ww
w.n
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mun
icat
ions
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Land
line
Sub
s
Mob
ile S
ubs
Sou
rce:
IT
U W
orld
ICT
Indi
cato
rs, J
une
2008
ww
w.n
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mun
icat
ions
.com
The author would like to acknowledge
material contributions from:
�M
arc
Ora
nge,
Inte
rpha
se●
For
mer
ly w
ith N
MS
Com
mun
icat
ions
�M
urta
zaA
miji
, Tel
lme
(A M
icro
soft
Sub
sidi
ary)
●F
orm
erly
with
NM
S C
omm
unic
atio
ns
�S
amue
l S. M
ay, P
rice
Wat
erho
use
Coo
pers
●F
orm
erly
with
US
Ban
corp
Pip
er J
affr
ay
man
y ot
hers
, as
note
d on
spe
cific
slid
es
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icat
ions
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Outline
�H
isto
ry a
nd e
volu
tion
of m
obile
rad
io●
Brie
f his
tory
of c
ellu
lar
wire
less
tele
phon
y●
Rad
io te
chno
logy
toda
y: T
DM
A, C
DM
A, O
FD
MA
, …●
Dem
ogra
phic
s an
d m
arke
t tre
nds
toda
y●
3G, 3
.5G
, WiM
AX
, LT
E &
4G
mig
ratio
n pa
ths
�E
volv
ing
netw
ork
arch
itect
ures
●G
SM
-MA
P (
EU
) an
d IS
-41
(US
) or
igin
s●
Sof
tsw
itche
s, V
oIP
and
SIP
in N
extG
enN
etw
orks
(N
GN
)●
3GP
P &
NG
N c
onve
rgen
ce: r
elea
ses,
feat
ures
and
sc
hedu
les
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Outline (continued)
�E
volv
ing
serv
ices
●S
MS
, MM
S, l
ocat
ion,
ric
hpr
esen
ce, v
ideo
●IP
mul
timed
ia s
ubsy
stem
(IM
S)
vs. “
dum
b pi
pe”
�A
pplic
atio
ns a
nd b
usin
ess
mod
els
●K
iller
app
licat
ions
& k
iller
pla
tform
s●
2-si
ded
busi
ness
mod
els
�R
elat
ed te
chno
logy
, Iss
ues
and
Fut
ures
●W
iMA
X, B
ackh
aul,
Blu
etoo
th, N
extG
enW
iFi
●M
obile
dev
ice
dive
rsity
/ ap
plic
atio
n en
viro
nmen
ts
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icat
ions
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Wireless Tutorial
�H
isto
ry a
nd E
volu
tion
of M
obile
Rad
io�
Evo
lvin
g N
etw
ork
Arc
hite
ctur
es
�E
volv
ing
Ser
vice
s�
App
licat
ions
and
Bus
ines
s M
odel
s�
Rel
ated
tech
nolo
gy, I
ssue
s an
d F
utur
es
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Origins of Wireless Communications
�18
64:
Jam
es C
lark
Max
wel
l●
Pre
dict
s ex
iste
nce
of r
adio
wav
es
�18
86:
Hei
nric
h R
udol
ph H
ertz
●D
emon
stra
tes
radi
o w
aves
�18
95-1
901:
Gug
lielm
oM
arco
ni●
Dem
onst
rate
s w
irele
ss c
omm
unic
atio
ns o
ver
incr
easi
ng
dist
ance
s
�A
lso
in th
e 18
90s
●N
ikol
aT
esla
, Ale
xand
er S
tepa
novi
chP
opov
, Jag
dish
Cha
ndra
Bos
e an
d ot
hers
, dem
onst
rate
form
s of
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irele
ss c
omm
unic
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ns
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1 2
3 4 5
6 7
1 2
3 4 5
6 7
57
22
11 2
3 4 5
6 7
3
Cellular Mobile Telephony
�A
nten
na d
iver
sity
�C
ellu
lar
conc
ept
●B
ell L
abs
(195
7 &
196
0)
�F
requ
ency
reu
se●
typi
cally
eve
ry 7
cel
ls
�H
ando
ff as
cal
ler
mov
es�
Mod
ified
CO
sw
itch
●H
LR, p
agin
g, h
ando
ffs
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ecto
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prov
e re
use
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ery
3 ce
lls p
ossi
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First Generation (nearly all retired)
�A
dvan
ced
Mob
ile P
hone
Ser
vice
(A
MP
S)
●U
S tr
ials
197
8; d
eplo
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in J
apan
(’7
9) &
