Objectives: Identify the causes of the war. Identify the major
Alliances. Describe trench warfare & new technology used in
this war & discuss its impact. Identify turning points/battles.
Identify & evaluate reasons for US involvement in World War
I.
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Causes of the War: Competition b/w countries:
Nationalism--Militarism Imperialism Yrs. of instability in the
Balkans Overlapping ethnic & religious groups Austria-Hungary
& Serbia competing over control of Bosnia
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Powder Keg of Europe
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Spark: Assassination of Archduke F. Ferdinand of Austria by
Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip Austria-Hungary declares war on
Serbia
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Archduke Franz Ferdinand & his family
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The assassin: Gavrilo Princip ***VIDEO!
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Europe divided: Triple Entente (Allied Powers) Serbia Russia
France Britain Italy (1915) United States (1917)
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Allied Powers (Triple Entente) George V [Br] Nicholas II [Rus]
Victor Emmanuel II [It] Pres. Poincare [Fr]
Central Powers (Triple Alliance) Franz Josef [A-H] Enver Pasha
[Turkey] Wilhelm II [Ger]
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Schlieffen Plan Germany hoped to defeat France quickly by
attacking from Belgium & cut-off Britain from the rest of
Europe, then go after Russia
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Central Powers Strategy: Schlieffen Plan: First Battle of
Marne: Schlieffen Plan fails French are out gunned by Germans Both
sides dig in; War reaches stalemate
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Trench Warfare: Both armies dug & occupied trenches for
hundreds of miles Rats, lice, unburied bodies, flooding, sickness
& disease
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Turkish soldiers in the trenches
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Trench warfare: No mans land thin strip of bombed out land b/w
trenches filled w/ barbed wire & land mines
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No mans land
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New Weapons/ Technology: Machine guns Tanks Poison gas
Submarines Airplanes
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Big Bertha
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Renault tank
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Real Flying Aces Eddie Rickenbacher, US Francesco Barraco, It.
Eddie Mick Mannoch, Br. Willy Coppens de Holthust, Belg Rene Pauk
Fonck, Fr. Manfred von Richtoffen, Ger. [The Red Baron]
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Important Battles: First Battle of the Marne major German
offensive Battle of Gallipolli * Battle of Verdun--Longest battle
of the war; most casualties Battle of the Somme--1 st offensive for
Br.; known for high casualty rate Second Battle of the Marne--last
German offensive (poor attempt); final offensive of the war Battle
of Argonne Forest-- heavy American casualties; American
success
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US Neutrality Wilson issues declaration of neutrality Americans
see war as a European problem Tradition of isolationism Privately
US favors Allied Powers Economically US does more business w/
Allied Powers
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Events leading to U.S. involvement in WWI: Brit. Intercepting
& searching U.S. ships German U-boat attacks Arms trading w/
Allies Zimmerman Note Lusitania
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Zimmerman Note
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Sinking of the Lusitania
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Apr. 1917Congress declares war
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Opposition to War: Quakers Mennonites Rep. Jeannette Rankin
& Sen. Robert LaFollette, Jane Addams Socialist Party
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Lets Review: What were the causes of World War I? What were the
2 major alliances? Who made up each alliance? How was the war
fought? What was some of the new technology used in World War I?
What were some of the major turning points in the war? How did the
US come to be involved in World War I?
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Objectives: Describe how America mobilizes for war. Discuss how
womens roles changed during the war. Analyze how the war impacted
the civil liberties of American citizens.
