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'Watching the Watchdog'Malaysian Media Coverage of GE13
Final Individual Report: SINAR HARIAN
15/08/13
Dr Tessa J. HoughtonSchool of Modern Languages and Cultures
Director of the Centre for the Study of Communications and CultureUniversity of Nottingham Malaysian Campus
in collaboration with
Comments and feedback welcomed at:
[email protected] 523 4575
or
Masjaliza HamzahExecutive Officer
Centre for Independent [email protected]
03-4023-0772/4024-9840
The work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0
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Table of ContentsExecutive Summary of Key Results for SINAR HARIAN..................................................................................... 3Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................................... 5
1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions......................................................................................... 5Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................... 5Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.
Independent/Other........................................................................................................................................61.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions...............................................................................7Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions............................................7Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage ....................................................................8Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage.........................................................................9Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................10
Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................112.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................11
Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................... 11Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................12
2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources.......................................................13Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources........................................13Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other..........................................................................................................14
2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures............................................................................15Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures......................................15Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................16Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures..........................................................17Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................18
2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Attack Politics or Negative
Campaigning......................................................................................................................................................19Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' MostOften?............................................................................................................................................................ 19Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?..........................20
Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues.................................................................................................................213.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues..................................................21
Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues.................................................................21Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues.........................................................................................22Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues................................................................................23
Section 4: A Brief Methodology..........................................................................................................................24Section 5: Appendix 1 – Tables..........................................................................................................................25
.................................................................................................................................................................................. 25Section 6: Appendix 2 – Coding Scheme......................................................................................................... 32
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Executive Summary of Key Results for SINAR HARIAN
Introduction
Like all modern elections, it the Malaysian 13th General Election was fought primarily through themedia – the so-called 'watchdogs' of democracy.
But how effective were Malaysian media outlets at providing fair and objective informationabout national politics? How well did they inform Malaysian citizens about their political environment,and thus enable them to make informed decisions about who to vote for?
The Watching the Watchdog project monitored coverage from 28 media – newspapers, televisionnews broadcasts, online news sites as well as the national press agency, in four languages (English,Bahasa Malaysia, Mandarin, and Tamil); in Sabah and Sarawak as well as in Peninsular Malaysia,during the month spanning April 7th to May 7th 2013 (31 days in total). It is a collaboration betweenthe University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus and the Centre for Independent Journalism.
The key results summarised below pertain to the individual publication addressed in this report.
Key Results
In scrutinising the GE13 coverage provided by Sinar Harian, we found the following trends:
(1) Coverage of Parties & Coalitions
• PR were given the most coverage or talked about most by a significant margin.
• PR were attacked and covered negatively more then BN, but received around the sameamount of positive coverage as BN.
• Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory was used very much the most often (78%), followed by the negative category(11%) then the positive category (8%).
(2) Coverage of Politicians and Political Figures
Who is talked about the most? And how are they talked about?
• The volume of mention-level coverage given to politicians from both coalitions was skewed
towards PR (66%). Najib Razak was the most mentioned politician, followed by AnwarIbrahim.
• Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, theneutral category was used very much the most often (89%), followed by the positivecategory then the negative category.
• However, of the non-neutral material, more positive and negative coverage was given to PR,while BN was attacked more often.
Who is used as a source the most? And who engages in attack politics the most?
• Najib Razak and Anwar Ibrahim were used as sources most often.
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• Najib Razak (54.55%) was most commonly engaged in attack politics
• Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics much more often than eitheropposition politicians.
(3) Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
• Non-Policy Issues were given more coverage than Policy Issues.
• The Non-Policy Issue of Vision Policies and Programmes was the most covered issue overall.
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Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions
Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
• BN received the most coverage (23.38%), followed at a distance by PAS, PR, PKR then DAP.
• Refer to Table 1 for figures.
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BN
PAS
PR
PKR
DAP
UMNO
PSM
Other
MCA
Gerakan
PBB
MIC
PRM
SUPP
UPKO
PBS
PRS
SPDP
SAPP
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
28.38
18.72
18.28
10.96
9.10
6.63
2.60
2.30
1.30
0.87
0.26
0.17
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.00
Volume
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Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
• Once parties/coalitions' coverage volumes are combined, the PR coalition received the mostmention-level coverage by a significant margin (57.06%), as opposed to BN (37.91%).
