8/7/2019 Wonders in Technology
1/44
WONDERS INTECHNOLOGY
By : Abhishek Dhawan(MECHANICAL2nd year )
Akshita Gupta (COMPUTER SCIENCE2nd year)
8/7/2019 Wonders in Technology
2/44
Introduction We have seen that a lot of wonders have already
taken place in technology in past by the
invention of various electronic media and thereapplication at the software as well as hardwarelevel . But now a days new trends are being setwhich has revolutionalised the whole scenario of
technology for the present and the future as wellleading to various miraculous inventions .
8/7/2019 Wonders in Technology
3/44
INVENTORS INVENT
INVENTIONSENGINEERS LIVEINVENTIONS
THERE ARE DIFFERENT WAYS TO PRODUCESUCH MIRACLES LIKE BY COMPUTERSCIENCE , ELECTRONICS , MECHANICAL ETC.
SEPARATELY ALL THESE HAVE MADETHEIR MARK GLOBALLY BUT MERGINGTHEM TOGETHER HAS LED TO THE WONDERSIN THE FIELD OF TECHNOLOGY LIKE:
8/7/2019 Wonders in Technology
4/44
Nanotechnology
IN ELECTRONICS
IN
ELECTRONICS
8/7/2019 Wonders in Technology
5/44
WAT IS IT ??Nanotechnology has already reached the electronics industry
with features in microprocessors now less than 100
nanometres in size. Smaller sizes allow faster processing
times and also more processing power to be packed into a
given area.
Nanoelectronics offer a new approach for the
electronics industry in the form of new circuit materials,
processors, information storage and even ways of transferringinformation such as OPTOELECTRONICS.
8/7/2019 Wonders in Technology
6/44
WHERE IT IS USED ??
Computers
Telecommunication
Optics
These further have different applications that
are discussed in the next few slides :
8/7/2019 Wonders in Technology
7/44
COMPUTERS
Nanotechnology gives scope to develop new
ideas and methods of running super-fast
processors, storing data, and many other
computational advances.
It also allows for new applications which
require more processing power, or to be
smaller, or less energy intensive.
8/7/2019 Wonders in Technology
8/44
WHERE IS IT
USED ??
FAST PROCESSORS-
As a result of the limitations of
current technology,manufacturers are turning tonanotechnology to produce thenext generation of processorsand computer components.
Chipmakers in the computingindustry are already working atthe nanoscale . These small chipsalso suffer less from leakage
8/7/2019 Wonders in Technology
9/44
CARBON NANOTUBES
IBM researchers have developed
transistors from carbon nanotubes.
These have shown vast improvements
on the more conventional silicontransistors
8/7/2019 Wonders in Technology
10/44
ew type of memories
More and more modern electronic devices need larger memories. For example, takeconsumer products such as mobile phones and MP3 players. When these wereinitially released, storage-size was small, with premium models featuring about
512MBof memory. However, now consumers demand their memory in gigabytes;
Apples latest Ipod boasting 60GB of memory. The desire is for larger storage insmaller spaces, but not at the expense of energy requirements. Current technology
makes these demands very difficult to meet, but nanotechnology offers the solution.
8/7/2019 Wonders in Technology
11/44
QUANTUM COMPUTING
Quantum computing is the area of study focused on
developing computer technology based on the
principles of quantum theory, which explains the
nature and behavior of energy and matter on thequantum (atomic and subatomic) level.
Quantum computers work differently from
conventional systems in that they can handle more
than the traditional '0' and '1' bits of information. In
fact, 'qubits' - as they are named - can process anything
in between that; meaning that new types of calculation
and simulations can be performed.
8/7/2019 Wonders in Technology
12/44
Telecommunication
and handheld devices
More and more in modern life, people
are working on the move, which
means taking their laptop, phone, and
other electronic equipment
everywhere they go.
Nanotechnology can offer improvedversatility through faster data
transfer, more mobile processing
power and larger data storage.
8/7/2019 Wonders in Technology
13/44
FAST TRANSFER
Faster transfer of data within and between
devices can be achieved using nanotechnology. A
major limitation in transfer speeds is the use of
electrical wiring and contacts.
The use of optical fibres revolutionised the
telecommunications industry by increasing the
rate of data transfer between telephoneexchanges. It has also meant that new services
can be implemented such as broadband internet.
8/7/2019 Wonders in Technology
14/44
OPTICS
An area of electronics in which nanotechnology can
make a significant difference is in optics; specifically
displays and lighting.