US
(’8
3)●
800
MH
z; t
wo
20 M
Hz
band
s; T
IA-5
53
�N
ordi
c M
obile
Tel
epho
ny (
NM
T)
●S
wed
en, N
orw
ay, D
emar
k &
Fin
land
●La
unch
ed 1
981
●45
0 M
Hz;
late
r at
900
MH
z (N
MT
900)
�T
otal
Acc
ess
Com
mun
icat
ions
Sys
tem
(T
AC
S)
●B
ritis
h de
sign
; sim
ilar
to A
MP
S; d
eplo
yed
1985
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2nd Generation “2G”–digital systems
�Le
vera
ge te
chno
logy
to in
crea
se c
apac
ity●
Spe
ech
com
pres
sion
; dig
ital s
igna
l pro
cess
ing
�U
tiliz
e/ex
tend
“In
telli
gent
Net
wor
k”co
ncep
ts●
Impr
ove
frau
d pr
even
tion;
Add
new
ser
vice
s
�W
ide
dive
rsity
of 2
G s
yste
ms
●IS
-54/
IS-1
36 N
orth
Am
eric
an T
DM
A;
& P
DC
(Ja
pan)
●D
EC
T a
nd P
HS
; iD
EN
●IS
-95
CD
MA
(cd
maO
ne)
●G
SM
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icat
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D-AMPS (usually called “TDMA”) & PDC
�IS
-54
/ IS
-136
sta
ndar
ds in
US
TIA
●S
peec
h co
ded
as d
igita
l bit
stre
am; a
ggre
ssiv
e co
mpr
essi
on li
mits
voi
ce q
ualit
y●
Dev
elop
men
t thr
ough
198
0s; b
akeo
ff 19
87●
Dep
loye
d 19
93 (
PD
C 1
994)
�A
TT
Wire
less
& C
ingu
lar
used
D-A
MP
S in
itial
ly●
Mig
rate
d to
GS
M;
D-A
MP
sno
w la
rgel
y re
tired
�P
DC
dom
inan
t 2G
cel
lula
r sy
stem
in J
apan
●M
igra
tion
to 3
GS
M (
W-C
DM
A, …
) w
ell a
dvan
ced;
PD
C
likel
y to
be
phas
ed o
ut in
200
9-20
10
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ions
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iDEN(primary user was Nextel)
�M
otor
ola
prop
rieta
ry s
yste
m●
time
divi
sion
mul
tiple
acc
ess
tech
nolo
gy; b
ased
on
GS
M
arch
itect
ure
�80
0 M
Hz
priv
ate
mob
ile r
adio
(P
MR
) sp
ectr
um●
just
bel
ow 8
00 M
Hz
cellu
lar
band
�S
peci
al p
roto
col s
uppo
rts
fast
“P
ush-
to-T
alk”
●di
gita
l rep
lace
men
t for
old
PM
R s
ervi
ces
�N
exte
l had
hig
hest
AP
RU
in U
S m
arke
t due
to
“Dire
ct C
onne
ct”
push
-to-
talk
ser
vice
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DECT and PHS
�A
lso
uses
tim
e di
visi
on m
ultip
le a
cces
s �
Dig
ital E
urop
ean
Cor
dles
s T
elep
hony
●fo
cus
on b
usin
ess
use,
i.e.
wire
less
PB
X●
very
sm
all c
ells
(in
bui
ldin
g)●
wid
e ba
ndw
idth
(32
Kbp
s ch
anne
ls)
●hi
gh q
ualit
y vo
ice
and/
or IS
DN
dat
a
�P
erso
nal H
andi
phon
eS
ervi
ce●
Sim
ilar
tech
nolo
gy, b
ut h
igh
dens
ity u
rban
dep
loym
ents
●4
chan
nel b
ase
stat
ion
uses
one
ISD
N B
RI l
ine
●le
gacy
in J
apan
; stil
l wid
ely
depl
oyed
in C
hina
toda
y
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2G “CDMA”(cdmaOne)
�C
ode
Div
isio
n M
ultip
le A
cces
s●
all u
sers
sha
re s
ame
freq
uenc
y ba
nd●
disc
usse
d in
det
ail l
ater
as
CD
MA
is b
asis
for
3G
�Q
ualc
omm
dem
o in
198
9●
clai
med
impr
oved
cap
acity
& s
impl
ified
pla
nnin
g
�F
irst d
eplo
ymen
t in
Hon
g K
ong
late
199
4�
Maj
or s
ucce
ss in
Kor
ea (
1M s
ubs
by 1
996)
�A
dopt
ed b
y V
eriz
on a
nd S
prin
t in
US
�E
asy
mig
ratio
n to
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me
mod
ulat
ion)
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2G “CDMA”(cdmaOne)
�T
IA s
tand
ard
IS-9
5 (A
NS
I-95
) in
199
3�
IS-9
5 de
ploy
ed in
the
800
MH
z ce
llula
r ba
nd●
J-S
TD
-08
varia
nt d
eplo
yed
in 1
900
MH
z U
S “
PC
S”
band
�E
volu
tion
fixes
bug
s an
d ad
ds d
ata
●IS
-95A
pro
vide
s da
ta r
ates
up
to 1
4.4
kbps
●IS
-95B
pro
vide
s ra
tes
up to
64
kbps
(2.
5G)
●B
oth
A a
nd B
are
com
patib
le w
ith J
-ST
D-0
8.
