8/3/2019 World Comparative Politics - The Political System of Switzerland
1/14
WORLD COMPARATIVE POLITICS THE POLITICAL SYSTEM OF SWITZERLAND
- 1 -
The Political System of Switzerland
Residency Pre-Assignment World Comparative Politics
Submitted to
Dr. Michael Leube
By
Tabea Hirzel
In partial fulfilment of therequirement for the
World Comparative Politics CourseSMC University
Vienna, January 25, 2010
8/3/2019 World Comparative Politics - The Political System of Switzerland
2/14
WORLD COMPARATIVE POLITICS THE POLITICAL SYSTEM OF SWITZERLAND
- 2 -
Abstract
Switzerland could be considered as what David Sloan Wilson and Elliott Sober defined a
trait group (1994). This is not a thesis proposal to consider multilevel selection as the main
foundation of a countries constitution. In the case of Switzerland where a common genetic
pool and common culture can only be defined in a highly contradictory way Wilson &
Sobers theory offers a background that gives the Helvetian phenomenon a possibility to be
understood from a socio-political point of view.
Index
Abstract ................................................................................................................................. - 2 -Introduction ........................................................................................................................... - 3 -Origins ................................................................................................................................... - 3 -
Prehistory .......................................................................................................................... - 3 -Celtic Tribes ...................................................................................................................... - 4 -Roman Empire ................................................................................................................... - 4 -Frank and German Empire ................................................................................................ - 5 -The Ancient Rgime .......................................................................................................... - 6 -The Helvetic ...................................................................................................................... - 7 -Birth of a Democracy ........................................................................................................ - 7 -
Todays political system ........................................................................................................ - 8 -Brief constitutional history ................................................................................................ - 8 -The constitution ................................................................................................................. - 8 -Political bodies .................................................................................................................. - 9 -
Federal Supreme Court .................................................................................................. - 9 -Swiss Federal Council ................................................................................................. - 10 -Swiss National Council ............................................................................................... - 10 -Council of the States ................................................................................................... - 10 -
Decision making process ................................................................................................. - 11 -Analysis Strengthes and Weakness ..................................................................................... - 11 -
Strengthes ........................................................................................................................ - 11 -Weakness ......................................................................................................................... - 12 -
People and the Government ................................................................................................ - 12 - Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... - 13 -Bibliography ........................................................................................................................ - 13 -
8/3/2019 World Comparative Politics - The Political System of Switzerland
3/14
WORLD COMPARATIVE POLITICS THE POLITICAL SYSTEM OF SWITZERLAND
- 3 -
Introduction
1882 Ernst Renan defined: Switzerland is not a nation based on ethnical, religious, linguistic
or cultural identity but is rather understood as a voluntary association of independent,
autonomous republics and former city states that by free will agree to cooperate. (Renan,
1882); A theory that is largely accepted since then.
But what led to this voluntary association and to the redaction of the Swiss constitution
(Bundesverfassung) and the creation of Switzerland as a nation state in 1848, almost forty
years earlier? Answers shall be found analysing the social-psychological process
(Deschamps, Pez, Pennebaker, & et al., 2006) carefully looking into the history ofSwitzerland and its constitution, considering the fact history is never unbiased (Romanowski,
1996). This is therefore the version of the author of this paper, a Swiss national herself.
Origins
The territory of modern Switzerland was built very late in the Tertiary of the Neozoic by the
tectonic formation of the continents, when the African the European tectonic plates crushed
together around 65 Mio years ago. This was the birth of the Alps, the mountains crossing all
Switzerland and covering around 70% of its territory. First human activities are dated back to
150.000 to 100.000 BD years, rather late comparing to the estimation of 2 Mio years for the
first (wo)men in Africa, but some of the first human traces in Europe.
