“VVS 30S 30 - A Basis for Characterization of Seismic Site ifi R i l d Gl b lResponse for Site-specific, Regional, and Global
Mapping of Seismic Hazard
Roger D. Borcherdt
1st Annual Meeting of the Strategic Chinese-Korean-Japanese Cooperative Program:
Seismic Hazard Assessment for the Next Generation Map
November 25-30, 2011Harbin Institute of Technologya b st tute o ec o ogy
Harbin, China
Outline• Definition VV• Definition VVS 30S 30
•• VVS 30S 30 as a Basis for Characterization of Site-Specific Site Responsep• Theoretical Dependence of Amplification on VVS 30S 30
• Empirical Dependence of Amplification on VVS 30S 30
•• VV correlations with VV at other depths S 30S 30 S ZS Z p
•• VVS 30S 30 as a Basis for Mapping Site ResponseCorrelations of VV with:Correlations of VVS 30S 30 with: • Physical Properties -- Site Class definitions• Geologic Age• Topographic Slope• Topographic Slope
• Applications of VVS 30S 30• Site-Specific Response Characterization – Site Classes, Site Coefficients, Building Codes • Regional Site Response Mapping – GMPEs, ShakeMaps, PSHA, GEM
VVS 30S 30 Definition
0
0 500 1000
S Velocity (m/s)
0
10
20
epth
(m)
30
40
De
40
(from Borcherdt, 1994)
Theoretical Response of a Viscoelastic Soil Layer versus Vs Ratio and Normalized Fre uencq y
Amplitude Response versus FrequencyHomogeneous Linear S Wave, Vertical Incidenc
DRQ2 = 0.02 RQ1 = 2 DR = 0.1
1
1HsQ −0D
2θ2γ
2D 2
1HsQ −
1Hsv2Hsv
SoilSoil
8
2γRockRock
DSolution:
0.8
1
2
4
6
8
0
1
0
F[ . . . ]
F[ ),( )]1Hs -1 -1 12 2 Hs Hs
D (inc wave field par ),(material par )D
vD f( , , ,Q ,Q ,ρθ
=
=2 0.4
0.62
2 1
2
Hs
Hs
vv
f1 0
0
[ ),( )]
where =fundamental frequency.
1 2
2
2 2 Hs HsHs 2
( , , ,Q ,Q ,D f v
f
γρ 4
6
0.24
6
2
0
ff
Empirical Spectral Amplification Values versus VVS 30S 30ILoma Prieta Earthquake; Ia < 0.1g
100
catio
n
Short-Period Band (0.1 -0.5 s)(997 / 0.36
100
catio
n
Intermediate-Period Band (0.5 - 1.5 s)0.69
1
10
Spec
tral A
mpl
ific ___ F = (997 m/s / v) 0.36
...... 95% Confidence Limits for Ordinate--- + 2 Standard Error of Estimate
1
10
Spec
tral A
mpl
ific ___F = (1084 m/s / v)
...... 95% Confidence Limits for Ordinate--- + 2 Standard Error of Estimate
0.1100 1000
Mean Shear-Wave 30 (100 t v m/s)
Ave
rage
S
(a)0.1
100 1000
Shear-Wave l 30 (100 ft)
Ave
rage
(b)
Mean Shear-Wave Velocity to 30 m (100 ft) (v , m/s) Mean Shear Wave Velocity to 30 m (100 ft) (v, m/s)
10
100
mpl
ifica
tion
Mid-Period Band (0.4 - 2.0s)___ F = (1067 m/s / v)0.64
...... 95% Confidence Limits for Ordinate+ Standard of10
100
Am
plifi
catio
n
Long-Period Band (1.5 - 5.0s)___F = (1077 m/s / v)0.67
...... 95% Confidence Limits for Ordinate+ Standard of
1
erag
e Sp
ectra
l Am
(d)
--- + 2 Standard Error of Estimate
1
vera
ge S
pect
ral A
--- + 2 Standard Error of Estimate
0.1100 1000
Mean Shear-Wave Velocity to 30 m (100 ft) (v, m/s)
Ave (d)
0.1100 1000
Mean Shear-Wave Velocity to 30 m (100 ft) (v, m/s)
Av (c)
(Borcherdt, 1994)
Empirical Spectral Amplification Values versus VVS 30S 30Northridge Earthquake; Ia < 0.2g, Ia > 0.2g
Empirical Dependence of Amplification on Empirical Dependence of Amplification on VVS 30S 30(Site Coefficients for Seismic Design)(Site Coefficients for Seismic Design)
ShortShort-- and Midand Mid--Period Amplification Factors are:Period Amplification Factors are:mmmma a
FFa a = (V= (Vref ref / V/ VS 30S 30 ) )
andand mmand and mmvvFFvv = (V= (Vref ref / V/ VS 30S 30 ))
where,where,
1) 1) VVS 30S 30 is inferred or measured mean shearis inferred or measured mean shear--wave velocity to 30 m at site,wave velocity to 30 m at site,
2) 2) VVref ref is is VVS 30S 30 for reference ground condition,for reference ground condition,
3) 3) mma a and and mmvv depend on input ground motion level.depend on input ground motion level.