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ll va
riant
s de
sign
ed fo
r T
IA IS
-41
core
net
wor
ks
(AN
SI 4
1)
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GSM –
Global System for Mobile
�O
rigin
ally
“G
roup
eS
péci
alM
obile
”●
join
t Eur
opea
n ef
fort
beg
inni
ng in
198
2 fo
cuse
d on
sea
mle
ss r
oam
ing
acro
ss E
urop
e
�S
ervi
ces
laun
ched
199
1●
time
divi
sion
mul
tiple
acc
ess
(8 u
sers
per
200
KH
z)
●90
0 M
Hz
band
; lat
er e
xten
ded
to 1
800
MH
z; th
en 1
900
MH
z●
Qua
d-ba
nd “
wor
ld p
hone
s”su
ppor
t 850
/900
/180
0/19
00 M
Hz
�G
SM
–do
min
ant w
orld
sta
ndar
d to
day
●w
ell d
efin
ed in
terf
aces
; m
any
com
petit
ors;
low
est c
ost t
o de
plo
y
●ne
twor
k ef
fect
(M
etca
lfe’s
law
) to
ok h
old
in la
te 1
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Distribution of GSM Subscribers
�G
SM
isus
edby
81%
of s
ubsc
riber
sw
orld
wid
e●
GS
M p
lus
3GS
M a
ccou
nts
for
88%
of a
ll m
obile
sub
scrip
tions
�A
sia
dom
inat
esw
ith42
% o
f all
mob
ile s
ubsc
riptio
ns●
AT
T &
T-M
obile
US
A u
se G
SM
/3G
SM
in U
S to
day
Sou
rce:
Wire
less
Inte
llige
nce
/ GS
M A
ssoc
iatio
n
GS
M S
ubsc
riber
s
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1G, 2G, 3G M
ulti-Access Technologies
Cou
rtes
y of
Pet
ri P
ossi
, UM
TS
Wor
ld
3.5G
, 4G
and
futu
re w
irele
ss s
yste
ms
optim
ize
aco
mbi
natio
n of
freq
uenc
y, ti
me
and
code
mul
tiple
ww
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icat
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1G –
Separate Frequencies
30 K
Hz
30 K
Hz
30 K
Hz
30 K
Hz
30 K
Hz
30 K
Hz
30 K
Hz
30 K
Hz
Frequency
FD
MA
-F
requ
ency
Div
isio
n M
ultip
le A
cces
s
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2G –
Tim
e Division M
ultiple Access (TDMA)
Frequency
Tim
e
200
KH
z
200
KH
z
200
KH
z
200
KH
z
One
tim
eslo
t = 0
.577
ms
One
TD
MA
fram
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8 tim
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2G & 3G –
Code Division M
ultiple Access
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prea
d sp
ectr
um m
odul
atio
n●
orig
inal
ly d
evel
oped
for
the
mili
tary
●re
sist
s ja
mm
ing
and
man
y ki
nds
of in
terf
eren
ce●
code
d m
odul
atio
n hi
dden
from
thos
e w
/o th
e co
de
�A
ll us
ers
shar
e sa
me
(larg
e) b
lock
of s
pect
rum
●on
e fo
r on
e fr
eque
ncy
reus
e●
soft
hand
offs
pos
sibl
e
�A
ll 3G
rad
io s
tand
ards
bas
ed o
n C
DM
A●
CD
MA
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, W-C
DM
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nd T
D-S
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MA
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IMT-2000 Vision (from 1992) included
LAN, WAN and Satellite Services
Sat
ellit
e
Mac
roce
llM
icro
cellU
rban
In-B
uild
ing
Pic
ocel
l
Glo
bal
Sub
urba
n
Bas
ic T
erm
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PD
A T
erm
inal
Aud
io/V
isua
l Ter
min
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The 3G Vision
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nive
rsal
glo
bal r
oam
ing
(1 s
tand
ard,
not
7)
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SM
lead
s, b
ut w
ith C
DM
A 2
000
&
Chi
na T
D-S
CD
MA
�M
ultim
edia
(vo
ice,
dat
a &
vid
eo)
�In
crea
sed
data
rat
es (
384
Kbp
s to
? M
bps)
�In
crea
sed
capa
city
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ore
spec
tral
ly e
ffici
ent)
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ata-
cent
ric a
rchi
tect
ure
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M a
t firs
t, th
en IP
)
But
dep
loym
ent t
ook
long
er th
an e
xpec
ted
●N
o ki
ller
data
app
; ne
w s
pect
rum
cos
tly;
tele
com
bub
ble
burs
t; m
uch
of th
e vi
sion
was
ven
dor-
driv
en
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icat
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Original GSM substantially enhanced
�W
idel
y de
ploy
ed s
o si
gnifi
cant
pay
back
for
enha
ncem
ents
�
Fre
quen
cy h
oppi
ng (
to o
verc
ome
fadi
ng)
�S
ynch
roni
zatio
n be
twee
n ce
lls (
min
imiz
e in
terf
eren
ce)
●D
FC
A: d
ynam
ic fr
eque
ncy
and
chan
nel a
ssig
nmen
t
●A
lso
used
to d
eter
min
e m
obile
’s lo
catio
n
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MR
: A
dapt
ive
mul
ti-ra
te v
ocod
er●
trad
e of
f spe
ech
and
erro
r co
rrec
tion
bits
for
few
er d
ropp
ed c
alls
●8
codi
ng r
ates
: 12.
