Papermaking Science and Technologya book seriescovering the latesttechnology andfuture trends
Book 13
Second Edition
Totally updated version
Book editorsPirkko Oittinen, Ph.D., Professor and Hannu Saarelma, Ph.D., ProfessorDepartment of Media Technology, Helsinki University of Technology
PublisherPaper Engineers’ Association/Paperi ja Puu Oy
Paperi ja Puu Oy
Print Media – Principles, Processes and Quality
10
Table of ContentsPART 1 Technologies and production .........................................................................................11
1 New practices in journalistic work ................................................................................13
2 Principles of conventional printing ................................................................................40
3 Mechanisms of printing ..................................................................................................88
4 Principles of digital printing .........................................................................................147
5 Mechanisms of digital printing ....................................................................................173
6 Linking technologies .....................................................................................................211
PART 2 Quality and use .............................................................................................................235
7 Principles of Imaging ....................................................................................................237
8 Optical imaging in printing ...........................................................................................275
9 Instrumental measurement of print quality .................................................................317
10 Subjective quality of print.............................................................................................335
11 Tactile quality ................................................................................................................355
12 Media Experience ..........................................................................................................372
PART 3 Products, markets and future .......................................................................................411
13 Media use research .......................................................................................................413
14 Product sustainablity ....................................................................................................433
15 Media business .............................................................................................................449
16 Advertising models — an overview of the effects on consumers ..............................475
17 Media concepts as a tool for analysing changing media ............................................497
18 Tools for understanding the future of media ...............................................................531
Conversion factors ........................................................................................................551
Index ..............................................................................................................................553
11
PART 1
Technologies and production
1 New practices in journalistic work .....................................................................................13
2 Principles of conventional printing .....................................................................................40
3 Mechanisms of printing .......................................................................................................88
4 Principles of digital printing ..............................................................................................147
5 Mechanisms of digital printing .........................................................................................173
6 Linking technologies .........................................................................................................211
13
CHAPTER 1 New practices in journalistic work
Introduction1 ..........................................................................................................................14
Changing journalistic work2 .................................................................................................15
Emergence of a planning and editing way of working3 ......................................................20
Types of newspaper and their organisational principles3.1 ..........................................................20
Individual vs. planning and editing work process4 .............................................................22
Individual model4.1 .....................................................................................................................23
Planning and editing model of work4.2 .......................................................................................24
New visual order and central role of the art director5 .........................................................26
New editing practices6 ..........................................................................................................28
Cross media7 : Flash news or nurturing stories? .................................................................30
References ............................................................................................................................35
40
CHAPTER 2 Principles of conventional printing
Introduction1 ..........................................................................................................................42
Flexography2 .........................................................................................................................42
Anilox rollers2.1 ..........................................................................................................................43
Printing plates2.2 ........................................................................................................................43
Ink transfer2.3 ............................................................................................................................45
Printing press2.4 .........................................................................................................................46
Printing inks2.5 ...........................................................................................................................47
Applications2.6 ...........................................................................................................................48
Gravure3 .................................................................................................................................48
Doctor blade3.1 ..........................................................................................................................49
Gravure cylinder3.2 .....................................................................................................................49
Cylinder engraving3.3 .................................................................................................................50
Impression cylinder and electrostatic assist (ESA)3.4 ..................................................................51
Drying3.5 ....................................................................................................................................52
Ink transfer3.6 ............................................................................................................................52
Press design3.7 ..........................................................................................................................53
Printing inks3.8 ...........................................................................................................................54
Applications3.9 ...........................................................................................................................55
Offset4 ....................................................................................................................................55
Inking units4.1 ............................................................................................................................56
Dampening units4.2 ....................................................................................................................57
Printing plate4.3 s ........................................................................................................................58
Blankets4.4 ................................................................................................................................60
Ink transfer4.5 ............................................................................................................................60
Ink setting and drying4.6 ............................................................................................................62
Waterless offset4.7 .....................................................................................................................63
41
Principles of conventional printing
Press design4.8 ..........................................................................................................................63
Inks and dampening water4.9 .....................................................................................................64
Screen printing5 ....................................................................................................................65
Ink transfer and setting5.1 ..........................................................................................................66
Press design5.2 ..........................................................................................................................67
Printing ink5.3 ............................................................................................................................67
Applications5.4 ...........................................................................................................................67
Printing inks6 .........................................................................................................................68
