Vocabulary Vocabulary ReviewReview
Chapter 10 – Chapter 10 – DNA, RNA, DNA, RNA, and Protein and Protein SynthesisSynthesis
Describes a microorganism that causes disease and
that is highly infectious; refers to
viruses that reproduce by the lytic cycle
Virulent
The transfer of genetic material in
the form of DNA fragments from one
cell to another or from one organism
to another
Transformation
In a nucleic-acid chain, a subunit
that consists of a sugar, a
phosphate, and a nitrogenous base
Nucleotide
An organic base that contains
nitrogen, such as a purine or
pyrimidine; a subunit of a
nucleotide in DNA and RNANitrogenous
base
A nitrogenous base that has a double-ring structure; one of the
two general categories of nitrogenous bases
found in DNA and RNA; either adenine or
guaninePurine
A nitrogenous base that has a single-ring structure; one of the two general catgories of nitrogenous bases
found in DNA and RNA; thymine, cytosine, or
uracilPyrimidine
The rules stating that cytosine pairs with
guanine and adenine pairs with thymine in
DNA, and that adenine pairs with uracil in RNA
Base-pairing rules
The nucleotide bases in one strand of DNA
or RNA that are paired with those of another strand; adenine pairs
with thymine or uracil; guanine pairs with
cytosine
Complementary base pair
A Y-shaped point that results when the two
strands of a DNA double helix separate
so that the DNA molecule can be
replicated
Replication fork
In each new DNA double helix, one strand is from the original molecule, and one strand is
newSemi-
conservative replication
A natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
The process of forming a nucleic acid by using
another molecule as a template; particularly the process of synthesizing RNA by using one strand of a DNA molecule as a
template
Transcription
The portion of protein synthesis that takes
place at ribosomes and that uses the codons in
mRNA molecules to specify the sequence
of amino acids in polypeptide chains
Translation
The formation of proteins by using
information contained in DNA
and carried by mRNA
Protein synthesis
An RNA molecule that transfers
amino acids to the growing end of a polypeptide chain during translation
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
An enzyme that starts the
formation of RNA by using a strand of a DNA molecule
as a template
RNA polymerase
A nucleotide sequence on a DNA molecule to
which an RNA polymerase molecule binds, which initiates the transcription of a
specific gene
Promoter
The rule that describes how a sequence of
nucleotides, read in groups of three
consecutive nucleotides that corresponds to specific amino acids,
specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein
Genetic code
In DNA, a three-nucleotide
sequence that encodes an amino acid or signifies a start signal or a
stop signalCodon
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