WINTER PROJECT WORK 2012- 2014

Report of

WINTER PROJECT done By

STUDENTS -

Sagar Dahiya, Sumit Kumar,

Pranit Malik and Diwakar Parasher

Under the guidance of

Dr. Mukesh kumar

November –December, 2013

Swami Shraddhanand College,

University of Delhi,

Alipur, Delhi 110036

WINTER PROJECT WORK 2012- 2014

Swami Shraddhanand College, University of Delhi

Alipur, Delhi-110036

CERTIFICATE This is to certify that this following winter project report -

Project No Project Title Student Investigator

1 Vehicle Heat Trapping Sagar Dahiya

2 Invisibility of Visible Light Sumit Kumar

3 Science of solid waste Pranit Malik

4 A NEW WAY OF ENERGY HARVESTING :

PIEZOELECTRICITY

Diwakar Paraskar

are the bonafide record of work done by undergraduate students under

the supervision of Dr. Mukesh Kumar , Faculty Physics department,

Swami Shraddhanand College, from November, 2013 to December,

2013.

Dr. Mukesh Kumar

Supervisor Winter Projects

Dr. S.K. Kundra

Principal Swami Shraddhanand College

PLACE : Delhi

DATE : December, 2013

WINTER PROJECT WORK 2012- 2014

Winter Project 1 :

Vehicle Heat Trapping

Sagar Dahiya

B.Sc.(Hons) Physics 2nd year

Objective : To study the possible method of vehicle’s heat caputuring

Introduction:

Today technology is developing its new faces day by day. Human have developed such a

fast technology that we can do our huge work in just few minutes and much more

technology is remaining to be developed. But in this developing world and our needs in

useless things we have forgot about the environment pollution. Global warming has

become a huge problem for all of us, today we see many stylish and new types of

vehicles on road and their population in increasing day by day. These vehicles demand

has increased in the same way as an elixir for life. Have we thought not only about the

pollution caused by them but also about the heat loss from them is a measure cause of

global warming. When vehicles ruin on road then not only from their exhaust but also

from their engine and friction huge

amount of heat is lost in environment.

During the motion of vehicles their

engine gets heat up to 500-700 degree

Celsius. This all heat gets totally waste

in environment and its consequences it

support global warming. The following

graph tells us about the heat lost by

vehicles in their motion process:-

This graph tells us that When car used

its fuel for running then about 40% of energy lost in waste heat of exhaust, 30% waste

in coolant, 5% energy waste in friction and remaining 25% energy used in vehicle

operation. We will discuss about coolant later. If we will be able to capture this all waste

heat then we can save our environment as well our fuel too. Let we discuss about the

benefits of capturing this heat.

Benefits of capturing vehicles heat:

Due to increasing demands of vehicles fuel demands has also increased. In last couple of

years fuel demand has increased up to 30% and environment pollution has increased up

to 40%. But people are not bothering about this problem. They are only concerned

about their own wasteful need and nobody is aware about this social problem. I context

40%

30%

25%

5%

exhaust coolant vechile operation friction

WINTER PROJECT WORK 2012- 2014

to this increasing demands of vehicles ,it seems that there will be no more fuel for future

generation and also environment will be dwelled in its harsh conditions. Hence it

become a major problem for scientists how to minimize this use of fuel and save

environment to get polluted.

This can be done by various ways. We can be done this by capturing car’s waste

heat and used it in form of electricity. From the above graph we know that most of the

heat from vehicles get waste through their exhaust, if we some how capture this heat

and use this heat in generation of electricity then we can save environment degradation

in large amount. Not only environment but we can save large amount of fuel to be get

waste and this generated electricity can be used in vehicle’s A.C., radio, mobile charging

system and in many other applications. In this way we can save fuel, save environment

and even more we can increase vehicles efficiency. By this saving process vehicle can be

more efficient and can run better for many years.

Methods of minimizing vehicles heat:

Today we are using coolant in our vehicles to protect our vehicles from over heating.