2, 1
0.2,
7.9
5, 7
.4, 6
.7, 5
.9, 5
.15
& 4
.75
bps,
plu
s si
lenc
e fr
ames
(ne
ar 0
bps
)
●dy
nam
ical
ly a
djus
t to
radi
o in
terf
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ondi
tions
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GSM enhancements (continued)
�D
TX
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scon
tinuo
us tr
ansm
issi
on●
less
inte
rfer
ence
(ap
proa
ch 0
bps
dur
ing
sile
nces
)●
mor
e ca
lls p
er c
ell
�O
verla
ys w
ith r
euse
par
tioni
ng●
3x in
ove
rlay
(cel
l edg
es);
1x
reus
e in
und
erla
y
�H
SC
SD
-hi
gh s
peed
circ
uit-
switc
hed
data
●ag
greg
ate
chan
nels
to s
urpa
ss 9
.6 K
bps
limit
(→64
k)
�G
PR
S -
gene
ral p
acke
t rad
io s
ervi
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GPRS -2.5G for GSM
�G
ener
al p
acke
t rad
io s
ervi
ce●
first
intr
oduc
tion
of p
acke
t tec
hnol
ogy
�A
ggre
gate
rad
io c
hann
els
●su
ppor
t hig
her
data
rat
es(1
15 K
bps)
●su
bjec
t to
chan
nel a
vaila
bilit
y
�S
hare
agg
rega
te c
hann
els
amon
g m
ultip
le u
sers
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ll ne
w IP
-bas
ed d
ata
infr
astr
uctu
re�
No
chan
ges
to v
oice
net
wor
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pple
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tary
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MS
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ster
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icat
ions
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PSTN-to-M
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PS
TN
PLM
N
(SS
P)
(SS
P)
BS
SM
S
PLM
N(H
ome)
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itor)
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HLR
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VM
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VLR
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re is
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tion
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SC
BS
S
PS
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PS
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s
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H
MS
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lob
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or
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2.5G/3G Adds IP Data –
voice unchanged
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rk L
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Mob
ile S
witc
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r
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ay
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ate
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wo
rkM
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nt(H
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ase
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tion
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wo
rkM
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SC
or
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SS
7B
TS
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VLR
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PS
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S
AE
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PS
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H
MS
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RS
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port
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e
GG
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port
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e
GP
RS
Gen
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ket
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ervi
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PS
DN
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SG
SN
Gr
Gb
Gs
GG
SN
Gc
Gn
2G M
S (
voic
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ly)
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icat
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EDGE
�E
nhan
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Dat
ara
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volu
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crea
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data
rat
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com
patib
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ill 2
00 K
Hz
band
s; s
till T
DM
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8-P
SK
mod
ulat
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3 b
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l giv
e 3X
dat
a ra
te●
shor
ter
rang
e (m
ore
sens
itive
to n
oise
/inte
rfer
ence
)
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tion
path
: IS
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TD
MA
to G
SM
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AIT
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SM
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SI-
136
inte
rope
rabi
lity
team
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llow
ed o
pera
tors
like
AT
&T
and
Cin
gula
r to
mig
rate
to
GS
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sing
an
evol
ved
AN
SI-
41 c
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netw
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3G Partnership Project (3GPP)
Def
ines
mig
ratio
n fr
om G
SM
to U
MT
S/ 3
GS
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Rel
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Spe
cs
com
plet
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cor
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twor
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200
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timed
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yste
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IMS
)
64Q
200
420
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SU
PA
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MS
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N, P
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tegr
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peed
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ket A
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timed
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lar
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lutio
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new
air
inte
rfac
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sed
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FD
N m
odul
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3G rel99 Architecture (UMTS) S
S7
IP
BT
S
BS
CM
SC
VLR
HLR
AuC
GM
SC
BS
S
SG
SN
GG
SN
PS
TN
PS
DN
CN
CD
Gc
Gr
Gn
Gi
Abi
s
Gs
B
H
BS
S B
ase
Sta
tio
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yste
m
BT
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ase
Tra
nsce
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BS
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Con
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wo
rk S
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RN
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MS
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Reg
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Hom
e Lo
catio
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ter
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Aut
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icat
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Ser
ver
GM
SC
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MS
C
SG
SN
Ser
ving
GP
RS
Sup
port
Nod
e
GG
SN
Gat
eway
GP
RS
Sup
port
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e
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S (
voic
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MS
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3G rel4 Architecture (UMTS)-Soft Switching
SS
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S
BS
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Ser
ver
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HLR