Fa versus Input Amplitude & VVS 30S 30Ia = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 g (linear scales)
5
b
4
a w
rt S
C-I
b
I=0.1g; ma = 0.35= 2g; =
Fa = (v SC-Ib / v ) m a = ( 1050 m/s / v) m a
SC-IV
3
plifi
catio
n Fa I 0.2g; ma 0.25
I=0.3g; ma = 0.10I=0.4g; ma = -0.05Fa (0.1g) for Site Class Intervals
for
Soft soils
SC-IISC-III
Stiff clays and
1
2
Perio
d A
mp Fa for Site ClassesGravelly soils and
Soft rocks Firm to Hard rocks
SC-IbSandy soils
0100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
Shor
t-P
(a)
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
Mean Shear-Wave Velocity to 30 m (100 ft) (v , m/s)(Borcherdt, 1994)
Fv versus Input Amplitude & VVS 30S 30I (li l )Iv = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 g (linear scales)
5SC IV
4
wrt
SC-I
b
I=0.1g; mv = 0.65I=0.2g; mv = 0.60
Soft soilsSC-IV
SC-III
Fv = (v SC-Ib / v ) m v = ( 1050 m/s / v) m v
3
lific
atio
n Fv g;
I=0.3g; mv = 0.53I=0.4g; mv = 0.45Fv(0.1g) for Site Class IntervalsFv for Site Classes
Stiff clays andSandy soils
Gravelly soils and SC-II
1
2
Perio
d A
mpl f
Soft rocks
Firm to Hard rocksSC-Ib
0100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
Mid
-P
(b)
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
Mean Shear-Wave Velocity to 30 m (100 ft) (v , m/s)(Borcherdt, 1994)
NEHRP & NGA Short-Period Amplification versus VVS 30S 30Aa=0.1g; Avg. 0.1-0.5s; Vs30 norm 1050 m/s
NEHRP & NGA Mid-Period Amplification versus VVS 30S 30Av = 0.1g; Avg. 0.4-2.0 s; Vs30 norm 1050 m/s
VVS 30S 30 Correlation with VVS Z S Z at other Depths
VVS 30S 30 as a function of as a function of VVS ZS Z at another depth:at another depth:
Log[VLog[VS 30S 30 ] = c] = c0 0 + c+ c1 1 Log[VLog[VS ZS Z] = G(V] = G(VS ZS Z ) ) (Cadet et al(Cadet et al 2009;2009; BooreBoore et alet al 2011)2011)(Cadet, et al., (Cadet, et al., 2009; 2009; BooreBoore, et al., , et al., 2011)2011)
Hence, amplification as a function of Hence, amplification as a function of VVS 30S 30 ::mmaaa a
FFa a = (= (VVS 30 ref S 30 ref / V/ VS 30S 30 ) = F) = Fa a (V(VS S 30 ref30 ref , VS 30 ))
Implies amplification as a function of Implies amplification as a function of VVS ZS Z at at other depths:other depths:
FFa a = H= Ha a ((VS Z ref ,,VS Z))
VVS 30S 30 as a Basis for Mapping Site Response
Correlations of VV with: S 30S 30
Physical Properties -- Site Class definitions
Geologic Age
Topographic Slope
VVS 30S 30 for USGS Boreholes in CA
1400
Vs30 for USGS Boreholes in CA
1000
1200
e Cl
ass
B
800
1000
loci
ty -
Site
400
600
Shea
r Ve
C
0
200
DE
Borehole Locations
VVS 30S 30 versus Physical Property Classification for USGS Boreholes in CASuggests Seismically Distinct UnitsSuggests Seismically Distinct Units
1400Texture,Fracture Spacing & Age Classification for USGS Boreholes in CA
1200
Clas
s
KJs, grNEHRP CSoils Soft
NEHRP BFirm to Hard Rock
gr, Kjs w ide fractures
800
1000
ocity
- Si
te C
Ts TvQyc/QomKJs, gr
gr w fs
w f sGravelly Soils and Soft Rock Qym/Qoc, Qom, Qyc/ Qoc, Qyc Soils
Ts, Tv, KJs, gr Close Fractures
