UNIVERSITY OF SINDH
JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES
VOLUME 1
Dean, Faculty of Natural Sciences & Department of Zoology,
University o
ISSN (E): 2523-6067
ISSN (P): 2522-8328
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH
JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES
NOVEMBER 2017 NUMBER
Quarterly Publications: an, Faculty of Natural Sciences & Department of Zoology,
University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh-Pakistan
Sindh University Pre
JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES
NUMBER 1
an, Faculty of Natural Sciences & Department of Zoology,
Sindh University Press.
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES
Prof. Dr. Fateh Muhammad Burfat
Vice Chancellor, University of
Prof. Dr. Akhtar Hussain Mughal
Dean Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Sindh
Department of Zoology,
Chairperson, Department of Zoology,
Journal Manager/ Web Admin
Dr. Kamran Brohi
University of Sindh, Jamshoro
Graphics Designer and Publication Manager
Dr. Riffat Sultana
University of Sindh, Jamshoro
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES Volume-1, Issue-1, November 2017
II
Editorial Team
Patron
Prof. Dr. Fateh Muhammad Burfat
Vice Chancellor, University of Sindh, Jamshoro
Editor in Chief
Prof. Dr. Akhtar Hussain Mughal
Dean Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Sindh, Jamshoro
Editor
Dr. Riffat Sultana
Department of Zoology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro
Co-Editor
Prof. Dr. Tahira Jabeen
Department of Zoology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro
Computer Operator / Web Developer
Mrs. Afia Bhutto
University of Sindh, Jamshoro
Publication Manager
Editorial Assistants
Dr. Santosh Kumar
Mr. Rahman Ali Khuwaja
University of Sindh, Jamshoro
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 1, November 2017
, Jamshoro
, Jamshoro
Computer Operator / Web Developer
Jamshoro
Khuwaja
University of Sindh, Jamshoro
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES
International
Prof. Dr. Ananina Tatiana
Prof. Dr. Sriyani Dias R. K.
Prof. Dr. Georgina S. Mwansat
Prof. Dr. Wei, Cong
Prof. Dr. Monilal Chatterjee
Prof. Dr. Sunil M. Gaikwad
Prof. Dr. Lau Wei Hong
Prof. Dr. Guo-Fang Jiang
Prof. Dr. Shahid Karim
Dr. Durdane Yanar
Dr. Disna Gunawardana
Dr. Luca Ruiu
Dr. Sandeep Kushwaha
Dr. Senarath Bandara
Mr. Khalid Hussain Rind
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES Volume-1, Issue-1, November 2017
III
International Editorial Advisory Board
Leader Scientist Entomologist, Russia B
Komsomolskaya Russia.
Department of Zoology, University of Kelaniya,
Department of Zoology, University of JOS, Nigeria
College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University
Shaanxi China.
School of Crop Protection, College of Post Graduate Studies, Central
Agricultural University. India.
Department of Zoology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur Maharashtra,
India.
Professor of Insect Pathology, Universiti Putra, Malaysia.
College of Oceanology and Food Science, Quanzhou Normal
University, Quanzhou China.
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern
Mississippi, Hattiesburg, USA
Department of Plants Protection, Faculty of Agriculture,
Gaziosanpasa University, Turkey
Ministry for Primary Industries Manatu Ahu Matu Scientist
Health & Environment Laboratory Growing & Protecting, New
Zealand
Department of Agriculture, Entomology Section, University of
Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
Senior Researcher/ Zoological Assistant, Zoological Survey of India,
No 8, Gajaba Mawatha,Negombo Road, Kurunegala, Sri Lanka
Department of Ecology, Evolation and Adaptation
Montpellier, France.
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 1, November 2017
Russia Buryatia, Ulan-Ude
Department of Zoology, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya.
, Nigeria
Northwest A & F University, Yangling,
School of Crop Protection, College of Post Graduate Studies, Central
Department of Zoology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur Maharashtra,
Insect Pathology, Universiti Putra, Malaysia.
College of Oceanology and Food Science, Quanzhou Normal
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern
aculty of Agriculture,
tries Manatu Ahu Matu Scientist Plant
Health & Environment Laboratory Growing & Protecting, New
Department of Agriculture, Entomology Section, University of
Senior Researcher/ Zoological Assistant, Zoological Survey of India,
No 8, Gajaba Mawatha,Negombo Road, Kurunegala, Sri Lanka
Department of Ecology, Evolation and Adaptation University of
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES
National Editorial Advisory Board
Prof. Dr. Ghulam Sarwar Gachal
Prof. Dr. Naheed Baloch
Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ather Rafi
Prof. Dr. Muhammad Zaheer Khan
Prof. Dr. Syed Akram Shah
Prof. Dr. Shahid Nadeem
Prof. Dr. Farhat Jabeen
Prof. Dr. Jan Mari,
Prof. Dr. Asmatullah Kakar
Prof. Dr. Muhammad Zahid
Prof. Dr. Naeem Khan
Dr. Imran Khatri
Dr. Shabir Ahmed
Dr. Sardar Azhar Mehmood
Technical Advisory Members Prof. Dr. M. Y. Khuhawar
Prof. Dr. Muhammad Saeed Wagan
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES Volume-1, Issue-1, November 2017
IV
National Editorial Advisory Board
Department of Zoology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro
Department of Zoology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro
National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC)
Prof. Dr. Muhammad Zaheer Khan Department of Zoology, University of Karachi,
Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar,
Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology
University, Faisalabad, Punjab
Department of Zoology, GC University, Faisalabad, Punjab
Department of Plant Protection Sindh Agriculture University
Tandojam, Sindh
Department of Zoology, University of Baluchistan,
Balochistan
Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar
Institute of Pure & Applied Biology, Bahaudin Zakrya University,
Multan, Punjab.
Department of Entomology, Sindh Agriculture University
Tandojam, Sindh
Department of Zoology, Hazara University, Mansehra
Department of Zoology, Hazara University, Mansehra
Members
Executive Editor (SURJ) , University of Sindh, Jamshoro
Prof. Dr. Muhammad Saeed Wagan Ex. Executive Editor (SURJ) , University of Sindh, Jamshoro
Sindh
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 1, November 2017
Department of Zoology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh
Department of Zoology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh
(NARC), Islamabad
Department of Zoology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Sindh
Peshawar, Peshawar, KPK
Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), GC
GC University, Faisalabad, Punjab
Sindh Agriculture University
Department of Zoology, University of Baluchistan, Quetta,
Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, KPK
Bahaudin Zakrya University,
Department of Entomology, Sindh Agriculture University
Mansehra, KPK
Mansehra, KPK
University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh
, University of Sindh, Jamshoro,
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES
ith the increase in population, third world countries today are facing many problems,
supply of sufficient food being one of them. In animal sciences we have to understand
and preserve the vast diversity of species on our planet. Losing them would be a huge
shame and almost a crime of humanity. We have caused a continuous trouble that leads to
species extinction. Just because we are the “dominant” species on Earth, it doesn’t me
that we can do whatever we want without suffering consequences. We do not have to
protect endangered species only, but we also have to protect species essential for the
continuation of Earth’s life. Believe it or not, without animals, humans would die o
quickly. First of all, there would be no more meat. But we can’t all become vegetarians
either if there are no insects to pollinate the plants. From animals, we can also learn about
our anatomy and can understand the function of our bodies in a b
combat human diseases. In termination, animal’s science is an important field that applies
to many real-world situations.
University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS) will promote and involve the s
of various disciplines in Zoolog
biology, Parasitology, Wildlife management and Conservation, animal’s diversity and
systematic etc. This journal will be ideal platform for anyone working in Animals Sciences.
In addition, the published data to provide additional opportunity for access to advanced
standing in existing tertiary level education progra
main aspect of animal science including, safety management planning strategies, food and
fiber, systematic of individual and making a means to preserve a rapidly declining global
ecosystem.
W
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES Volume-1, Issue-1, November 2017
V
ith the increase in population, third world countries today are facing many problems,
supply of sufficient food being one of them. In animal sciences we have to understand
preserve the vast diversity of species on our planet. Losing them would be a huge
shame and almost a crime of humanity. We have caused a continuous trouble that leads to
species extinction. Just because we are the “dominant” species on Earth, it doesn’t me
that we can do whatever we want without suffering consequences. We do not have to
protect endangered species only, but we also have to protect species essential for the
continuation of Earth’s life. Believe it or not, without animals, humans would die o
quickly. First of all, there would be no more meat. But we can’t all become vegetarians
either if there are no insects to pollinate the plants. From animals, we can also learn about
our anatomy and can understand the function of our bodies in a better way, which help us
combat human diseases. In termination, animal’s science is an important field that applies
University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS) will promote and involve the s
oological Sciences i-e Entomology, Endocrinology, Molecular
biology, Parasitology, Wildlife management and Conservation, animal’s diversity and
systematic etc. This journal will be ideal platform for anyone working in Animals Sciences.
the published data to provide additional opportunity for access to advanced
tertiary level education programs. Researcher will be exposed to the
main aspect of animal science including, safety management planning strategies, food and
fiber, systematic of individual and making a means to preserve a rapidly declining global
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 1, November 2017
ith the increase in population, third world countries today are facing many problems,
supply of sufficient food being one of them. In animal sciences we have to understand
preserve the vast diversity of species on our planet. Losing them would be a huge
shame and almost a crime of humanity. We have caused a continuous trouble that leads to
species extinction. Just because we are the “dominant” species on Earth, it doesn’t mean
that we can do whatever we want without suffering consequences. We do not have to
protect endangered species only, but we also have to protect species essential for the
continuation of Earth’s life. Believe it or not, without animals, humans would die out pretty
quickly. First of all, there would be no more meat. But we can’t all become vegetarians
either if there are no insects to pollinate the plants. From animals, we can also learn about
etter way, which help us
combat human diseases. In termination, animal’s science is an important field that applies
University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS) will promote and involve the study
e Entomology, Endocrinology, Molecular
biology, Parasitology, Wildlife management and Conservation, animal’s diversity and
systematic etc. This journal will be ideal platform for anyone working in Animals Sciences.
the published data to provide additional opportunity for access to advanced
. Researcher will be exposed to the
main aspect of animal science including, safety management planning strategies, food and
fiber, systematic of individual and making a means to preserve a rapidly declining global
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES
MISSION
University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS) will introduce a viable model of
research linkages together with scholarly
evidence. It also promotes the latest emerging trends in Zoological S
provision of an awareness of the ethical aspects of animals.
importance in maintaining the sust
animals in country it will also
the environment as a long range goal for the welfare of future generations.
of (USJAS) is concentrated on promoting and propagating novel and innovative research
amongst the readers of this journal.
AIM OF JOURNAL
The primary aim of University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS) experience in order to acquire the knowl
make appropriate recommendations in all fields of A
encourage researchers, investigators and scientists to publish their research findings
allowing wider dissemination of their intellectual knowledge, with the aim of applying
those for the benefit of the society. The newly launched journal would cover full spectrum
of the specialties in Animals S
articles, case reports, short commendation, and scientific findings from within specified
domain areas of Zoology. The journal strictly follows the guidelines proposed by Higher
Education Commission (HEC) Pakistan. The most important criterion for
acceptance/rejection is originality of the material presented in the manuscript
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES Volume-1, Issue-1, November 2017
VI
University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS) will introduce a viable model of
research linkages together with scholarly experience sharing and transferring of inspired
the latest emerging trends in Zoological Sciences along with
of an awareness of the ethical aspects of animals. Besides its fundamental
importance in maintaining the sustainable agricultural, protection and conservation of
animals in country it will also educate the public about the need to protect and preserve
ment as a long range goal for the welfare of future generations.
rated on promoting and propagating novel and innovative research
amongst the readers of this journal.
University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS) is to gain hands on
experience in order to acquire the knowledge necessary for the critical analysis of the results and
commendations in all fields of Animal Science. The aim of this journal is to
encourage researchers, investigators and scientists to publish their research findings
wider dissemination of their intellectual knowledge, with the aim of applying
those for the benefit of the society. The newly launched journal would cover full spectrum
of the specialties in Animals Sciences. It would include original research articles, re
articles, case reports, short commendation, and scientific findings from within specified
domain areas of Zoology. The journal strictly follows the guidelines proposed by Higher
Education Commission (HEC) Pakistan. The most important criterion for
eptance/rejection is originality of the material presented in the manuscript
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 1, November 2017
University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS) will introduce a viable model of
experience sharing and transferring of inspired
ciences along with
Besides its fundamental
ainable agricultural, protection and conservation of
educate the public about the need to protect and preserve
ment as a long range goal for the welfare of future generations. The core focus
rated on promoting and propagating novel and innovative research
is to gain hands on
edge necessary for the critical analysis of the results and
The aim of this journal is to
encourage researchers, investigators and scientists to publish their research findings
wider dissemination of their intellectual knowledge, with the aim of applying
those for the benefit of the society. The newly launched journal would cover full spectrum
ciences. It would include original research articles, review
articles, case reports, short commendation, and scientific findings from within specified
domain areas of Zoology. The journal strictly follows the guidelines proposed by Higher
Education Commission (HEC) Pakistan. The most important criterion for
eptance/rejection is originality of the material presented in the manuscript
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES
What is need for publishing this Journal?
The University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS) with modernized and cost
effectiveness will light the tools for numer
improve identification of pest species, conservation of wild animals, diversity of animals
including animal breeding, environmental impact of animal, agriculture,
and animal products. When animals grow well and stay healthy, farmers can produce more
meat, milk or eggs for our consumption. They check meat quality or screen milk for
pathogens. Advances in food safety keep humans healthy and increase the world’s supply
of nutritious food. Beside this, articles regarding entomological science
betterment of humanity by detecting the role of insects in the spread of disease and
discovering ways of protecting food and fiber crops, and livestock from being damaged.
Journal provides the way how beneficial insects contribute to the well being of humans,
animals, and plants. This journal will also defend and assess the application of well proven
research activities in natural science particularly
Biology & Fisheries, Biochemistry and Biotechnology of host universities; neighboring and
sister universities which are performing research activities on any area of animal’s
sciences. They have necessity of proper platform for their research exposure
country as well as in world.
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES Volume-1, Issue-1, November 2017
VII
What is need for publishing this Journal?