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GM
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ser
ver
BS
S
SG
SN
GG
SN
PS
TN
PS
DN
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CD
Gc
Gr
Gn
Gi
Gb
Abi
s
Gs
B
H
BS
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ase
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BS
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Ser
ver
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MS
C
SG
SN
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GP
RS
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eway
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port
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c
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S (
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C
RN
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S
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S
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E (
voic
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Mc
CS
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W
CS
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b
PS
TN
Mc
AT
M
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3GPP rel5 Architecture -IP M
ultim
edia
Gb/
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S
A/Iu
CS
SS
7 IP/A
TM
BT
S
BS
CM
SC
Ser
ver
VLR
HS
SA
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GM
SC
ser
ver
BS
S
SG
SN
GG
SN
PS
TN
CN
CD
Gc
Gr
Gn
Gi
Abi
s
Gs
B
H
IM I
P M
ult
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b-s
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MR
F M
edia
Res
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unct
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CS
CF
Cal
l Sta
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ontr
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unct
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MG
CF
Med
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atew
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ontr
ol F
unct
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H24
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g=S
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IM-M
GW
IP
Mul
timed
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GW
Nc
2G M
S (
voic
eon
ly)
2G+
MS
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& d
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Nod
eB
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C
RN
S
Iub
3G U
E (
voic
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a)
Mc
CS
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W
CS
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WN
b
PS
TN
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IuC
S
IuP
S
AT
M
IM
IPP
ST
N
Mc
MG
CF
IM-M
GW
MR
F
CS
CF
Mg
Gs
IP N
etw
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3GPP2 Defines IS-41 Evolution
�3r
d G
ener
atio
n P
artn
ersh
ip P
roje
ct “
Tw
o”●
Evo
lutio
n of
IS-4
1 to
“al
l IP
”m
ore
dire
ct (
skip
s A
TM
sta
ge),
but
not
an
y fa
ster
●G
oal o
f ulti
mat
e m
erge
r (3
GP
P +
3G
PP
2) r
emai
ns
�1x
RT
T –
IP p
acke
t sup
port
(lik
e G
PR
S)
�1x
EV
DO
–E
volu
tion
data
-opt
imiz
ed�
1xE
VD
V –
aban
done
d�
3x –
Trip
les
radi
o da
ta r
ates
�U
nive
rsal
Mob
ile B
road
band
(U
MB
) is
3.5
G/4
G p
lan
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icat
ions
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NextGenNetw
orks (NGN) Converging
�3G
PP
2 —
CD
MA
2000
mul
ti-m
edia
dom
ain
(MM
D)
base
d on
3G
PP
IMS
R5
�T
ISP
AN
—ev
olve
s N
GN
arc
hite
ctur
e fo
r fix
ed n
etw
orks
bas
ed o
n 3G
PP
IMS
�IT
U-T
NG
N F
ocus
Gro
up —
venu
e to
mak
e T
ISP
AN
NG
N a
glo
bal s
pec
�A
TIS
NG
N F
ocus
Gro
up —
form
ally
col
labo
ratin
g w
ith E
TS
I as
of A
pril
2005
�P
acke
tCab
leR
elea
se 2
.0 —
alig
ning
with
por
tions
of 3
GP
P
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
3GP
P R
elea
se 4
3GP
P IM
S R
53G
PP
IMS
R6
TIS
PA
N R
13G
PP
2 M
MD
ITU
-T N
GN
FG
AT
IS N
GN
FG
Pac
ket C
able
2.0
3GP
P IM
S R
7�
Fol
low
ing
3GP
P le
ad
ww
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icat
ions
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IMS / NGN Vision
�O
ne c
ore
netw
ork
for
“any
acc
ess”
●B
ased
on
IP●
Wire
line
and
wire
less
tran
spar
ency
●B
ased
on
IET
F s
tand
ards
, with
ext
ensi
ons
�A
cces
s an
d ba
ndw
idth
will
be
com
mod
ities
; se
rvic
es a
re th
e di
ffere
ntia
tor
●P
er-s
essi
on c
ontr
ol s
uppo
rts
per-
appl
icat
ion
qual
ity o
f se
rvic
e (Q
oS)
guar
ante
es a
nd p
er-a
pplic
atio
n bi
lling
�V
oice
is ju
st a
pplic
atio
n●
“Eas
ily”
inte
grat
ed w
ith o
ther
app
licat
ions
…
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ions
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IMS Story: Convergence
Source: Team Analysis, Lucent
Tra
ditio
nal S
ervi
ces
TV Caller ID
Phone Tools
Push to Talk
Wireline
Packet
Cable
Wireless
Wifi
WiM
ax
OSS/ BSS
Access
Delivery
Media
Functions
Subscriber
Data
Application
OSS/ BSS
Access
Delivery
Media
Functions
Subscriber
Data
Application
OSS/ BSSAccess
Delivery
Media
Functions
Subscriber
Data
Application
IMS
Ser
vice
s
Subscriber D
ata
Media Functions
IP M
ultim
edia Subsyste
mIP M
ultim
edia Subsyste
m
OSS/ BSS
Application
Application
Application
TV Caller ID
Phone Tools
Push to Talk
Wireline
Packet
Cable
Wireless
Wifi
WiM
ax
ww
w.n
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mun
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ions
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IMS / NGN Value Proposition
�G
ener
ate
new
rev
enue
from
new
ser
vice
s●
Per
-ses
sion
con
trol
allo
ws
IMS
to g
uara
ntee
QoS
for
each
IP s
essi
on, a
nd e
nabl
es d
iffe
ren
tial
bill
ing
for
appl
icat
ions
& c
onte
nt
�R
educ
e ca
pita
l spe
ndin
g●
Con
verg
e al
l ser
vice
s on
com
mon
infr
astr
uctu
re●
Foc
us li
mite
d re
sour
ces
on c
ore
com
pete
ncie
s
ww
w.n
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om
mun
icat
ions
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So far, only for New Applications !
�M
ost m
ajor
mob
ile o
pera
tors
hav
e de
ploy
ed a
SIP
in
fras
truc
ture
of s
ome
sort
●C
SC
Fs
per
stric
t IM
S o
r ot
herw
ise
●In
use
for
new
app
licat
ions
like
Pus
h to
Tal
k (P
TT
)
�F
ixed
ope
rato
rs m
ovin
g to
sof
tsw
itche
sfo
r co
nven
tiona
l voi
ce, b
ut�
Mob
ile v
oice
cal
ls s
till u
se c
ircui
t sw
itchi
ng
ww
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om
mun
icat
ions
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Long Term
Parallels: IN & IMS
Inte
llige
nt N
etw
ork
––IP
Mul
timed
ia S
yste
m
�F
ree
oper
ator
s fr
om e
quip
men
t pro
vide
r lo
ck-in
�S
epar
ate
appl
icat
ions
from
bas
ic c
all c
ontr
ol�
Ope
n pr
otoc
ols
and
AP
Is fo
r ap
plic
atio
ns
Intelligent Netw
ork Application Successes
�F
reeP
hone
, Mob
ile (
HLR
), P
re-p
aid,
Voi
ce m
ail,
…�
10 y
ear
sum
mar
y:A
few
app
licat
ions
, ver
y w
idel
y de
ploy
ed
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om
mun
icat
ions
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Wireless Tutorial
�H
isto
ry a
nd E
volu
tion
of M
obile
Rad
io�
Evo
lvin
g N
etw
ork
Arc
hite
ctur
es
�E
volv
ing
Ser
vice
s�
App
licat
ions
and
Bus
ines
s M
odel
s�
Rel
ated
tech
nolo
gy, I
ssue
s an
d F
utur
es
ww
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of "
All
IP"
Nex
tGen
netw
ork
(NG
N)
●V
oice
/vid
eoov
er IP
with
QoS
guar
ante
es●
Eve
ntua
llyto
rep
lace
circ
uit-
base
dvo
ice
serv
ices
�A
ll se
ssio
ns in
itiat
ed v
ia c
entr
al s
erve
rs a
llow
ing
per-
sess
ion
QoS
guar
ante
e (&
per
-ses
sion
bill
ing)
�Q
oStr
affic
cla
sses
●co
nver
satio
nal,
stre
amin
g, in
tera
ctiv
e, b
ackg
roun
d
�M
any
part
ial I
MS
impl
emen
tatio
ns d
eplo
yed
●B
ut c
ircui
t dom
ain
still
car
ries
conv
entio
nal v
oice
traf
fic
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w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
Early IMS (or at least SIP) Applications
�P
ush-
to-T
alk
●B
eing
dep
loye
d to
day,
per
form
ance
impr
ovin
g
�V
ideo
sha
ring
●A
dd IP
-bas
ed v
ideo
ses
sion
to c
ircui
t-ba
sed
voic
e ca
ll●
“See
wha
t I s
ee”
usin
g 2-
way
voi
ce &
1-w
ay v
ideo
�In
stan
t mes
sagi
ng a
nd p
rese
nce
●B
ut c
an m
obile
initi
ated
com
mun
ities
com
pete
with
AIM
, Y
ahoo
, Sky
pe, e
tc.?