• Refer to Table 2 for figures.
6 SINAR HARIAN
BN
PR
Independent
Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
37.91
57.06
2.69
2.30
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1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions
• Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory was used very much the most often (78%), followed by the negative category(11%) then the positive category (8%).
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3%11%
78%
8%
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
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Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage
• BN were the most negatively covered (21.67%), followed by PAS (17.49%), PR (16.35%),UMNO (11.03%), then DAP (10.65%).
• PR were the most attacked (43.08%), followed at a distance by BN (23.08%), then DAP,UMNO and PKR, in that order.
• Refer to Table 3 for figures.
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BN
PAS
PR
UMNO
DAP
PKRPSM
Gerakan
MCA
Other
PBS
PRM
MIC
PBB
PRS
SAPP
SPDP
SUPP
UPKO
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Attacked Negative
Coverage Volume
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Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage
• BN receive the most positive (83.24%) and neutral (35.96%) coverage by a very significantmargin, with the opposition coalition/parties receiving very little positive coverage at all.
• Refer to Table 3 for figures.
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BN
PAS
PR
PKR
DAP
UMNOOther
PSM
MCA
Gerakan
PBB
MIC
SUPP
PRS
PRM
SPDP
PBS
SAPP
UPKO
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Positive Neutral
Coverage Volume
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Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
• When coalition and party coverage is combined into the two opposing coalitions, we see thatoverall, PR were attacked and covered negatively more then BN, but received around thesame amount of positive coverage as BN.
• It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly thelargest category.
• Refer to Table 4 for figures and below for ratios.
CoverageType
BN : PR TonalWeighting
Positive 1 : 1 8%
Neutral 1 : 1.6 78%
Negative 1 : 1.5 11%
Attacked 1 : 1.8 3%
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Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
BN
PR
Independent & Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
35.38
37.64
36.74
49.44
64.62
55.13
57.96
50.00
0.00
7.22
5.30
0.56
Coverage Volume
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Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
2.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
• Only the top 20 most mentioned politicians are shown on this graph.
• Out of these 20, Najib Razak received the most mentions by a significant proportion(19.62%), followed by Anwar Ibrahim, then Hadi Awang, Nurul Izzah and Khalid Ibrahim, inthat order.
• Refer to Table 5 for full figures.
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Najib Razak
Anwar IbrahimHadi Awang
Nurul Izzah
Khalid Ibrahim
Lim Kit Siang
Muhyiddin Yassin
Karpal Singh
Nik Aziz
Hishamuddin Hussein
Lim Guan Eng
Rafizi Ramli
Mahathir Mohamad
Khalid SamadMohamad 'Mat' Sabu
Tian Chua
Ambiga Sreenevasan
Azmin Ali
Chua Soi Lek
Ibrahim Ali
0 5 10 15 20 25
19.62
15.669.43
8.68
7.36
4.53
4.15
3.77
3.21
2.45
2.45
2.45
2.26
2.081.51
1.51
1.13
1.13
0.94
0.75
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Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
• When the mentions of individual politicians and political figures are combined and mergedinto their respective coalitions, we can see that coverage of figures from both major coalitionsis skewed quite heavily towards PR (66%).
• Refer to Table 6 for figures.
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32%
66%
2%
BN
PR
Independent/Other
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2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources
Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources
• Of the politicians and political figures tracked, Najib Razak and Anwar Ibrahim were used assources most often (21.31% and 14.48% respectively), followed by EC Spokespeople, HadiAwang, then Khalid Ibrahim.
• Refer to Table 7 for figures.
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Najib Razak
Anwar Ibrahim
Election Commission Spokesperson
Hadi Awang
Khalid Ibrahim
Mahathir Mohamad
Lim Kit Siang
Muhyiddin Yassin
Nik Aziz
Lim Guan Eng
0 5 10 15 20 25
21.21
14.48
13.45
10.17
7.59
6.03
5.69
5.17
3.28
2.59
Coverage Volume
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Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Governmentvs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other
• Politicians from PR were used as sources more often (44.14%) than both BN politicians(33.97%) and independent/other political figures (21.9%).
