DevelopmentGender
Issues
Development and Gender: Widespread Mentality
Gender issues considered as secondary, if not superfluous
Reflected also in governments ICT development policies
Womens needs and interests marginalized in information society, especially in developing countries
Gender issues considered as secondary, if not superfluous
Reflected also in governments ICT development policies
Womens needs and interests marginalized in information society, especially in developing countries
Achieve Universal Primary Education
Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women
Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger
Reduce Child Mortality
Improve Maternal Health
Combat Infectious Diseases
Ensure Environmental Sustainability
Develop Global Partnership for Development
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GENDERGENDERRELEVANCERELEVANCE
Development
GENDER
Development and Gender: Call for a New Mental Picture
GENDER
ISSUES
Socially-Inclusive
Development
GENDER:
Minor Special Group Interest
GENDER:
MainstreamComponent of National and International Development
GenderGender--Responsive ICT DevelopmentResponsive ICT Development: :
Toward a Framework of Toward a Framework of Citizen EngagementCitizen Engagement
ICT DEVELOPMENT
TECHNOLOGY
CITIZEN ENGAGEMENT
INFRASTRUCTURE
ACCESS TO INFO
EDUCATION &
TRAINING
SOCIAL NETWORK
PARTICIPATORY
DECISION-MAKING
RESPONSIVE
PROGRAMS & SERVICES
MDGs
Essential Questions
Development for whom?
Which groups are left out in its processes and outcomes?
UNDERDEVELOPED /DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
RURAL AREAS
WOMEN
URBAN POOR
ICT Development for Knowledge-Based Economy
Information and Communications Information and Communications
Technologies (Technologies (ICTsICTs))
Engine of knowledge-based economy Contribution to rapid/ cost-effectiveservices Increased level of transparency andaccountability Facilitate and expand socio-economicnetwork
UNEVEN ACCESS AND BENEFITS
DIGITAL DIVIDE
REGIONAL
DISTRIBUTION
GENDER
EQUALITY
RURAL
DEVELOPMENT
Regional Digital Divide: Regional Digital Divide:
Diffusion of Internet Diffusion of Internet
REGION Internet Users/10,000 inhabitants
Internet Hosts*/10,000 inhabitants
EUROPE 3333 229
AMERICA 2444 1440
ASIA 585 37
AFRICA 111 3
* Internet Host: computer with access to internet
* SOURCE: A Global Sourcebook on Gender and ICT for Development, KIT(Royal Tropical Institute)
ICT Divide: ICT Divide: Internet Users
* SOURCE: ITU (International Telecommunication Union)
GAP
ICT Divide: ICT Divide:
Fixed Telephone / Mobile PhoneFixed Telephone / Mobile Phone
* SOURCE: ITU (International Telecommunication Union)
Problems of Gender Digital Divide
(1) Lower level of ACCESS
(2) Lower level of ICT EDUCATION and TRAINING
(3) Lower level of CONTENTS based on womens needs
(4) Lower level of decision-making POWER in ICT development
Soci0-Economic Context of Gender Digital Divide
Low rate of literacy Low level of education Low level of bilingual/ English education
* over 50% of online contents are in English
Low level of income/ purchasing power Low level of managerial/executive positions Low level of training opportunities Lack of mobility
Predominance of patriarchy Gender socialization Under-representation (political/legislative etc)
Prevailing myth of technology as being neutral
Access to Technology Development of
Infrastructure
Affordable Services Employment Market/Labour regulations
Rights protection Social awareness Community networks
Challenging genderbias/stereotypes
Active Advocacy
Building ICT Infrastructure Training of Skills to Use ICT
Women as USERSUSERS of ICT Services