�F
ixed
-mob
ile c
onve
rgen
ce (
FM
C)
●V
CC
dep
loye
d; fu
ll IM
S s
till i
n th
e fu
ture
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
Video Share
�IM
S o
r pr
e-IM
S S
IP In
fras
truc
ture
�G
SM
A V
ideo
Sha
re C
lient
on
Sm
artp
hone
s�
SIP
Vid
eo S
hare
Clie
nt o
n P
Cs
�S
IP P
C C
lient
add
ress
able
by
rese
rved
DN
�P
C C
lient
str
eam
s co
nten
t fro
m c
amer
a or
sto
red
cont
ent w
ith o
ptio
n to
ch
ange
str
eam
dur
ing
a se
ssio
n3GN
etw
ork
IMS
Cor
e/
Pre
-IM
S S
IP In
fra
MS
C
SIP
SIP
CS
Voi
ce C
all
VoI
PV
oice
Cal
l
PS
Vid
eo
PS
Vid
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SM
A C
ompl
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V
shar
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SIP
PC
Vid
eo
Sha
re C
lient
VoI
PN
etw
ork
CS
Voic
e C
all
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
Redirect to complete P2P Video Share
Upl
oad
to S
erve
r on
Ses
sion
Fai
lure
(N
ot A
vaila
ble/
Cap
able
)N
otifi
catio
n to
UE
-B in
vitin
g hi
m to
dow
nloa
d vi
deo
Clic
k to
dow
nloa
d an
d pl
ay �
and
sign
up
for
serv
ice!
INV
ITE
INV
ITE
4XX
NO
T A
VA
ILA
BLE
3XX
RE
DIR
EC
T T
O
AP
P S
ER
VE
R
INV
ITE
INVITE
200 OK20
0 O
K
UPL
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D V
IDEO
4XX
3XX
IM/S
MS
DO
WN
LOA
D R
EQU
EST
VID
EO T
RA
NSF
ER
and
driv
e se
rvic
e ad
optio
n!
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
Wireless Tutorial
�H
isto
ry a
nd E
volu
tion
of M
obile
Rad
io�
Evo
lvin
g N
etw
ork
Arc
hite
ctur
es
�E
volv
ing
Ser
vice
s�
App
licat
ions
and
Bus
ines
s M
odel
s�
Rel
ated
tech
nolo
gy, I
ssue
s an
d F
utur
es
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
Killer Applications
�C
omm
unity
and
Iden
tity
mos
t im
port
ant
●C
omm
unity
: po
stal
mai
l, te
leph
ony,
em
ail,
inst
ant m
essa
ging
, SM
S, c
hat,
pict
ure
mai
l,“s
ee-w
hat-
I-se
e”vi
deo
shar
ing…
●Id
entit
y: d
esig
ner
acce
ssor
ies,
wal
lpap
er,
ring
tone
s, r
ingb
ack
tone
s, …
�C
onte
nt im
port
ant b
ut c
onte
nt is
not
kin
g!●
Voi
ce r
even
ues
far
exce
ed th
ose
from
the
sum
of
TV
+ m
ovie
s +
new
spap
ers
+ m
agaz
ines
●
Cla
ssic
ana
lysi
s by
And
rew
Odl
yzko
: ht
tp://
ww
w.d
tc.u
mn.
edu/
~od
lyzk
o/do
c/re
cent
.htm
l
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
The Internet is the killer platform
�M
obile
Inte
rnet
acc
ess
driv
ing
3G d
ata
usag
e
�F
utur
e bu
sine
ss m
odel
s an
ope
n qu
estio
n●
Wal
led
gard
en ?
●A
dver
tisin
g ?
●O
ther
2-s
ided
bu
sine
ss m
odel
s ?
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
Advertising w
on’t cover lost voice $
Sou
rce:
Tel
co 2
.0 M
anife
sto,
ST
L P
artn
ers
Ltd.
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
“Open”success story –
DoCoMoi-mode
�M
ost o
pera
tors
cap
ture
val
ue –
avoi
d du
mb
pipe
●V
ery
caut
ious
par
tner
ing;
Slo
w r
oll o
ut o
f ser
vice
s
�D
oCoM
oi-m
ode
2G d
ata
serv
ice
laun
ched
199
9●
Sm
all s
cree
ns, s
low
(9.
6 kb
ps)
data
rat
e
�i-m
ode
busi
ness
mod
el w
ide
open
●F
ree
deve
lopm
ent s
oftw
are;
No
acce
ss r
estr
ictio
ns●
DoC
oMo’
s“b
ill-o
n-be
half”
base
d on
9%
rev
enue
sha
re
�i-m
ode
big
succ
ess
in fi
rst 2
4 m
onth
s●
55,0
00 a
pplic
atio
ns, 3
0M s
ubsc
riber
s !