The University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS) with modernized and cost
effectiveness will light the tools for numerous directions and problems related to
identification of pest species, conservation of wild animals, diversity of animals
environmental impact of animal, agriculture, diseases
. When animals grow well and stay healthy, farmers can produce more
meat, milk or eggs for our consumption. They check meat quality or screen milk for
pathogens. Advances in food safety keep humans healthy and increase the world’s supply
. Beside this, articles regarding entomological science contribute to the
betterment of humanity by detecting the role of insects in the spread of disease and
discovering ways of protecting food and fiber crops, and livestock from being damaged.
ovides the way how beneficial insects contribute to the well being of humans,
animals, and plants. This journal will also defend and assess the application of well proven
research activities in natural science particularly in, Zoology, Physiology,
Biochemistry and Biotechnology of host universities; neighboring and
sister universities which are performing research activities on any area of animal’s
sciences. They have necessity of proper platform for their research exposure
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 1, November 2017
The University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS) with modernized and cost
ous directions and problems related to
identification of pest species, conservation of wild animals, diversity of animals
diseases, nutrition
. When animals grow well and stay healthy, farmers can produce more
meat, milk or eggs for our consumption. They check meat quality or screen milk for
pathogens. Advances in food safety keep humans healthy and increase the world’s supply
contribute to the
betterment of humanity by detecting the role of insects in the spread of disease and
discovering ways of protecting food and fiber crops, and livestock from being damaged.
ovides the way how beneficial insects contribute to the well being of humans,
animals, and plants. This journal will also defend and assess the application of well proven
Zoology, Physiology, Fresh Water
Biochemistry and Biotechnology of host universities; neighboring and
sister universities which are performing research activities on any area of animal’s
sciences. They have necessity of proper platform for their research exposure around the
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES
Who will contribute?
Articles published in (USJAS) masses of all age and income groups. Moreover, this journal
will make substantial contribution to the researchers and students of Zoology, Entomology,
Pest Management, Plant Protection and Agriculture Sciences, medical
wild life department and extension wings will also be benefited. The objectives set at
promotion of research, the food and fiber crops, livestock, animal’s diversity, diseases,
obesity and to establish breeding programs, nutrition programs and help preserve exotic
wildlife. Beside this, Parasitological section gives the reader a broad, in
medically important parasites. Such coverage is essential to give students the awareness
and understanding necessary for proper diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of the
parasitic infections. This journal will be valuable in skill enhancem
refreshment of the working staff of academia and research
The Specific Thematic Areas
� Taxonomic/faunistic data on any taxon of any geological age
� New descriptions of taxa, if they are accomplished with proper diagnoses,
and/or revision of at least at species group level
� Taxonomic revisions of extant (or ''recent'') and fossil animal groups
� Checklists and catalogues, phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses
� Breeding and ecology of animals
� Integrate pest management
� Economic thresholds and optimization
� Genetic manipulation of pest population
� Utilization of precision agriculture as an
� Speciation, adaptive radiation and extinction of species
� Genetics and Reproduction behavior
� Gene & DNA replication
� Environmental planning and rational use allocation
� A global program for the protection of genetic resource areas
� Deserts and areas subject to desertification, etc.
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES Volume-1, Issue-1, November 2017
VIII
Articles published in (USJAS) masses of all age and income groups. Moreover, this journal
substantial contribution to the researchers and students of Zoology, Entomology,
Pest Management, Plant Protection and Agriculture Sciences, medical sciences;
wild life department and extension wings will also be benefited. The objectives set at
food and fiber crops, livestock, animal’s diversity, diseases,
obesity and to establish breeding programs, nutrition programs and help preserve exotic
Parasitological section gives the reader a broad, in-dep
medically important parasites. Such coverage is essential to give students the awareness
and understanding necessary for proper diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of the
parasitic infections. This journal will be valuable in skill enhancement, and knowledge
refreshment of the working staff of academia and research.
The Specific Thematic Areas are under:
Taxonomic/faunistic data on any taxon of any geological age
New descriptions of taxa, if they are accomplished with proper diagnoses,
and/or revision of at least at species group level
Taxonomic revisions of extant (or ''recent'') and fossil animal groups
Checklists and catalogues, phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses
cology of animals
Integrate pest management tactics
Economic thresholds and optimization
manipulation of pest population
Utilization of precision agriculture as an (IPM) tool
Speciation, adaptive radiation and extinction of species
Genetics and Reproduction behavior
Gene & DNA replication and recombination
Environmental planning and rational use allocation
A global program for the protection of genetic resource areas
reas subject to desertification, etc.
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 1, November 2017
Articles published in (USJAS) masses of all age and income groups. Moreover, this journal
substantial contribution to the researchers and students of Zoology, Entomology,
sciences; further,
wild life department and extension wings will also be benefited. The objectives set at
food and fiber crops, livestock, animal’s diversity, diseases,
obesity and to establish breeding programs, nutrition programs and help preserve exotic
depth coverage of
medically important parasites. Such coverage is essential to give students the awareness
and understanding necessary for proper diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of the
ent, and knowledge
New descriptions of taxa, if they are accomplished with proper diagnoses, keys
Taxonomic revisions of extant (or ''recent'') and fossil animal groups
Checklists and catalogues, phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES
PUBLICATION
University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS)
times a year: January, April, July and October, by the Office of
Sciences and Department of Zoology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro.
COPYRIGHT
All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be
are trieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means,
photocopying and/or otherwise the prior permission of publication authorities.
Copyright © University of Sindh, Jamshoro. 2017 All Righ
Printed at: Sindh University Press
OPEN ACCESS POLICY
University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS
to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a
greater global exchange of knowledge. To enable unrestricted usage our Journal is
following CC-BY-ND license. Researchers can copy and redistribute the material in any
medium or format, for research purpose, condition to formal reference to the original
work. Authors can self-archive publisher's version of the accepted article in digital
repositories and archives.
CONTACT INFORMATION
Dr. Riffat Sultana Editor,
Journal office, Department of Zoology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro Sindh, Pakistan
Journal Website: http://sujo.usindh.edu.pk/index.php/USJAS
E-mail: [email protected]
Contact: +92-333-2776771
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES Volume-1, Issue-1, November 2017
IX
University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS) is published quarterly i.e., 4
times a year: January, April, July and October, by the Office of Dean Faculty of Natural
epartment of Zoology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro.
All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be produced, translated or stored on
trieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying and/or otherwise the prior permission of publication authorities.
Copyright © University of Sindh, Jamshoro. 2017 All Rights Reserved.
Printed at: Sindh University Press
University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS) provides an immediate open access
to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a
ater global exchange of knowledge. To enable unrestricted usage our Journal is
license. Researchers can copy and redistribute the material in any
medium or format, for research purpose, condition to formal reference to the original
archive publisher's version of the accepted article in digital
CONTACT INFORMATION
Journal office, Department of Zoology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro Sindh, Pakistan
http://sujo.usindh.edu.pk/index.php/USJAS
[email protected], [email protected]
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 1, November 2017
is published quarterly i.e., 4
Dean Faculty of Natural
produced, translated or stored on
electronic, mechanical,
photocopying and/or otherwise the prior permission of publication authorities.
an immediate open access
to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a
ater global exchange of knowledge. To enable unrestricted usage our Journal is
license. Researchers can copy and redistribute the material in any
medium or format, for research purpose, condition to formal reference to the original
archive publisher's version of the accepted article in digital
Journal office, Department of Zoology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro Sindh, Pakistan
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES
REVIEW POLICY AND PROCESS
University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS) follows a full double
review process, comprising the following steps:
� All papers submitted to the (USJAS)
review. The editor may assign to experts to review the quality and scope of the
submitted manuscript. If the article fails to meet the journal criteria, the paper is
rejected immediately and authors are noti
� Once the paper is submitted, the editor ensures that the paper follows the
blind review policy. If the author names are found, then the author name(s) and
affiliation(s) are removed from the paper and updated version is uploaded on the
system by the editor.
� Every submitted article is checked for the Similarity report by the Editor, before
forwarding it to the reviewers.
prescribed by Higher Education Commission (HEC) Pakistan, to check the similarit
of paper. As per HEC policy, in case manuscript has been found to have a similarity
index of more than 19% it will be immediately either returned back to the author
for correction and resubmission, or will be rejected and archived. This decision is
made by the editor, based on the similarity ratio. (Please Note that the parameters
for similarity check involve, Add to No Repository, Exclude Bibliography, Exclude
Quoted Text).
� If the paper satisfies the criteria, then the editor will send the article to at
reviewers for review. Each article will be reviewed by at least 01 National and 01
International reviewer with a double
� Reviewers are recruited from the national and international universities having a PhD with
reputed research profile (checked through Google Scholar
Science) for the given area/ field of submitted article.
� Each reviewer is initially invited to review the article showing them the article title
and abstract only. Upon
and a review form is used to record their feedback and suggestions through online
management system.
� The reviewers' recommendations will determine whether to “Accept Submission”,
“Revision required”, “Resubmit for Review” or “Decline Submission”. The final
decision if made by the Editor based on the reviewers’ report
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES Volume-1, Issue-1, November 2017
X
ROCESS
University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS) follows a full double
review process, comprising the following steps:
All papers submitted to the (USJAS) are first examined by an Editor for the initial
review. The editor may assign to experts to review the quality and scope of the
submitted manuscript. If the article fails to meet the journal criteria, the paper is
rejected immediately and authors are notified.
Once the paper is submitted, the editor ensures that the paper follows the
. If the author names are found, then the author name(s) and
affiliation(s) are removed from the paper and updated version is uploaded on the
Every submitted article is checked for the Similarity report by the Editor, before
forwarding it to the reviewers. Turnitin website is used by the journal as
prescribed by Higher Education Commission (HEC) Pakistan, to check the similarit
of paper. As per HEC policy, in case manuscript has been found to have a similarity
index of more than 19% it will be immediately either returned back to the author
for correction and resubmission, or will be rejected and archived. This decision is
by the editor, based on the similarity ratio. (Please Note that the parameters
for similarity check involve, Add to No Repository, Exclude Bibliography, Exclude
If the paper satisfies the criteria, then the editor will send the article to at
reviewers for review. Each article will be reviewed by at least 01 National and 01
International reviewer with a double-blind, peer review policy.
Reviewers are recruited from the national and international universities having a PhD with
ed research profile (checked through Google Scholar , Research Gate and
Science) for the given area/ field of submitted article.
Each reviewer is initially invited to review the article showing them the article title
and abstract only. Upon acceptance of the review request the full paper is presented
and a review form is used to record their feedback and suggestions through online
The reviewers' recommendations will determine whether to “Accept Submission”,
”, “Resubmit for Review” or “Decline Submission”. The final
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UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES
S. No
1.
THARAKA WIJERATHNA, DILINI THARANGA, MAYURI R. WIJESINGHE.
New distribution record of the abandoned
dehaani (Doleschall, 1859) (Araneae:Araneidae) from the wet zone of Sri
Lanka.
2.
NAQASH AKBAR, IMRAN AKBAR, QADIR BUX PIRZADO
studies of Dirhinus giffardii
Tandojam.
3.
SUMIT K. SATPATHI, SUPRAKASH PAL, BIWASH GURUNG, SUCHAND
DATTA, AVIJIT KUNDU, RUPS
SHYAMAL KHEROAR. Effect of Physical
contents on Jassid and Pod Borer of Cowpea.
4. IMAN MEER, ZAHID BAIG MIRZA. Abundance of birds and Variations in
Physico-chemical Characteristics of Fresh water Reservoir.
5.
FAQEER MUHAMMAD CHANDIO, SYED SHAHZAD ALI BUKHARI,
MUHAMMAD IRFAN JAT.
Stages of Chrysoperla c
6.
ABDUL AZIZ, RIFFAT SULTANA, SANTOSH KUMAR
Study on the Infestation of various borers in sugarcane from district Dadu
Sindh.
7.
FIDA HUSSAIN MAGSI, ABID ALI SOOMRO, ASLAM BUKERO, IMRAN ALI
KUMBHAR, SYEDA MAIRA JAFFERY. Impact of Natural Diets on the
Development and Morphometrics of
Laboratory Conditions.
8.
BHAI KHAN SOLANGI, MUHAMMAD HAROON HULLIO, SABA AMBREEN
MEMON, GHULAM MURTA
Ovipositional Preference of
Laboratory Conditions.
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES Volume-1, Issue-1, November 2017
XII
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Author Name and Title
THARAKA WIJERATHNA, DILINI THARANGA, MAYURI R. WIJESINGHE.
New distribution record of the abandoned-web orb-weaver, Parawixia
(Doleschall, 1859) (Araneae:Araneidae) from the wet zone of Sri
NAQASH AKBAR, IMRAN AKBAR, QADIR BUX PIRZADO. Morphometric
Dirhinus giffardii (Silvestri) and Aganaspis daci (Weld) from
SUMIT K. SATPATHI, SUPRAKASH PAL, BIWASH GURUNG, SUCHAND
DATTA, AVIJIT KUNDU, RUPSANATAN MANDAL, NRIPENDRA LASKAR,
SHYAMAL KHEROAR. Effect of Physical Characteristics and Phenolic
contents on Jassid and Pod Borer of Cowpea.
ZAHID BAIG MIRZA. Abundance of birds and Variations in
chemical Characteristics of Fresh water Reservoir.
FAQEER MUHAMMAD CHANDIO, SYED SHAHZAD ALI BUKHARI,
MUHAMMAD IRFAN JAT. Comparative Effectiveness of Egg and Larval
Chrysoperla carnea against Sucking Insect Pests of Cotton Crop.
ABDUL AZIZ, RIFFAT SULTANA, SANTOSH KUMAR, IMRAN KHATRI
estation of various borers in sugarcane from district Dadu
FIDA HUSSAIN MAGSI, ABID ALI SOOMRO, ASLAM BUKERO, IMRAN ALI
KUMBHAR, SYEDA MAIRA JAFFERY. Impact of Natural Diets on the
Development and Morphometrics of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) under
Laboratory Conditions.
BHAI KHAN SOLANGI, MUHAMMAD HAROON HULLIO, SABA AMBREEN
MEMON, GHULAM MURTAZA BUGHIO, KAMIL KABIR KHANZADA
Ovipositional Preference of Bactrocera zonata on Jujube Varieties under
Laboratory Conditions.
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 1, November 2017
Page No.