A coolant is a fluid which flows through or around a device to prevent it’s overheating,

transferring the heat produced by the device to other devices that use or dissipate it. An

ideal coolant has high thermal capacity, low viscosity, is low-cost, non-toxic, and

chemically inert, neither causing nor promoting corrosion of the cooling system. Some

applications also require the coolant to be an electrical insulator. The most common

coolant is water. Its high heat capacity and low cost makes it a suitable heat-transfer

medium. It is usually used with additives, like corrosion inhibitors and antifreeze.

Antifreeze is a chemical additive which lowers the freezing point of a water-based

liquid. An antifreeze mixture is used to achieve freezing-point depression for cold

environments and also achieves boiling-point elevation ("anti-boil") to allow higher

coolant temperature. Because water has good properties as a coolant, antifreeze is used

in internal combustion engines and other heat transfer applications, such

as HVAC chillers and solar water heaters.

To increase the efficiency of vehicles and less usage of fuel now turbo cars has

developed. In these cars a turbo is attached to exhaust pipe and is rotated by the

exhaust pressure. Due to rotation of turbine electricity is developed which supplies to

engine. It makes engine more efficient than a naturally aspirated engine because the

turbine forces more air, and proportionately more fuel, into the combustion chamber

than atmospheric pressure alone. Turbo are commonly used on truck, car, train, aircraft,

and construction equipment engines. Turbo are popularly used with Otto

cycle and Diesel cycle internal combustion engines. They have also been found useful in

automotive fuel cells.

Another method called Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) has also come in approach but

it has not come in practical use. It can be very fine method to convert exhaust heat into

electricity. Let’s discuss about it in brief.

WINTER PROJECT WORK 2012- 2014

Thermoelectric Generator (TEG):

Thermoelectric generators mainly work on the principle of Seebeck effect. The Seebeck

effect is the conversion of temperature differences directly into electricity. This effect

was first discovered by Thomas Johann Seebeck in 1821, who found that a voltage

existed between

two ends of a

metal bar when a

temperature

gradient existed

in the bar. Based

on the Seebeck

effect, the TEG

system takes the

advantages of no moving parts, silent operation and very reliable. For automobiles,

including both gasoline vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles, the waste exhaust heat can

be recovered directly to electrical energy for battery charging, thereby increasing the

overall vehicle fuel efficiency. Hence we can save fuel and less usage of fuel will means

less pollution. This device can play a big role in saving our environment. The fig.

depicts a single TEG couple in which the n-type and p-type semiconductor materials are

configured thermally in parallel

and electrically in series. As the

heat moves from hot sides to

cold sides, the accumulation of

charge carriers in

semiconductors generates an

electrical potential between the

ends of this TEG couple.

Typically, in a practical TEG

device, about 120 such TEG

couples are connected in series

to bring the voltage up to a

useful level. The presented

model helps to understand the

characteristics of TEG, and the effects of engine speed and coolant temperature of

radiator on the TE module.

An experimental TEG system is shown in figure in which six TEG devices are connected

in series, and then sandwiched tightly between a copper radiator and a copper plate.

The water-cooled copper radiator serves as the cold sides of all TEG devices, while the

copper plate works as the hot sides of all the devices. A single Bi–Te based TEG device

is used for exemplification. Hence this method can be very useful in saving our

WINTER PROJECT WORK 2012- 2014

environment from getting polluted as well as if this experiment will come in approach

then we can save large amount of fuel to get waste.

Many experiments have been done to apply TEGs on an automobile,

however, only a few works simulated the behaviors of TEG and TE module. The

experimental results showed the power output from TEGs increased with engine speed,

and the whole system can produce up to 330W power. Now scientists are tried to used

this experiment in practically use. As this experiment come in practically use then we

can save large amount of fuel and environment degradation will be controlled.

Conclusion:

Different kinds of models were used and compared to simulate thermoelectric

phenomena in a thermoelectric leg. No significant difference between the standard and

the improved simplified models appears. It is necessary that improve this model as

earliest as possible and use this in vehicles to save our environment and fossil fuels.

References:

[1]. Birkholz U, Grob E, Stohrer U, Voss K. Conversion of waste exhaust heat in automobiles using FeSi2

thermo elements. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Thermoelectric Energy Conversion,

Arlington, USA; 1988. pp. 124–128.

