WELCOME TO BIOLOGY 11 Mr. Gandha
TOPICS OF BIOLOGY 11
Chemicals of life
Cells
Evolution
Taxonomy
Microbio
Plants
Animals
BIOLOGY THIS SEMESTERReview of Biology and Processes
Adaptation and Evolution: A theory to explain relationships between living things
Microbiology: The study of microscopic organisms
Viruses
Kingdom Monera
Kingdom Protista - briefly
Plant biology: The study of plants
Green Algae, Mosses, Ferns
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
Animal biology: The study of animals (you may be surprised!)
Kingdoms Porifera and Cnidaria
Kingdoms Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, and Annelida
Kingdoms Mollusca and Echinodermata
Kingdom Arthropoda
Kingdom Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata
THE CELL Cells: Part 1
OBJECTIVES
By the end of the lesson you should be able to:
• State the 2 types of cells
• Relate the structure to function for all the organelles
TYPES OF CELLS
There are two types of cells:
1. Prokaryotic
2. Eukaryotic
PROKARYOTES VS EUKARYOTES
• Cells fall into two broad categories, depending on whether they contain a nucleus
• Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
• A nucleus is a large membrane-enclosed structure that contains the cell’s genetic material in the form of DNA
• Prokaryotic cells are cells that do not contain a nuclei and Eukaryotes are cells that contain a nuclei
PROKARYOTES• Generally smaller and simpler than eukaryotes, although many exceptions
• Prokaryotic cells have genetic material that is not contained in a nucleus
• They all grow, reproduce, respond to their environment, and some can move
•Typically we call prokaryotes, Bacteria
EUKARYOTES
• Generally these cells are larger
• Usually contain dozens of structures and internal membranes and many are highly specialized
• Eukaryotes contain a nucleus in which their genetic material is separated from the rest of the cell
• Some are single-celled and others form multi-cellular organisms.
• Plants, animals, fungi and protists are eukaryotes
WHAT DO YOU REMEMBER??
Label your eukaryotic cells – Plant and Animals
CELL MEMBRANE
AKA: Plasma Membrane
Confines the cytoplasm
Controls what enters and leaves the cell
Made of a phospholipid bilayer
CELL MEMBRANE
Structure of Cell Membrane
The fatty acid tails are “water hating”
The phosphate heads are “water loving”
There are proteins embedded in the membrane to transport molecules through the membrane
NUCLEUS
• Contains nearly all the cell’s DNA and with it the coded instructions for making proteins and other important molecules
• Nuclear envelope a double layer of nuclear membrane with pores
• Chromatin – DNA with protein (synthesis)
•Houses nucleoplasm, DNA and nucleoli
•Nucleolus – Where Ribosomes are assembled
•Nuclear membrane is connected to the RER
RER & SER
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Made of cell membrane folded into sacs
There are two types:
1. Rough: has ribosomes attached
2. Smooth: no ribosomes attached
RER & SER
RER: processes proteins and sends them to the Golgi Apparatus
SER: makes lipids, contain enzymes for specialized tasks, detoxifies poisons, drugs and other toxins
RIBOSOMES
• Found attached to the RER and floating in the cytoplasm
• Are the site of protein synthesis
• They receive coded instructions that come from the nucleus
GOLGI BODYAKA: Golgi Apparatus or Golgi Complex
Made of flattened sacs of cell membrane
Receives and exports proteins via vesicles
VACUOLES & VESICLESMembrane bound sacs used for storage
Formed from ER and Golgi Apparatus
MITOCHONDRIAPowerhouse of the cell
Converts chemical energy (glucose) into biological energy (ATP)
Mitochondria comes from your mom!
CHLOROPLAST
Site of photosynthesis, found in plants only
Uses chlorophyll to convert light energy into chemical energy (glucose)
MIRCROTUBULES
•Hollow structures made up of proteins
•Maintain cell shape
•Cell division
•Centrioles:
•Located near the nucleus and help to organize cell division
•Centrioles are not found in plant cells
FLAGELLA & CILIA
Microtubules also help build projections from the cell surface for things like flagella and cilia
Flagella: move cells
Cilia: move things past cells
CYTOSKELETON
Gives the cell its shape and supports organelles
Moves things inside the cell
Made of microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments
LYSOSOMES & PEROXISOMES•Lysosomes: sac of hydrolytic enzymes that digest or breakdown lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates
•Peroxisomes: transfer hydrogen and detoxify parts of the cell
YOUR TURN!
Crash Course Video
Complete the Chart on Cell Organelles
DIFFUSION & OSMOSIS The Cell: Part 2
DIFFUSION AND OSMOSIS
DIFFUSION
The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
When the concentration of the solute is the same throughout the solventit is called equilibrium.