Economic empowerment Social Network Political advocacy
Women as Active Contributors Active Contributors of ICT Services
ACCESS to ICT EMPOWERMENTthrough ICT
CONSUMER/ END-USERS
PRODUCERS/ACTIVE PARTICIPANTS IN
PLANNING, IMPLEMENTATION,
EVALUATION
20102010 UNDP GEM UNDP GEM (Gender Empowerment Measure(Gender Empowerment Measure))
RANK: Top 10 RANK: Bottom 10
1 NORWAY
2 AUSTRALIA
3 ICELAND
4 CANADA
5 IRELAND
6 NETHERLANDS
7 SWEDEN
8 FRANCE
9 SWITZERLAND
10 JAPAN
173 GUINEA-BISSAU
174 BURUNDI
175 CHAD
176 DEM REP CONGO
177 BURKINA FASO
178 MAIL
179 CENTRAL AF. REP
180 SIERRA LEON
181 AFGANISTAN
182 NIGER
15 SPAIN
20102010 UNDP GEM UNDP GEM (Gender Empowerment Measure(Gender Empowerment Measure))
ASIA
10 JAPAN
23 SINGAPORE
24 HONG KONG, CHINA
26 REPUBLIC OF KOREA
30 BRUNEI
87 THAILAND
92 CHINA
102 SRI LANKA
105 PHILIPPINES
111 INDONESIA
115 MONGOLIA
116 VIETNAM
132 BHUTAN
134 INDIA
137 CAMBODIA
138 MYANMAR
141 PAKISTAN
144 NEPAL
146 BANGLADESH
181 AFGANISTAN
Gender ICT StatisticsGender ICT Statistics
Country % Female Internet Users(among all internet users)
PHILIPPINES 58 %
MONGOLIA 56.0 %
THAILAND 52.6 %
UNITED STATES 52.0 %
NEW ZEALAND 51.5 %
CANANA 51.0 %
AUSTRALIA 50.7 %
HONG KONG, CHINA 50.0 %
SLOVENIA 50.0 %
KIRIBATI 50.0 %
GenderGender--Disaggregated ICT DataDisaggregated ICT Data
Need for reliable and comparable gender-specific indicators on ICTs
Not collected systematically by all countriesNeed for standardized scope of coverage and degree of detail
Quantitative study necessary for accurate monitoring and policyimprovement on digital divide
The level of womens access does not automatically correspond tothe general dissemination of ICTs
Gender Equality and Knowledge Society: WIGSTAT Indicator Framework
* SOURCE: WIGSTAT (Women in Global Science and Technology) GE/IS Indicators, www.wigstat
DIMENSION TOPIC AREAS
SOCIAL
STATUS
EQUITY/DISCRIMINATION
SEX RATIO AT BIRTH
PREVALENCE OF VIOLENCE
TIME USE/ WORKLOAD
ECONOMIC
STATUS
ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE POP
EARNED INCOME RATIO
CATEGORY OF WORK
% OF POOREST WOMEN
ACCESS TO
RESOURCES
OWNERSHIP RIGHTS TO
PROPERTY
ACCESS TO CREDIT, LOANS,
VENTURE CAPITAL
% OF WOMEN USING INTERNET
TRANSPORTATION ACCESS
WOMENS
AGENCY
SEATS IN PARLIAMENT
POSITIONS IN MINISTRIES
POSITIONS IN POL. PARTIES/
NGO, PROFESSIONAL ORG
OPPORTUNITY
AND
CAPABILITY
ADULT LITERACY RATE
ENROLMENT IN SCHOOL
AVAILABILITY OF TRAINING
POLICY
ENVIRONMENT
GENDER-SPECIFIC POLICIES
GENDER-RELATED BUDGET
INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF
INTER-MINISTERIAL RELATIONS
DIMENSION TOPIC AREAS
WOMEN IN
DECISION-
MAKING
SHARES OF WOMEN AS
LEGISLATORS, SENIOR OFFICIALS
AND MANAGERS
SHARES OF BUSINESS WITH 35% OR
MORE IN DECISION-MAKING
PROCESSES
WOMEN IN
KNOWLEDGE
ECONOMY
% IN PROFESSIONAL AND
TECHNICAL POSITIONS
% IN ADMINISTRATIVE AND
MANAGERIAL POSITIONS
EMPLOYMENT BY ECONOMIC
ACTIVITY (OCCUPATION AND
STATUS)
COMPUTER SKILLS LEVEL
% IN ICT WORKFORCE
WOMEN IN S&T
INNOVATION
% OF SCIENCE/ENGINEERING AT
TERTIARY EDUCATION
% OF SCIENTISTS, RESEARCHERS
GENDER TRENDS IN BRAIN DRAIN
NUMBER OF WOMEN-RUN
ENTERPRISES
WOMEN AND
LIFELONG
LEARNING
(LOCAL/COMMUNITY) LEARNING
CENTRES
MANAGERS OF LEARNING
CENTRES
GenderGender--Responsive ICT Development:Responsive ICT Development:
Framework of Good Governance Framework of Good Governance
GOVERNMENT
INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS
PRIVATE SECTOR
NGOs/
ACADEMIAGOOD
GOVERNANCE
FEATURESFEATURES
Market-Driven
Weak ICT Infrastructure
Rural/Urban Disparity
Lack of Local Language Contents
National ICT Master plans, Specialized Government Bodies
International and Regional ICT cooperation
WOMEN ?
