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PRESS ENTER TOSTART!
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QUOTABLE QUOTES7 Blunders of the World
Wealth without work.
Pleasure without conscience.
Knowledge without character.
Commerce without morality.
Science without humanity.
Worship without sacrifice.
Politics without principle.- Mahatma Gadhi
(1869-1948)
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TR NSPORT TION ENGINEERING by
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TR NSPORT TION ENGINEERING by
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Pagudpud, Ilocos Norte
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6000 to 3000 B.C.Egyptians had ships with masts & sails,
galleys were used on the Nile River
961 to 922 B.C.King Solomonsreign, Phoenician galleyssailed from Biblical Tyre & Sidon bringing copper from
Cyprus, papyrus from Egypt & gold, ivory, & slaves from
Africa
140 A.D.Rome used galleys were used for her war against
Carthage
Beginning of the 19thCentury to 1819Keelboats started
appearing in rivers, can carry 80 tons of freight 1807The Steamboat was invented
1809 Col. John Stevens demonstrated that steamboat
travel is feasible for ocean transportation though sailing
vessels continued dominating ocean transportation
1818 James Monroe initiated a scheduled ocean travel
using a 424 ton ship that sailed from New York to Liverpool.
1846 1855 Over 400 Clipper Ships were built that has
speed that can rival the ships being used at present. Theywere replaced by steam ships following the Civil War in the
United States of America.
INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION
Egyptian Galley
Phoenician Galley
Roman Galley
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INTRODUCTION
Keel Boat
Steam Boat
Clipper Ship
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Pagudpud, Ilocos Norte
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By its nature, water transportation is most
suitable for bulky & heavy commodities thatneeds to be moved at long distances & for
which time of transport is not a critical
factor.
In recent years, substantial increase in water
transportation activity has been noted.
These increases are attributed to growing
population, development of new products &
new sources of raw materials, general
industrial growth, especially petroleum
industry.
NATURE OF WATER
TRANSPORTATION
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Rock Formations, Pangil Beach Resort, Ilocos Norte
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Pagudpud, Ilocos Norte
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The design of durable port & harbour facilities is
one of the most challenging problems that facesthe engineer. The seacoast environment is very
harsh & corrosive; structures must withstand
destructive biological, physicochemical &
mechanical actions that are inherent to coastal
environments.
Wood must endure forces of decay and attack of
termites & other biological life. Concrete must be
designed & constructed to highest engineering
standards to prevent weathering & rusting of the
reinforcements & spalling of the concrete. Steel,
without protection, corrodes & do not last long inthe coastal environment.
THE COASTAL
ENVIRONMENT
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Windmills, Ilocos Norte
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ENEMY NO. 1:
WIND
Wind is the approximate horizontal movement of
air masses across theearths
surface. Windsresult from changes in the temperature of the
atmosphere & the corresponding changes in air
density. Wind exerts pressure against objects in
its path which depends on the wind velocity.
Considerable judgment is required in computingwind forces on coastal structures & port facilities.
It should be remembered that loading equipment
generally will not be used when the winds exceed
about 15mph, & ships usually will not remain
alongside a wharf during a severe storm.
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Pagudpud, Ilocos Norte
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Kapurpurawan Rock Formation, Ilocos Norte
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While other structures must accommodate wind
loads, in coastal design, our interest in wind lies
in its contribution to formation of waves. Waves
may be caused by earthquakes, tides &
manmade disturbance like explosions & moving
vessels. But the principal interest are waves
created by winds.
When wind moves across still body of water, it
exerts tangential force that results to small
ripples. These irregularities tend to produce
changes in air stream near the water surface.
Pressure differentials in the air stream are
formed which cause water surface to undulate.At the wind continues, this process is repeated &
the waves grow.
ENEMY NO. 2:
WAVES
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Kapurpurawan Rock Formation, Ilocos Norte
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Kapurpurawan Rock Formation, Ilocos Norte
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Much of water movement, as in waves, occurs in
form rather than in translation of water particles,
since water is viscous, however, the rotating
particles that constitute waves do not return to
its original position but rather drift in the
direction of the wave movement. This flow,
which occurs at a velocity smaller than the
velocity of the wave itself, is called current.
ENEMY NO. 3:
CURRENTS
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Sunset, Pagudpud, Ilocos Norte
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The tide is the alternate rising & falling of the
surface of the oceans, gulfs, bays & coastal rivers
caused by the gravitational attraction of the
moon & sun. Larger-than-usual tides called spring
tides occur when the sun & moon act in
combination as when there is new moon or full
moon. Smaller-than-usual tides called neap tides
occur when the moon is at first or third quarter.
Other factors that influence tides:
Geographical location
Physical character of the coastline
Atmospheric pressure
Currents
ENEMY NO. 4:
TIDES
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Life HACKS
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The EndProDeo, Familia et Patria
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