PrehistoryPrehistory was an active time in terms of culture and activity in this area. Starting with the
Palaeolithic around 18.000 to 8.000 BD, rich in stone carvings and archaeological findings of
8/3/2019 World Comparative Politics - The Political System of Switzerland
4/14
WORLD COMPARATIVE POLITICS THE POLITICAL SYSTEM OF SWITZERLAND
- 4 -
cave settling, followed by the Megalith culture and lake border settlings found all over the
Middle Lands and Western Switzerland during the Mesolithic around 3.000 to 1.800 over the
middle lands and Western Switzerland continuously evolving through the Neolithic bronze
time, marked through trade between divers Celtic tribes settling in Switzerland and Greek and
Roman tribes, especially the Etruscans. The prehistoric time ended 800 BD with the first
written texts by the Helvetii, the strongest of the Alpine Celtic tribes.
Celtic Tribes
The Helvetii were one of the Celtic tribes that lived in this area apart from the Bojii, Rauracii
and Raetii and well for being fierce soldiers (Gaius Iulius Caesar, 57 BD). In the middle of
crossing migration routes of several Celtic tribes their culture belonged to the Hallstead
culture from southern Germany and Austria and later La Tne culture centred in WesternSwitzerland and France. During the Roman Empire the Helvetii highly intensified their trade
with Rome and Greece and the first city Aventicum was assumingly build as trade centre. The
result was an unbalanced growth in population of the Helvetii. No exact sources are left about
what they actually motivated in 58 BD to move from the Middle Lands northwards to the area
of Bibracte, todays Autun in Burgundy, France. Their lifestyle was described by Caesar as in
ongoing conflict with the other Celtic tribes, pushing them away from pasting lands or
robbing them their goods. A known fact is that 300.000 Helvetii confronted Caesar inBibracte, which is an extremely high number for those times considering that until the
beginning of the 18 Century the total Swiss population was only 1.2 Million (Hunziker, 2005).
This was probably the emigration of the whole Helvetii tribe and build an important threat to
the Roman Empire, the Helvetic Rauracii a Roman, friendly tribe lived in this area, which by
then was under Roman protection and an important trade centre. Whatever the motivation of
the Helvetii was to leave Switzerland, they were defeated by Caesar. Four important outcomes
resulted from this even; it was politically effective for Ceasar to win a battle against an
unbeatable tribe and promoted his own political plans, the Helvetii had to return to
Switzerland and learnt that outside their territory their change for survival was less,
Switzerland became part of the Roman Empire as Gallica Belgica and later under the name of
Germania Superior. The Helvetii culture already mingled with Roman and Greek influences
became romanised.
Roman Empire
The Roman occupation had many advantages for the Helvetic tribes. The Romans used theirstrategy of a federal administration also in Switzerland and recognizing their bellicose
8/3/2019 World Comparative Politics - The Political System of Switzerland
5/14
WORLD COMPARATIVE POLITICS THE POLITICAL SYSTEM OF SWITZERLAND
- 5 -
abilities by hiring them for the Roman military. This should become an important source of
wealth for the Swiss people until the 19th Century. Since the northern limes had already
moved southwards, due to the Germanic and Alemanic pressure, the frontier of the Roman
Empire was now crossing the northern border of Switzerland and Augusta Raurica (Augst,
CH), Acquae (Baden, CH), Salodurum (Solothurn, CH), Leosonna (Lausanne, CH), Geneva
(Geneva, CH), Turicum (Zurich, CH) and Curia (Chur, CH) where built in the time between
44 and 15 BD in order to protect the frontiers and as commercial centres. Part of the Roman
military strategy was also the building of a sophisticated transport network. Thus the first pass
way through mountains over the St. Bernhard was built in 47 BD and connected the limes
with the roman capital. It was also the way which chose Hannibal Barca, originating from
Carthage in todays Tunisia and leaded in 218 BD Gaulo-Carthaginian invasion against the
Roman Empire through the Alps. Until 250 AD the Helvetii lived a quiet live and many
fortifications were in decay when 260 AD the Alemannic tribes attacked. Rome already
involved in several battles fighting uplifting tribes in the provinces sent the Theban Legion to
protect the frontiers. Its existence and its legendary origin in Egypt are rather debated in
todays history. Nevertheless, its part of the founding myth of many important Swiss locations,
including Zurich where Christinan soldiers from the Theban legion started in 286 AD the
Christianization of St. Maurice and Turicum (Zurich, CH), two cities that welcomed this new
religion as rebellion against the re-installed Caesar cult. After further attacks by the
Alemannic the Romans leave Switzerland in 401, nine years before the official end of the
Roman Empire.