Due to the limitations of current technology the
displays are not very portable and take a lot of spaceIn order to make portable displays nanotechnology is
being used widely.
8/7/2019 Wonders in Technology
15/44
Nanotechnology will bring about a newera of displays in a number of ways.
Organic Light Emitting Diodes (or OLEDs) are cheaper and easier to manufacture
than LEDs. These consist of thin layers ofelectrically conducting organic
molecules which are approximately 100nanometres (nm) thick.
The convenience of these is that theycan be applied to different materials
using a process similar to ink-jet printing(as is the case for organic dye-basedsolar cells). The downside is that OLEDshave a much shorter life-span and arealso much less efficient than LEDs. Themain applications of OLEDs are in smallvideo screens (such as mobile phones).
N di la
8/7/2019 Wonders in Technology
16/44
Light emitting diodes ( LEDs ) losevery little energy as heat and alsolast up to 20 times longer thanconventional light bulbs. Withadvances in their nanocrystalline
structure in recent years, they arenow emitting more light per watt ofpower consumed than incandescentbulbs and about the same asfluorescent bulbs.
Using different semiconductormaterials, different colours of LEDare possible (note this is theopposite effect as that described forsolar cells which absorb different
spectrums of light).
NEW LIGHTENING
8/7/2019 Wonders in Technology
17/44
NANOTECHNOLOGY ANDFUTURE
Nanotechnology may offer new ways of working for electronics.Nanotechnology science is developing new circuit materials, newprocessors, new means of storing information and new manners oftransferring information. Nanotechnology can offer greaterversatility because of faster data transfer, more on the go
processing capabilities and larger data memories.
A new field is emerging in electronics that will be a giant leap incomputer and electronics science. It is the field ofquantumcomputing and quantum technology. Quantum computing is area ofscientific knowledge aimed at developing computer technology
based on the principles of quantum theory. In quantum computingthe qbit instead of the traditional bit of information is used.Traditionally, a bit can assume two values: 1 and 0. All thecomputers up-to-date are based on the bit principle. However, thenew qbit is able to process anything between 0 and 1. This impliesthat new types of calculations and high processing speeds can be
achieved.
8/7/2019 Wonders in Technology
18/44
8/7/2019 Wonders in Technology
19/44
8/7/2019 Wonders in Technology
20/44
Pros
In the present day competitive world, manycompanies hire hackers as an important partof their technical group to ensure security oftheir companys key essentials. In the businesswar there are many who try to extract
important information and data of renownedcompanies through hacking. Therefore, itbecomes really significant for companies tohire hackers.
8/7/2019 Wonders in Technology
21/44
consON THE OTHER HAND, COMPUTER HACKING CAN BE
NEGATIVE IN MANY WAYS. THERE ARE HACKERS WHOPLAY FRAUD AND INTRIGUES TO VARIOUS DISPARAGINGPURPOSES LIKE BREAKING SECURITY CODE TO ACCESSUNAUTHORIZED NETWORK, STEALING PERSONALINFORMATION, ALTERING FINANCIAL DATA OF A
COMPANY, STEALING SIGNIFICANT BUSINESSINFORMATION, BREAKING COMPUTER SECURITY,EXTRACTING BANK DETAILS OF AN INDIVIDUAL, ANDENJOYING UNAUTHORIZED ACCESS TO THE SYSTEM.HACKING CAN BE MORE DESTRUCTIVE IF ANY KIND OFNATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION OR CONFIDENTIAL
GOVERNMENT DATA IS EXPOSED. APART FROM THISTHERE ARE MANY DESTRUCTIVE ACTIVITIES A HACKERCAN PERFORM FOR HIS OR HER OWN BENEFIT. THIS SIDE OFHACKING IS VERY GLOOMY AND CAN LEAD TO MANYCOMPUTER-RELATED CRIMES.
8/7/2019 Wonders in Technology
22/44
Effects of computer hacking Computer hacking is a breach of computer security. It can expose sensitive user data and
risk user privacy. Hacking activities expose confidential user information like personal
details, social security numbers, credit card numbers, bank account data and personal
photographs. User information, in the hands of computer hackers, makes it vulnerable to
illegitimate use and manipulation.