NEHRP
B
400
600
Shea
r Vel
o
Q
QomQyc
Ts,Tv, .c fsNEHRP D
Stiff Clays and Sandy Soils Qyf, Qym, Qof, Qom-Qof
Qom-Qyf
Qyc/Qom c fsNEHRP ESoft Soilsaf/ QhbmC Qym/Qoc
0
200
Qym Qofaf/Qhbm QyfDE
0Boreholes
VVS 30S 30 Statistics for Physical Property Classification (Texture, Fracture Spacing, & Age -- USGS Boreholes in CA)
Statistics for Texture, Fracture Spacing, Age Classification of USGS Boreholes in CA
1400
1000
1200
1400
(m/s
) Mean + S D.Mean
600
800
1000
ve V
eloc
ity
ite C
lass
Mean - S.D.B
200
400
600
Shea
r Wav Si C
D
0
200
bm Qyf ym Qof oc om Qyc Tv ) gr s)E
Qhbm Qy
Qym QoQym
/Qoc
Qom QyTs &
TvKJs (
close
f s) g
KJs (wide f
s)
Physical Property Classes
Vs30 Statistics for Physical Property NEHRP Site Classes (Texture, Fracture Spacing, & Age -- USGS Boreholes in CA)
f rac ur S Cla ificationStatistics for Texture/Age, Fracture Spacing/Age Classification of USGS Boreholes in CA (NEHRP Boundaries)
1400Mean + S D.MeanMean
1000
1200
city
(m/s
)s
Mean - S.D.
B
600
800
Wav
e Ve
loc
Site
Cla
ssC
200
400
Shea
r W
DE
0af/Qhbm Qyf, Qym, Qof Qym/Qoc, Qom, Qyc,
Ts, Tv, KJs c f s gr, Kjs w f s
(from Borcherdt, 1994)
Geologic Site Condition Map (VVS 30S 30 correlations with Geologic Age)
Wills et al., 2000
CGS Geologic Classification versus VVS 30S 30
1400CGS Classification for USGS Boreholes in CA
1000
1200
Site
Cla
ssB
E DE D CD C CB B
600
800
s) -
NEH
RP
400
600
eloc
ity (m
/s C
0
200
Shea
r Ve
DE
0
Borehole
VVS 30S 30 Correlations with Topographic Slope
Active Tectonic Regions St bl C ti t l R iActive Tectonic Regions Stable Continental Regions
(from Wald and Allen, 2007)
VVS 30S 30 Map(Derived from Topographic Slope)
Vs30 (topographic slope) Topographic Relief (elevation)
VVS 30S 30 Maps(Derived from Geologic Age and Topographic Slope)(Derived from Geologic Age and Topographic Slope)
Vs30 (geologic age) Vs30 (topographic slope)
(Wald and Allen, 2007)
Applications of VVS 30S 30
• Site-Specific Response Characterization• Site Classes & Site Coefficients for Site-specific Design SpectraSite Classes & Site Coefficients for Site-specific Design Spectra,
Building Codes • Ground Motion Prediction Equations (GMPE) developed as
continuous function of Vs30continuous function of Vs30
• Re ional Site Res onse Map in g p pp g• ShakeMaps• PSHA Maps• Global Earth uake Model GEMq ( )
Definition of SiteDefinition of Site--Dependent Respons e Dependent Response Spectra (log(log--log scale)log scale)
(NEHRP, UBC, IBC, ASCE 7 Provisions)(NEHRP, UBC, IBC, ASCE 7 Provisions)
1
on S
A (g
)A
ccel
erat
io
I a Fa0.1
se S
pect
ral
x
a
Fv
0.01
Res
pons I v / T
x
0.1 1 10
Period (secs)
SiteSite--Dependent Response SpectraDependent Response Spectra (linear(linear--linear scale)linear scale)(NEHRP UBC IBC ASCE 7 Provisions)(NEHRP UBC IBC ASCE 7 Provisions)(NEHRP, UBC, IBC, ASCE 7 Provisions)(NEHRP, UBC, IBC, ASCE 7 Provisions)
D S DS
2 23 3a a a DS MS
Sa
SS I F S ST
F⎛ ⎞= = = = ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
D
0
n Sa
(g)
23a SI S=
1 112 2
3 3v
a v D M vS FIS F S S