THARAKA WIJERATHNA, DILINI THARANGA, MAYURI R. WIJESINGHE.
Parawixia
(Doleschall, 1859) (Araneae:Araneidae) from the wet zone of Sri 1-3
Morphometric
(Weld) from 4-7
SUMIT K. SATPATHI, SUPRAKASH PAL, BIWASH GURUNG, SUCHAND
ANATAN MANDAL, NRIPENDRA LASKAR,
Characteristics and Phenolic 8-13
ZAHID BAIG MIRZA. Abundance of birds and Variations in 14-20
FAQEER MUHAMMAD CHANDIO, SYED SHAHZAD ALI BUKHARI,
d Larval
against Sucking Insect Pests of Cotton Crop.
21-26
, IMRAN KHATRI.
estation of various borers in sugarcane from district Dadu 27-32
FIDA HUSSAIN MAGSI, ABID ALI SOOMRO, ASLAM BUKERO, IMRAN ALI
KUMBHAR, SYEDA MAIRA JAFFERY. Impact of Natural Diets on the
(Stephens) under 33-37
BHAI KHAN SOLANGI, MUHAMMAD HAROON HULLIO, SABA AMBREEN
ZA BUGHIO, KAMIL KABIR KHANZADA.
on Jujube Varieties under 38-42
UNIVERSITY OF
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://sujo.usindh.edu.pk/index.php/USJAS
New distribution record of the abandoned
(Doleschall, 1859) (Araneae:
Tharaka WijerathnaDepartment of Zoology and Environment Sciences, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
ARTICLE INFORMATION
Article History: Received: 22nd August, 2017
Accepted: 18th October, 2017
Published online: 16th November, 2017
Authors Contribution
TW and DT conducted the field work. TW and MRW compiled the manuscript. All
the authors read and approved the final
version of the article.
Key words:
Parawixi adehaani,
Sri Lanka, New record, Behavior
Similar Index Report: 04%
1. INTRODUCTION
he orb web spiders are diversified
numerous taxa represented by several families
including Araneidae, Nephilidae, Tetragnathidae and
Uloboridae. Of these, the family Araneidae
the highest diversity, with 169 genera and around 3100
known species worldwide [1]In Sri L
species from 24 genera are recorded from this family
alone with seven of the species being endemic[2].The
population status of as many as 27 of these spiders
including that of the abandoned-web orb
Paravixia dehaani, has not been assessed due to the
paucity of information and are hence
Data Deficient (DD) in the national red list
threatened species (MOE) [2]. Therefore, studies
reporting the distribution of these species are of
paramount importance for purposes of conservation
The abandoned-web orb-weaver, Paravixia
been recorded from India and several other countri
such as Pakistan, Indonesia, New Guinea and Australia
[1, 3, 4]. The only recorded report in Sri Lanka is from
Trincomalee which is in the dry zone
Eastern coast of the island [5]. No
information is available on this species since this record
which was published 116 years ago. There is also no
documentation of its morphology, behavior and habitat
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
Copyright 2017 University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences
T
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCESVol. 1, Issue 1, pp: (1-3), November, 2017
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© Published by University of Sindh, Jamshoro
New distribution record of the abandoned-web orb-weaver, Parawixia
(Doleschall, 1859) (Araneae: Araneidae) from the wet zone of Sri Lanka
Wijerathna, Dilini Tharanga, Mayuri R. WijesingheDepartment of Zoology and Environment Sciences, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
ABSTRACT
The orb weavers are a highly diversified group of spiders with Family
Araneidae having the highest number of species. The distribution records of
many of the orb-weaver species in Sri Lanka are scanty,
published information on the descriptions of their morphological features. The
current paper reports a new distribution record of Parawixia
orb weaver spider of this genus recorded in Sri Lanka. The present record of
the spider is from Keeragala and Indikada Mukalana, both located in the South
Western wet zone of the country. The only previous record of this species is
from Trincomalee in the North Eastern coast of Sri Lan
years ago. In this paper we also describe the morphometric characteristics,
habitats and behavior of this spider found in the newly documented locations
he orb web spiders are diversified and consist of
numerous taxa represented by several families
Araneidae, Nephilidae, Tetragnathidae and
Araneidae comprises
e highest diversity, with 169 genera and around 3100
In Sri Lanka, about 47
species from 24 genera are recorded from this family
alone with seven of the species being endemic[2].The
s many as 27 of these spiders
web orb-weaver,
essed due to the
paucity of information and are hence categorized as
Data Deficient (DD) in the national red list of
Therefore, studies
reporting the distribution of these species are of
conservation.
Paravixia dehaanihas
been recorded from India and several other countries
New Guinea and Australia
in Sri Lanka is from
dry zone along the North
[5]. No published
on this species since this record
which was published 116 years ago. There is also no
documentation of its morphology, behavior and habitat
Copyright 2017 University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences
characteristics within the island.
reports the new distribution record
documents its general morphological characteristics,
habitat features and behavior of the specimens found in
the wet zone of Sri Lanka.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Species identification
Specimens suspected to be of the species
dehaaniwere observed in two locations i.e. Indikada
Mukalana, a rainforest reserve, and in a home garden in
Keeragala, both located in the South Western wet zone
of Sri Lanka. Species identification was done using
morphological identification key
and Tikader [6, 7] which are
morphological characters.
2.2 Morphological measurements
Morphological measurements were taken only from the
specimen observed in Keeragala, Sri Lanka
was gently removed from its
vegetation adjacent to the web and the following
measurements were taken using a digital vernier
caliper: total length of the specimen, length and width
of the carapace, length and width of the abdomen.
JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES
ISSN(E): 2523-6067
: 2521-8328
Sindh, Jamshoro
Parawixia dehaani
Araneidae) from the wet zone of Sri Lanka
Wijesinghe Department of Zoology and Environment Sciences, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
The orb weavers are a highly diversified group of spiders with Family
having the highest number of species. The distribution records of
weaver species in Sri Lanka are scanty, and there is little
published information on the descriptions of their morphological features. The
Parawixia dehaani, the only
Sri Lanka. The present record of
Mukalana, both located in the South
Western wet zone of the country. The only previous record of this species is
from Trincomalee in the North Eastern coast of Sri Lanka, documented 117
In this paper we also describe the morphometric characteristics,
the newly documented locations.
racteristics within the island. The current work
records of the species and
documents its general morphological characteristics,
habitat features and behavior of the specimens found in
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Specimens suspected to be of the species Paravixia
were observed in two locations i.e. Indikada
Mukalana, a rainforest reserve, and in a home garden in
Keeragala, both located in the South Western wet zone
Species identification was done using
morphological identification keys given by Pocock [5]
which are based on external
Morphological measurements
Morphological measurements were taken only from the
observed in Keeragala, Sri Lanka. The spider
its resting place in the
the web and the following
measurements were taken using a digital vernier
caliper: total length of the specimen, length and width
of the carapace, length and width of the abdomen.
T. Wijerathna et al.,
2.3 The behavior
The behavior of the spiders were observed extensively
both in the forest and home garden over several days,
covering both during the day and night.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 New distribution records
Paravixia dehaani was recorded from two new
locations namely, the Indikada Mukalana Reserve,
Colombo District, Sri Lanka (6.8918120 N, 80.166170
E) and Keeragala, Ratnapura District, Sri Lanka
(6.7907450
N, 80.3497060
E). These two locations are
shown in Fig. 1.With respect to distribution, extensive
surveys conducted on orb-weaver spiders in the wet
zone resulted in the discovery of P. dehaani only from
these two locations.
Fig.1 A map of Sri Lanka showing the two new locations
(red dots) and the previously reported location (black dot) of
Parawixia dehaani
One female spider was observed from each location
while no males were seen during the study. The
posterior row of eyes of the observed individuals were
re-curved, while the lateral eyes were sub-equal, thus
confirming that the specimens belong to the sub-family
Araneinae. The abdomen of the specimens was also
longer than wide, but the length was less than twice the
width (Table 1). The cephalic region is not elevated
above the thoracic region, and the abdomen consists of
tubercles (Fig. 2.A). The ocular region is not situated on
any projection and the lateral eyes are situated close to
each other, but do not touch, as seen in Fig. 2.B. The
carapace does not have a U shaped junction between
the cephalic and thoracic regions. The cephalic region
of the carapace bulges behind the ocular area (Fig. 2.B),
and the anterior row of eyes are pro-curved. These
characters confirm that the observed specimens belong
to the genus Parawixia. In both specimens the
cephalothorax and the legs are reddish brown and
the.Abdomen dark brown (Fig. 2.C). These characters
and the general proportions of the specimens as shown
in Table 1 confirm that the specimens are of Parawixia
dehaani. This is the only species reported from the
genus Parawixia recorded in Sri Lanka so far.surface of
the abdomen, B. Dorsal surface of the cephalothorax, C.
Complete specimen showing leg and body colors.
Fig.2s External morphology of Parawixia dehaani
(Doleschall, 1859) from Keeragala, Sri Lanka, A. Dorsal
Table.1. Some morphometric parameters of Parawixia
dehaani recorded during the study.
Measurement
(mm)
Keeragala
(2016)
West Sikkim
(Tikader 1970) Total length 18.20 20.50
Carapace length 6.10 8.80
Carapace width 5.90 7.40
Abdomen length 14.15 13.70
Abdomen width 11.85 12.50
Abdomen length/ Abdomen width
1.194 1.096
3.2 Habitats
Although based on the reported observations P. dehaani
appears to be rare, the locations in which it was
observed shows its use of several habitats. For instance
the first record in 1916 was from a coastal region in the
dry zone (Trincomalee) whilst the two recent records
Distribution record of Parawixia dehaani
were from wet zone habitats. Also interestingly, the
species was seen to be able to use rainforest habitats as
well as human modified home gardens. The two latter
habitats although in the same region of the country
were very different in terms of vegetation
characteristics.
3.3 Behaviour:
The abandoned-web orb weaver, Parawixia dehaani
lives up to its name, by abandoning the web for most
part of the day. None of the two observed individuals
were found on the web during the day time, but were
found among the vegetation in close proximity to the
web, remaining hidden and well camouflaged on dried
leaves or stems. The spiders remain so until a prey is
caught on the web, when it emerges quickly on to the
web to retrieve the prey. At night, however, the spiders
move on to the web and reside at the hub of the web,
which is likely to be a thermo regulatory adaptation.
Unlike some of the other members in this family, P.
dehaani does not build webs daily nor does it repair the
webs regularly when damaged. Instead the web is used
for a few days unless there is considerable damage, and
then resorts to building a new orb web nearby. It does
not consume the silk of the old web, as is reported for
some other species of this family [8].Parawixia
dehaani, despite their wide distribution in the Asia
Pacific region is one of the least studied spiders.
Considering this scarcity of information, findings of the
current study on its presence and distribution within
thenatural habitat is important to understand the
ecology of the species. The unavailability of
information on the distribution of this species so far has
hampered the assessment of its threatened status within
the island [2]. The rarity of the species in the wet zone,
however, could mean that the spider is rare. Therefore,
our study would provide valuable information to
support future assessments of the conservation status of
the species.
4. CONCLUSIONS
The abandoned-web orb weaver, Parawixia
dehaaniwas recorded from two locations in the South
Western wet zone of Sri Lanka, which differs from the
only previous record of this species in the country
documented over a century ago. The rarity of the
species in the wet zone, however, may indicate its
threatened status within the country.
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank the Department of
Wildlife Conservation and the Forest Department for
granting the required permissions for the study and the
Institute of Biology Sri Lanka for the ethical clearances.
Authors are also grateful to the Department of Zoology
and Environment Sciences of University of Colombo
for financial support.
6. CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest
regarding the publication of this article.
REFRENCES
[1] Natural History Museum Bern (2017, August 1).
World Spider Catalog (version 18.5) [Online]
Available at: http://wsc.nmbe.ch 2017.
[2] MOE 2012. The National Red List 2012 of Sri
Lanka; Conservation Status of the Fauna and Flora.
Ministry of Environment, Colombo, Sri Lanka. viii
+ 476pp.
[3] M. M. Khalid, “A Preliminary Checklist of the
Spider Fauna of Sargodha (Punjab), Pakistan,”
Pakistan J. Zool, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 1245–
1254,2012.
[4] P. Chetia and D.K. Kalita “Diversity and
distribution of spiders from Gibbon Wildlife
Sanctuary, Assam, India”. Asian J. Conserv. Biol.,
vol. 1, no.1, pp. 5-15, July 2012.
[5] R.I. Pocock, The Fauna of British India, including
Ceylon and Burma. Arachnida:I-XII. London:
Taylor and Francis, 1900.
[6] B.K. Tikader,“Spider fauna of Sikkim”. Rec. Zool.
Surv. India vol. 64, pp. 1-83. 1970
[7] B.K. Tikader, The Fauna of India, Spiders: Araneae
Vol II. Calcutta: Zoological Survey of India, 1982.
[8] R.F. Foelix, Biology of Spiders.2nd
edition. Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 1996.
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES
Email: [email protected] Website: http://sujo.usindh.edu.pk/index.php/USJAS
Morphometric studies o
Aganaspis d
Naqash Akbar
Department of Entomology, Faculty of Crop Protection
ARTICLE INFORMATION
Article History:
Received: 3rd August, 2017 Accepted: 25th October, 2017 Published online: 16th November, 2017 Author’s contribution
NA conceived and designed the experiment. IA reared the samples analyses the data QBP wrote the manuscript and help in statistical analysis. Key words:
Morphometric, Parasitoid, Larval, Pupal, Environmental Influence.
Similar Index Report :06%
1. INTRODUCTION
orphologically, biological species are enormouslya like in their body structure and functions but
their documentation are not easy and a lot ofof such cryptic or sibling species go hidden quantitative study of the size and shapes of organisms is called morphometrics. The phenomena which involved measurement of body parts like limbs or internal organs and indicates prominent evolutionary picture of these measurement. Now-a-days referred to as morphometric and multivariate statistical techniques (e.g. discriminate function analysis) for organism morphological information record.Standard multivariate methods including linear distances for shape were highly correlated and extra effort was expended for correcting of size [2]. To eradicate these developing method “Geometric Morphometrics Revolution” which permitted the analysis of partsand complete organism shapes [2-4]. morphometric examination, linear distance wascalculated among couple of similar morphological attraction [4, 5].