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
DoCoMoI-Mode: 2-sided business m
odel
�S
ubsc
riber
s pa
y fo
r da
ta a
cces
s (f
lat r
ate
mon
thly
bun
dles
)�
App
licat
ion
prov
ider
s pa
y D
oCoM
ofo
r bi
lling
ser
vice
s
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
Wireless Tutorial
�H
isto
ry a
nd E
volu
tion
of M
obile
Rad
io�
Evo
lvin
g N
etw
ork
Arc
hite
ctur
es
�E
volv
ing
Ser
vice
s�
App
licat
ions
and
Bus
ines
s M
odel
s�
Rel
ated
tech
nolo
gy, I
ssue
s an
d F
utur
es
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
WiM
AX
�T
wo
year
lead
(or
mor
e) o
n 3G
SM
’s L
TE
●C
ompa
rabl
e or
fast
er s
peed
s at
any
poi
nt in
tim
e
�C
an’t
mat
ch v
olum
es o
f GS
M/ 3
GS
M/ L
TE
●10
0M’s
of G
SM
chi
ps v
s. 1
0M’s
WiM
AX
chip
s (a
t bes
t)
1.M
ay b
e as
suc
cess
ful a
s C
DM
A 2
000
2.C
ould
mer
ge w
ith L
TE
●R
adio
tech
nolo
gy v
ery
sim
ilar
●B
oth
assu
min
g 3G
PP
IMS
cor
e ne
twor
k
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
Backhaul
�M
ajor
3G
-4G
dat
a se
rvic
es e
xpen
se is
“ba
ckha
ul”
e.g.
con
nect
ing
cell
site
s to
the
core
net
wor
k●
Fix
ed fa
cilit
ies
owne
d by
loca
l mon
opol
y●
Res
tric
ted
&/o
r ex
pens
ive
to a
cces
s rig
hts-
of-w
ay●
Poi
nt-t
o-po
int w
irele
ss li
nks
expe
nsiv
e●
Wire
less
ope
rato
rs d
eplo
ying
ing
fiber
and
/or
P-t
o-P
ra
dios
on
cells
ite-b
y-ce
llsite
basi
s
�F
emto
cells
●G
et s
ubsc
riber
s to
use
thei
r D
SL,
cab
le o
r fib
er li
nks
for
cellu
lar
back
haul
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
Bluetooth
�S
hort
ran
ge, l
ow c
ost a
nd lo
w p
ower
!●
Per
sona
l are
a ne
twor
ks (
PA
Ns)
●1-
2 M
bps
peak
dat
a ra
tes
(tod
ay)
�B
uilt-
in d
isco
very
pro
toco
ls a
nd d
evic
e-sp
ecifi
c co
mm
unic
atio
ns p
roto
cols
; no
t IP
�La
rge
inst
alle
d ba
se; r
oadm
ap to
ultr
a-w
ideb
and
●48
0 M
bps
even
tual
ly
�U
nlik
ely
to e
xten
d be
yond
PA
Ns
●B
ut a
lso
unlik
ely
to b
e di
spla
ced
for
PA
Ns
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
WiFias threat to 3G-4G
�F
aste
r th
an 3
G –
4G�
IEE
E 8
02.1
1 sp
ec e
volv
ing
rapi
dly
●“n
”fo
r M
IMO
(hi
gher
spe
eds)
; “r
”fo
r fa
ster
(V
oIP
) ha
ndof
fs;
“y”
for
beac
on o
pera
tion
(in 3
650-
3700
MH
z ba
nd in
itial
ly –
othe
r ba
nds
late
r)
�D
ata
expe
rienc
e ca
n m
atch
that
of t
he In
tern
et●
with
nom
adic
con
veni
ence
(an
d tr
ue m
obili
ty c
omin
g)●
sam
e us
er in
terf
ace
(doe
sn’t
rely
on
smal
l scr
eens
);
sam
e pr
ogra
ms,
file
s, a
pplic
atio
ns, w
ebsi
tes
�Lo
w c
ost,
low
bar
riers
to e
ntry
●In
divi
dual
s an
d or
gani
zatio
ns b
uild
ow
n ne
twor
ks
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
Mobile device diversity -indefinitely
�A
pplic
atio
n de
velo
pmen
t env
ironm
ents
…
Sou
rce:
And
rea
Con
stan
tinou
, Vis
ionM
obile
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
Telecom Opportunity
�In
tern
et p
lus
mob
ile p
hone
s dr
ivin
g gl
obal
ec
onom
ic, s
ocia
l, an
d po
litic
al b
enef
its�
Und
erly
ing
tech
nolo
gies
impr
ovin
g ex
pone
ntia
lly
En
orm
ou
s o
pp
ort
un
ity
ahea
d!
�6.
7 B
peo
ple;
3.6
B m
obile
s; 1
.6B
Inte
rnet
use
rs
�3G
/4G
to d
eliv
er p
hone
& In
tern
et to
eve
ryon
e
Have fun, help mankind, make money !