[2] Bass JC, Campana RJ, Elsner NB, Thermoelectric generator for diesel engines. Proceedings of the 1990

Coatings for Advanced Heat Engines Workshop, U.S.,; 1990.

[3] Bass JC, Campana RJ, Elsner NB. Thermoelectric generator for diesel trucks. Proceedings of the 10th

International Conference on Thermoelectric, Cardiff, Wales; 1991.

[4] Bass JC, Elsner NB, Leavitt A. Performance of the 1 KW thermoelectric Generators for diesel engines.

Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Thermoelectric, New York; 1995.

[5] Bass JC. Thermoelectric generator for motor vehicle. U.S. Patent US5625245, April 29; 1997.

[6] Bass JC, Els ner NB, Leavitt FA. Method for fabricating a thermoelectric module With gapless eggcrate.

U.S. Patent US 5856210, January 5; 1999.

[7] Kobayashi M, Ikoma K, Furuya K, Shinohara K, Takao H, Miyoshi M, Imanishi Y, Watanabe T.

Thermoelectric generation and related properties of conventional type module based on Si–Ge alloys.

Proceedings of the 15th International Conference of Thermoelectric; 1998.

[8] Ikoma K, Munkiyo M, Furuya K, Kobayashi M, Komatsu H, Shinohara K. Thermoelectric generator for

gasoline engine using Bi2Te3 modules. J Japan

Inst Met 1999; 63(11):1475–8.

[9]Thacher E, Helen brook B, Karri M, and Richter C. Testing of an automobile exhaust thermoelectric

generator in a light truck. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part

D J Auto mob Eng 2007; 221(1):95–107.

[10] Matsubara K. The performance of a segmented thermoelectric converter using Yb-based filled

skutterudites and Bi2Te3-based materials.

[11] MRS 2001 Fall Proceedings, Symposium G, vol. 691; 2001, G9.1 [16] Matsubara K. Development of a

high efficient thermoelectric stack for a waste exhaust heat recovery. Proceedings of ICT’02, 21st

International Conference on thermoelectric; 2002, pp. 418–423.

[12] Champier D, Bedecarrats JP, Rivaletto M, Strub F. Thermoelectric power generation from biomass

cook stoves. Energy, In Press, doi:10.1016/j.energy. 2009.07.015

WINTER PROJECT WORK 2012- 2014

Winter Project 2 :

Invisibility of Visible Light

Sumit kumar

B.Sc. Physical Science

Project : To study the possible method of Invisibility of visible light

Basic Principal :

1) Invisibility is a state of an object that cannot be seen .

2) Object can be seen by light in the visible spectrum from a source reflecting off their

surfaces and hitting the viewer’s eye.

3) The most natural form of invisibility is an object that neither reflects nor absorbs light

and known as transparency .

A cloak of invisibility is a theme that has occurred in fiction and is a device which is under

some scientific inquiry.

Possible Method :

1. Lateral Shift : This phenomenon of bending the light

around the object by using the concept of lateral shift

produced by the refractive material used to

manufacture the cloaking device. The lateral shift

produced by the refractive material allows the light

to deviate from its original path thereby creating a

region void of light rays. This behavior is obtained

practically by designing a structure which

allows the incident light to refract from it.

The lateral shift produced by the incident

light creates a small region in which an object

is invisible as the incident light does not enter in this

region. The lateral shift produced by the cloaking device

can be varied by varying the refractive index of the material used

hence the volume of this region depends on the lateral shift produced by the

cloaking device. The cloaking device is made using an acrylic sheet which has a

refractive index of 1.49.

The upper and lower parts of the cloak are kept at 45 degrees with respect to the

horizontal so that the light rays in the upper half of the cloak are bent towards

WINTER PROJECT WORK 2012- 2014

the roof of the cloak and

the light rays in the

bottom half of the cloak

are bent towards the

bottom of the cloak

thereby generating an

area inside the cloak void

of light rays i.e. where the

flow of light rays is

minimum from the

observers point of view.

The lateral shift = tsin(i-r)sec(r)

Where ‘t’ is the thickness of sheet and ‘i’ is the incident angle and ‘r’ is the

reflecting angle. It is found that an object of height approximately equal to 1.4

centimeters is made invisible by the

apparatus.