• Refer to Table 7 for figures.
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34%
44%
22%
BN
PR
Independent/Other
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2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures
•
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, theneutral category was used very much the most often (89%), followed by the positivecategory then the negative category.
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6%
89%
4%1%
Positive
Neutral
Negative
Attacked
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Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
• In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Anwar Ibrahim, KhalidIbrahim and Nurul Izzah all received equally the most most negative coverage (19.05%),followed by Najib Razak and Lim Kit Siang.
•
Najib Razak was the most attacked (75%), followed by Anwar Ibrahim (25%).• Refer to Table 8 for full figures.
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Anwar Ibrahim
Khalid Ibrahim
Nurul Izzah
Najib Razak
Lim Kit Siang
Azmin Ali
Chua Soi Lek
Muhyiddin Yassin
Abdul Rahman Dahlan
Alfred Jabu
Ambiga Sreenevasan
Baru Bian
Bernard Dompok
Chong Chieng Jen
Dzulkefly Ahmad
Elizabeth Wong
G. Palanivel
Hadi Awang
Hassan Ali
Hishamuddin HusseinIbrahim Ali
James Masing
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Attacked Negative
Coverage Volume
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Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
• In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Najib Razak received themost positive (24.14%) and neutral coverage (17.84%).
• Anwar Ibrahim received the second most neutral coverage (16.52%) followed by HadiAwang, Nurul Izzah, then Khalid Ibrahim.
• Khalid Ibrahim received the second most positive coverage (17.24%), followed by HadiAwang, Nurul Izzah, then Anwar Ibrahim.
• Refer to Table 8 for figures.
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Najib Razak Anwar Ibrahim
Hadi Awang
Nurul Izzah
Khalid Ibrahim
Lim Kit Siang
Karpal Singh
Muhyiddin Yassin
Hishamuddin Hussein
Nik Aziz
Rafizi Ramli
Lim Guan Eng
Khalid Samad
Mahathir Mohamad
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu
Tian Chua
Ambiga Sreenevasan
Azmin Ali
Chua Soi Lek
Ibrahim AliDzulkefly Ahmad
Nizar Jamaluddin
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Positive Neutral
Coverage Volume
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Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
• Overall, more positive and negative coverage was given to PR, while BN was attacked moreoften.
• It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly thelargest category.
• Refer to Table 9 for figures and below for ratios.
CoverageType
BN : PRTonal
Weighting
Positive 1 : 3.1 5%
Neutral 1 : 2.2 86%
Negative 1 : 3.2 4%
Attacked 1 : 0.3 1%
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Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
BN
PR
Independent/ Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
75.00
23.81
30.18
24.14
25.00
76.19
67.18
75.86
0.00
0.00
2.64
0.00
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2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: AttackPolitics or Negative Campaigning
Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics'
Most Often?
• This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.
• Najib Razak (54.55%) was most commonly engaged in attack politics, followed by NazriAziz, Anwar Ibrahim, then Mahathir Mohamad.
• Refer to Table 10 for figures.
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Najib Razak
Nazri Aziz
Anwar Ibrahim
Mahathir Mohamad
Muhyiddin Yassin
Nik Aziz
Ambiga Sreenevasan
Baru Bian
Chua Soi Lek
Hadi Awang
Hassan Ali
Jeffrey Kitingan
Khalid Ibrahim
Lim Guan Eng
Lim Kit Siang
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
54.55
18.18
9.09
9.09
4.55
4.55
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Attack Volume
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Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?
• This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.
• Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics much more often than eitheropposition politicians.
• Refer to Table 10 for figures.
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86%
14%
BN
PR
Independent/Other
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Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues
3.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
• More coverage overall is given to Non-Policy Issues than Policy Issues.
• Refer to Table 11 for figures.