T T⎛ ⎞= = = = ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
3 3 T⎝ ⎠
0
0
e A
ccel
erat
io
S D1
3 1 13 3a v D M vT T⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
( ): LS T T S TT ⎛ ⎞≥ = ⎜ ⎟
0
tral R
espo
nse
123
vI ST T=
( ) 1 2: La DS T T ST
T ≥ = ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
0Spec
t
Period T (secs)
T 0 T S 1 T L
Fa versus Input Amplitude & VVS 30S 30Ia = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 g (linear scales)
5
b
4
a w
rt S
C-I
b
I=0.1g; ma = 0.35= 2g; =
Fa = (v SC-Ib / v ) m a = ( 1050 m/s / v) m a
SC-IV
3
plifi
catio
n Fa I 0.2g; ma 0.25
I=0.3g; ma = 0.10I=0.4g; ma = -0.05Fa (0.1g) for Site Class Intervals
for
Soft soils
SC-IISC-III
Stiff clays and
1
2
Perio
d A
mp Fa for Site ClassesGravelly soils and
Soft rocks Firm to Hard rocks
SC-IbSandy soils
0100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
Shor
t-P
(a)
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
Mean Shear-Wave Velocity to 30 m (100 ft) (v , m/s)(Borcherdt, 1994)
Fv versus Input Amplitude & VVS 30S 30I (li l )Iv = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 g (linear scales)
5SC IV
4
wrt
SC-I
b
I=0.1g; mv = 0.65I=0.2g; mv = 0.60
Soft soilsSC-IV
SC-III
Fv = (v SC-Ib / v ) m v = ( 1050 m/s / v) m v
3
lific
atio
n Fv g;
I=0.3g; mv = 0.53I=0.4g; mv = 0.45Fv(0.1g) for Site Class IntervalsFv for Site Classes
Stiff clays andSandy soils
Gravelly soils and SC-II
1
2
Perio
d A
mpl f
Soft rocks
Firm to Hard rocksSC-Ib
0100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
Mid
-P
(b)
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
Mean Shear-Wave Velocity to 30 m (100 ft) (v , m/s)(Borcherdt, 1994)
Short-Period Site Coefficient FShort Period Site Coefficient Fa (NEHRP, UBC, IBC, AASHTO, ASCE 7 Provisions)(NEHRP, UBC, IBC, AASHTO, ASCE 7 Provisions)
Site Aa < 0.1 Aa = 0.20 Aa = 0.30 Aa = 0.40 Aa > 0.50
Class Ss < 0.25 Ss = 0.50 Ss = 0.75 Ss = 1.00 Ss > 1.25
A 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
B 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
C 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0
D 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.0
E 2.5 1.7 1.2 0.9 *
F * * * * *
* Site-specific geotechnical investigation and dynamic site response analysis shall be performedperformed.
Mid-Perio Site Coefficient FMid Period Site Coefficient Fv(NEHRP, UBC, IBC, AASHTO Provisions)(NEHRP, UBC, IBC, AASHTO Provisions)
Site Av < 0.1 Av = 0.20 Av = 0.30 Av = 0.40 Av > 0.50
Class Sl < 0.1 Sl = 0.20 Sl = 0.30 Sl = 0.40 Sl > 0.50
A 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8A 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
B 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
C 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3
D 2.4 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.5
E 3.5 3.2 2.8 2.4 *
F * * * * *
* Site-specific geotechnical investigation and dynamic site response analysis shall be Site-specific geotechnical investigation and dynamic site response analysis shall be performed.