Frank and German Empire
Switzerland becomes occupied by Germanic Ostrogoth and Alemannic Tribes until 439 the
Burgundy Kings pushe the Alemannic back and make Geneva the capital of their Kingdom in
496 under King Chlodwig. Until the seventh Century Switzerland belongs to the Frank
Empires, devided in Gaus, sort of autonomous provinces, and peacefully passes over to the
Holy Roman Empire Germany established by Charlemagne descendent of the Franks.
Christianization goes on throughout these period promoted by Irish monks who establish
several important monasteries in Switzerland (Dissentis, Reichenau, St. Gallen).
In 888 Switzerland becomes an independent Kingdom called High-Burgundy, with the capital
in Geneva. This is where the idea of a unified people that share their destiny and their
interests slowly evolves emphasized by severe attacks from the Hungarians and Saracens(Spanish) during the 10th Century and is enforced when Switzerland is integrated again into
8/3/2019 World Comparative Politics - The Political System of Switzerland
6/14
WORLD COMPARATIVE POLITICS THE POLITICAL SYSTEM OF SWITZERLAND
- 6 -
the German Empire in 1033. With the Zhringer heritage of the Burgundy empire a new era
starts. Several local aristocrats take over the power in Switzerland Zhringer, Welfen, Salier,
Walser, Toggenburger, Kyburger, Habsburger, Staufer, Landenberger and Bonstetter are the
first names related to the early local governments of city states and land states, still deeply
connected politically and through family relations with the houses of the German, the
Habsburg and the Franks as well as their descendants.
The Ancient Rgime
The following centuries are marked by battles for the independence from these large
Kingdoms, blood feuds between the families in power leading towards a high monopolization
of power in the hands of few families, fights between different city states for economic and
political reasons, fights between the cities and the land states mostly due to economic andlegal inequalities between the classes of the highly hierarchical social system lead by an
Aristocracy and the Ministerial and further religious differences by the mostly catholic
regions in rural central Switzerland and the reformed city states Base, Bern, St. Gallen,
Toggenburg, Geneva and Zurich. The Swiss understand themselves as a loose bond of
independent states, officially confirmed in 1291 by the political confederation of the Central
Swiss States in theBundesbriefand the Confederation of The Little States by Bern, Biel,
Murten and Solothurn, supported by several contractual agreements with the remaining states.This date counts today as the official historic date of the foundation of Switzerland. Known as
theAcient Rgime this political system and the related bellicose conflicts go on until 1815.
The possibility of free agreements with foreign governments and the fame of the Swiss as
fierce soldiers, supported by several extremely cruel battles between confederates motivated
an intense activity of mercenaries which led to enormous wealth but also death and suffering.
Ever more often it happened that Swiss were fighting on both sides of a battle. For this reason
is abolished with the end of the Swiss guard during the French revolution in 1815. During
almost thousand years the Swiss had suffered many conflicts in finding a common identity
and peaceful settling of their disagreements, but they also had known not to get involved into
any international conflict in none of the devastating conflicts from The 100 Years war, The
thirty years war until World War I and II had Switzerland been involved. They had learnt how
to defend their frontiers, which remained more or less unchanged, and to live in peace with
their neighbours. Now, they had to find the inner peace.
8/3/2019 World Comparative Politics - The Political System of Switzerland
7/14
WORLD COMPARATIVE POLITICS THE POLITICAL SYSTEM OF SWITZERLAND
- 7 -
The Helvetic
Whit the so calledHelvetic epoch starts. This period begins with numerous revolutions from
the rural people against cities governors and landlords, calledBrgermeisterandLandvogt.