2. Heat, unlike light, is governed by diffusion, so it gradually spreads out in all directions and washes out any fine details. But it can still be used to image a hidden feature, such as a defect buried in a material, which can show up as a cold spot on the top surface as heat flows upward from below. The signature is particularly pronounced following a sudden temperature change.

Researchers made a thin metal sheet so that heat flowing along the sheet would be diverted around an object or through it, or even flow around behind it and come back toward the heat source. But it does pass for temperature change .It works on a fixed temperature only .

I n v i s i b i l i t y c l o a k f o r h e a t

They cut grooves and holes in copper sheet and filled them with a rubbery thermal

insulater . The structure consisted of a 5- centimeter diameter copper disk _ cloaked

device _ surrounded by concentric copper rings. Each ring was connected to its

neighbors by a few thin spokes of copper. This structure allows heat to flow easily

around the rings but much more slowly in the radial direction. Over large distances, the

WINTER PROJECT WORK 2012- 2014

patterned sheet acts as a “metamaterial” with average properties that are different from

pure copper and that vary in a prescribed way with position. Then submerged one side

of their structure in hot water and the other side in room-temperature water. They used

an infrared camera to make a temperature “movie” of the heat flowing across the

structure and confirmed their theoretical prediction: the time-varying temperature

distribution away from the disk was precisely what would be expected for an unaltered

copper sheet.

The team also showed that the complex ring structure was important, since simply

insulating the disk from the rest of the sheet resulted in a quite different temperature

profile.

Result

This work of invisibility is still going on .

WINTER PROJECT WORK 2012- 2014

Winter Project 3 :

Science of solid waste

Pranit Malik

B.Sc.(Hons) Physics 2nd year

Aim:

The project work on topic ‘Taming waste through laws of thermodynamics’ is done

purposely in order to sustain green places in the city as well as healthy conditions for its

citizens. The project was aimed at discovering the innovative ideas to limit and utilize the

solid waste through various scientific methods considering the minimum utilization of non

renewable resources and bringing out the maximum possible output . Wherever men live,

the waste follows. Since he is responsible for waste, it is his pious duty to manage waste in

scientific way. A contaminated environment places people at obvious risk of exposure to

pathogens/harmful organisms that lead to infection and diseases.

Introduction:

Atmospheric pollution is a serious problem nowadays. It is connected with human activity in

the field of industry, energy and transport. We have given some ideas in order to limit the

pollution in the present work. This problem appears because of the lack of preoccupation

and noticeable devaluation of human worth in relation to the living matter and its

continuous destruction .Solid waste was already a problem long before water and air

pollution issues attracted public attention. Historically the problem associated with solid

waste can be dated back to prehistoric days. Due to the invention of new products,

technologies and services the quantity and quality of the waste have changed over the

years. Waste characteristics not only depend on income, culture and geography but also on

a society's economy and, situations like disasters that affect that economy. The

management of different waste requires different kind of procedures to handle as the

different toxic compounds that might be present in one may not be present in the other.

But, we aim in utilizing all natural ways of handling the waste in a nature or eco friendly

manner.

Mother Nature recycles all types of waste materials. We are producing more waste

materials then nature is capable of recycling and thus it results into pollution.

Observations: When an organism interact with environment , it modify the environment through

imperfectly understood mechanisms . Fortunately , physicists based on cause and

WINTER PROJECT WORK 2012- 2014

effect are trained to interpret natural phenomena . The act of physics lies in choosing

robust approximations which maintain the principle of conservation for mass ,

momentum and energy etc. Here I shall concentrate on energy , as energy is

necessary requirement for every universal phenomena whether creation or

destruction . It will attempt to help you understand the environment in way that will

enable you not only to deal professionally with environment but also to appreciate

the associated societal implications . The importance of the relationship between

energy and the development of any kind of civilization can be understand from the

fact that :

Energy and matter essential elements for every organism. The organism captures matter

and energy from its environment and transfers them into structures and processes

that make life possible . Therefore to understand how environment function , it is

importance first to know something of how energy and matter behave - both in the

universe and in living things .