Hackers may even delete sensitive information on gaining access to it. Deletion or
manipulation of sensitive data with intent to achieve personal gain is another effect ofcomputer hacking. A user whose computer has been hacked is at the risk of losing all the
data stored on his/her computer. Manipulation of sensitive user data is a grave
consequence of hacking
Computer hacking can lead to theft of critical business information. Important
information about business clients and customers can be lost or manipulated through
computer hacking. Hacking can expose email addresses to hackers, which they might use
for spamming and hampering email privacy.
Information critical to national security, confidential government data, information
related to national defense, security and crime, if exposed by means of hacking, can have
grave consequences on the welfare of the nation. Hacking of highly sensitive data can
potentially risk the national security and stake the overall well-being of the country'scitizens.
8/7/2019 Wonders in Technology
23/44
In ethical hacking, the hacker identifies the
weakness in the system, but instead of takingadvantage of the situation, alerts the owner, sothat the later can fix the problem and make hissystem secured. The ethical hacker can convey
the message to the owner by various meansranging from a simple phone call to leaving anelectronic card in the system, as an obvioussignal that the system was breached. Ethical
hackers use the same tools as hackers do, butthey are not a threat to the system. Somepeople do ethical hacking as a hobby, whilesome pursue it as their career.
8/7/2019 Wonders in Technology
24/44
HOW IS IT DONE??
Hackers use various methods and toolsto hack into a particular system, and inorder to understand their methodology,one has to get into the hacker's shoes.Ethical hacking guide covers black hatmethods used by hackers to vandalize yournetwork, for its security. Be careful to useyour own computer to practice ethicalhacking. You can try hacking your ownsystem to find the loopholes in the security.
You can also hack a friends PC, but makesure that you have the permission to do so.Illegal hacking is considered as a severeInternet crime, and can earn up to 10 yearsimprisonment, hence it is wiser to takenecessary precautions.
8/7/2019 Wonders in Technology
25/44
Different kinds of hackers
8/7/2019 Wonders in Technology
26/44
White Hat HackersWhite Hate Hackers are the ones who are termed as ethicalhackes. These are the ones who follows morality, ethics,abides by the laws and still hack! It seems weird, but yes,thats how it is! This is how it happens an ethical hacker is
permitted to hack computer systems or networks and he trieshis best to hack it. Now the question arises why? Anobvious answer to this is that unless there is anunderstanding of whats insecure in our system or network, wewont be able to protect it. An ethical hacker provides withvulnerabilities or loop holes in the system or network through
extensive use of various hacking techniques. Thesevulnerabilities and flaws are then generally corrected throughcorrective and preventive measures.
8/7/2019 Wonders in Technology
27/44
Black Ha Hack rs
Black Hat Hackers who are also called as Crackers arepeople who break into computer systems and networkswithout any prior permission. They are the people who breakfor various reasons such as robbery, revenge, showing-offtheir skills, causing damage or just any random reason.Black Hat Hackers can be regarded as the new criminals ofthis digital age. Several federal laws have been enacted tocurb Black Hat Hacking. The IT Act 2000 which is followedby a number of countries have listed out several ways todeal and punish Black Hat Hackers. A lot of networksecurity agencies have been formed after several hacking
cases being reported. These agencies work for designingsecurity policies and measures to protect organizations andindividuals alike from getting hacked.
8/7/2019 Wonders in Technology
28/44
Grey Hat HackersGreyHatHackers are hackers who havedesigned their own reasons to hackcomputer systems and networks. They arelike Robin Hoods of today's age. They can beseen as a mix ofWhiteHat and BlackHat
Hackers.GreyHatHackers can do good forsome people and can even cause damagedepending on their approach. For example,GreyHatHackers typically hack siteswhich they feel is socially bad like adultand gambling sites. Some from these breed
of hackers hack systems and networks, findout the vulnerabilities and loop holes andreport them to the respectiveorganizations or owners. They do this justfor getting popularity, showing-off or someof their own reasons and visions.
8/7/2019 Wonders in Technology
29/44
IS IT MECHANICAL +ELECTRONICS ??
8/7/2019 Wonders in Technology
30/44
Mechatronics is the synergistic combination ofMechanical
engineering, Electronic engineering, Computer engineering,
Control engineering, and Systems Design engineering in orderto design, and manufacture useful products.
8/7/2019 Wonders in Technology
31/44
HOW DID THIS CONCEPT
CAME??The portmanteauMECHATRONICS was
coined by TE
TSU
ROM
ORI, the senior engineerof the Japanese company YASKAWA in 1969.
An industrial robot is a prime example of a
mechatronics system; it includes aspects of
electronics, mechanics, and computing to doits day-to-day jobs.