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40%
60%
Policy Issues
Non-Policy Issues
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Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues
• Of all Policy Issues covered,Vision Policies and Programmes were given the most coverage,followed by the Economy and Development, then Religion.
• Refer to Table 11 for figures.
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49%
0%
18%
5%
0%
7%
4%
16%
Policy Issues
VisionPolicies/ProgrammesEnvironmentEconomy/DevelopmentEducationForeign PolicyDomestic Policy, Crime &National SecurityOppressive LegislationHealth
Religion
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Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues
• Of all Non-Policy Issues covered, Democracy & Human Rights was given the most coverage,followed by Ethnicity, Gender, Socioeconomic Status, then Electioneering.
• Refer to Table 11 for figures.
23 SINAR HARIAN
23%
9%
31%
11%
4%
12%
10%
Non-Policy Issues
Ethnicity
Religion
Democracy & Human Rights
Socioeconomic Status
Mudslinging
Gender
Electioneering
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Section 4: A Brief Methodology
Dates analysed: 7/4/13 – 07/05/13 (nd = 31 days)
Number of data points/references identified and analysed: ndp = 8098
Number of articles identified and analysed: na = 366
Average number of articles/day: na/d = 11.8
Data Collection
The data was collected or 'coded' using sentence-level content analysis. A team of around 70'coders' from all over Malaysia, from both private and public universities, and from civil society,coded their assigned media on a daily basis.
Stories 'coded' were selected according to the following criteria:
• They were within the Malaysian news section/s of the newspapers including the front page, orwere the paper's editorial (if they run one).
• They were from pre-defined 'Malaysian News' areas of the news websites monitored, with'snapshots' taken at 8pm daily.
• They were from within the TV news broadcasts.
• They were more than 1/3 about the election, and were news stories as opposed to columns,opinions pieces, letters, etc (with the exception of the paper's own editorial, if present).
Within each story, category/operator references were identified and coded at the sentence level
(from period to period). The 21 categories identified and their sub-categories or 'operators' areoutlined in Appendix 2. These 21 categories form the 'unit of analysis' for this study.
Tone (positive, negative, neutral, attacking, or attacked) was determined based on matching eachreference to a media frame or frames, supportable via emotive/descriptive/subjectivelanguage/vocabulary utilised by the either the news personnel or the source beingquoted/paraphrased. As such, tone is not based upon coder opinion but on linguistic data. Coderswere instructed to 'code as neutral' whenever there was a lack of linguistic data to support apositive/negative/attacking/attacked frame, or whenever they were unsure/conflicted.
Data Analysis
The data was analysed using the open source software package GNU Octave (a multi-disciplinarymathematical data analysis programme capable of SPSS/NVIVO-level statistical analysis, as well asmuch higher-level mathematical analysis). Scripts were composed to count occurrences of key data-codes, as specified by the project's finite code-listing set (see Appendix 2), for every row of codeddata (i.e. every reference). Where appropriate, code-count occurrences have been normalised toprovide the percentage of these key-code occurrences.