Corresponding Author: [email protected] 2017 University of Sindh Journal of Animal
M
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCESVol. 1, Issue 1, pp: (4-7), November, 2017
Email: [email protected] ISSN(E): 2523http://sujo.usindh.edu.pk/index.php/USJAS ISSN(P): 2521
© Published by University of Sindh, Jamshoro
Morphometric studies of Dirhinus giffardii (Silvestri) a
Aganaspis daci (Weld) from Tandojam
Naqash Akbar, Imran Akbar, Qadir Bux Pirzado
Faculty of Crop Protection Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam
ABSTRACT
Investigations were made for morphometric studies on pupal parasitoid (giffardii) of fruit fly and larval parasitoid Aganaspis daci
males and females of Dirhinus giffardii Silvestri and studied. Further, morphometric analyses of 15 specimens of each species were taken. Following 15 characters were selected iinclude wings, eyes width in cross, antenna length,scutellum, following length hindwing, forleg, mid leg, hindlength, abdomen width, aedeagus and ovipositor length. It was observed that males of D.giffardii are larger than males of A. Daci
bigger than A. Daco. Legs of A. Daciare larger than D. giffardii, ovipositor of A. daci is too long whereas D. giffardiiis much shorter in length the range of the size of laboratory population of the selected parasitoids is known
orphologically, biological species are enormously in their body structure and functions but
their documentation are not easy and a lot of composite of such cryptic or sibling species go hidden [1]. The quantitative study of the size and shapes of organisms is called morphometrics. The phenomena which involved measurement of body parts like limbs or internal organs and indicates prominent evolutionary picture of these
d to as conventional and multivariate statistical techniques
(e.g. discriminate function analysis) for organism Standard multivariate
methods including linear distances for shape were a effort was expended for
. To eradicate these issues by developing method “Geometric Morphometrics
he analysis of partsand Inconventional
morphometric examination, linear distance was couple of similar morphological
[email protected] Copyright 2017 University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences
Multivariate analysis is used for the determination of these inter landmark distances. Wing shape difference indicates various additive genes examination of wing shape [6, 7]. It consists of broadly in mutually captive and natural populations [6, 8]line variation is most prominent in wing shape determination [6]. However, morphometric studies are helpful in biological experiments to find out effect of various foods, environment on the shape and size of body, it is very important when insects are reared on artificial diets under captive environment and the morphometric suggests whether the reared species is healthy and can be utilized for the purposes. study has been conducted for the first time on selecspecies, both are natural enemies of fruit flies and these are reared on a large scale under laboratory conditions. Looking at the importance of morphometric present studies attempt is made.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Study Site
All the experimental material was centered at the fruit fly rearing laboratories of Nuclear Institute of Agriculture, Tandojam. Some part of the study was also executed in the controlled laboratory condition
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES
ISSN(E): 2523-6067 ISSN(P): 2521-8328
© Published by University of Sindh, Jamshoro
and
Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam
Investigations were made for morphometric studies on pupal parasitoid (D.
Aganaspis daci (Weld, 1951). Both Silvestri and Aganaspis daci were
specimens of each species characters were selected i-e adult total length
antenna length, head width mesoscutum, ng, forleg, mid leg, hind-leg, abdomen
length, abdomen width, aedeagus and ovipositor length. It was observed that A. Daci, Eyes of D. giffardii are
bigger than A. Daco. Legs of A. Daciare larger than D. giffardii, ovipositor of much shorter in length the range of
selected parasitoids is known
used for the determination of landmark distances. Wing shape difference
indicates various additive genes examination of wing . It consists of broadly in mutually captive
]. Among wild population line variation is most prominent in wing shape
However, morphometric studies are helpful in biological experiments to find out effect of various foods, environment on the shape and size of
t is very important when insects are reared on artificial diets under captive environment and the morphometric suggests whether the reared species is healthy and can be utilized for the purposes. Present
been conducted for the first time on selected species, both are natural enemies of fruit flies and these are reared on a large scale under laboratory conditions. Looking at the importance of morphometric present
MATERIALS AND METHODS
All the experimental material was centered at the fruit fly rearing laboratories of Nuclear Institute of Agriculture, Tandojam. Some part of the study was also executed in the controlled laboratory condition (Temp
N Akbar et al.,
26±2oC, RH 60-65%) of the Department of Entomology Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam. The fruits fly were collected by visiting the designated orchards in Tandojam at regular intervals. 2.2 Laboratory observations
Investigation was made for sexual dimorphism by comparing male and female sizes to determine if the sexes were dimorphic in size and shape.
2.3 Selection of material
From collected material, 15 specimens were selected each male and female for analysis.
2.4 Body characters
Prominent external body parts were measured including; head, pronotum, thorax, abdomen, legs, antenna, eyes, ovipositor and male genitalia. 2.5 Data analysis
The data is represented through descriptive statistics, through the statistical software SXW 8.0.
3. RESULTS Results are categorized in two division identification of both species i.e. Dirhinus giffardii Silvestri, (1913), Aganaspis daci (Weld, 1951) morphometrics analysis. 3.1 Identification:
Both males and females of Dirhinus giffardii Silvestri, (1913), Aganaspis daci (Weld, 1951) are analyzed for their characters and presented here in plates 1-2. Further, Taxonomic hierarchy and description is given below with each species of male and female.
3.2 Dirhinus giffardii (Silvestri, 1913)
3.2.1 Description
Like other members of genus, Dirhinus giffardii
Silvestri can be recognized by antennae, scape of antennae, moderately broad, incised apex, Inner side somewhat surpassing outer, apex subacute. Head and thorax blackish copper- green in color, abdomen shining black. Wings hyaline brownish veins. Front wings stigmatic vein very short. First and second pairs legscoxae black, the rest brick-red, third pair tarsus brick-red, the rest black. Femora posterior legs as other chalsidids erectly swollen and -dentate beneath for almost whole opposite side tibia. Pronotum covered circular faveolae each short central Mesonotum same sculpture as pronoturn. Propodium lateral submedian angles acute. Abdomen segments chitinized and compressed oval very acute posteriorly. Male's abdomen slightly rounded than females. Average length of whole body is 4.2 mm, of antennae is 1.8 mm, and of front
wings is 2.75 mm seta. Characters selected for Dirhinus
gifferdii: Total 15 characters were selected; adult total length incl. wings, eyes width in cross, antenna length, head width, mesoscutum, scutellum, forewing length, hindwing, foreleg, midleg, hindleg, abdomen length, abdomen width, aedeagus length, ovipositor length.
Table. 1 Morphmetric characteristic of Dirhinus gifferdii ♂
Body Parameters
(mm)
Mean Range
Antenna 6.58 5.91-7.23 Eye in cross section 3.30 2.97-3.63 Head width 5.64 5.07-6.19 Foreleg 8.72 7.84-9.58 Forewing 13.67 12.29-15.02 Hind leg 12.68 11.39-13.93 Hind wing 7.61 6.84-8.36 Mesonotum 4.80 4.31-5.27 Mid leg 10.12 9.09-11.11 Scutellum 4.44 4.00-4.88 Abdomen length 5.05 4.54-5.54 Abdomen width 3.43 3.09-3.77 Aedeagus 5.43 4.88-5.96
Table. 2 Morphmetric characteristic of Dirhinus gifferdii ♀
Body Parameters
(mm)
Mean Range
Antenna 9.92 8.91-10.89 Eye in cross section 4.97 4.46-5.56 Head width 8.12 7.30-8.92 Foreleg 12.88 11.57-14.15 Forewing 19.51 17.53-21.43 Hind leg 18.61 16.72-20.44 Hind wing 11.05 9.93-12.13 Mesonotum 7.43 6.68-8.16 Mid leg 13.89 12.48-15.26 Scutellum 6.66 5.99-7.32 Abdomen length 8.05 7.24-8.84 Abdomen width 5.27 4.73-5.79 Ovipositor 13.90 12.49-15.27
3.3 Aganaspis daci (Weld, 1951)
3.3.1 Description
Its diagnostic characters are: eyes scattered hairs; female antenna moniliform, articles short, markedly longer than; club 8-9 segmented, conspicuous. Article 3 male antenna very long, bent, dilated distally, distinctly longer than 4.Scutellar cup very large, overhanging behind rounded disc. Radial cell this genus is entirely open on anterior margin of forewings, in all described species. Male and female normal body shape, not strongly compressed laterally. Head, in dorsal view, slightly broader than long(4.5:3). Female antenna 9-segmented club; article 3 male longer than 4(8.3:4.8).Forewing discal setae, elongate; rounded at apex; marginal setae short; radial cell deep.Scutellar cup oblongo-ovate, posterior margin of scutellum
Morphometric studies of
perpendicular relation to cup. For morphometric analysis of both species fifteen specimens of each species males and females diagnosed and the results are presented here in graphs. Characters selected for Aganaspisdaci: Total 15 characters were selected; adult total length incl. wings, eyes width in cross, antenna length, head width, pronotum, mesonotum, scutellum, forewing length, hindwing length, foreleg, midleg, hindleg, abdomen length, abdomen width laterally, ovipositor length.
Table. 3 Morphmetric characteristic of Aganaspis daci
Body Parameters
(mm)
Mean
Antenna 10.36 Eyes width 2.476 Head width 3.83 Foreleg 12.55 Forewing 16.45 Hind leg 23.78 Hind wing 12.13 Mesonotum 5.290 Mid leg 14.41 Pronotum 1.50 Scutellum 2.10 Abdomen length 8.88 Abdomen width 6.13
Table. 4 Morphmetric characteristic of Aganaspis daci
Body Parameters
(mm)
Mean
Antenna 13.63 Eyes width 3.68 Head width 5.32 Foreleg 17.23 Forewing 23.14 Hind leg 27.35 Hind wing 16.57 Mesonotum 7.27 Mid leg 18.13 Pronotum 2.03 Scutellum 2.84 Abdomen length 12.14 Abdomen width 8.35 Ovipositor 24.34
Morphometric studies of Dirhinus and Aganaspis spp.
For morphometric analysis of both species fifteen specimens of each species males and females diagnosed and the results are
Characters selected for : Total 15 characters were selected; adult
eyes width in cross, antenna length, head width, pronotum, mesonotum, scutellum, forewing length, hindwing length, foreleg, midleg, hindleg, abdomen length, abdomen width laterally,
Aganaspis daci ♂
Range
9.31-11.37 2.47-3.01 3.45-4.21 11.28-13.78 14.78-18.06 21.37-26.11 10.90-13.32 4.750-5.810 12.95-15.83 1.35-1.65 1.89-2.31 7.98-9.76 5.51-6.73
Aganaspis daci ♀
Range
12.25-14.97 3.31-4.05 4.78-5.84 15.48-18.92 24.57-25.41 24.57-30.03 14.89-18.19 6.53-7.99 16.29-19.91 1.83-2.23 2.56-3.12 10.91-13.33 7.51-9.17 21.87-26.73
Fig 1 a-h Dirhinus gifferdii (a) male Adult dorsal view (b)male adult ventral view (c) male adult aedeagus dorsal view (e) female adult dorsal view (f) female adult ventral view (g) female adult lateral view (h) female genital complex. i-kAganaspisdaci
lateral views (j,k) female genital complex
Fig 2 Total length include: wings of adults of giffardii & Aganaspisdaci (Male and Female)
Fig 3. Measurement (X ± S.E) of thorax (mm) of gifferdii&Aganaspis daci (♂♀)
(a) male Adult dorsal view
(b)male adult ventral view (c) male adult lateral view (d) aedeagus dorsal view (e) female adult dorsal view (f) female adult ventral view (g) female adult lateral view (h) female
Aganaspisdaci(i) male and femal adult lateral views (j,k) female genital complex.
Total length include: wings of adults of Dirhinus
(Male and Female)
Measurement (X ± S.E) of thorax (mm) of Dirhinus
Fig 4. Measurement (X ± S.E) head (mm) of gifferdii & Aganaspis daci (♂♀)
4. DISCUSSION When separate biological species are extremely similar in morphology, document their existence often difficult and many complexes of such cryptic or sibling species go undetected, languishing under single nominal species names. Observation behavioral or ecological polymorphisms, however, may hint at such sibling and have proven especially informative systematic studies of herbivorous insect taxa. Main cause of metric differences related to physiology is obviously differential growth, when this growth heterogeneity is of environmental origin. Depending on more or less favorable environmental conditions, and on aging, individuals may be more or less developed. For conspecific individuals, traditional morphometrics proposes set of statistical methods to remove this effect of age or growth from their metric variation. Scaling for size is interesting when one wants to remove the effects of physiological differences and concentrate on other causes of intra-specific variation. The differences may be due to adaptive causes, pathological causes, genetic causes. No previous work on D. giffardii
reported on morphometrics, our results indicates that males of D. giffardii are larger than males of males of daci are slightly bigger than that ofEyes of giffardii are bigger than daci. Legs of larger than giffardii, ovipositor of daci as giffardii is much shorter in length.
5. CONFLICT of INTEREST The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article.
N Akbar et al.,
Measurement (X ± S.E) head (mm) of Dirhinus
When separate biological species are extremely similar in morphology, document their existence often difficult and many complexes of such cryptic or sibling species
undetected, languishing under single nominal species Observation behavioral or ecological
polymorphisms, however, may hint at such sibling and have proven especially informative systematic studies of herbivorous insect taxa. Main cause of metric differences related to physiology is obviously differential growth, when this growth heterogeneity is of environmental origin. Depending on more or less favorable environmental conditions, and on aging, individuals may be more or less developed. For con-
ecific individuals, traditional morphometrics proposes methods to remove this effect of age or
growth from their metric variation. Scaling for size is interesting when one wants to remove the effects of
entrate on other specific variation. The differences may
be due to adaptive causes, pathological causes, genetic giffardii and As daci is
reported on morphometrics, our results indicates that are larger than males of A. daci, the
are slightly bigger than that of giffardii. . Legs of daci are is too long where
CONFLICT of INTEREST
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article.
REFRENCES
[1] E., Mayr, Systematics and the origin of species, from the viewpoint of a zoologist. Harvard University Press. 1942.
[2]D.C., Adams F.J. Rohlf, and D.E. Slice,
morphometrics: ten years of progress following the
‘revolution’. Italian Journal of Zoology, 71(1): p. 516. 2004
[3]F.J. Rohlf and L.F. Marcus,
morphometrics. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 8(4): p. 129-132. 1993.