What does this have to do with cell membranes?
OSMOSIS
Cell membranes are selectively permeable. Some substances cannot diffuse across them.
Water can pass quite easily through the cell membrane to balance out the concentration and reach equilibrium.
Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.
SOLUTIONSIsotonic – When the concentration of two solutions is the same.
Hypertonic – The solution with the greater concentration of solutes.
Hypotonic – The solution with the lesser concentration of solutes.
DIFFUSION AND OSMOSIS
Diffusion
Movement of PARTICLES from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Osmosis
Movement of WATER from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
OSMOSIS DETAILS
Isotonic: equal concentration of water inside and outside the cell
the concentration of the solute is equal on both sides of the cell membrane
No net gain of water into or out of the cell
Hypertonic: higher concentration of water inside the cell
the concentration of the solute is higher outside of the cell
Water moves out of the cell; the cell shrinks
Hypotonic: lower concentration of water inside the cell
the concentration of the solute is higher on the inside of the cell so water moves into the cell; the cell swells (if too much it can burst! LYSIS!)
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS The Cell: Part 3
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
A little side-step from all the organelles - Protein Synthesis Demo
DNA – Hank video!
You should be able to describe how these structures work together:
Hormone/Chemical messenger
Nuclear Membrane
Cytoplasm
Nuclear Pore
Nucleus
Nucleolus
DNA
mRNA
Vesicles
RER
Golgi body
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS1. The nucleus receives a chemical
signal to make a specific protein (RNA)
2. The DNA message for a specific protein is copied into a small molecule called ribonucleic acid or RNA
3. RNA leaves through a nuclear pore
4. The RNA message is delivered to the ribosome, where the protein is made
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS CONT’D
5. 5. The manufactured protein enters the ER
6. 6. A vesicle forms off the end of the ER and carries the vesicle to Golgi body
7. Golgi repackages the protein for transport
8. A vesicle forms off the end of Golgi to cell membrane
9. The vesicle attached to cell membrane and is release out
LIFE AND ITS MAJOR MOLECULES
Intro to Bio
OBJECTIVES
By the end of the lesson you should be able to:
Describe the 8 characteristics of life
Draw the structure of the 4 molecules of life
State the function and examples of the 4 molecules of life
THE 8 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
1. All life is made up of at least one cell or more cells
2. All life must eat
3. All life grows - increasing its biomass
4. All life reproduces itself
THE 8 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE5. All life responds to its environment
6. All life adapts - evolves - to survive in its environment
7. All life maintains internal and external homeostasis (stable internal environments)
8. All life ends
4 MOLECULES OF LIFE
Cytoplasm is made of 4 types of molecules
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids
These molecules are composed mostly of four elements: H, O, C, & N
Video – Crash Course – You are what you eat
CARBOHYDRATES
Function: energy for cell and structure
There are 3 types:
1. Monosaccharides
2. Disaccharides
3. Polysaccharides
CARBOHYDRATES CONTINUED
Monosaccharides are a single unit of sugar
If two monosaccharides are combined together, the result is called a disaccharide
If there are many monosaccharides combined, the resulting molecule is a polysaccharide
EXAMPLES OF CARBOHYDRATESMonosaccharides: glucose, fructose, galactose
Disaccharides: sucrose, lactose, maltose
Polysaccharides: Amylose, chitin, glycogen, cellulose
LIPIDS (FATS)There are 3 types:
1. Triglycerides: long term energy storage
2. Steroids: hormones
3. Phospholipids: used to make cell
membranes
LIPIDS CONTINUED
This is a phospholipid
Note: the two fatty acid tails
and the one glycerol head
PROTEINS
Proteins are made up of smaller units called amino acids
The amino acids link together to form a chain
These long chains of amino acids fold up in a very specific way
The differences between proteins is the sequence of the amino acids and how they are folded up
NUCLEIC ACIDS
There are two types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA
A nucleic acid is
made up of small
molecules called
nucleotides (ACTG&U)
NUCLEIC ACIDS CONTINUEDDeoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Largest molecule on earth!
Fits in to the nucleus and
is twisted into a double helix
NUCLEIC ACIDS CONTINUEDRibonucleic Acid (RNA): there are 3 types
1. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
2. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
3. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
All are single stranded and help DNA make proteins
Has a U base instead of the T base
NUCLEIC ACIDS CONTINUED
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
This is the energy molecule of life
There are 3 phosphate molecules bonded together
The last two have a lot of energy stored in their bonds
Video – Crash Course - DNA