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Section 5: Appendix 1 – Tables
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TABLE 1
Par ty Percentage
BN 28.38
DAP 9.0988
Gerakan 0.86655
MCA 1.2998
MIC 0.17331
PAS 18.718
PBB 0.25997
PBS 0.043328
PKR 10.962
PR 18.284
PRS 0.043328
PRM 0.086655PSM 2.5997
SAPP 0
SPDP 0.043328
SUPP 0.086655
UMNO 6.6291
UPKO 0.086655
Other 2.2964
TABLE 2
Par ty Percentage Coalition Percentage
BN 28.38
BN 37.912024
Gerakan 0.86655
MCA 1.2998
MIC 0.17331
PBB 0.25997
PBS 0.043328
PRS 0.043328
SPDP 0.043328
SUPP 0.086655
UMNO 6.6291
UPKO 0.086655
PR 18.284
PR 57.0628DAP 9.0988
PAS 18.718
PKR 10.962
PRM 0.086655
Independent 2.686355PSM 2.5997
SAPP 0
Other 2.2964 Other 2.2964
TABLE 3
Attacked Negative Neutral Positive TOTAL
BN 23.077 21.673 27.75 46.111 118.611
DAP 12.308 10.646 9.4361 2.7778 35.1679
Gerakan 1.5385 2.6616 0.67002 0 4.87012
MCA 0 1.9011 1.34 0 3.2411
MIC 0 0 0.22334 0 0.22334
PAS 4.6154 17.49 19.095 22.778 63.9784
PBB 0 0 0.33501 0 0.33501
PBS 0 0.38023 0 0 0.38023
PKR 4.6154 10.646 11.669 7.2222 34.1526
PR 43.077 16.35 17.755 17.222 94.404
PRS 0 0 0.055835 0 0.055835
PRM 0 0.38023 0.055835 0 0.436065
PSM 0 5.7034 2.4567 0.55556 8.71566
SAPP 0 0 0 0 0
SPDP 0 0 0.055835 0 0.055835
SUPP 0 0 0.11167 0 0.11167
UMNO 10.769 11.027 6.1977 3.3333 31.327
UPKO 0 0 0 0 0
Other 0 1.1407 2.7917 0 3.9324
Parties &
Coalitions
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TABLE 4
BN
Attacked 35.3845
Negative 34.2385
Neutral 36.73941
Positive 49.4443
PR
Attacked 64.6158Negative 55.132
Neutral 57.9551
Positive 50
Attacked 0
Negative 7.22433
Neutral 5.304235
Positive 0.55556
Independent &
Other
TABLE 5
Politician/Political Figure
Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0.18868
Alfred Jabu 0.37736
Ambiga Sreenevasan 1.1321Anwar Ibrahim 15.66
Azmin Ali 1.1321
Baru Bian 0.18868
Bernard Dompok 0
Chong Chieng Jen 0
Chua Soi Lek 0.9434
Dzulkefly Ahmad 0.56604
Elizabeth Wong 0.18868
G. Palanivel 0.18868
Hadi Awang 9.434
Hassan Ali 0.18868
Hishamuddin Hussein 2.4528
Ibrahim Ali 0.75472
James Masing 0
Jeffrey Kitingan 0
Karpal Singh 3.7736
Khalid Ibrahim 7.3585
Khalid Samad 2.0755
Lim Guan Eng 2.4528
Lim Kit Siang 4.5283
Liow Tiong Lai 0.75472Mahathir Mohamad 2.2642
Maximus Ongkili 0
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 1.5094
Muhyiddin Yassin 4.1509
Musa Aman 0.37736
Najib Razak 19.623
Ng Yen Yen 0.18868
Nik Aziz 3.2075
Nizar Jamaluddin 0.56604
Nurul Izzah 8.6792Rafizi Ramli 2.4528
Rosmah Mansur 0
Siti Mariah Mahmud 0.56604
Taib Mahmud 0
Teresa Kok 0.18868
Tian Chua 1.5094
Tony Pua 0.18868
William Mawan 0
Wong Ho Leng 0
Wong Soon Koh 0
Yong Teck Lee 0.18868
Percentage
(mention)
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TABLE 6
Politician/Political Figure Party etc. Percentage Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek
MCA 1.8868
BN 31.50978
Liow Tiong Lai
Ng Yen Yen
G. Palanivel MIC 0.18868
Alfred Jabu PBB 0.37736Taib Mahmud
Maximus Ongkili PBS 0
James Masing PRS 0
William Mawan SPDP 0
Wong Soon Koh SUPP 0
Abdul Rahman Dahlan
UMNO 29.05694
Hishamuddin Hussein
Mahathir Mohamad
Muhyiddin Yassin
Musa AmanNajib Razak
Bernard Dompok UPKO 0
Chong Chieng Jen
DAP 11.13206