[4]L.F. Marcus,Traditional morphometrics. in
Proceedings of the Michigan morphometrics workshop. Special Publication. 1990
[5]R.A.. Reyment R.E. Blackith, and N.A. Campbell,
Multivariate morphometrics
1984. [6]K.. Weber, How small are the smallest selectable
domains of form? Genetics,. 130(2): p. 3451992
[7]E. A. Zimmerman,Palsson, and G. Gibson,
Quantitative trait loci affecting components of wingshape in Drosophila melanogaster.
p. 671-683. 2000. [8] M. D. J. Santos Borash, A. Joshi, N. Bounlutay, and
L. D. Mueller. . Density-dependent natural selection in Drosophila: Evolution of growth size. Evolution 51:420–432. 1997.
Systematics and the origin of species, from the viewpoint of a zoologist. Harvard University
D.C., Adams F.J. Rohlf, and D.E. Slice, Geometric
morphometrics: ten years of progress following the
Italian Journal of Zoology, 71(1): p. 5-
[3]F.J. Rohlf and L.F. Marcus, A revolution
Trends in Ecology & Evolution,
L.F. Marcus,Traditional morphometrics. in Proceedings of the Michigan morphometrics workshop. Special Publication. 1990
R.E. Blackith, and N.A. Campbell, Multivariate morphometrics. Vol. 233. Elsevier.
K.. Weber, How small are the smallest selectable domains of form? Genetics,. 130(2): p. 345-353.
E. A. Zimmerman,Palsson, and G. Gibson, trait loci affecting components of wing
Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics, 155(2):
M. D. J. Santos Borash, A. Joshi, N. Bounlutay, and dependent natural selection
: Evolution of growth rate and body 432. 1997.
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://sujo.usindh.edu.pk/index.php/USJAS
Effect of Physical Characteristics and Phenolic contents o
Sumit K. Satpathi1, Suprakash Pal
Rupsanatan Mandal
Department of Agricultural Entomology
Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Cooch Behar, West Bengal
ARTICLE INFORMATION Article History:
Received: 27th August, 2017
Accepted: 28th October 2017 Published online: 16th November, 2017
Author’s contribution:
SP conceived the project and supervised the study. SKS and BG conducted field
observations and laboratory studies. SD
made the genotypes available and conducted the biochemical analysis. AK
helped in statistical analysis and
interpretation of data with SK. SP wrote the article with the help of RM and NL.
Key words:
Cowpea genotypes,
Empoascakerri, Marucavitrata,
Physical characteristics,
Phenolic contents.
Similar Index Report : 08%
1. INTRODUCTION
owpea, Vigna unguiculata, (L.) (Walp.) is one of the
most important legume crops cultivated by many
resource-poor farmers in many countries of tropical
Africa, Asia and South America [1]. It can be used as a
green bean (snake bean), a pulse (black-
fodder, forage and cover crop. Degri et al.
cowpea is nutritionally consisted of protein (23%), fats
(1.3%), fibre (1.8%), carbohydrate (67%) and water (8
9%). The protein in cowpea seed is rich in the amino
acids such as lysine and tryptophan compared
legumes; hence, cowpea seed is valued as a nutritional
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
Copyright 2017 University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences
C
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCESVol. 1, Issue 1, pp: (8-13), November, 2017
Email: [email protected] ISSN(E): 2523
http://sujo.usindh.edu.pk/index.php/USJAS ISSN(P): 2521
© Published by University of Sindh, Jamshoro
of Physical Characteristics and Phenolic contents on Jassid and Pod
Borer of Cowpea
, Suprakash Pal2, Biwash Gurung
1, Suchand Datta
2, Avijit Kundu
Mandal2, Nripendra Laskar
1 and Shyamal Kheroar
Department of Agricultural Entomology1, Directorate of Research
2
Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Cooch Behar, West Bengal-736165
ABSTRACT Host-plant resistance to insect pest damage is the most economically and
environmentally sound method of pest management in cowpea. The present study
was taken up with seventeen cowpea genotypes to investigate the influence of
physical characteristics and phenolic contents conferring pest resistance.
Different biophysical parameters, viz. vine length, number of pods/plant, pod
length, individual pod weight, yield/plant, days to flowering, days to fir
and the biochemical parameter like total phenol content of green leaves were
studied in relation to the expression of reaction towards jassid (
Pruthi) and spotted pod borer (Maruca vitrata Fab.). Pest infestation varied
significantly amongst different cowpea genotypes. The
was the minimum in Lafa Sohini 7 (0.54 jassid/leaf) as against the maximum in
the variety Kashi Kanchan (3.00 jassid/leaf). Two varieties namely Pusa Fulguni
Gold and UV-5 (0.00 larva/plant) were found completely free from spotted pod
borer infestation as against the maximum infestation in the variety Ankur Gomoti
(1.19 larva/plant) flowed by Bidhan Barboti 1 (1.18 larva/plant). The cowpea
genotypes varied significantly in different biophy
phenolic contents. Correlation studies of these parameters
borer infestation revealed that the number of pods per plant was found to be
positively and significantly correlated (r = 0.495) with the jassid popula
well as pod borer per plant (r = 0.486). The pod borer infestation was found to
register significant negative correlation with the days to flowering (r
and days to first harvest (r = -0.553). The jassid as well as the pod borer
infestation was found to have negative association with the phenol content (mg/g
of fresh leaf) but the association was not statistically significant.
, (L.) (Walp.) is one of the
most important legume crops cultivated by many
poor farmers in many countries of tropical
. It can be used as a
-eye peas) or as a
et al.[2] reported that
cowpea is nutritionally consisted of protein (23%), fats
(1.3%), fibre (1.8%), carbohydrate (67%) and water (8-
9%). The protein in cowpea seed is rich in the amino
acids such as lysine and tryptophan compared to other
legumes; hence, cowpea seed is valued as a nutritional
Copyright 2017 University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences
supplement to cereals as well
pests are one of the major biotic stresses in cowpea
growing regions in both developing and developed
countries [3]. The avoidable losses in yield have been
recorded in the range of 66 to 100 per cent in cowpea
Synthetic insecticides are the widely followed means of
controlling the pest complex of cowpea.
health risks and environmental pollution potentially
caused by the unscrupulous use of pesticides, demand for
skilled application which rarely be
limited farmers. Therefore, it is important to lay emphasis
on an integrated comprehensive approach to combat this
pest menace. Host-plant resistance to insect pest damage
is the most economically and environmentally sound
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES
ISSN(E): 2523-6067
ISSN(P): 2521-8328
© Published by University of Sindh, Jamshoro
Jassid and Pod
, Avijit Kundu2,
and Shyamal Kheroar2
736165
plant resistance to insect pest damage is the most economically and
environmentally sound method of pest management in cowpea. The present study
investigate the influence of
conferring pest resistance.
Different biophysical parameters, viz. vine length, number of pods/plant, pod
length, individual pod weight, yield/plant, days to flowering, days to first harvest
and the biochemical parameter like total phenol content of green leaves were
studied in relation to the expression of reaction towards jassid (Empoasca kerri
Fab.). Pest infestation varied
ntly amongst different cowpea genotypes. The mean jassid infestation
was the minimum in Lafa Sohini 7 (0.54 jassid/leaf) as against the maximum in
the variety Kashi Kanchan (3.00 jassid/leaf). Two varieties namely Pusa Fulguni
completely free from spotted pod
borer infestation as against the maximum infestation in the variety Ankur Gomoti
(1.19 larva/plant) flowed by Bidhan Barboti 1 (1.18 larva/plant). The cowpea
genotypes varied significantly in different biophysical characteristics and
these parameters with jassid and pod
number of pods per plant was found to be
= 0.495) with the jassid population as
= 0.486). The pod borer infestation was found to
register significant negative correlation with the days to flowering (r = -0.556)
0.553). The jassid as well as the pod borer
n was found to have negative association with the phenol content (mg/g
of fresh leaf) but the association was not statistically significant.
as a protein source. Insect
pests are one of the major biotic stresses in cowpea
growing regions in both developing and developed
. The avoidable losses in yield have been
recorded in the range of 66 to 100 per cent in cowpea [4].
Synthetic insecticides are the widely followed means of
controlling the pest complex of cowpea. However, the
health risks and environmental pollution potentially
caused by the unscrupulous use of pesticides, demand for
skilled application which rarely be expected by resource-
limited farmers. Therefore, it is important to lay emphasis
on an integrated comprehensive approach to combat this
plant resistance to insect pest damage
is the most economically and environmentally sound
S. K. Satpathi et al.,
method of pest management for both large scale and
subsistence cowpea production. This approach is less
labor intensive and more secure compared to other
methods, thus very appropriate for resource-limited
farmers. Due to these merits, developing varieties with
sustainable resistance to these insect pests and other biotic
stresses is a major goal of national and international
cowpea breeding programs. Different biophysical as well
as biochemical parameters of the plants play a vital role
by influencing the infestation of various insect pests.
Number and length of trichomes, pod wall thickness,
angle between the pods and pod width played a vital role
in conferring tolerance to mungbean cultivars against pod
borer, Maruca vitrata [5]. Jackai [6] studied the influence
of different plant characters on the field infestation of pod
borer and found that early maturity, small size of flower
and greater flower bud formation could be the reasons for
lower infestation of pod borer. On the otherhand, Jayappa
[7] found none of the plant characters like plant type,
flower colour, pod colour, pod position, pod shape and
days taken to pod maturity to be accountable for
imparting resistance reaction to pod borer. Amongst the
biochemical parameters, total phenol content was found to
have significant negative correlation with jassid incidence
[8]. Hence, the present study was undertaken with
different available genotypes of cowpea to understand the
role of different plant characters and phenol content in
imparting tolerance reaction against jassid and pod borer.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Site and season of experiment
The field experiment was carried out during the summer
season of 2015 with seventeen cowpea genotypes at the
farm of Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya (North
Bengal Agriculture University), Pundibari, Cooch Behar
(89023'53" E longitude and 26
019'86" N latitude, situated
in sub-Himalayan West Bengal in the north-eastern part
of India) in sub-tropical prehumid type of climate with
high annual rainfall (higher than 3000 mm), high relative
humidity (avg. max. & min. of 95 & 65%, respectively)
and moderate temp. (avg. max. & min. of 31 and 110C,
respectively).
2.2 Experimental details
The experiment was laid out in randomized block design
(RBD) with two replications. The genotypes were sown in
plots of 2.5 m x 2.0 m with a spacing of 45 cm x 20 cm.
The crop was raised under normal recommended
agronomical practices. The crop was kept free from
insecticides to allow natural multiplication of pest
population.
2.3 Study of plant characters
Seven plant parameters, viz. vine length (cm), number of
pods/plant, pod length (cm), individual pod weight (g),
yield/plant (g), days to flowering (days) and days to first
harvest (days) were recorded for studying their role in
imparting resistance reaction against major insect pests.
For this purpose, ten plants per replication were tagged.
The data on vine length was recorded when the plants
were full grown at 60 days after sowing (DAS). Total
number of pods per plant and yield per plant were
recorded throughout the life period of crop till maturity
from the tagged plants. Days required for flowering and to
first harvest were also recorded for each tagged plant. For
studying the pod length and pod weight twenty pods per
replication were randomly selected.
2.4 Biochemical analysis
The total phenol content of the green leaves was
measured for studying the role of the biochemical
parameter in expression of resistance reaction amongst
the genotypes. The total phenol content of leaf was
estimated using Folin–Ciocalteau reagent (FC reagent) by
following method of Malick and Singh [9]. Fresh healthy
leaves from tagged plants were collected for each
genotype and analyzed for total phenol in leaf. Total
phenol was determined in catechol equivalent after
comparing with the standard curve prepared from distilled
catechol. Total phenol was expressed as mg/g fresh wt. of
tissue.
2.5 Analysis of data
Observations on pest infestation were recorded weekly
from ten randomly selected plants from each replication.
The jassid population was counted from three trifoliate
leaves selected at random from three different strata on
each plant. Each selected plant was thoroughly examined
for the presence of spotted pod borer larvae and the total
number of caterpillars encountered in each plant was
counted. The data on pest infestation was subjected to
square root transformation and then analyzed using
GenStat Version H.1.0.1504 (VSN International Ltd.,
Oxford, UK) and OPSTAT statistical package. The
weekly pest infestation on different genotypes was pooled
over the entire crop life stages to get a mean value of
infestation for each pest. The relationship between pest
infestation and various plant characters of cowpea was
assessed through correlation studies.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Jassid infestation on different cowpea varieties
The jassid infestation varied significantly amongst
different cowpea varieties at the time of incidence period
of this pest. The jassid population varied significantly on
all dates of observation except in the 22nd
standard week.
The seasons’ mean jassid infestation was the minimum in
Lafa Sohini 7 (0.54 jassid/leaf) as against the maximum in
the variety Kashi Kanchan (3.00 jassid/leaf) (Fig. 1).
3.2 Spotted pod borer infestation on different cowpea
varieties
The spotted pod borer infestation also differed
significantly amongst different cowpea varieties. Two
varieties namely Pusa Fulguni Gold and UV-5 (0.00
larva/plant) were completely free from spotted pod borer
Effect of Physical Characteristics and Phenolic Contents on Cowpea Pests
infestation as against the maximum infestation in the
variety Ankur Gomoti (1.19 larva/plant) flowed by
Bidhan Barbati 1 (1.18 larva/plant) based on the mean of
infestation level (Fig. 2). The varieties Pusa Fulguni Gold
and UV-5 escaped the spotted pod borer infestation
probably due to late flowering nature.