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Mobilization
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Selective Service Act: required men aged 21-30 to register w/
local draft boards Pros: Build more democratic country by uniting a
variety of people Indian citizenship (1924) Cons: Segregated units
Blacks limited in the positions they could serve Conscientious
objectors rejected
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song
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Army recruitment posters
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Training Troops: New facilities built Medical exams Fighting
drills
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American Expeditionary Force: Convoy system Gen. John Pershing
1917march through France 1918began participating in fighting
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The 369 th Hell Fighters were rewarded the Croix de Guerre for
gallantry in battle and returned to the U.S. as heroes to African
Americans. Sgt. Alvin C. York
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The War Effort at Home Raise money: Liberty & Victory bonds
increased taxes (War Revenue Act)
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The War Effort at Home Daylight savings time Prohibition 18 th
Amendment Volstead Act
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The War Effort at Home War boards: Food Admin. (Hoover) Fuel
Admin. (Garfield) Railroad Admin. (McAdoo) War Industries Board
(Baruch) War Labor Board (Taft & Walsh)
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Spirit of 76
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Mobilizing Workers: National War Labor Board Arbitrates
disputes b/w labor & business Union membership grew Labor
shortages & strikes Great Migration Afr. Amer. To North &
Cities
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US Shipping Board
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Mobilizing Workers Volunteerism Juliette Low Girl Scouts Boy
Scouts
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Women
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Mobilizing Workers Women worked outside home 19 th amendment
passes
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Women Munitions Workers
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German women in a munitions factory
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Woman ambulance driver
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Hello Girls French speaking women hired as switchboard
operators
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The Red Cross
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Russian female soldiers
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Mata Hari Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle German
Spy!
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Propaganda: Committee on Public Information (George Creel)
Anti-German sentiments Americanization
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Impact of the War on the US: 1.Unemployment disappeared.
2.Expansion of big government. 3.Increased govt. regulation of
econ. 4.Cooperation b/w public & private sectors. 5.New
opportunities for disadvantaged groups.
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Attacks on Civil Liberties Espionage Act Sedition Act Schenk v.
United States
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Gov. limit on rights: Espionage Act: forbade actions that
obstructed recruitment or promoted insubordination in the military
ordered the Postmaster General to remove Leftist materials from the
mail fines of up to $10,000 and/or up to 20 years in prison
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Gov. limit on rights: Sedition Act: Makes it a crime to speak
against the purchase of war bonds or willfully utter, print, write
or publish any disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language
about the US Govt., the US Constitution, or the US armed forces or
to willfully urge, incite, or advocate any curtailment of
production of things necessary or essential to the prosecution of
the warwith intent of such curtailment to cripple or hinder, the US
in the prosecution of the war
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Schenck v. US Schenck v. US 1919 - in ordinary times the
mailing of the leaflets would have been protected by the 1 st
Amendment. - BUT, every act of speech must be judged acc. to the
circumstances in which it was spoken. -The most stringent
protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely
shouting fire in a theater and causing a panic. [Justice Oliver
Wendell Holmes] - If an act of speech posed a clear and present
danger, then Congress had the power to restrain such speech.
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Lets Review: How did the US mobilize for war? How did womens
lives change during the war? How were civil liberties restricted
during the war?
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Objectives: Discuss the Russian Revolution. Evaluate the end of
the war, including the Treaty of Versailles & Wilsons 14 Points
Discuss the Influenza pandemic.
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Russian Revolution: March 1917--Overthrew czar Bolsheviks
seized power in Nov. Vladimir Lenin signed treaty w/ Central Powers
& exited war Germans concentrate on France
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The War Ends Second Battle of Marne Germanys last offensive
Allies push Germans back 3 times German econ. is wrecked &
people are starvingGermans surrender 1918 (Armistice)
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Wilsons 14 Points: 9 dealt w/ self determination &
territorial disputes Causes of war Est. League of Nations Amer.
Favored idea, Allies had mixed feelings & Germans rejected
it
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Treaty of Versailles: Divided Germanys colonies & Ottoman
Empire b/w Allies Est. mandate system Created new nations Germany
takes full responsibility & pays reparations
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Casualties of the War 8.5 million dead 21 million wounded
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World War I Casualties
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Most of Europe in ruins German econ. devastated
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Results: U.S. Congress rejects League of Nations Unrest in
Middle East Balfour DecisionJewish homeland in Palestine Created
League of Nations
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Influenza Pandemic 1918- 1919 600,000 Americans killed by flu
More Americans killed by flu virus than WWI
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I had a little bird, Its name was Enza. I opened the window,
And in-flu-enza
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Lets Review: What occurs in Russia & how does it impact the
war? What document ends the war? Was it fair? How does President
Wilson respond to the end of the war? How does the influenza
pandemic impact the US?