PR 66.22594
Karpal Singh
Lim Guan Eng
Lim Kit Siang
Teresa Kok
Tony Pua
Wong Ho Leng
Dzulkefly Ahmad
PAS 17.92452
Hadi Awang
Khalid Samad
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu
Nik Aziz
Nizar Jamaluddin
Siti Mariah Mahmud
Anwar Ibrahim
PKR 37.16936
Azmin Ali
Baru Bian
Elizabeth Wong
Jeffrey KitinganKhalid Ibrahim
Nurul Izzah
Rafizi Ramli
Tian Chua
Ambiga Sreenevasan Bersih 1.1321
2.26418
Hassan Ali Independent 0.18868
Ibrahim Ali Perkasa 0.75472
Rosmah Mansur 0
Yong Teck Lee SAPP 0.18868
Independent/
Other'1st lady'
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TABLE 7
Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek 0.51724
BN 33.96562
Mahathir Mohamad 6.0345
Muhyiddin Yassin 5.1724
Musa Aman 0.17241Najib Razak 21.207
Nazri Aziz 0.68966
Taib Mahmud 0.17241
Anwar Ibrahim 14.483
PR 44.13783
Baru Bian 0.34483
Hadi Awang 10.172
Jeffrey Kitingan 0
Khalid Ibrahim 7.5862
Lim Guan Eng 2.5862
Lim Kit Siang 5.6897
Nik Aziz 3.2759
Ambiga Sreenevasan 0.86207
Independent 21.89624
Hassan Ali 0.68966
Vox Pop Male 0.17241
Vox Pop Female 0
6.7241
13.448
Percentage
(source)
Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral
Election CommissionSpokesperson
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TABLE 8
Politician/Political Figure Attacked Negative Neutral Positive
Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0 0 0.22026 0
Alfred Jabu 0 0 0.44053 0
Ambiga Sreenevasan 0 0 1.3216 0
Anwar Ibrahim 25 19.048 16.52 6.8966
Azmin Ali 0 4.7619 1.1013 0Baru Bian 0 0 0.22026 0
Bernard Dompok 0 0 0 0
Chong Chieng Jen 0 0 0 0
Chua Soi Lek 0 4.7619 0.88106 0
Dzulkefly Ahmad 0 0 0.66079 0
Elizabeth Wong 0 0 0.22026 0
G. Palanivel 0 0 0.22026 0
Hadi Awang 0 0 9.9119 13.793
Hassan Ali 0 0 0.22026 0
Hishamuddin Hussein 0 0 2.8634 0Ibrahim Ali 0 0 0.88106 0
James Masing 0 0 0 0
Jeffrey Kitingan 0 0 0 0
Karpal Singh 0 0 4.4053 0
Khalid Ibrahim 0 19.048 6.3877 17.241
Khalid Samad 0 0 2.4229 0
Lim Guan Eng 0 0 2.4229 6.8966
Lim Kit Siang 0 14.286 4.6256 0
Liow Tiong Lai 0 0 0.22026 0
Mahathir Mohamad 0 0 2.4229 0
Maximus Ongkili 0 0 0 0
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0 0 1.7621 0
Muhyiddin Yassin 0 4.7619 4.4053 0
Musa Aman 0 0 0.44053 0
Najib Razak 75 14.286 17.841 24.138
Ng Yen Yen 0 0 0.22026 0
Nik Aziz 0 0 2.6432 10.345
Nizar Jamaluddin 0 0 0.66079 0
Nurul Izzah 0 19.048 8.1498 10.345
Rafizi Ramli 0 0 2.6432 3.4483
Rosmah Mansur 0 0 0 0Siti Mariah Mahmud 0 0 0.66079 0
Taib Mahmud 0 0 0 0
Teresa Kok 0 0 0.22026 0
Tian Chua 0 0 1.3216 6.8966
Tony Pua 0 0 0.22026 0
William Mawan 0 0 0 0
Wong Ho Leng 0 0 0 0
Wong Soon Koh 0 0 0 0
Yong Teck Lee 0 0 0.22026 0
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TABLE 9
BN
Attacked 75
Negative 23.8098
Neutral 30.17576
Positive 24.138
PR
Attacked 25
Negative 76.1919
Neutral 67.18091
Positive 75.8621
Attacked 0
Negative 0
Neutral 2.64318
Positive 0
Independent/
Other
TABLE 10
Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek 0
BN 86.3634
Mahathir Mohamad 9.0909
Muhyiddin Yassin 4.5455
Musa Aman 0
Najib Razak 54.545
Nazri Aziz18.182Taib Mahmud 0
Anwar Ibrahim 9.0909
PR 13.6364
Baru Bian 0
Hadi Awang 0
Jeffrey Kitingan 0
Khalid Ibrahim 0
Lim Guan Eng 0