NCHD Community Technology Learning Centres(CTLC)
NCHD Community Technology Learning Centres(CTLC)
Attok
Badin
Gujrat
Mansehra
Pishin
Mardan
District CTLCs in the most remote areas of Pakistan
Hands-on computer training for underprivileged women
NCHD Community Technology Learning Centres(CTLC)
NCHD Community Technology Learning Centres(CTLC)
TARGET
FUNDED BY
Underprivileged women in the most remote areas of 8 districts
NCHD (established in 2002), Microsoft, local governments
Since 2002, 14 CTLCs established in all four provinces of Pakistan 8 more established with the support from UNESCO
Each CTLC equipped with computer labs with latest computer hardware & software
Training by professionals Curriculum: (1) Basic computer skills (2) Inculcate practical skills
(presentations, debates, social events, awareness activities)
Learners must pay token fee of Rs. 500 (USD 7), payable in 4 months Four-month session (three times a year)
NCHD Community Technology Learning Centres(CTLC)
NCHD Community Technology Learning Centres(CTLC)
2700 underserved women havesuccessfully completed the ICTcurriculum
307 graduates got ICT-related jobs 93 graduates already working got
increments in their salaries
FEATUREFEATURE
Graduates given the
employment optionemployment option
(Data entry of Universal Primary Education data transcription: project run by NCHD)
NCHD Community Technology Learning Centres(CTLC)
NCHD Community Technology Learning Centres(CTLC)
NCHD MICROSOFTLOCAL
GOVERNMENT
CTLCs
PPP (Public-Private Partnership)
The Tianjin Womens Re-employment & Venture Creation Network System
The Tianjin Womens Re-employment & Venture Creation Network System
Tianjin
Late 1990s: Asian financial crisis
Structural reform/ Unemployment
Laid-off/unemployed women
The Tianjin Womens Re-employment & Venture Creation Network System
The Tianjin Womens Re-employment & Venture Creation Network System
TARGET
FUNDED BY
Unemployed/laid-off women over the age 35
UNDP, AusAID, Chinese government
The Tianjin Womens Re-employment & Venture Creation Network System
The Tianjin Womens Re-employment & Venture Creation Network System
Microcredit Helped to start up more than 2000 small firms Helped 6000 women find jobs
Business Incubator
Nurtured more than 50 women-owned enterprises Offered ICT/ business training and consultation to over 20,000 women Won World Banks grant support (InfoDev ICT Initiative)
Website Dissemination of successful biz models On-line consulting and training in venture creation On-line info on government policies & regulations
MEDIA SPOTLIGHT
COMPETITION/INCENTIVE
NATIONAL TV
LOCAL TV
NEWSPAPER
ONLINE
CONTEST ON
VENTURE BIZ
PLANS
WINNERS
INCUBATOR
TENANTS
The Tianjin Womens Re-employment & Venture Creation Network SystemThe Tianjin Womens Re-employment & Venture Creation Network System
Active Community Network
On + Offline Training
Contents in Local Language
On-line Network: www.tjwbi.com
SUSTAINABILITY
Empowering Women through Home-Based Income Earning:
e-Homemakers (www.ehomemakers.net)Empowering Women through Home-Based Income Earning:
e-Homemakers (www.ehomemakers.net)
TianjinOn-line portal on home-based income earning
Initiated by voluntary mothersnetwork
Social network and advocacy
Empowering Women through Home-Based Income Earning:
e-HomemakersEmpowering Women through Home-Based Income Earning:
e-Homemakers
1998 A voluntary group of mothers forms a Mothersfor Mothers Network (MM)
1998-2000 MM organizes a series of 7 conferences onentrepreneurship and family issues
2001 MM submits a proposal to the Government tofund e-Homemakers project Government approved, with new funding
CREATION OF E-HOMEMAKERS
PORTAL
GRASSROOT
CIVIL SOCIETY
GOVT SUPPORT
EXPANSION of SERVICE
through
ICT
Empowering Women through Home-Based Income Earning:
e-Homemakers (www.ehomemakers.net)Empowering Women through Home-Based Income Earning:
e-Homemakers (www.ehomemakers.net)
THEMATIC AREASTHEMATIC AREAS
1 Provide a work-from-home solution to poor, urban immobile women
2 Equipping women with basic knowledge of computers and training them how to use internet
3 Provide information and support on issues like social prejudice and self-defeating mindset
15000 e-members continue providing
Mentorship Counseling Services Marketing and Work Sourcing Support
Towards GenderTowards Gender--Responsive ICT Responsive ICT
DevelopmentDevelopment::
TASKS AHEADTASKS AHEADActive and sustainable political will
Legal and regulatory framework /measures for gender-inclusive ICT programmes and services
Collaboration with non-governmental actors (NGOs, private sector, academia)
Reliable and comparable quantitative / gender-disaggregated data
Participatory planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation
GOVERNMENT
INTL ORG.
PRIVATE
SECTOR
NGOs/
ACADEMIA
ICT Infrastructure Education & Training
Gender-responsiveContents
Gender-responsive
ServicesEMPOWERMENT
(decision-making power/ social participation/ community
network)
ICT Development with Human FaceICT Development with Human Face
Information Society Knowledge Society Knowledge Society
Technology-Focused Development
CitizenCitizen--Engaged Engaged
DevelopmentDevelopment
Market-Driven ICT Socially Responsive Socially Responsive
ICTICT
Consumer/ End-user mode of ICT usage
Producer/ Planner Producer/ Planner mode of ICT developmentmode of ICT development
FROMFROM
TOTO
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