Fig 1. Jassid infestation on different cowpea varieties
Fig 2. Spotted pod borer infestation on different cowpea varieties
Several screening methods to identify genotypes with
resistance to major cowpea insect pests have been
developed [10]. A good number of screening programs
have been undertaken by a number of workers all over the
world like [11], [12], [13], [14] etc. However, despite of
the evaluation of many cowpeas accessions, plants with
high levels of resistance to most of the major insect pests
1.58
2.6
0.54
3
1.61
1.39
1.3
2.57
1.45
2.8
2.06
1.96
1.16
1.66
1.52
1.26
0.84
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Triguna Kanak Lafa Sohini 7 Kashikanchan Girija Deshi Lafa Barbati
Kegarnataki
Lafa Improved
Rupasi
IR-8 Bidhan Barbati
1
Bali-265 Ankur Gomoti Kaberee Pusa Fulguni
Gold
Pusa Komol Kailash Lafa Charulata Uv-5
Nu
mb
er o
f ja
ssid
/ l
ea
f
Varieties of Cowpea
Jassid infestation on different cowpea varieties
0.79
0.88
0.65
0.78 0.79
0.59
0.21
0.58
1.18
0.83
1.19
0.63
0
0.68
0.31
0.42
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
Triguna Kanak Lafa Sohini 7 Kashikanchan Girija Deshi Lafa Barbati
Kegarnataki
Lafa Improved
Rupasi
IR-8 Bidhan Barbati
1
Bali-265 Ankur Gomoti Kaberee Pusa Fulguni
Gold
Pusa Komol Kailash Lafa Charulata Uv-5
Nu
mb
er o
f la
rva
e / p
lan
t
Varieties of Cowpea
Spotted pod borer infestation on different cowpea varieties
S. K. Satpathi et al.,
have not yet been released to farmers. Nevertheless
though, Singh [15] reported the identification of
accessions with a satisfying level of resistance to aphids
and moderate level of resistance to flower thrips, pod
bugs and pod borer. In the present study the varieties Pusa
Fulguni Gold and Uv-5 completely escaped the spotted
pod borer infestation. But that is probably due to the
ecological resistance/pseudo-resistance. Ecological
resistance is resistance related to favorable environmental
conditions at a given location at a particular time. Here
the resistance is mainly due to host evasion where the
susceptible stage of the host did not coincide with the
period of higher pest population. Pusa Fulguni Gold and
Uv-5 also showed moderate level of resistance to jassid
infestation (Fig. 1). In addition to these two varieties Lafa
Sohini-7 also exhibited considerable level of resistance to
jassid infestation. So these varieties can be exploited for
future breeding purpose. The varieties namely Lafa
Improved Rupasi and Kailash look promising for future
exploitation as it manifested significant level of tolerance
to spotted pod borer infestation (Fig. 2). Kumar et al. [16]
while conducting an experimental trial with 15 cowpea
genotypes, also found some genotypes (viz., KCP-6, Pusa
Komal and RGC-5) to be infested less by pod borer as
against more infestation in the genotypes KCP-1, RGC-2
and RGC-4.
3.3 Morphological and biochemical characters of
cowpea varieties
The various morphological and biochemical characters of
cowpea varieties have been studied which make it explicit
that the varieties of cowpea varied significantly in the
various morphological and biochemical characters. The
vine length varied from 32.64 cm in the variety Uv-5 to
96.65 cm in the variety Girija Deshi Lafa. Number of
pods per plant ranged from 11.17 (Uv-5) to 31.07
(Triguna). The variety Girija Deshi Lafa produced the
longest pods (45.40 cm) as against the shortest in the
variety Pusa Fulguni Gold (20.65 cm). Similarly, the
yield/plant was recorded the highest for the variety Kashi
Kanchan (274.00 g). The variety Kaberee (37.13 days)
was the earliest to flower as against the latest in the
variety Pusa Fulguni Gold (53.67 days). Similarly, the
variety Kaberee (45.17 days) took the minimum days to
first harvest whereas, the variety Pusa Fulguni Gold
(61.67 days) took the maximum. The phenol content
varied from Ankur Gomoti (0.105 mg/g of leaf) to Pusa
Komal (0.387mg/g of leaf). Earlier reports also confirms
that significant differences existed among the varieties
tested in all the growth characters measured [17].
3.4 Correlation of morphological and biochemical
characters of cowpea with jassid and spotted pod borer
infestation
The perusal of the Table 1 reveals that the number of pods
per plant was found to be positively and significantly
correlated with the jassid population (r= 0.495) as well as
pod borer per plant (r= 0.486). The pod borer infestation
was found to register significant negative correlation with
the days to flowering (r= -0.556) and days to first harvest
noticed (r= -0.553). The jassid as well as the pod borer
infestation were found to have negative association with
the phenol content (mg/g of fresh leaf) but the association
was not statistically significant.
Table 1. Correlation of morphological and biochemical characters of cowpea with jassid and spotted pod borer infestation
Pests Morphological Characters Biochemical character
VL NP PL PW PY DF DH Phenol content
Jassid -0.166 0.495* -0.254 -0.147 0.338 -0.350 -0.300 -0.145
Pod borer -0.006 0.486* -0.022 0.026 0.357 -0.556* -0.553* -0.056
* Significant at 5% level(r = ± 0.482)
** Significant at 1% level(r = ± 0.606)
VL-vine length; NP- number of pod/plant; PL-individual pod length; PW-individual pod weight; PY- yield /plant; DF- days to flowering; DH- days to 1st harvest
The vine length, individual pod length, individual pod
weight and individual plant yield failed to show any
significant association with both the jassid and spotted
pod borer infestation (Table 1). Earlier, Anusha [17] also
failed to observe any significant association between the
morphological characters of cowpea genotypes with
flower and pod damage by pod borer. In the present study,
the pod borer infestation was found to register significant
negative correlation with the days to flowering (r= -0.556)
and days to first harvest noticed (r= -0.553). Anusha [18]
found significant positive correlation between pod borer
infestation and days taken for 50 per cent flowering and
maturity, which is in contradiction with the current
findings. The jassid as well as the pod borer infestation
were found to have negative association with the phenol
content (mg/g of fresh leaf) but the association was not
statistically significant. Earlier, Singh and Singh [19]
observed that the pod borer infestation recorded strong
negative association with the phenol content in flowers
and immature pods.
Effect of Physical Characteristics and Phenolic Contents on Cowpea Pests
4. CONCLUSION
The cowpea varieties showed differential reactions to
jassid as well as spotted pod borer infestation under field
conditions. The biophysical and biochemical properties of
the cowpea varieties studied exhibited limited influence
on the expression of resistance reaction to major pests.
5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are grateful to Uttar Banga Krishi
Viswavidyalaya and the Director of Research, the In-
charge (RRSTZ) and the Head, Department of
Agricultural Entomology, UBKV, Pundibari, Cooch
Behar for providing necessary facilities for carrying out
this research work.
6. CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest
regarding the publication of the article.
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Walp.]. In: R. J. J. P. Singh, (ed.). Genetic resources
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Singh, and Hira Lal Mangal, “Legume pod borer
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Management of cowpea pests,” Ph.D. Thesis, 2013.
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UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://sujo.usindh.edu.pk/index.php/USJAS
Abundance of Birds and
Iman Meer
1Sr. Environmental Scientist, NESPAK Lahore, Pakista
2Department of Environmental Sciences, Kinnaird College for Women Lahore
ARTICLE INFORMATION
Article History: Received 26thAugust, 2017
Accepted: 30th October
Published online: 16thNovember, 2017
Author’s contribution:
IM planned and contacted study.ZBM critically reviewed, analysis and
interpreted results.
Key words:
Water quality,Nitrates,
Nitrites,Phosphates, Electrical Conductivity,
Total Dissolved Solids,
PH,Organic decomposition
1. INTRODUCTION
his study gives the monthly variations in physico
chemical characteristics of water at 3 sites in the
left marginal reservoir of Chashma Barrage. The
study period included the months of April, June and
July 2015. It relates riparian flora with variations in
water quality at the 3 sites. The study also relates the
role of birds found in the reservoir in increasing the
fertility of water for the growth of flora at the bottom
of the stagnant water. The water level of the reservoir
in various times fluctuates due to closure and opening
of the Chashma Barrage gates. However these
fluctuations are not regular. This depends on the flow
of river Indus from upstream. The parameters which
are discussed in this study include pH, Temperature,
Specific conductivity and Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
which were tested by Hydrolab.The parameters of
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Electrical
Conductivity (EC), Carbon dioxide, Nitrates, Nitrites,
Phosphates, and Turbiditywere analyzed in Kinnaird
College Environmental laboratory. For the s
Corresponding Author:[email protected]
Copyright 2017 University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences
T
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCESVol. 1, Issue 1, pp: (14-20), November, 2017
[email protected] ISSN(E): 2523
http://sujo.usindh.edu.pk/index.php/USJAS ISSN(P): 2521
© Published by University of Sindh, Jamshoro
of Birds and Variations in Physico-Chemical Characteristics
Freshwater Reservoir
Iman Meer 1 and Zahid Baig Mirza
2
Sr. Environmental Scientist, NESPAK Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Environmental Sciences, Kinnaird College for Women Lahore, Pakista
ABSTRACT The study illustrates physical and chemical characteristics of water in
Chashma Barrage reservoir. Water sampled from 3 different locations in
the reservoir during April, June and July 2015 was tested in situ and
brought in laboratory for ionic estimation. The study findings showed that
the reservoir water has warm water Temperature between 21
to high pH i.e., 4.9 – 10, Dissolved Oxygen between 4.4
Total Dissolved Solids between 18 - 405 ppm, Electrical Conductivity
between 21 – 396 µS, Turbidity ranging from 0 – 1000 FTU with varying
Carbon dioxide concentrations in range of 1.76 – 35.8 ppm, Specific
Conductance between 0 – 2.82 ms/cm, Nitrates between 0.001
ppm, Nitrites between 0.001 – 5.219 ppm and Phosphates between 0.001
– 11.99 ppm. The highest concentrations of nitrates and phosphates in
stagnant water of sites 3 and 1 depict productive water chemistry
collection, identification and laboratory population count
flora and fauna revealed their increased production in wetland ecosystem
study gives the monthly variations in physico-
chemical characteristics of water at 3 sites in the
left marginal reservoir of Chashma Barrage. The
study period included the months of April, June and
July 2015. It relates riparian flora with variations in
ater quality at the 3 sites. The study also relates the
role of birds found in the reservoir in increasing the
fertility of water for the growth of flora at the bottom
of the stagnant water. The water level of the reservoir
to closure and opening
of the Chashma Barrage gates. However these
fluctuations are not regular. This depends on the flow
of river Indus from upstream. The parameters which
are discussed in this study include pH, Temperature,
olved Oxygen (DO)
which were tested by Hydrolab.The parameters of
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Electrical
Conductivity (EC), Carbon dioxide, Nitrates, Nitrites,
Phosphates, and Turbiditywere analyzed in Kinnaird
College Environmental laboratory. For the study,
Copyright 2017 University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences
term “Bella” has been used which is eroded path of
the river, prior to the times of water harvesting by
way of canal head works and dams. Vegetation
grown here is called “Bella”. It grows on dry land of
old river bed. It is usually very thick because of th
fertility of the soil.The freshwater reservoir lies
upstream of Chashma Barrage on Mianwali
Kundian - Dera Ismail Khan Road, 25 km Southwest
of Mianwali, within the province of Punjab. The
Chashma Barrage lies 57 km downstream of Jinnah
Barrage. The barrage is used for flood control,
irrigation and power production. Its reservoir lies at
32°26'12.50"N Latitude and 71°27'51.20"E
Longitude [1,2]. The reservoir normally has
level up to 642 ft with an areaof 139 m
reviews the water quality of Chashma reservoir in
perspective of the aquatic resources surviving within
its ecosystem. It undertakes monthly
physico-chemical characteristics during a three
months study performed in 2015.Field visits at the
reservoir reveal moderately warm weather conditions
in April, but hot atmospheric temperature in June and
July reaching 38⁰C and 34⁰C respe
temperature in reservoir is maximum in June,
followed by July and April. In July due to turmoil in
the reservoir from flood water, its temperature is
ANIMAL SCIENCES
ISSN(E): 2523-6067
ISSN(P): 2521-8328
© Published by University of Sindh, Jamshoro
Characteristics of
Pakistan
The study illustrates physical and chemical characteristics of water in
Barrage reservoir. Water sampled from 3 different locations in
the reservoir during April, June and July 2015 was tested in situ and
brought in laboratory for ionic estimation. The study findings showed that
etween 21 – 380C, low
10, Dissolved Oxygen between 4.4 - 10.54 ppm,
405 ppm, Electrical Conductivity
1000 FTU with varying
35.8 ppm, Specific
ms/cm, Nitrates between 0.001 – 3.32
5.219 ppm and Phosphates between 0.001
11.99 ppm. The highest concentrations of nitrates and phosphates in
pict productive water chemistry. Sample
population count of the aquatic
in wetland ecosystem.
term “Bella” has been used which is eroded path of
the river, prior to the times of water harvesting by
way of canal head works and dams. Vegetation
grown here is called “Bella”. It grows on dry land of
old river bed. It is usually very thick because of the
fertility of the soil.The freshwater reservoir lies
upstream of Chashma Barrage on Mianwali –
Dera Ismail Khan Road, 25 km Southwest
of Mianwali, within the province of Punjab. The
Chashma Barrage lies 57 km downstream of Jinnah
rrage is used for flood control,
irrigation and power production. Its reservoir lies at
N Latitude and 71°27'51.20"E
. The reservoir normally has water
of 139 m2[3]. The study
reviews the water quality of Chashma reservoir in
perspective of the aquatic resources surviving within
its ecosystem. It undertakes monthly variations in its
chemical characteristics during a three
months study performed in 2015.Field visits at the
reservoir reveal moderately warm weather conditions
in April, but hot atmospheric temperature in June and
C respectively. Water
temperature in reservoir is maximum in June,
followed by July and April. In July due to turmoil in
the reservoir from flood water, its temperature is
I. Meer & Z.B Mirza
reduced, while Dissolved Oxygen is increased.
Consequently Dissolved Oxygen in reservoir water is
lesser in June than April and July. Water pH is higher
in April and June representing optimum water
productivity.There are some studies exclusively on
the flora, fauna and habitats of Chashma Barrage
[4,5,6].A studydetermining water quality of Chashma
wetlands during February and June 2008 using
hydrolabassessed the parameters of Temperature, pH,
Specific Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids and
Light Dissolved Oxygen (LDO). Sampling sizes were
not mentioned. The study found that water
Temperature was higher in summer i.e., twice than
winter season, with higher pH in both seasons (9.71-
9.82 in winter; 8.88-9.21 in summer). TDS and
salinity were higher in winter than in summer due to
more water flow and dilution in summer. However,
LDO was low in summer due to high water
temperature, which is also the findings of this
research [4].