8/7/2019 Wonders in Technology
32/44
Mechatronics is centered on mechanics,
electronics, computing, control engineering,molecular engineering (from nanochemistry
and biology), and optical engineering, which,
combined, make possible the generation of
simpler, more economical, reliable and
versatile systems
8/7/2019 Wonders in Technology
33/44
WHATDOES ITCONSISTOF ??
Mechatronics is the synergistic
integration of sensors, actuators,signal conditioning, power electronics,decision and control algorithms, andcomputer hardware and software to
manage complexity, uncertainty, andcommunication in engineered systems.
8/7/2019 Wonders in Technology
34/44
HOW DOES IT WORK??
For most mechatronic systems, the main issue is
no more how to implement a control system, but
how to implement actuators and what is theenergy source. Within the mechatronic field,
mainly two technologies are used to produce the
movement: the piezo-electric actuators and
motors, or the electromagnetic actuators andmotors. Maybe the most famous mechatronics
systems are the well known camera autofocus
system or camera anti-shake systems.
8/7/2019 Wonders in Technology
35/44
Disciplinary Foundations of
Mechatronics
Information
Systems
Electrical
Systems
Computer
Systems
Mechanical
Systems
Mechatrnoics
8/7/2019 Wonders in Technology
36/44
Elements of
mechatronics in variousfields
Mechanical
electromechanical
Electronics/electrical
Computers and information technology
8/7/2019 Wonders in Technology
37/44
Elements ofMechatronicsMechanical
Mechanical elements refer to
mechanical structure, mechanism,
thermo-fluid, and hydraulic aspects of a
mechatronics system.
Mechanical elements may include
static/dynamic characteristics.
A mechanical element interacts with
its environment purposefully.
Mechanical elements require physical
power to produce motion, force, heat,
etc.
El t f M h t i
8/7/2019 Wonders in Technology
38/44
Elements of Mechatronics
Electromechanical Electromechanical elements refer to:
Sensors
A variety of physical variables can be measured using sensors, e.g., light using photoresistor, level and displacement using potentiometer, direction/tilt using magnetic sensor,sound using microphone, stress and pressure using strain gauge, touch using micro-switch, temperature using thermistor, and humidity using conductivity sensor
ActuatorsDC servomotor, stepper motor, relay, solenoid, speaker, light emitting diode (LED), shape
memory alloy, electromagnet, and pump apply commanded action on the physical process
IC-based sensors and actuators (digital-compass, -potentiometer, etc.).
DCMotor Pneumatic CylinderFlexiforce Sensor
8/7/2019 Wonders in Technology
39/44
Elements of Mechatronics
Electrical/Electronic Electrical elements refer to: Electrical components (e.g., resistor (R), capacitor
(C), inductor (L), transformer, etc.), circuits, andanalog signals
Electronic elements refer to: analog/digital electronics, transistors, thyristors,
opto-isolators, operational amplifiers, powerelectronics, and signal conditioning
The electrical/electronic elements are used tointerface electro-mechanical sensors and
actuators to the control interface/computinghardware elements
8/7/2019 Wonders in Technology
40/44
Elements of MechatronicsComputer/Information System
Computer elements refer to
hardware/software utilized to
perform:
computer-aided dynamic system analysis,
optimization, design, and simulation
virtual instrumentation
rapid control prototyping
hardware-in-the-loop simulation
PC-based data acquisition and control
8/7/2019 Wonders in Technology
41/44
Mechatronic Applications
Smart consumer products: home security, camera, microwave oven,toaster, dish washer, laundry washer-dryer, climate control units,etc.
Medical: implant-devices, assisted surgery, haptic, etc.
Defense: unmanned air, ground, and underwater vehicles, smartmunitions, jet engines, etc.
Manufacturing: robotics, machines, processes, etc.
Automotive: climate control, antilock brake, active suspension,cruise control, air bags, engine management, safety, etc.
Network-centric, distributed systems: distributed robotics, tele-robotics, intelligent highways, etc.
8/7/2019 Wonders in Technology
42/44
Machine Components: Basic Elements
Inclined plane wedge
Slider-Crank
Cam and Follower
Gear, rack, pinion, etc.
Chain and sprocket
Lever
Linkage Wheel/Axle Springs
8/7/2019 Wonders in Technology
43/44
ROBOTICS: A PART
OF MECHATRONICS
8/7/2019 Wonders in Technology
44/44
Thank you !!