Lim Kit Siang 0
Nik Aziz 4.5455
Ambiga Sreenevasan 0
Independent 0
Hassan Ali 0
Vox Pop Male 0
Vox Pop Female 0
0
0
Percentage
(source +attacking)
Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral
Election CommissionSpokesperson
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TABLE 11
Issues Coverage PI/NPI Coverage
Vision Policies/Programmes 9.2027
Policy Issues 18.787077
Environment 0.084818Economy/Development 3.3503
Education 0.84818
Foreign Policy 0.042409
Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security 1.3995
Oppressive Legislation 0.80577
Health 0
Religion 3.0534
Ethnicity 6.2341
27.6929
Religion 2.4173
Democracy & Human Rights 8.6938
Socioeconomic Status 2.9686
Mudslinging 1.1874
Gender 3.3079
Electioneering 2.8838
Non-PolicyIssues
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Section 6: Appendix 2 – Coding Scheme
1. Politician or Political Figure (Mentioned)
1. Abdul Rahman Dalan
2. Alfred Jabu3. Ambiga Sreenevasan4. Anwar Ibrahim5. Azmin Ali6. Baru Bian7. Bernard Dompok8. Chong Chieng Jen9. Chua Soi Lek10. Dzulkefly Ahmad11. Elizabeth Wong12. G. Palanivel13. Hadi Awang14. Hassan Ali15. Hishamuddin Hussein
16. James Masing17. Jeffrey Kitingan18. Karpal Singh19. Khalid Ibrahim20. Khalid Samad21. Lim Guan Eng22. Lim Kit Siang23. Liow Tiong Lai24. Mahathir Mohamad25. Maximus Ongkili26. Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu27. Muhyiddin Yassin28. Musa Aman
29. Najib Razak30. Ng Yen Yen31. Nik Aziz32. Nizar Jamaluddin33. Nurul Izzah34. Rafizi Ramli35. Rosmah Mansur36. Siti Mariah Mahmud37. Taib Mahmud38. Teresa Kok39. Tian Chua40. Tony Pua41. William Mawan42. Wong Ho Leng
43. Wong Soon Koh44. Yong Teck Lee
2. Politicians or Political Figure (Used as a Source)
1. Ambiga Sreenevasan (Bersih)2. Anwar Ibrahim (PKR)3. Baru Bian4. Chua Soi Lek5. Hadi Awang6. Hassan Ali7. Jeffrey Kitingan8. Khalid Ibrahim9. Lim Guan Eng
10. Lim Kit Siang11. Mahathir Mohamad
12. Muhyiddin Yassin13. Musa Aman14. Najib Razak
15. Nazri Aziz16. Nik Aziz17. Taib Mahmud18. Vox Pop Male19. Vox Pop Female20. Public Opinion/Vox Pop General21. Election Commission Spokesperson
3. Party or Coalition
1. BN (Barisan Nasional)2. DAP (Democratic Action Party)3. Gerakan (Malaysian People's Movement
Party)
4. MCA (Malaysian Chinese Association)5. MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress)6. PAS (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party)7. PBB (Parti Besaka Bumputera Bersatu)8. PBS (Parti Bersatu Sabah)9. PKR (People's Justice Party)10. PR (Pakatan Rakyat)11. PRS (Sarawak People's Party)12. PRM (Parti Rakyat Malaysia)13. PSM (Parti Sosialis Malaysia)14. SAPP (Sabah Progressive Party)15. SPDP (Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party)16. SUPP (Sarawak United People's Party)
17. UMNO (United Malays National Organisation)18. UPKO (United Pasokmomogun KadazandusunMurut Organisation)
4. Organisations
1. Bersih2. Community-based organisations.3. Democracy- or human rights-oriented
organisations (excluding Bersih)4. Environmentally-oriented organisations5. Ethnicity-oriented organisations6. JATI7. Perkasa8. Professionals organisations9. Religious organisations.10. Trade Unions11. Womens' rights or issues focused organisations.12. Youth or student focused organisations13. Election Commission
