VertebratesVertebratesVertebratesVertebrates
Chordates: Characteristics of
chordates• Notochord: a long rod of stiffened
tissue• Nerve cord that lies above the
notochord and gut• Muscular pharynx• Tail exists near the anus
Anatomy of a Tunicate
Invertebrate Chordates
Cephalochordates (Lancelets)1. Circulation is closed2. Respiration is directly across the
body wall3. Notochord4. Filter feeder
Anatomy of a Lancelet
Section 30-1
Nonvertebratechordates
FishesAmphibians
ReptilesBirds
Mammals
Invertebrate ancestor
Chordate Cladogram
Section 33-1
Nonvertebrate chordates
Jawless fishes
Cartilaginous fishes
Bony fishes
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
Figure 33–2 A Cladogram of Chordates
Section 30-1
Muscle segments
TailAnus
Pharyngeal pouches
Mouth
Hollownerve cord
Notochord
Fish:First Vertebrates
• Agnathans: jawless fish (lampreys and hagfishes)
• Chondrichthyes: Cartilaginous fishes
Examples: sharks, skates• Osteichthyes: bony fishes
Amphibians(frogs, toads, salamanders)
• Endoskeletons with four legs• External fertilization• Respiration by the use of gills,
lungs, skin, and pharyngeal lining
Chapter 30: VideoChapter 30: VideoFrog AnatomyFrog Anatomy
Chapter 30: VideoChapter 30: VideoFrog AnatomyFrog Anatomy
Section 30-3
Adult FrogAdult Frog
Young FrogYoung Frog
Fertilized EggsFertilized Eggs
TadpolesTadpoles
Adults are typically ready tobreed in about one to two years.Adults are typically ready tobreed in about one to two years.
Frog eggs are laid in water andundergo external fertilization.Frog eggs are laid in water andundergo external fertilization.
The eggs hatch into tadpoles a few days to several weeks later.
The eggs hatch into tadpoles a few days to several weeks later.
Tadpoles gradually grow limbs, lose their tails and gills, andbecome meat-eaters as they develop into terrestrial adults.Tadpoles gradually grow limbs, lose their tails and gills, andbecome meat-eaters as they develop into terrestrial adults.
Figure 30–26 The Life Cycle of a Frog
Video
• Click the image to play the video segment.
Video
Frog Anatomy
Reptiles:Crocodiles, Turtles,
Lizards
• Scaly skin• Internal fertilization• Kidneys to conserve water• Amniote eggs• Four-chambered heart (close
circulation)• Lungs
Mammals• Brain capacity is increased• Milk secreting glands• Hair• Dental is extensive
Chapter 34: Human Chapter 34: Human Body SystemsBody Systems
Chapter 34: Human Chapter 34: Human Body SystemsBody Systems
Nervous System Integumentary System Skeletal System Muscular System Circulatory System
Section 35-1
Figure 35-2 Human Organ Systems Part I
Respiratory System Digestive System Excretory System
Endocrine System
Reproductive System Lymphatic/Immune Systems
Section 35-1
Figure 35-2 Human Organ Systems Part 2
Skull
Sternum
Ribs
Vertebral column
Metatarsals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Clavicle
Scapula
Humerus
RadiusPelvisUlnaCarpals
Femur
Patella
Fibula
TibiaTarsals
Phalanges
The Skeletal System
Section 36-1
Axial Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
Section 37-3
Figure 37-13 The Respiratory System
Video 2
• Click the image to play the video segment.
Video 2
Human Respiration
Section 37-1
Figure 37-2 The Circulatory System
Capillaries of head and arms
Capillaries of abdominal organs and legs
Inferior vena cava
Pulmonary veinCapillaries of
right lung
Superior vena cava
Aorta Pulmonary artery
Capillaries of left lung
Section 33-3
Double-Loop Circulatory SystemSingle-LoopCirculatory System
FISHES MOST REPTILES CROCODILIANS, BIRDS,AND MAMMALS
Figure 33–11 The Circulatory Systems of Vertebrates
Video 1
• Click the image to play the video segment.
Video 1
Human Circulation
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