Ink composition6.1 .....................................................................................................................68
Energy-curable inks6.2 ...............................................................................................................69
Drying mechanisms6.3 ...............................................................................................................70
Curing mechanisms6.3.1 ...................................................................................................71
Conventional vs. energy-curable inks6.4 .....................................................................................72
Printing papers7 ....................................................................................................................73
Wood-containing papers7.1 ........................................................................................................74
Newsprint7.1.1 ..................................................................................................................74
SC papers7.1.2 ..................................................................................................................75
LWC7.1.3 ...........................................................................................................................76
ULWC7.1.4 .........................................................................................................................76
MWC7.1.5 ..........................................................................................................................76
HWC7.1.6 ...........................................................................................................................77
MFC7.1.7 ...........................................................................................................................77
FCO7.1.8 ............................................................................................................................77
Woodfree fine papers7.2 .............................................................................................................77
Uncoated fine papers7.2.1 .................................................................................................77
Coated fine papers7.2.2 .....................................................................................................78
Special fine papers7.2.3 ....................................................................................................78
References ............................................................................................................................80
88
CHAPTER 3 Mechanisms of printing
Introduction1 ..........................................................................................................................90
Nip phenomena 2 ...................................................................................................................91
General considerations2.1 ...........................................................................................................91
Pressure in printing nips2.2 ........................................................................................................96
Rolling2.3 ...................................................................................................................................98
Ink transfer phenomena2.4 .......................................................................................................100
Paper in the press3 ..............................................................................................................102
Paper transport3.1 ....................................................................................................................102
Paper reels3.1.1 ...............................................................................................................102
Principles of paper transport3.1.2 ....................................................................................103
Colour register3.2 .....................................................................................................................106
Conditions for achieving colour register3.2.1 ....................................................................107
Register adjustment3.2.2 .................................................................................................110
Problems related to web passage3.3 ........................................................................................111
General3.3.1 ....................................................................................................................111
Web breaks3.3.2 ..............................................................................................................112
Infeed and outfeed disturbances3.3.3 ..............................................................................115
Linting3.3.4 ......................................................................................................................118
Other runnability problems3.3.5 .......................................................................................120
Mechanisms related to dampening water3.4 .............................................................................122
Print drying4 ........................................................................................................................128
Drying steps4.1 ........................................................................................................................128
Drying by evaporation4.2 ..........................................................................................................128
Drying conditions in heat-set offset printing4.2.1 .............................................................131
Drying conditions in gravure printing4.2.2 ........................................................................132
89
Mechanisms of printing
Post-treatment of ink solvents4.3 ..............................................................................................133
Adsorption4.3.1 ...............................................................................................................137
Incineration4.3.2 ..............................................................................................................138
Drying by polymerisation4.4 ......................................................................................................139
General principles4.4.1 ....................................................................................................139
Polymerisation by oxidation4.4.2 ......................................................................................141
UV drying4.4.3 .................................................................................................................141
IR drying4.4.4 ..................................................................................................................142
EB drying4.4.5 .................................................................................................................143
References ..........................................................................................................................145
147
CHAPTER 4 Principles of digital printing
Introduction1 ........................................................................................................................148
Ink jet2 .................................................................................................................................153
Continuous ink jet2.1 ................................................................................................................154
Drop-on-demand ink jet2.2 .......................................................................................................156
Inks2.3 .....................................................................................................................................157
Ink setting and drying2.4 ..........................................................................................................159
Electrophotography3 ...........................................................................................................161
Principles3.1 .............................................................................................................................161
Fixing 3.2 ..................................................................................................................................165
Toners and papers3.3 ...............................................................................................................166
Sources of information3.4 .........................................................................................................168
References ..........................................................................................................................169
173
CHAPTER 5 Mechanisms of digital printing
Introduction1 ........................................................................................................................174
Ink jet printing2 ...................................................................................................................174
Continuous stream printing2.1 ..................................................................................................174
Energy condition of droplet formation2.1.1 .......................................................................175
Kinetics of droplet formation2.1.2 ....................................................................................177
Satellite formation2.1.3 ....................................................................................................180
Charging and deflection of droplets2.1.4 ..........................................................................181
Drop on demand droplet formation 2.2 ......................................................................................182
Droplet formation 2.2.1 ....................................................................................................183
Meniscus movements2.2.2 ..............................................................................................185
Interactions of droplets with paper2.2.3 ...........................................................................186