Even their certainly have been cases of injustices, these uplifting are neither understood as
motivated by economic reasons nor by sufferings (Bning, 1998). The main inspiration was
an ideological one imported by the French revolution and the ideas of Jean Jacques
Rousseaus (Genf 1712-1778) Contract Social published in 1762 and promoting the idea of
the will of the people, as well as the foundation of public schools in 1775 by Heinrich
Pestalozzi (1746-1827). Remarkable is, that, even though 90% if the military came from the
rural areas, these revolutions all failed and remained rather small (Holzhey & Zurbuchen,
1997). Probably, one of the most important reasons for this was the correct analysis of the
political situation in the folk by the Aristocratic elite. Thus, they themselves proposed a
democratic system which could be accepted by all people and should maintain Switzerland as
a Confederation (Simon, 1998). By this the old Regime maintained its power and could chose
its role in the new system freely influencing the unavoidable changes going on all over
Europe. In 1813 the liberal constitution of the Cantons was set up, 1815 the Swiss Neutrality
was confirmed again and 1833 even the Catholic Church was democratized. This led finally to
theBundesverfassung in 1848, based on the Constitution of the United States, and the
recognition of Switzerland as a modern state country with its special form of direct
democracy and confederal organization as we know it today.
Birth of a Democracy
The political evolution of Switzerland is special in many aspects. From a middle age feudal
system it jumped directly into a modern democracy where minorities have the highest
possible respect and the voice of each citizen is highly valued, balancing opposing ideas and
conflicting interests the best way know so far. Being one of the most bellicose tribes it
converted to one of the most peaceful ones, not involved in any bellicose activity since 1815.
This did not happen due to a voluntary pacifism, Switzerland counts 78,2 fit soldiers out of a
population of 1000. However, the strength of the Swiss military force as one of the first in the
world is probably rather a myth going back to its Roman-Celtic history than to real current
facts. Since 1873 Switzerland converted into a leading industrial power. During a long period
of their history the Swiss managed to integrate foreign cultures and new knowledge in a way
that maintained its people unified and gave them a common identity. Today, Switzerland
counts four official languages with equal rights and lacks a single language as common
denominator. Even though most Swiss speak English, many of them would also speak the
8/3/2019 World Comparative Politics - The Political System of Switzerland
8/14
WORLD COMPARATIVE POLITICS THE POLITICAL SYSTEM OF SWITZERLAND
- 8 -
language of other parts. The phenomenon of identity building in Switzerland is still not fully
understood and leads to political tensions under crisis reviving the issue of over population
(bervlkerung) since the plague in 1348 and several trackings of the Jews.
Todays political system
Brief constitutional history
The constitution of Switzerland is born from a large and complex process over more than 700
years. Starting with the first confederate agreement in 1291, The Charta of Schwyz, a
document of political self-organization followed by the Charta of Sempach in 1391
establishing trade agreements and religious independence, the Stanser Verkommnis by 8
States in 1481 to order conflicts between rural areas ant the cities (Bauernkrieg), the 13-States-Union in 1513, The Peace of Basel in 1499 after the Swabian War receiving political
autonomy, the Treaty of Westphalia in 1684 after the Thirty years War, a rather failed
mediation by Napoleon in 1798 who tried to resolve internal conflicts of the Swiss Gaus by
a imposed constitution, The Congress of Vienna with the confirmation of neutrality in 1815
culminating in the creation of Switzerland as a nation state with its Confederate Constitution
(Bundesverfassung) in 1884.
The constitution
This defines Switzerland a multi-party, federal parliamentary direct democratic republic whereby
the Federal council of Switzerland is the head of government, the so called federalist system
(Fderalismus). The modern constitution is based on the Constitution of the United States of
America and the French Constitution highly influenced by the related philosophies of Jean
Jacques Rousseau, et al. The referendum is established since 1874 where only 100.000 people
can initiate at any time a general survey to change any law, including the constitution. Here
the Swiss law contradicts the Public International Law.
The constitutional law is the highest order of law and cannot be contradicted by any cantonal
or local law. However, decisions of the Federal Assembly go before the constitution. There is
now judicial review. The democratic decision process is higher valued than the state of law
(Rechtsstaat) true to Rousseaus idea of the will of the people (Rousseau, 1762).