Response versus Period, Shear Velocity, and Code Site Class
RQ2 = 0.02 RQ1 = 2 DR= 0.1
Anelastic Soil LayerDamping Ratio 5%Vertical Incidence
SoilSoilRockRock 0.8
1
2
4
0.5 0.4
0.6
0.5 1
2
Hs
Hs
vv
1
1.5
2
0.2
1
1.5
20
TT
Code Site Coefficients and Theoretical Response 15 % Damping or I 4Response 15 % Damping or Ia~ 0.4 g
RQ2 = 0.02 RQ1 = 2 DR= 0.3
Anelastic Soil LayerDamping Ratio 15 %
Ia ~0.4 gVertical IncidenceVertical Incidence
3 Fv BFv BFv B
SoilSoilRockRock 0.8
1
1
2Fv EFv EFv E Fv DFv DFv D
Fv CFv CFv C
0.5
10.4
0.6
0.5
1
22
1
1.5
2
0.2
1
1.5
2
0
TT
NGA Ground Motion Prediction EquationsGMPE = f (VVS 30S 30 )
GMPE
ln mag dis styleof faulting site sedY f f f f f ε= + + + + +
( )VfWhere, site condition term = ( )30site SVf
[ ]30 30ln ln ln ;n
S Sc k A c A c kV V V⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞⎪ ⎪⎢ ⎥+ +⎨ ⎬⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎧ ⎫⎪ ⎪[ ]
( )
30 3030
30
10 2 1100 1100 11 1
ln ln ln ;
ln ; 1100
S SS
S
c k A c A c kk k
f c k n k V
V
V
⎢ ⎥+ + = + <⎨ ⎬⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭
⎛ ⎞= + ≤ <⎜ ⎟
⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎨ ⎬( )
( )
3010 2 11
10 2
ln ; 1100
1100ln
site Sf c k n kk
c
V
nk
= + ≤ <⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠⎛ ⎞
+ ⎜ ⎟ 30 ; 1100SV
⎨ ⎬⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪≥⎪ ⎪( )10 2
1k⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
30; S⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎩ ⎭
(from Campbell and Bozorgnia, 2004)
VVS 30S 30 for Regional Site Response Mapping
ShakeMaps
VVS 30S 30 Map (Topographic Slope)(San Francisco Bay Region)(San Francisco Bay Region)
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/apps/vs30/
Spectral Acceleration ShakeMaps Loma Prieta EarthquakeLoma Prieta Earthquake(San Francisco Bay Region)
Spectral Acceleration 0.3 Sec Spectral Acceleration 1.0 Sec
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/apps/
Instrumental Intensity ShakeMap Loma Prieta Earthquakeq(San Francisco Bay Region)
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/apps/
VVS 30S 30 Map (Topographic Slope)(Haiti Region)(Haiti Region)
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/apps/vs30/
Spectral Acceleration ShakeMaps Tohoku Japan Earthquake M 9 0)Tohoku Japan Earthquake M 9.0)
(Honshu Japan Region)
Spectral Acceleration 0.3 Sec Spectral Acceleration 1.0 Sec
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/apps/
Instrumental Intensity ShakeMap Haiti Earthquake M 7 0)Haiti Earthquake M 7.0)
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/apps/
VVS 30S 30 for Seismic Hazard and Risk Mapping
• PSHA Maps
• GEM Global Seismic Hazard Mapping Project• GEM Global Seismic Hazard Mapping Project
VVS 30S 30 Map (Topographic Slope)(Western US)(Western US)
PSHA Map for Rock (NGA GMPE 2008 SA @2 s, 2% PE 50 yr, VVS 30S 30 = 760 m/s)= 760 m/s)
PSHA Map Including Site Conditions (VVS 30S 30)(SA @1 s, 2% PE 50 yr))
(Kalkan and Grazier, 2010)
Global GMPE for GEM (Si di i h i i b d VV )(Site condition characterization based on VVS 30S 30 )
Bozorgnia and others, 2011
ConclusionsTh ti l d l d i i l t h VV hh• Theoretical models and empirical measurements show VVS 30S 30 shows a shows a strong correlation with amplification, Fa and Fv, at specific sites.strong correlation with amplification, Fa and Fv, at specific sites.
•• Correlations of Correlations of VVS ZS Z with VVS 30S 30 implyimply VVS ZS Z at other depths can be used to at other depths can be used to didi VV d lifi i F d Flifi i F d Fpredict predict VVS 30S 30 and amplification, Fa and Fv.amplification, Fa and Fv.
•• Correlations of Correlations of VVS 30S 30 with Physical Properties, Geologic Age, and with Physical Properties, Geologic Age, and Topographic Slope imply Topographic Slope imply VVS 30S 30 can be mapped on regional and global can be mapped on regional and global scales. scales.
•• Hence, Hence, VVS 30S 30 serves as a useful basis for characterization of site response serves as a useful basis for characterization of site response for specific sites and for regional mapping purposes for the appropriate for specific sites and for regional mapping purposes for the appropriate applications.applications.
•• Important applications of Important applications of VVS 30S 30 include:include:–– Unambiguous definitions of site classes and site coefficients for routine design Unambiguous definitions of site classes and site coefficients for routine design
in building codes in building codes –– Characterization of site response for GMPEs for use in Site Specific, Characterization of site response for GMPEs for use in Site Specific,
Regional, and Global Mapping of Seismic Hazard for appropriate Regional, and Global Mapping of Seismic Hazard for appropriate i t t tii t t ti Sh k MSh k M PSHA M GEM M d lPSHA M GEM M d linterpretations: interpretations: ShakeMapsShakeMaps, PSHA Maps, GEM Model, PSHA Maps, GEM Model
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