtus, -a, -um 4th
144. quattuor 4
145. quid? what?
146. quīnque 5
147. quīntus, -a, -um 5th
148. quis? who?
149. quod because
150. quoque also
151. rēgīna, -ae (f) queen
152. regō, -ere, rexī, rectus I rule
153. respondeō, -ēre, respondī I reply
154. rīdeō, -ēre, rīsī I laugh
155. rogō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus I ask
156. Rōmānus, -a, -um Roman
157. sacer, sacra, sacrum sacred
158. saepe often
159. saevus, -a, -um fierce, savage
160. sagītta, -ae (f) arrow
161. scrībō, -ere, scrīpsī I write
162. scūtum, -ī (nt) shield
163. secundus, -a, -um 2nd
164. sed but
165. semper always
166. septem 7
167. septimus, -a, -um 7th
168. servus, -ī (m) slave
169. sex 6
170. sextus, -a, -um 6th
171. sīc so, thus
172. socius, sociī (m) ally
173. spectō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus I watch
174. statim at once
175. stō, -āre, stetī, stātus I stand
176. subitō suddenly
177. sum, esse, fuī I am
178. superō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus I overcome
179. suus, -a, -um his, her, their
180. tamen however
181. tandem at last, finally
182. templum, -ī (nt) temple
183. teneō, -ēre, -uī, tentus I hold
184. terra, -ae (f) land
185. terreō, -ēre, -uī, territus I frighten
186. tertius, -a, -um 3rd
187. timeō, timēre, timuī I fear, am afraid
188. trāns + acc across
189. trēs, tria 3
190. tū you (sing.)
191. turba, -ae (f) crowd
192. tūtus, -a, -um safe
193. tuus, tua, tuum your (sing.)
194. ubi when, where
195. unda, -ae (f) wave
196. ūnus, ūna, ūnum 1
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197. validus, -a, -um strong
198. veniō, -īre, vēnī I come
199. ventus, -ī (m) wind
200. verbum, -ī (nt) word
201. vester, vestra, vestrum your (plu.)
202. via, -ae (f) street, road
203. videō, -ēre, vīdī, vīsus I see
204. vīnum, -ī (nt) wine
205. vir, virī (m) man
206. vocō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus I call
207. vōs you (plu.)
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