Fundamental rights in the Constitution of the Swiss Confederation (Federal Decree 1998,
1999) are human dignity (Art. 7), right for live and personal freedom (Art. 10), protection ofprivacy (Art. 13), right of marriage and family (Art. 14), freedom of religion and conscience
8/3/2019 World Comparative Politics - The Political System of Switzerland
9/14
WORLD COMPARATIVE POLITICS THE POLITICAL SYSTEM OF SWITZERLAND
- 9 -
(Art. 15), freedom of opinion and information (Art. 16), freedom of media (Art. 17), freedom
of speech (Art. 18), freedom of science (Art. 20), freedom of art (Art. 21) and assembly (Art.
22), freedom of association (Art. 23), freedom of residence (Art. 24), protection against
deportation (Art. 25), guarantee of private property (Art. 26), freedom of economic activity
(Art. 27) and freedom of coalition (Art. 28). Many further rights are defined in detail.
Political bodies
The political bodies are the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland (Bundesgericht), the Swiss
Federal Council with 7 councillors and two Chambers of equal rights; the Swiss Council of
States similar to the US upper house and the National Council comparable to the US lower
house. An important point is that with very little exception both military and political bodies
are built from normal citizens with normal jobs and lives. This is considered as the system ofMilitia which guarantees the highest possible independence. There is no direct economic
interest in entering these institutions.
Figure 1: Source from Wikipedia
Federal Supreme Court
According to the Constitution of Switzerland, the court has jurisdiction over violations of
federal law, public international law, inter-cantonal law, cantonal constitutional rights,
8/3/2019 World Comparative Politics - The Political System of Switzerland
10/14
WORLD COMPARATIVE POLITICS THE POLITICAL SYSTEM OF SWITZERLAND
- 10 -
autonomy of municipalities, and other guarantees granted by the Cantons to public corporate
bodies and federal and cantonal provisions and political rights (Wikipedia, 2010).
Because of an emphasis on direct democracy through referendum, the Constitution precludes
the court from reviewing acts of the Federal Parliament, unless such review is specifically
provided for by statute (Wikipedia, 2010).
Swiss Federal Council
This is executive council of Switzerland composed of seven members. Its responsibilities are
the federal administration and serving as the representative head of the states is leaded
according to the norms of collegiality, spectral representation and political balance.
Swiss National Council
The Nation Council elects the President of the National Council, proposes laws and reviews
laws from the Council of the States, and publishes laws for the obligatory and facultative
referendum.
Distribution according to fractions with its German denomination are Sozialdemokratische
Fraktion, Grne Fraktion, Fraktion CVP/EVP/glp, FDP-Liberale Fraktion, Fraktion der
Brgerlich-Demokratischen Partei, Fraktion der Schweizerischen Volkspartei, without
fraction whose evolution in percentages are shown in the table down here (Wikipedia, 2010):
Council of the States
Also called Stckli which means residency of the elder because of the high percentage of
elder politicians, 2 of each canton (1 for half-cantons), elected by simple-majority.
8/3/2019 World Comparative Politics - The Political System of Switzerland
11/14
WORLD COMPARATIVE POLITICS THE POLITICAL SYSTEM OF SWITZERLAND
- 11 -
Elects the President of the Council of the States (1 year-turn), without advice by their cantons!
Proposes laws and reviews laws from the National Council, publishes laws for the obligatory
and facultative referendum.
Decision making process
The decision making process starts usually with the law making Council of the States or
National Council and is presented to the people for referendum. The other possibility is a
public initiative of 50.000 signatures (100.000 in case of constitutional law) wich will be
presented to the National Assembly of the Council of the States and the National Council and
given to public survey afterwards. The process of law making is even more complex and will
not further be developed here. The Consociationalism (Konkordanzdemokratie) of the Swiss
system guaranties equal group representation, power-sharing and corporatism. The Collegialprinciple (2 equal chambers); between National Council and the Council of the States requires
their reciprocal approval with max 3. Turns and guaranties a balance of powers.
As stated before, there is no judicial review. The will of the people is the highest judicial
instance.
Analysis Strengthes and Weakness
Strengthes
Strengths of the Swiss political system have come thanks to a large periods of evolution and
political praxis of the system. Some major advantages are the balance of interests, the balance
of powers, respect for minorities and a high political participation and identification.