5. Policy Issues
1. Vision Policies or Programmes1. 1Malaysia2. GTP (Government Transformation
Programme)3. ETP (Economic Transformation Programme)
4. NKRA (National Key Results Areas)5. NEP/'Bumiputeraism'
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6. PAS's Welfare State7. PKR's Buku Jingga8. NEM (New Economic Model)9. 'Transformasi'10. BN Manifesto11. PR Manifesto12. Other
2. Environment1. Deforestation/Land Rights2. Recycling3. Lynas4. Polluting Industries (non-Lynas)5. Damming Projects6. Other
3. Economy/Development1. Recession2. Welfare3. Unemployment4. Poverty5. Privatisation6. Growth/FDI7. FTA/Globalisation8. Inflation/Price Rises9. Infrastructure10. Housing11. Other
4. Education1. Vernacular Schools2. Access3. PPSMI4. Academic Freedom5. System
6. PTPTN7. Other
5. Foreign Policy1. Western World2. Singapore (Mentions of)3. Singapore (Comparison with)4. China5. India6. Islamic World7. Israel/Palestine8. Indonesia9. Other
6. Domestic Policy, Crime, & National Security1. Immigration2. Illegals/Refugees3. Terrorism (not Lahad Datu)4. Crime5. Lahad Datu Incident6. Other
7. Oppressive Legislation1. ISA (Internal Security Act)2. AUKU/UUCA (Universities and University
Colleges Act 1971)3. Sedition Act
4. PPPA (Printing Presses and Publication Act)5. PAA (Peaceful Assembly Act 2012)
6. SOSMA (Security Offences (SpecialMeasures) Act 2012)
7. Other
8. Health1. 1Care2. Other
9. Religion1. Apostasy2. Islamic State3. Hudud4. Conversion (into Islam)5. 'Allah' issue6. Other
6. Non-Policy Issues
1. Ethnicity1. Malaysia2. Chinese3. Indian/South Asian4. Orang Asli5. Orang Asal, Sabah & Sarawak6. Thai7. Portuguese/Eurasian8. Malay Rights9. Other
2. Religion1. Islam2. Buddhism/Taoism3. Hinduism4. Christianity5. Sikhism
6. Religious Freedom (non-apostasy related)7. Interfaith Dialogue/Unity8. Interfaith Friction9. Other
3. Democracy & Human Rights1. General Corruption2. Electoral Corruption3. Media Freedom4. Electoral Reform5. Electoral Legislation6. 2-Party System7. Protest/Rallies8. Other
4. Socioeconomic Sectors1. Middle Class/Professionals2. Working Class3. Aristocracy/Monarchy4. Civil Service5. Military and Police6. FELDA7. Plantation/Estate Workers8. Chine New Villagers9. Senior Citizens/Retirees10. RELA/Wataniah11. Urban
12. Rural13. Cost of Living
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14. Other
5. Territory1. Kuala Lumpur2. Labuan3. Putrajaya4. Johor5. Kedah
6. Kelantan7. Malacca8. Negeri Sembilan9. Pahang10. Perak11. Perlis12. Penang13. Sabah14. Sarawak15. Selangor16. Terengganu17. Sarawak Independence18. Sabah Independence
6. Mudslinging1. Anwar/Sodomy2. Altantuya3. Rosmah4. Penang CM5. Selangor CM6. NFC7. Arms Deals8. Psy/CNY Concert9. Project IC10. Taib Mahmud and Logging Expose11. Other
7. Gender
1. Sexuality2. Women in politics3. Personal/Private life4. Womens' Issues5. LGBT/Q6. Appearance
7. Sexism8. Other
8. Electioneering1. Event-specific Gifts2. Handouts3. Timely Developments4. Election Promises5. Baby-kissing6. Cybertroopers/Social Media War7. Other
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