Electrophotography 3 ..........................................................................................................188
Charging 3.1 .............................................................................................................................188
Exposure3.2 ..............................................................................................................................191
Electrical field3.3 ......................................................................................................................193
Toner development3.4 ..............................................................................................................196
Power balance in development3.4.1 .................................................................................196
Adhesion-controlled development3.4.2 ............................................................................197
Formation of toner amount on photoconductor3.4.3 .........................................................198
Transfer of toner to paper3.5 .....................................................................................................200
Fixing of toner3.6 ......................................................................................................................204
Fixing mechanisms3.6.1 ..................................................................................................204
References ..........................................................................................................................207
211
CHAPTER 6 Linking technologies
Introduction1 ........................................................................................................................212
Technologies2 ......................................................................................................................213
Printed codes2.1 .......................................................................................................................213
1D and 2D codes2.1.1 .....................................................................................................213
Demands of printed codes2.1.2 ........................................................................................214
Printed code types2.1.3 ...................................................................................................215
Database code types2.1.4 ................................................................................................217
Index-based code types2.1.5 ...........................................................................................219
Codes printed with invisible inks2.1.6 ..............................................................................220
Applicability of different code types for linking applications2.1.7 ......................................220
Digital watermarking2.2 ............................................................................................................221
Principle of digital watermarking2.2.1 ..............................................................................221
Performance of digital watermarks2.2.2 ...........................................................................222
Linking application technologies2.2.3 ..............................................................................223
RFID2.3 .....................................................................................................................................226
Applications3 .......................................................................................................................227
Action-activating applications3.1 ..............................................................................................228
Applications providing additional information3.2 .......................................................................229
Paper-based user interface3.3 ..................................................................................................229
References ..........................................................................................................................232
235
PART 2
Quality and use
7 Principles of Imaging .........................................................................................................237
8 Optical imaging in printing ................................................................................................275
9 Instrumental measurement of print quality ......................................................................317
10 Subjective quality of print .................................................................................................335
11 Tactile quality .....................................................................................................................355
12 Media Experience ..............................................................................................................372
237
CHAPTER 7 Principles of Imaging
Introduction1 ........................................................................................................................238
Definition of image signal2 .................................................................................................238
Monochromatic Image2.1 .........................................................................................................238
Colour image signal2.2 .............................................................................................................240
Image formation at micro and macro scale2.3 ..........................................................................244
No reference based image measures3 ...............................................................................245
Dynamic range3.1 .....................................................................................................................246
Colour gamut3.2 .......................................................................................................................247
Modulation and contrast3.3 ......................................................................................................249
Noise3.4 ...................................................................................................................................250
Signal to noise ratio SNR3.5 ......................................................................................................254
Information capacity3.6 ............................................................................................................257
Gloss3.7 ...................................................................................................................................260
Reference based image measures4 ....................................................................................263
Contrast and modulation transfer4.1 .........................................................................................263
Tone rendering4.2 .....................................................................................................................266
Rms difference4.3 ....................................................................................................................267
Colour rendering4.4 ..................................................................................................................268
Information transfer4.5 .............................................................................................................269
References ..........................................................................................................................273
275
CHAPTER 8 Optical imaging in printing
Optical phenomena1 ............................................................................................................276
Introduction1.1 .........................................................................................................................276
Surface reflection1.2 .................................................................................................................278
Internal reflection1.3 .................................................................................................................279
Solid prints1.3.1 ...............................................................................................................279
Halftone prints1.3.2 .........................................................................................................282
Print noise1.4 ...........................................................................................................................285
Optical behaviour of the substrate1.5 ........................................................................................287
Printed colour image2 .........................................................................................................290
Colorimetric colour2.1 ...............................................................................................................290
Principles of colour reproduction2.2 ..........................................................................................291
Colour image processing for printing2.3 ....................................................................................295
Colour profiling2.4 ....................................................................................................................298
Print information capacity3 .................................................................................................303
General3.1 ................................................................................................................................303
Information capacity3.2 ............................................................................................................305
Optical information capacity of paper3.3 ...................................................................................307
Colour information capacity of paper3.4 ....................................................................................311
References ..........................................................................................................................314
317
CHAPTER 9 Instrumental measurement of print quality