Inequalities between the cities and the country side, especially villages in the mountains are
compensated with special help for the. Public schools and narrow transport nets have support
the live in the country side. Labour unions and agricultural associations are quite active and
successful in defending the rights of these groups.
The balance of powers comes first of all from the sophisticated system of check and balances,
division of powers in the political bodies and a complex system of proportional representation
and quota and guaranties an equal and fair representation of all citizens.
The sensitivity for the needs of minorities and the system of a direct democracy is supported
by rich political involvement integrated in the culture that proliferates a rather highidentification with the national laws and policies.
8/3/2019 World Comparative Politics - The Political System of Switzerland
12/14
WORLD COMPARATIVE POLITICS THE POLITICAL SYSTEM OF SWITZERLAND
- 12 -
Weakness
The most important weakness is probably that the Swiss political system is that it is basically
created for inner peace and stability and has a minor focus on international politics, at least in
its historical development. This can lead to conflicts between the democratic rights of the
people and the international conception of human rights or the international law what makes
Swiss polity sometimes contradictious and requires highly sensitive diplomatic compromises.
Further challenges are the fluidity of the constitution that lacks an absolutely fixed written law
making the integration of new members to the group more vulnerable and the political system
rather complex, a reason why education and immigration policies are considered highly
important. For the reasons above also the decision making process can take longer but offers
in turn solutions that find a broader acceptance. Sometimes the lack of a single head
representing the country during a large period can lead to confusions in the diplomatic
discourse.
People and the Government
The structure of more or less equal people governed by elite is very old in Switzerland and
dates back at least to the times of Celtic culture. The difference in status was not very well
defined and rather attached to political than economic privileges. In general conflicts between
the people and the government in Switzerland had rather been limited. The most important
conflicts were probably the revolution during the Bauernkriege, the end of mercenaries 1815,
the uplifting of the Stfner Memorial. There have been many other conflicts, but most had
been motivated by struggles for power between people or aristocrats of different regions,
family feuds and conflicts do to divergent religious or political ideas.
Switzerland is a country that generally lacks natural resources. The Swiss wealth is mostly
based on a highly developed commercial activity. This explains why conflicts in Switzerlandare often connected with the provision of food and other resources like Salt, Wine (middle
ages), Grain, Fertilizer (WWII) Oil (actuality), sensitivity to toll tariffs and regulations for
export especially for military goods, banking services and migration laws. The high valuation
of grown structures and traditions as well as the intense connection with the mountains and
lakes and its use as spiritual inspiration and economic source (pass way, tunnel systems,
military strategy) explain many complex construction laws of the country which have led to
several conflicts in history (NEAT, Luzern Luxury Residencies, Minaret).
8/3/2019 World Comparative Politics - The Political System of Switzerland
13/14
WORLD COMPARATIVE POLITICS THE POLITICAL SYSTEM OF SWITZERLAND
- 13 -
History has shown that imposition of a single religion or freedom of religion by a higher
authority didnt work. Each religion and ideology had to find its role through periods of
conflict and discussions as remembered by the expulsion of the Jews in 1490 (Jewish History,
2010), Killing of thousands of Pagans and Christian Heretics, conflicts with Kurdish
separatists and New Age revolutionaries in more recent times, or the discussions about the
role of Islam in the Swiss culture.
Conclusion
Switzerland is country full of contradiction, one of the most peaceful ones but with an
important role of military in its culture, a people of free minds but one of the last to accept
women to vote (since 1971), the oldest European country with a federal and participatory
political concept that worked but, at the same time, remained in its culture feudal until
modernity. But first of all Switzerland is a nation that by external stimuli and internal conflict
has evolved as a group and offers certainly an interesting ground on further studies of multi-
level selection.
Bibliography
Aristotle. (1999).Nicomachean Ethics. Retrieved February 20, 2010, from Translated by W.D. Ross:http://socserv.mcmaster.ca/econ/ugcm/3ll3/aristotle/Ethics.pdf
Bning, H. (1998).Der Traum von Freiheit und Gleichheit. Zrich: Orell Fssli.