The energy demand of today’s society has been growing day by day either due to

rise in population or increasing per capita energy consumption as a result of ever

rising life standards .The law of conservation of energy is based on the observation

that every time energy changes form or its transform from one form to another .

In such change the quantity of energy is conserved , its quality is not . By quality ,

here we means the potential of energy to produce maximum possible work that

can be obtained from a given source of energy in a given environment .

Analytical work:

The basic approach of delving on the project was to limit or utilize the waste by various

methods of science as so far if we concern physics then many thermodynamic entities are

characterized by energy flows both within the body and between the body and its

environment. The rate of these energy transfers and the mechanism of thermo regulation

are governed by the various thermo dynamical laws and concepts of physics hence they

can play a significant role in reducing waste in environment and same applies to the other

branches of science. However there is no machine which produced complete useful output

always accommodated with some unwanted waste which contributes to environment

degradation. Hence it is worthless to discuss totally pollution free environment. It

may mean that we can ‘t control environment degradation , what we can do is

that we can minimize it to such an extent that it remains the limit of tolerance

and does not harm us . . This article discusses the relations between environmental

impact and renewable energy in general, and the limitation put by the laws of

thermodynamic in particular. The thermodynamic itself does not offer any solution but

the integration of thermodynamics into renewable energy hinges on a limits of

environmental impacts.

WINTER PROJECT WORK 2012- 2014

Conclusion:

It is concluded that the potential usefulness of renewable energy results in substantial solution of environmental problems. One of the thermodynamic entity “entropy” is focused being a waste which becomes unavailable in almost every process and keeps on increasing. There is another index known as "free energy” which simultaneously incorporates both the energy and entropy of the system. Thermodynamically free energy refers to the amount of work that can be extracted from a system. Since the free energy of a fresh product is always more than their degradation products so it turns out to be a convenient way to characterize all kinds of waste so called pollutants . Hence unavailable energy keeps on increasing so we can say entropy keeps on increasing. Since something that is not available to do work is gone waste so we can say that unavailable energy is waste and hence entropy is a waste.

The renewable energy seems to be the Energy for our next … generation and provide energy security for us . The use of renewable energy The thermodynamic itself does not offer no solution but the integration of thermodynamics into renewable energy hinges on a limits of environmental impacts . It is concluded that the potential usefulness of renewable energy results in substantial solution of environmental problems. Various energy resources compete for our energy requirement , so suitable choice of energy resource can play a major role in minimizing environment degradation because of development .

References:

1. M. N. Saha and B. N. Srivastava, A treatise on heat, The Indian Press, 3rd edition.

1950

2. “Look at Energy for Sustainable Development in 21st century “Mukesh Kumar &

G.K. Parashar, Peace and Development Digest, Feb-April, 2002, 41-46.

3. Importance of Renewable source of energy , ICEDCO proceeding , 2005,1

4. Rosen, M. A., and I. Dincer. , On energy and climate change impact. Int. J. Energy

Res.21:643—654, 1997.

5. Wepfer, W. J., and R. A. Gaggioli. , Thermodynamics: Second law analysis, ACS

Symp. Ser. 122, Washington, DC, 1980, pp. 77—92.

6. Ibrahim Dincer, Thermodynamics, Exergy and climate change Impact , Energy

Sources, 22:723—732, 2000

WINTER PROJECT WORK 2012- 2014

Winter Project 4 :

A NEW WAY OF ENERGY HARVESTING : PIEZOELECTRICITY

Diwakar Paraskar

B.Sc.(Hons) Physics 1st year

Aim: To find a new way of energy harvesting using piezoelectricity .

Introduction:

Energy harvesting has become more and more important in our life. It refers to the practice of acquiring energy from the environment which would be otherwise wasted and converting it into usable electric energy. Energy has always been a most important thing for the development of economy and social growth in country. There are two long-term energy challenges are being faced. One of them is undertaking climate change by mitigating Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions and the other one is ensuring a secure clean and affordable energy. The recent fluctuations on the price of petroleum have affected worldwide economics which has forced an increased in the price of other items including food. This shows that we are too dependent to petroleum as a source of electrical power. Besides, petroleum as a source of electrical energy has contributed to severe air pollution problem. Therefore, an alternative method to produce electricity has to be put in place Among other solutions which can be explored are nuclear and hydroelectric power generators. However, these options require huge financial capability to run and to maintain. Besides, not many countries are “allowed” to use nuclear power generator due to world political scenario. Thus, photovoltaic cells and wind turbines have been the popular choices and these renewable energy sources are gaining more attention. However, they are expensive and not affordable to many countries to acquire them. As a consequence, other possible energy sources must again be explored. Energy can also harvested from ambient environment such as mechanical, thermal, light, electromagnetic and also human body to replace traditional sources.