Introduction1 ........................................................................................................................318
Scope of this chapter1.1 ...........................................................................................................318
Instrumental measurement of print quality2 ......................................................................319
Sample handling2.1 ..................................................................................................................319
Measuring geometry2.2 ............................................................................................................319
Light sources and illuminants2.3 ...............................................................................................320
Different detection systems2.4 ..................................................................................................321
Some limitations of instrumental measurements2.5 ..................................................................321
Print quality measurements3 ..............................................................................................321
Colour3.1 ..................................................................................................................................321
Print density3.2 .........................................................................................................................323
Print gloss3.3 ............................................................................................................................325
Image sharpness and details3.4 ................................................................................................326
Unevenness3.5 .........................................................................................................................329
Print defects and printing method-specific quality parameters3.6 .............................................331
References ..........................................................................................................................333
335
CHAPTER 10 Subjective quality of print
Introduction1 ........................................................................................................................336
Visual perception2 ...............................................................................................................336
Human visual system2.1 ...........................................................................................................336
High-level vision2.2 and cognition .............................................................................................337
Subjective image quality3 ...................................................................................................338
Quality as a subjective experience3.1 .......................................................................................339
Definition of quality3.2 ..............................................................................................................340
Types of subjective evaluation3.3 ..............................................................................................341
Natural test images3.4 ..............................................................................................................341
Bottom-up: Human visual system-based image quality models4 .....................................341
Top-down: Understanding high-level 5 quality experience ................................................342
Subjective print quality5.1 .........................................................................................................344
Testing subjective print quality6 .........................................................................................345
Observers6.1 ............................................................................................................................345
Test samples6.2 ........................................................................................................................346
Methods6.3 ..............................................................................................................................347
Pair-wise comparison6.3.1 ...............................................................................................347
Rank order6.3.2 ...............................................................................................................348
Category scaling6.3.3 and graphical rating scales ............................................................348
Multidimensional scaling (MDS)6.3.4 ...............................................................................349
Qualitative methodology6.3.5 ...........................................................................................349
Selecting a proper method6.4 ...................................................................................................350
References ..........................................................................................................................353
355
CHAPTER 11 Tactile quality
Introduction1 ........................................................................................................................356
Sense of touch2 ...................................................................................................................357
Mechanoreception2.1 ...............................................................................................................357
Measuring tactile properties3 .............................................................................................359
Untrained evaluation panels3.1 .................................................................................................360
Pleasantness of touch3.1.1 ..............................................................................................360
Sensory evaluation with a large panel of experts3.1.2 ......................................................360
Trained evaluation panels3.2 .....................................................................................................361
Handfeel spectrum descriptive analysis method3.2.1 .......................................................361
KCL touch and feel method3.2.2 ......................................................................................363
Instrumental evaluation3.3 ........................................................................................................365
Kawabata evaluation system3.3.1 ....................................................................................365
Tactile properties of paper 4 ...............................................................................................366
Summary5 ............................................................................................................................369
References ..........................................................................................................................370
372
CHAPTER 12 Media Experience
Introduction1 ........................................................................................................................374
Concepts of experience2 .....................................................................................................375
Frameworks and models of experience2.1 ................................................................................375
A 2.1.1 framework of experience ......................................................................................375
A 2.1.2 process model of experience .................................................................................376
A 2.1.3 product design-centric model of experience ..........................................................378
Types of experience2.2 .............................................................................................................380
Experience, 2.2.1 an experience, and experience as story .................................................380
Co-experience2.2.2 ..........................................................................................................381
Forms of experience3 ..........................................................................................................382
Presence3.1 ..............................................................................................................................382
Flow3.2 ....................................................................................................................................383
Media enjoyment3.3 and entertainment ....................................................................................384
Media experience4 ...............................................................................................................385
Qualities of print and hybrid media4.1 .......................................................................................386
Content quality4.1.1 .........................................................................................................386
Presentation quality4.1.2 .................................................................................................387
Quality of use4.1.3 ...........................................................................................................388
Media qualities and experience4.2 ............................................................................................389
Print media experience4.3 ........................................................................................................390
Hybrid media experience4.4 ......................................................................................................391
Measurement5 of media experiences .................................................................................393
Observational measures5.1 .......................................................................................................393
Eye-tracking5.1.1 ............................................................................................................393
Psychophysiological measures5.1.2 .................................................................................395
Behavioural logs5.1.3 .......................................................................................................399