COE The Council of Europe. (2000).Against bias and prejudice. Retrieved February 16, 2010, fromThe Council of Europe's work on:http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/education/historyteaching/Source/Results/General/Bias&Prejudice_en.pdf
Deschamps, J., Pez, D., Pennebaker, J., & et al. (2006). The Social Psychology of History. RetrievedFebruary 16, 2010, fromhttp://homepage.psy.utexas.edu/homepage/faculty/Pennebaker/Reprints/PennebakerPaezDeschampsetal.pdf
Die Schweiz als Erzhlung. Nationale und Narrative Identittskonstruktionen in Max Frisch's Stiller,
Willhelm Tell fr die Schule und Diesntbchlein. (n.d.). Retrieved February 20, 2010, fromhttp://ganymedes.lib.unideb.hu:8080/dea/bitstream/2437/79591/4/de_1547.pdf
Federal Decree 1998. (1999). Constitution of the Swiss Confederation. Retrieved February 22, 20101,from http://www.admin.ch/ch/e/rs/1/101.en.pdf
Gaius Iulius Caesar. (57 BD).De Bello Gallico. Retrieved February 20, 2010, fromhttp://www.gottwein.de/Lat/caes/caes001.php
8/3/2019 World Comparative Politics - The Political System of Switzerland
14/14
WORLD COMPARATIVE POLITICS THE POLITICAL SYSTEM OF SWITZERLAND
- 14 -
Hirzel, T. (2010, February 12).Map of cave settling findings. Retrieved February 12, 2010
Holzhey, H., & Zurbuchen, S. (1997). Vom Memorialhandel zu den Stfner Volksunruhen:Landbrgertum und plebejische Bewegung. Alte Lcher neue, P. 83-99. Zrich: HelmuthHolzhey u . Simone Zurbuchen.
Hunziker, M. (2005, November 2).Mensch und Landschaft: theoretische, empirische und methodischeZugnge. Retrieved February 20, 2010, from Abt. Landschaft & Gesellschaft, WSL: Menschund Landschaft: theoretische, empirische und methodische Zugnge
Jewish History. (2010). Retrieved February 20, 2010, fromhttp://www.jewishhistory.org.il/history.php?startyear=1490&endyear=1499
Kerber-Net.de. (n.d.). Friedrich von Schiller. Willhelm Tell. Die historischen Ereignisse. RetrievedFebruary 22, 2010, from http://www.kerber-net.de/literatur/deutsch/drama/schiller/tell/geschichte.pdf
Renan, E. (1882, March 11). Quest-ce quune nation? Confrence faite en Sorbonne, Paris. RetrievedJanuary 10 2010
Romanowski, M. (1996, March). Problems of Bias in History Text Books. Retrieved February 16,2010, from Brian S. Collier. Historian:http://www.brianscollier.com/classreadings/Problems_of_Bias_in_History_Textbooks.pdf
Rousseau, J. (1762).Du Contrat Social ou Principes du droit politique. Retrieved February 22, 2010,from http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/Rousseau_jj/contrat_social/Contrat_social.pdf
Simon, C. (1998). Pro-helvetische Wiederstnde gegen restaurative tendenzen in der Sptphase der
Helvetik: Die Zehntunruhen im Distrik Fehraltorf als Fallbeispiel. Dossier Helvetik IV. Basel:Christian Simon.
Sober, E. R., & Wilson, D. S. (1994).Re-introducing Group Selection to the Human BehavioralScience. Retrieved February 20, 2010, fromhttp://www.bbsonline.org/Preprints/OldArchive/bbs.wilson.html
UNESCO. (1955, May 25).International Understanding and Co-operation Documents Relating toImprovement of Textbooks and Teaching Material. Retrieved February 16, 2010, fromSummary on History without Bias?:http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001441/144171eb.pdf
Wikipedia. (2010). Political System of Switzerland. Retrieved January 30, 2010, fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Switzerland
Wilson, D. S. (2007).Evolution for Everyone: How Darwin's Theory Can Change the Way We ThinkAbout Our Lives. New York: Delacorte Press .
Top Related