WINTER PROJECT WORK 2012- 2014

Generally, the first energy harvesting procedure is capturing the energy (resources), storing of energy using batteries or other kind of system, and finally the energy will supply power to nearby grid or system as shown in Figure There are various forms of recycling of energy which have existed so far like:- In India, we are fully dependent on the traditional sources of energy. Fig indicates some of the primary energy sources in India . Energy Harvesting for Road Application We introduces a new concept of energy recycling using the vibrations produced by the vehicle in the road and a transducer known as piezoelectric transducer . This method is best utilized for efficient recycling of energy if it is put to proper use. Vehicles such as cars, bus, trucks are the major user on the road. When every vehicle is moving, it will release energy in the form of force or vibration direct to the road surface. An energy harvesting system will capture these energies and convert it into an electrical energy. Piezoelectric Generator for Road Application Discovered by J and P Curie in 1880, this is the method of converting mechanical energy into electrical energy. The piezoelectric effect exists in two domains, the first is the direct piezoelectric effect that describes the material’s ability to transform mechanical strain into electrical charge, the second form is the converse effect, which is the ability to convert an applied electrical potential into mechanical strain energy.

fig. (a) piezoelectric material with net dipole moment in upward direction (b)&(c) direct piezoelectric effect, any compression or tension generates an emf in the closed circuit (d)&(e) inverse piezoelectric effect, on applying voltage deformation in piezoelectric element occurs How to use energy from roads The design proposes the placement of piezoelectric sensors beneath the road surface which would produce electricity from the vibrations caused by the movement of vehicles on the

WINTER PROJECT WORK 2012- 2014

road. The technology works in this way: When a car or truck passes over pavement, the pavement vibrates slightly. By placing relatively inexpensive piezoelectric sensors underneath a road, the vibrations produced by vehicles can be converted into electricity.

Mathematic Form Of Energy Produced It consists of one or more PZ elements between two masses. This is called a Piezo stack. Consider a vehicle, of mass m, passes over the piezoelectric element, then there will be a slightly decrease in the potential energy of the vehicle due to the deformation in the road. this changed potential energy is transferred into the piezo stack. Here mg is the deforming factor and it will decide how much the stack will compress and g = force due to earth's gravitational field

Let ∆l is the deformation produced in the piezo stack. Then change in potential energy of the vehicle is given by mg∆l. Let us consider the ideal case when the whole energy lost by the vehicle is transferred to the piezo stack, and it converts all the energy into the electrical energy. Here ∆l depends on two factors

- elastic properties of the piezoelectric element

WINTER PROJECT WORK 2012- 2014

- mass, m, of the body consider the piezo stack having thickness h and area of cross section A, then Young's modulus is defined by

therefore

Thus energy transferred to the stack = m.g.∆l

E =

This is the energy transferred by the moving body to the piezo stack. Limitations. 1. But the energy have to transfer through the material of which the floor(road) is made up of. In this case there will always be structural damping. 2. Now consider the case of appearance of charge. Let n number of electrons transfer because of applied force f (or m.g). For a particular value of force the charge generated will be the same. It will depend on the structure of the crystal of which piezoelectric element is made up of. References :

[1] Kshitiz Upadhyay and Anup Shanker, Indian Journal of Applied Engineering and

Technology Vol-2(1), 2012

[2] Kamarul Faiz bin Mihaj, Dr. Kok Boon Ching, Dalam Pendidikan Dan Latihan Teknikal Dan

Vokasional (CiE-TVET 2013)

[3] Arjun A.M., Ajay Sampath, Sandhya Thiyagarajan, and Arvind V, International Journal of

Environmental Science and Development, Vol. 2, No. 6, December 2011