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
rbt@
nmss
.com
http
://bl
ogs.
nmss
.com
/com
mun
icat
ions
http
://w
ww
.nm
scom
mun
icat
ions
.com
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
Mobile Standard Organizations
AR
IB(J
ap
an
)
T1
(US
A)
ET
SI
(Euro
pe
)
TT
A(K
ore
a)
CW
TS
(Chin
a)
TT
C(J
ap
an
)
TIA
(US
A)
Thir
d G
ene
ratio
nP
atn
ers
hip
Pro
ject
(3G
PP
)
Thir
d G
ene
ratio
nP
art
ners
hip
Pro
ject II
(3G
PP
2)
ITU
Mo
bile
Ope
rato
rsIT
U M
em
be
rs
IS-9
5),
IS
-41, IS
-20
00,
IS-8
35
GS
M,
W-C
DM
A,
UM
TS
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
Partnership Projects and Forums
•IT
U IM
T-2
000:
ht
tp://
ww
w.it
u.in
t/hom
e/im
t.htm
l•
Mob
ile P
artn
ersh
ip P
roje
cts
–3G
PP
: ht
tp://
ww
w.3
gpp.
org
–3G
PP
2 : h
ttp://
ww
w.3
gpp2
.org
•M
obile
mar
ketin
g al
lianc
es a
nd fo
rum
s–
GS
M A
ssoc
iatio
n: h
ttp://
ww
w.g
smw
orld
.com
/inde
x.sh
tml
–U
MT
S F
orum
: ht
tp://
ww
w.u
mts
-for
um.o
rg
–C
DM
A D
evel
opm
ent G
roup
: ht
tp://
ww
w.c
dg.o
rg/in
dex.
asp
–N
ext G
ener
atio
n M
obile
Net
wor
ks A
llian
ce:
http
://w
ww
.ngm
n.or
g/
–G
loba
l Mob
ile S
uppl
iers
Ass
ocia
tion:
http
://w
ww
.gsa
com
.com
–C
TIA
: ht
tp://
ww
w.c
tia.o
rg/
–3G
Am
eric
as:
http
://w
ww
.uw
cc.o
rg
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
Mobile Standards Organizations
�E
urop
ean
Tec
hnic
al S
tand
ard
Inst
itute
(E
urop
e):
●ht
tp://
ww
w.e
tsi.o
rg
�T
elec
omm
unic
atio
n In
dust
ry A
ssoc
iatio
n (U
SA
):●
http
://w
ww
.tiao
nlin
e.or
g
�A
llian
ce fo
r T
elec
omm
unic
atio
ns In
dust
ry S
olut
ions
(U
SA
)(f
orm
erly
Com
mitt
ee T
1):
�ht
tp://
ww
w.t1
.org
& h
ttp://
ww
w.a
tis.o
rg/
�C
hina
Com
mun
icat
ions
Sta
ndar
ds A
ssoc
iatio
n (C
hina
):●
http
://w
ww
.cw
ts.o
rg
�T
he A
ssoc
iatio
n of
Rad
io In
dust
ries
and
Bus
ines
ses
(Jap
an):
●ht
tp://
ww
w.a
rib.o
r.jp
/eng
lish/
inde
x.ht
ml
�T
he T
elec
omm
unic
atio
n T
echn
olog
y C
omm
ittee
(Ja
pan)
:●
http
://w
ww
.ttc.
or.jp
/e/in
dex.
htm
l
�T
he T
elec
omm
unic
atio
n T
echn
olog
y A
ssoc
iatio
n (K
orea
):●
http
://w
ww
.tta.
or.k
r/en
glis
h/e_
inde
x.ht
m
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
Other Industry Consortia
•O
MA
, Ope
n M
obile
Alli
ance
: ht
tp://
ww
w.o
penm
obile
allia
nce.
org/
–C
onso
lidat
es O
pen
Mob
ile A
rchi
tect
ure,
WA
P F
orum
, Loc
atio
n In
tero
pera
bilit
y F
orum
, Syn
cML,
MM
S In
tero
pera
bilit
y G
roup
, W
irele
ss V
illag
e
•Li
sts
of w
irele
ss o
rgan
izat
ions
com
pile
d by
oth
ers:
–ht
tp://
ww
w.w
ipco
nnec
tor.
com
/res
ourc
es.p
hp–
http
://fo
cus.
ti.co
m/g
ener
al/d
ocs/
wtb
u/w
tbug
enco
nten
t.tsp
?tem
plat
eId=
6123
&co
nten
tId=
4602
–ht
tp://
ww
w.w
lana
.org
/wla
n_st
anda
rds_
orgs
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
Wireless M
AN, LAN and PAN Links
•W
irele
ssM
AN
–B
road
band
Acc
ess
(WiM
AX
)–
IEE
E 8
02.1
6: h
ttp://
ww
w.ie
ee80
2.or
g/16
/–
WiM
AX
For
um: h
ttp://
ww
w.w
imax
foru
m.o
rg/h
ome/
•W
irele
ss L
AN
(W
iFi)
–IE
EE
802
.11:
ht
tp://
ww
w.ie
ee80
2.or
g/11
/–
WiF
iAlli
ance
: h
ttp://
ww
w.w
i-fi.o
rg/
–W
irele
ss L
AN
Ass
ocia
tion:
http
://w
ww
.wla
na.o
rg/
•W
irele
ss W
PA
N (
Blu
etoo
th)
–IE
EE
802
.15:
http
://w
ww
.ieee
802.
org/
15/
–B
luet
ooth
SIG
: ht
tps:
//ww
w.b
luet
ooth
.org
/an
d h
ttp://
ww
w.b
luet
ooth
.com
/
ww
w.n
msc
om
mun
icat
ions
.com
Sources of Market & Subscriber Statistics
Fre
e:•
http
://en
.wik
iped
ia.o
rg/w
iki/L
ist_
of_m
obile
_net
wor
k_op
erat
ors
–ht
tp://
en.w
ikip
edia
.org
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