373
Media Experience
Self-report measurements5.2 ...................................................................................................400
Questionnaires5.2.1 .........................................................................................................400
Surveys5.2.2 ....................................................................................................................401
Media diaries5.2.3 ...........................................................................................................403
Epilogue6 ..............................................................................................................................404
Challenges in measurement6.1 .................................................................................................404
Theoretical challenges6.2 .........................................................................................................405
Challenges in product design and development6.3 ....................................................................405
References ..........................................................................................................................406
411
PART 3
Products, markets and future
13 Media use research ...........................................................................................................413
14 Product sustainablity .........................................................................................................433
15 Media business models .....................................................................................................449
16 Advertising models — an overview of the effects on consumers ..................................475
17 Media concepts as a tool for analysing changing media ................................................497
18 Tools for understanding the future of media ....................................................................531
413
CHAPTER 13 Media use research
Introduction1 ........................................................................................................................414
The media: technological and social dimensions2 ............................................................416
How to study media use? 3 .................................................................................................419
Structural tradition and measuring media use3.1 ......................................................................420
Behavioural tradition and models of media use3.2 ....................................................................421
Cultural tradition and meanings3.3 ...........................................................................................424
Why should media use interest papermakers?4 ................................................................427
References ..........................................................................................................................430
449
CHAPTER 15 Media business models
Introduction1 ........................................................................................................................450
Driving forces for media development2 ..............................................................................456
The publisher2.1 .......................................................................................................................456
The receiver 2.2 ........................................................................................................................457
Content and service3 ...........................................................................................................459
Economy4 .............................................................................................................................461
Incomes4.1 ...............................................................................................................................461
Expenses4.2 .............................................................................................................................464
Business activity5 ................................................................................................................465
Value chain and core business6 .........................................................................................467
Hybrid media and other printed functionality7 ..................................................................470
References ..........................................................................................................................473
475
CHAPTER 16 Advertising models — an overview of the effects on consumers
Introduction1 ........................................................................................................................476
Advertising effects2 — Economic models of advertising ..................................................477
Macro-economic impacts of advertising2.1 ...............................................................................477
Defining the 2.2 optimal level of advertising ...............................................................................479
Advertising effects — Management models of advertising3 ............................................480
Consumer-oriented research on advertising4 ....................................................................481
Persuasion5 — How to change consumer attitudes? ........................................................482
Type of appeal5.1 .....................................................................................................................482
Framing effects5.2 ....................................................................................................................484
Multi-attribute attitude models5.3 .............................................................................................484
Interpretation — For what purpose do consumers use advertising ?6 ............................486
Cultural interpretation of advertising content7 ..................................................................487
Long-term changes in advertising 8 ...................................................................................487
Conclusions9 ........................................................................................................................488
References ..........................................................................................................................491
497
CHAPTER 17 Media concepts as a tool for analysing changing media
Introduction: New techno-economic paradigm and media1 .............................................498
Media concept2 ..................................................................................................................500
First component: purposes, values and needs of publishers, audiences and journalists2.1 ........503
Second component: Architecture of the whole and its parts2.2 ..................................................504
Third Component: Daily work practice2.3 ..................................................................................505
Building blocks of a media concept3 ..................................................................................506
Strategy and business models3.1 .............................................................................................506
Design and innovation research3.2 ...........................................................................................509
Organisational learning3.3 ........................................................................................................511
Media Concept Laboratory 4 ...............................................................................................513
Media Concept Laboratory in The Paper4.1 ...............................................................................514
Implied reader as a tool for the newsroom5 ......................................................................519
The slippery concept of audience5.1 .........................................................................................519
Constructing the implied reader5.2 ...........................................................................................521
Discussion6 ..........................................................................................................................523
References ..........................................................................................................................525
531
CHAPTER 18 Tools for understanding the future of media
Introduction1 ........................................................................................................................532
Media revolution1.1 ..................................................................................................................532
General trends 1.1.1 ........................................................................................................532
Main trends in the media 1.1.2 .........................................................................................533
Futuristic framework 1.2 ...........................................................................................................534
Futures of media branch through an illustrative case study2 ...........................................536
A multinational company’s called MEDIBIG scenario-based strategy process2.1 ........................536
Background2.1.1 .............................................................................................................536
State of the art “Who and where are we?”2.1.2 ................................................................537
Issue scenarios for the future “What are the possible worlds?”2.1.3 .................................539
Action scenario alternatives “Where can we go and how?”2.1.4 .......................................545
Vision based selection of scenario “Where do we decide to go?”2.1.5 ..............................548
Conclusion: From seeing the future to creating the future3 ..............................................548
References ..........................................................................................................................550