With Help from Susan M. Pojer
Characteristics of Urbanization
During the Gilded Age1. Megalopolis.2. Mass Transit.3. Magnet for economic and social
opportunities.4. Pronounced class distinctions.
- Inner & outer core5. New frontier of opportunity for women.6. Squalid living conditions for many.7. Political machines.8. Ethnic neighborhoods.
NewArchitectural
Style
NewUse ofSpace
NewClass
DiversityNew Energy
New Culture(“Melting Pot”)
New Form ofClassic “RuggedIndividualism”
New Levels of Crime,
Violence, &Corruption
Make a NewStart
NewSymbols ofChange &Progress
The City as aNew “Frontier?”
William Le Baron Jenney
1832 – 1907
“Father of the ModernSkyscraper”
W. Le Baron
Jenney:
CentralY.M.C.A., Chicago,
1891
Louis Sullivan 1856 – 1924 The Chicago
School ofArchitecture
Form followsfunction!
Louis Sullivan: Bayard Bldg., NYC, 1897
Louis Sullivan: Carson, Pirie, Scott Dept. Store, Chicago,
1899
Frank Lloyd Wright 1869 – 1959 “Prairie
House”School of Architecture
“OrganicArchitecture”
Function follows form!
Frank Lloyd Wright:Allen-Lamb House, 1915
Frank Lloyd Wright:“Falling Waters”, 1936
F. L. Wright Glass Screens
Prairie wheat patterns.
Frank Lloyd Wright:Guggenheim Museum, NYC
- 1959
New York City Architectural Style:
1870s-1910s1. The style was less innovative thanin Chicago.
2. NYC was the source of the capital for Chicago.
3. Most major business firms had their headquarters in NYC their bldgs. became “logos” for their companies.
4. NYC buildings and skyscrapers were taller than in Chicago.
Western
Union Bldg,. NYC - 1875
Manhattan
LifeInsurance
Bldg.
NYC - 1893
SingerBuilding
NYC - 1902
Woolworth
Bldg.
NYC - 1911
FlatironBuilding
NYC – 1902D. H.
Burnham
Grand Central Station, 1913
St. Patrick’s
Cathedral
John A. Roebling:The Brooklyn Bridge, 1883
John A. Roebling:The Brooklyn Bridge, 1913
Statue of Liberty, 1876(Frederic Auguste Bartholdi)
“Dumbell “ Tenement
“Dumbell “ Tenement, NYC
Jacob Riis:
How the Other Half
Lived(1890)
Tenement Slum Living
Lodgers Huddled Together
Tenement Slum Living
Struggling Immigrant Families
Mulberry Street – “Little Italy”
Hester Street – Jewish Section
1900Rosh
Hashanah
GreetingCard
Pell St. - Chinatown, NYC
Urban Growth: 1870 - 1900
Immigration
Changes in Immigration Patterns• The years between
1870 and 1920 saw one of the greatest surges of immigrants to America. Until 1890, most of these immigrants came from Northern and Western Europe, just like many of the original European immigrants to America.
Changes in Immigration Patterns
• On the west coast, immigrants from China began arriving for the Gold Rush in 1849, but many ended up working on the railroads or starting farms; after 1882 Congress limited Chinese immigration.
Changes in Immigration Patterns
• After 1890, the immigrating population changed to people coming from Southern and Eastern Europe, countries such as Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Russia. During this time almost a million people also immigrated from Mexico and the West Indies.
Why the New Immigration?
• Rapidly growing population in the Old World• Industrialization in Europe and the importation of American food disturbed the position of the peasant• “America Fever”• Persecutions of minorities in Europe• Birds of Passage
Being a New Immigrant• Discrimination at work• Generation Gap• Struggle to assimilate• Bintel Brief
Taking Care of the New Immigrants
• Originally taken care of by city “bosses”• “Christian Socialist” preachers• Jane Addams and Hull House
– Settlement Houses• Florence Kelley – Socialism, Rights, and the Henry Street Settlement (founded by Lillian Wald)
Changes Brought by the New Immigration
• Women in the work force– Mostly single– Helped family and still had some pocket money
• Brought more economic and social independence
Nativism• Nativism: Preferential treatment towards native born Americans
– Especially Anglo Saxon, Protestants– The American Protective Association (1887)
• Organized labor fought new immigration because poor immigrants were willing to take lower wages
Government Sponsored Nativism
• 1882: Close gates to all paupers, criminals, and convicts + Chinese Exclusion Act
• 1885: Prohibited the importation of foreign workers under contract
• 1890’s: Expanded list of undesirables to include: insane, polygamists, prostitutes, alcoholics, anarchists, and people with contagious diseases
• 1917: Literacy Test
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