2. METHODOLOGY
The Ramsar site of Chashma Wildlife Sanctuary,
Mianwali was visited from 3 different locations as
shown in the (Fig 1). These include Site 1 at Haidar
colony on the western side of Chashma road going
towards Kundian; and Site 2 at Bella, habitat of
running water of the river Indus. Both siteswere
visited in April, June and July. The Site 3 at the
Southern end of this reservoir nearby Pakistan Air
force rest house, on western side ofChashma road
was visited only in June and July to collect benthic
and surface water samples individually. Sites 1 and 3
are stagnant water but Site 2 is running water due to
River Indus flow. Sampling was done at multiple
points in all the three sites in ascending order of
water depth measured by a measuring tape bound to a
20 feet long stick such that P1-P9 correspond to Site
1, P10-P12 correspond to Site 2 and P13-P14
correspond to Site 3 (Fig 2,3). Water quality
parameters of Temperature, pH, Specific conductivity
and DO at each water depth were tested in situ by
Hydrolab while travelling through boat. Water
samples collected from each point were enclosed in
plastic boxes and stored in refrigerator to preserve the
dissolved gases and ions at cool temperature. Later
on these were tested in laboratory through standard
procedures [7,8] against the following parameters:
• Nitrateestimation by 4500NO3¯ B. Ultraviolet Spectrophotometric Screening Method
• Nitrite estimation by 4500NO2¯ B: Colorimetric Method
• Phosphateestimation by 4500-P C: Vanado- molybdophosphoric Acid Colorimetric Method
• Dissolved Carbon dioxide gas estimation by
4500-CO2 C: Titrimetric Method for Free
Carbon
• TDS and EC estimation by TDS meter
• Turbidity by Turbidity meter
The data was analyzed in excel graphs to check
monthly trend and comparative variations at all the
three sites. Highest observed values of these
parameters at each site are discussed in Results.
3. RESULTS
Water Temperature in Chashma reservoir is warm
with values of 24.920C; 38
0C and 32.56
0C in April,
June and July respectively at site 1 (Fig 2). At site 2
the recorded values are lower i.e., 220C, 30.16
0C and
28.130C in April, June and July respectively, whereas
at site 3 it is higher i.e., 330C and 28.9
0C in June and
July respectively. pH is alkaline with highest values
at site 1 i.e., 9.34, 10 and 9.0 during April, June and
July but at site 2 it is lower i.e., 8.28, 8.8 and 8.72 in
April, June and July respectively. The pH at site 3 is
slightly alkaline i.e., 8.11 and 8.1 in June and July
respectively. Dissolved Oxygen has peak values of
10.54 ppm, 6.84 ppm and 7.88 ppm at site 1 but
slightly reduced values of 6.95 ppm, 6.12 ppm and
7.66 ppm at site 2 in April, June and July
respectively. At site 3 it is higher i.e., 7.75 ppm and
7.4 ppm in June and July respectively. TDS recorded
values are high i.e. 183 ppm, 167 ppm and 185 ppm
at site 1 as compared to the site 2 where these are
considerably lower i.e., 36.8 ppm, 26 ppm and 109
ppm in April, June and July respectively. The
TDSlevels at site 3 are highest i.e., 405 ppm and 132
ppm during June and July. EC recorded values are
high including 290 µS, 387 µS and 328 µS at site 1,
whereas at site 2 these are reduced with 45.6 µS, 54.6
µS and 36 µS in April, June and July respectively. At
site 3 these are highest i.e., 396 µS and 287 µS in
June and July respectively. Specific Conductance, the
indicator of dissolved ions, lies up to 2.82 milli-
Siemens/cm (ms/cm), 0.288 ms/cm and 0.305 ms/cm
during April, June and July at site 1. The levels are
lesser at site 2 i.e., 0.427 ms/cm, 0.28 ms/cm and
0.017 ms/cm during April, June and July
respectively. At site 3 it is higher with 0.828 ms/cm
and 0.285 ms/cm during June and July respectively.
Turbidity recorded values are 298 Formazin
Turbidity Unit (FTU), 1000 FTU and 1000 FTU in
April, June and July respectively at site 1. It is lower
at site 2 i.e., 67.9 FTU, 321 FTU and 608 FTU in
April, June and July respectively. Its values are
higher at site 3 with 870 FTU and 786 FTU in June
and July respectively. The Nitrate level at site 1 has
maximum values of 0.8 ppm, 2.98 ppm and 3.32 ppm
Abundance of
during April, June and July respectively. At site 2 it
is drastically reduced with 0.002 ppm, 0.005 ppm and
0.25 ppm concentrations during April, June and July
respectively. It is higher at site 3 with 2.13 ppm and
2.95 ppm in June and July respectively. The Nitrite
level at site 1 is high with values of 0.9 ppm, 2.99
ppm and 4.85 ppm as compared to the site 2 where it
is only 0.0014 ppm, 0.59 ppm and 0.19 ppm during
April, June and July respectively. The level at site 3
is highest i.e., 4.3 ppm and 5.219 ppm in June and
July respectively (Fig 3). The Phosphate level at site
1 is abundantly high with values of 2.95 ppm, 7.79
ppm and 8.3 ppm. It is reduced at site 2 with 0.012
Table 1. Range of Variation and Mean of Water Quality Parameters in Chashma Reservoir during Study Period 2015
Parameters
Temperature
SPC
pH
Dissolved Oxygen
Nitrates
Nitrites
Phosphates
Carbon dioxide
TDS
EC
Turbidity
Fig 1. Location of Study Sites; Source: (Google Earth
Abundance of Birds and Variations in Freshwater Reservoir
during April, June and July respectively. At site 2 it
is drastically reduced with 0.002 ppm, 0.005 ppm and
0.25 ppm concentrations during April, June and July
respectively. It is higher at site 3 with 2.13 ppm and
d July respectively. The Nitrite
level at site 1 is high with values of 0.9 ppm, 2.99
ppm and 4.85 ppm as compared to the site 2 where it
is only 0.0014 ppm, 0.59 ppm and 0.19 ppm during
The level at site 3
is highest i.e., 4.3 ppm and 5.219 ppm in June and
The Phosphate level at site
1 is abundantly high with values of 2.95 ppm, 7.79
ppm and 8.3 ppm. It is reduced at site 2 with 0.012
ppm, 1 ppm and 0.41 ppm dur
July respectively. At site 3 it is highest with 6.678
ppm and 11.99 ppm during June and July
respectively.The maximum observed concentration of
dissolved Carbon dioxide in water is 35.8 ppm, 26.4
ppm and 35.2 ppm during April, June and
respectively at site 1 showing increased biogas
production. At site 2 it is only 3.3 ppm, 3.4 ppm and
2.3 ppm during these months symbolizing very low
biogas production. The Carbon dioxidelevel at site 3
is 17.6 ppm throughout the study.
of Variation and Mean of Water Quality Parameters in Chashma Reservoir during Study Period 2015
Range of Variation
Minimum Maximum
21 38
0 2.82
4.9 10
4.4 10.54
0.001 3.32
0.001 5.22
0.001 11.99
1.76 35.8
18 405
20.6 396
0 1000
Location of Study Sites; Source: (Google Earth Imagery)
ing April, June and
July respectively. At site 3 it is highest with 6.678
ppm and 11.99 ppm during June and July
respectively.The maximum observed concentration of
dissolved Carbon dioxide in water is 35.8 ppm, 26.4
ppm and 35.2 ppm during April, June and July
respectively at site 1 showing increased biogas
production. At site 2 it is only 3.3 ppm, 3.4 ppm and
2.3 ppm during these months symbolizing very low
biogas production. The Carbon dioxidelevel at site 3
17.6 ppm throughout the study.
of Variation and Mean of Water Quality Parameters in Chashma Reservoir during Study Period 2015
Mean
27.33
0.29
8.53
6.34
1.18
1.48
4.01
17.28
98.09
208.79
208.7
I. Meer & Z.B Mirza
Fig 2. Concentrations of Physico-chemical parameters in Chashma Reservoir Water
Fig3. Results of Nitrate, Nitrites, Phosphate and Carbon dioxide Concentrations in Chashma Reservoir Water
Abundance of Birds and Variations in Freshwater Reservoir
4. DISCUSSION
Water Temperature in Chashma reservoir is
maximum in June followed by July and April. It is
higher at site 1 due to warm ambient air, reduced
riparian flora, and high water turbidity which absorbs
and scatters sunlight in water [9]. But it is lower at
site 2 (Fig 2) due to direct water recharge from River
Indus as observed during field data collection. It is
moderately warm at site 3 due to floating algal bloom
which cools bottom water despite extremely warm
weather. The mean value of pH is alkaline within
Chashma wetlands (Table 1) endorsing [4] findings.
Its maximum values during June compared to other
months in contrast to dissolved Carbon dioxide which
is minimum in June indicate high photosynthetic
productivity, as also apparent from rich aquatic floral
growth and algal bloom in this month. The highest
pH levels at site 1 indicate ongoing decomposition
and methanogenesis processes which make the water
ecologically productive, as evident from biogas
production and the presence of TDS, nitrates, nitrites
and phosphate concentrations. It is neutral or slightly
alkaline at site 2 ratifying very low microbial activity.
The pH at site 3 is mildly alkaline verifying
production of ions from organic nutrients.Research
findings reveal that pH shows alkaline behavior with
increase in temperature as evident at sites 1 and 3
ratifying organic decomposition at higher
temperatures. Dissolved Oxygen is highest in April
followed by July and June due to lowest Temperature
in April. It is highest at site 1 due to enriched aquatic
flora, but slightly reduced at site 2 despite cold water
due to negligible aquatic flora. It is higher at site 3
than Site 1 due to lower water temperature and the
surface enriched floating algae which provides shade
and oxygen through photosynthesis. DO shows
opposite behavior with temperature, as evident at site
3, due to more dissolution of air in water at low
temperatures. However at site 1, it is high despite
warm temperatures due to rich flora and the
production of photosynthetic oxygen.TDS shows
highest values at site 3 with maximum trend in June
showing enhanced fermentation of organic waste.
The sites 3 and 1 being stagnant water have
maximum nutrients generated from the organic debris
due to droppings of roosting birds as evident from
concentrations of Nitrate, Nitrite and Phosphate.
Consequently the freshwater ecological species are
abundant at Sites 3 and 1 but reduced at Site 2 in
Chashma wetlands [11]. EC shows highest trend in
June. It is high at site 1, but considerably low at site 2
due to negligible fermentation in its running water.
At site 3 its high presence verifies higher
concentrations of TDS representing a linear
relationship as demonstrated byearlier study findings
[6]. High EC at sites 1 and 3 affirmsorganic matter
degradation and primary production as evident from
the rich floral growth.Specific Conductance is highest
in April. Its high values at site 1 depict higher ionic
presence from wintering birds’ dropping in water
(Fig 2). The levels are negligible at site 2 whereas at
site 3 its levels are high. Like TDS, the site 2 has
lowest SPC values in comparison to sites 1 and
3.Turbidity highest trend in June and July depict high
organic decomposition products as evident from
nitrates, nitrites and phosphates. It is low at site 2 as
compared to site 1 due to running water and
negligible ecological resources at site 2. Sites 1 and 3
show high Turbidity because of suspended soil,
planktonic communities in the floating flora, organic
waste and its decomposition products. Its higher
values in benthic turbid water than surface water in
Chashma reservoir (Fig 2) verifies higher microbial
activity and ultimately nutrients availability
[9].Nitrate, Nitrite and Phosphate are highest in July
showing their less uptake by aquatic flora in the
disturbed ecology after turmoil as evident from
reduced algal bloom. The high Nitrate level at site1
(Fig 3)depicts its presence richly enhanced in water
due to organic deposits which is beneficial for
invertebrate fauna production e.g. fish as reported
byearlier research findings[10].It is negligible at site
2 thus no significant aquatic flora or fauna were
observed at this site [11]. It is considerably high at
site 3 indicating microbial activity.The Nitrite level
follows similar pattern i.e., high at site 1 but low at
the site 2. It is highest at site 3. The Phosphate level
at site 1 shows higher values which is considerably
enhanced amount beneficial for floral productivity
and fish growth. It is negligible at site 2 whereas its
level is highest at site 3.The difference is due to the
higher amount of organic debris generated from
birds’ droppings at sites 3 and 1 as compared to site 2
and ultimately its fermentation which leads to
production of ions, growth of algae, phytoplankton
and macro invertebrates coinciding with [12] findings
[13]. The dissolved Carbon dioxide in water is
highest in April at site 1 due to less grown flora. It is
reduced at site 2 indicating negligible microbial
activity. The Carbon dioxidelevel at site 3 is higher
during June and July which neutralizes alkaline pH of
water resulting from fermentation. Its presence is
indicative of biogas production from decomposing
organic matter in Chashma reservoir with bubbles
and milky water observed during data collection.
Overall water quality parameters show high range of
variation within Chashma wetlands as evident from
Table 1 with their mean values indicating high water
productivity for inhabiting aquatic resources.Water
fluctuations play important role in retaining water
productivity of Chashma wetlands. Abiotic factors
I. Meer & Z.B Mirza
impact the chemistry of water e.g. the flood and
turmoil in Chashma wetland during July. Such
occasional flows of flood water sweep away the old
stagnant water and disturb the ecology, which creates
variation in the density of the wetland biodiversity.
5. CONCLUSION
The study shows maximum trend of physico-
chemical parameters in particular nitrates, nitrites,
phosphates, carbon dioxide and TDSduring July and
June, while moderate trend in April which verifies
enhanced organic waste fermentation during summer
period. Depending on location these are highest at
site 3, moderate at site 1 and lowest at site 2. The
stagnant water of sites 3 and 1 have abundant
nutrients in forms of Nitrate, Nitrite and Phosphate
ions generated from the fermentation of organic
debris due to dropping of roosting birds. The running
water of site 2 has comparatively negligible nutrients.
Higher UV absorption for nitrate, nitrite and
phosphate ions in benthic turbid water than surface
clear water of Chashma reservoir is due to
fermentation of organic debris in the reservoir bottom
producing decomposition products.
6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We acknowledge WWF-Pakistan Lahore for funding
this research.Special thanks to Dr. Zafar-Ullah Bhatti,
Director Fisheries, and Mr. Malik M. Ramzan,
DDF(H) Department of Fisheries Chashma,
Mianwali for assistance in site data collection. Our
gratitude to Ms. Almas Hamid, head of
Environmental Sciences Department, Kinnaird
College for Women Lahore for providing overall
support during this research. Our thanks to the staff
of Environmental Sciences Laboratory in Kinnaird
College for providing technical assistance in using
laboratory apparatus for water quality assessment.
7. CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that there is no conflict of
interest regarding the publication of this article.
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[8] American Public Health Association, Standard Methods: For The Examination of Water and Wastewater, 18th Edition. Washington, DC, USA:
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[11] K.S. Park and H.W. Shin, "Studies on phyto-
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[12] N.M. Stone and H.K. Thomforde,
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[13] Z.S. Mirza, M.S. Nadeem, M.A. Beg, and
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UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://sujo.usindh.edu.pk/index.php/USJAS
Comparative Effectiveness of Egg and Larval Stages of
against Sucking Insect Pests of Cotton Crop
Faqeer Muhammad Chandio,
Department of Entomology, , Faculty of Crop Protection,
ARTICLE INFORMATION
Article History: Received: 20th August, 2017
Accepted: 30th October 2017
Published online: 16th November 2017
Author’s contribution FMC is the principle researcher designed
the idea of study. SSABA write up
manuscript prepared the tables. Further, MIJ collected the samples confirmed its
identification and noticed the
effectiveness of Egg and Larval Stages.
Key words:
Chrysoperla carnea, Sucking insect pest, Comparative
effectiveness,
Egg and larval stages, Cotton crop.
Similar Index Report: 14 %
1. INTRODUCTION
otton is one of Pakistan’s major Kharif (summer)
crops which significantly contributes to the
national economy. Cotton production is forecast at
9.0 million 480 lb bales (11.5 million 170 kg bales or
1.96 million metric tons (MMT). In the light of the
significant reduction in the 2015crop, forecasting the
2016 crop is more an exercise in anticipating farmer
behavior than analyzing agronomic factors or
considering rolling or Olympic averages. Faced with
Cotton area is forecast at 2.7 million hectares, a four
percent drop from the from the official 2015/16
cotton prices in 2015, formers opted to limit their use
of insecticides to control cotton insect pests
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
Copyright 2017 University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences
C
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCESVol. 1, Issue 1, pp: (21-26), November, 2017
Email: [email protected] ISSN(E): 2523
http://sujo.usindh.edu.pk/index.php/USJAS ISSN(P): 2521
© Published by University of Sindh, Jamshoro
Comparative Effectiveness of Egg and Larval Stages of Chrysoperla c
against Sucking Insect Pests of Cotton Crop
Faqeer Muhammad Chandio, Syed Shahzad Ali Bukhari, Muhammad Irfan Jat
, Faculty of Crop Protection, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam,
Pakistan
ABSTRACT
To determine the comparative effectiveness of egg and larval stages of
Chrysoperla carnea against sucking insect pests of cotton crop
was designed. . The study was conducted on the local cotton variety
SADORI during 2014. The experiment was designed in Randomized
Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 03 treatments and
The study indicated that the maximum infestation of
bigutulla (2.75±0.26a) Thrip tabaci (13.06±0.19a) and
(7.17±0.30a) on cotton field were observed when crop was i
treatment observation, whereas, after releasing of bio
(Chrysoperla carnea larvae) in fields it was observed that the minimum
infestation of Amrasca bigutulla bigutulla (0.49±0.22c),
(5.40±1.29c), Bemisia tabaci (1.33±1.18c) and the maximum predator
population of Chrysoperla carnea (1.47±0.17a) in the month of July.
Further, in the month of August the minimum monthly mean infestation of
Amrasca bigutulla bigutulla (0.42±0.25c), Thrip tabaci
Bemisia tabaci (1.55±1.2c) were recorded and the maximum p
population of Chrysoperla carnea (1.85±0.13a) were also observed.
Similarly, the result also revealed that the maximum predator population
of Chrysoperla carnea (1.79±0.18a) and minimum monthly mean
infestation of Amrasca bigutulla bigutulla (0.14±0.15c)
(1.33±0.74c) and Bemisia tabaci (0.58±0.45c) were recorded in the month
of September.
is one of Pakistan’s major Kharif (summer)
crops which significantly contributes to the
national economy. Cotton production is forecast at
9.0 million 480 lb bales (11.5 million 170 kg bales or
1.96 million metric tons (MMT). In the light of the
nt reduction in the 2015crop, forecasting the
2016 crop is more an exercise in anticipating farmer
behavior than analyzing agronomic factors or
considering rolling or Olympic averages. Faced with
Cotton area is forecast at 2.7 million hectares, a four
ent drop from the from the official 2015/16 low
cotton prices in 2015, formers opted to limit their use
of insecticides to control cotton insect pests estimate
University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences
as farmers are expected to shift some area away from
cotton but not a lot (USDA GAIN: Pakistan Cotton
and Products Annual 2016/17). Now a days, most of
the cotton producing countries are facing severe
problem due to emergence of cotton insect pests such
as, insect sucking pests and bollworms which impact
on reducing cotton production severely, the intensity
of their attack sometimes so severe that they can
cause major destruction of the crop
cotton crop is attacked by a variety of sucking insect
pests, out of which jassid, Amrasca bigutulla
bigutulla, whitefly, Bemisia tabaci
tabaci are the most important
pests have been reported to cause seed cotton loss up
to 4.6% [3]. Farmers mostly rely on pesticide sprays
to control insect pest. The repeated use of pesticide
sprays is dangerous for the target and non
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES
ISSN(E): 2523-6067
ISSN(P): 2521-8328
Published by University of Sindh, Jamshoro
Chrysoperla carnea
Muhammad Irfan Jat
Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam,
To determine the comparative effectiveness of egg and larval stages of
against sucking insect pests of cotton crop this study
. The study was conducted on the local cotton variety i-e
The experiment was designed in Randomized
treatments and 04 replication.
The study indicated that the maximum infestation of Amrasca bigutulla
(13.06±0.19a) and Bemisia tabaci
(7.17±0.30a) on cotton field were observed when crop was in the pre-
r releasing of bio-control agent
observed that the minimum
(0.49±0.22c), Thrip tabaci
(1.33±1.18c) and the maximum predator
(1.47±0.17a) in the month of July.
Further, in the month of August the minimum monthly mean infestation of
Thrip tabaci (4.32±1.31c) and
(1.55±1.2c) were recorded and the maximum predator
(1.85±0.13a) were also observed.
revealed that the maximum predator population
(1.79±0.18a) and minimum monthly mean
0.15c) Thrip tabaci
(0.58±0.45c) were recorded in the month
to shift some area away from
cotton but not a lot (USDA GAIN: Pakistan Cotton
and Products Annual 2016/17). Now a days, most of
tton producing countries are facing severe
problem due to emergence of cotton insect pests such
as, insect sucking pests and bollworms which impact
on reducing cotton production severely, the intensity
of their attack sometimes so severe that they can
se major destruction of the crop [1]. In Pakistan
cotton crop is attacked by a variety of sucking insect
, Amrasca bigutulla
Bemisia tabaci; thrips, Thrips
are the most important [2]. Sucking insect
pests have been reported to cause seed cotton loss up
. Farmers mostly rely on pesticide sprays
to control insect pest. The repeated use of pesticide
sprays is dangerous for the target and non-targeted
F.M. Chandio et al.
fauna of insects and for human health. Now
therefore, target to reduce over reliance and ill effects
of pesticide for pest management can be achieved
through development of alternative pest control
strategies. Biological control that involves use of
predators and parasitoids is the key component of
pest control strategy in an integrated manner [4]. The
efficiency of Aphidius matricariae (Haliday),
Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani) and Chrysoperla
carnea in controlling aphid species, Aulacorthum
solani (Kaltenbach), Macrosiphum euphorbiae
(Thomas), Nasonovia ribisinigri (Mosley) and Myzus
persicae (Sulzer) in green house. All predators and
parasitoids did not give satisfactory control to aphids.
Only application of C. carnea resulted in reasonable
aphid control. The augmentative use of C. carnea is
very sustainable for crop insect pest reduction [5].
The use of chemicals has so far been considered the
most effective means of control of the pests. Since
the use of pesticides is wrought with several
disadvantages, a biological control program based on
integrated pest management is a more rational
strategy [6]. Biological control by the use of predator
C. carnea has also gained importance for pest
management in Pakistan. Some recent studies provide
a crucial example of release sites for lacewings
against Bemisia tabaci (Genn) in cotton Zia et al., [7]
observed to manage the population of aphids on
wheat by releasing of C. Carnea [8]. Depicted results
C. carnea can be used as an effective biological
control agent for successful implementation of
integrated pest management program to reduce the
use of insecticides and save foreign exchange spent
on pesticides import. The evaluation of C. carnea
releases in the field showed that the releases of its
larvae had better survival compared to the releases in
egg form. The release of the second-instars larvae
have proven very successful for the control of the
green peach aphid in peppers, tomato an eggplant [9].
Lacewings commonly are sold and dispensed as eggs
or adults, whereas, larval releases may sometimes be
more effective. Eggs are less reliable because of the
early releases and weather factors eggs did not hatch.
Probably because of poor weather is extremely cold
or hot at faster rates. At this moment, it is crucial to
evaluate the biological and economic advantages of
releasing one or the other developmental stages of C.
carnea to devise efficient methods for introducing the
role of various larval stages. Following the above
facts, field studies were conducted to evaluate the
field efficacy of different instar larvae of C. carnea
against sucking insect pests.
2. MARERIALS AND METHODS
The experiment was conducted on to study the
comparative effectiveness of egg and larval stages of
laboratory reared predator, C. carnea in cotton crop
against sucking insect pests. For experimentation
conventional cotton variety Sadori was sown by plant
protection division at experimental farm Nuclear
Institute of Agriculture Tandojam (NIA). C. carnea
neonate larvae about 100 in number, 250 eggs /card
were obtained from bio-control laboratory reared
culture at 26± 2 oC.
2.1 Monitor the pre-treatment infestation of sucking
insect pest
The local or Desi cotton variety named Sadori was
sown by plant protection division at experimental
farm about half acre (25 meter in length and 15 meter
in width) was distributed among four replication.
Five plants were tagged from each replication to
observe the infestation of sucking insect pest by
counting top middle and bottom portion of plant for
monitoring economic threshold level.
2.2 Releasing of mass reared C. carnea
The Ist instar (neonate) larvae of green lace wings
predator were obtained from the laboratory culture
reared on artificial diet at 26±20C. For
experimentation about 100 larvae of mass reared C.
carnea and 250 eggs/card were released in
experimental field against cotton insect sucking pests
i.e. jassid Amrasca bigutulla bigutulla ,thrip Thrips
tabaci(Lind),whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn) to
monitor the comparative effectiveness of egg and
larval stages of C. carnea.
2.3 Observation recorded
1st reduction of infestation was recorded from top,
middle and bottom portion of plants from treated and
untreated (control) plot.
2.4 Statistical analysis
All data were presented as mean values of 03 replicates.
Data were analyzed statistically using analysis of
variance (ANOVA) the method described by the Steel
et al., [10] Statistical software Statistix Version 8.1,
Analytical Software. The significance of differences
among means was compared by using Least Significant
Difference (LSD) test.
3. RESULTS
The study was conducted in the cotton season 2014,
to investigate the comparative effectiveness of egg
and larval stages of C. carnea in cotton field. The
Effectiveness of Egg and Larval Stages of C. carnea
infestation level of cotton sucking insect pests i.e.,
jassid, Amrasca bigutulla bigutulla thrips, Thrips
tabaci and white fly, Bemisia tabaci was in all three
Randomize Complete Block Designs (RCBD).
The result in (Table-1) indicates for pretreatment
observation, the infestation of jassid, Amrasca
bigutulla bigutulla (2.75±0.26) thrip, Thrip tabaci
(13.06±0.19) and white fly, Bemisia tabaci
(7.17±0.30) was recorded in untreated (control) plot
whereas, the infestation level (2.40±0.21),
(12.75±0.22) and (6.57±0.31) was observed in the
larva plot while, (2.55±0.22), (12.95±0.17) and
(6.37±0.29a) was observed in the egg plot.
The results revealed in (Table- 2 ab) in the month of
July on infestation show that, the maximum
infestation of Amrasca bigutulla bigutulla
(1.53±0.09) Thrip tabaci (12.07±0.21), and white fly,
Bemisia tabaci (6.85±0.11) was recorded in the 1st
and 3rd
week of July in untreated (control) plot
respectively, whereas, minimum infestation level of
Amrasca bigutulla bigutulla (0.45±0.24) T. tabaci
(4.33±1.1) and B. tabaci (1.03±1.17) noticed in the
1st and 4
th week of July in the treatment where bio-
control (C. carnea) larvae were released. Followed
by infestation level of Amrasca bigutulla bigutulla T.
tabaci B. tabaci it was observed in the 1st and 3
rd
week of July in the treatment where C. carnea eggs
alone. Similarly, maximum predator population and
was examined in 3rd
and 4th
week of July in the
treatment where C. carnea larvae) released
respectively. C. carnea eggs released alone while
minimum predator population was recorded in 1st and
2nd
week of July in untreated (control) plot. The
results exposed in (Table. 3ab) suggest that in the
month of August there is maximum infestation of A.
bigutulla bigutulla, T. tabaci and B. tabaci was in the
4th
week, whereas, the minimum infestation level of
A. bigutulla bigutulla , T. tabaci and B. tabaci was
observed in the 3rd
. Followed by infestation level of
A. bigutulla bigutulla, T. tabaci and B. tabaci in the
4th
week. C. carnea eggs released in 1st week of
August while, maximum predator population of C.
carnea in the 4th
week in the 3rd
week in the 1st week
of August in the treatment where bio-control agent C.
carnea larvae released respectively .Followed by in
the 4th
week in the 1st week of August in the
treatment where C. carnea eggs release alone.
whereas, minimum predator population in field.
The results indicated in (Table-4ab) in the month of
September on infestation and predator population,
show that the maximum infestation of A. bigutulla
bigutulla, T.tabaci and B.tabaci was recorded in the
Ist week i-e (1.48±0.17) (4.62±0.22), (2.75±0.11) in
2nd
(0.58±0.03), (4.83±0.08), (2.65±0.18) in 3rd
and
(0.71±0.03), (4.91±0.05), (2.62±0.12) in the 4th
week
of September in untreated plot respectively in the 4th
week of September where bio-control C. carnea
larvae released. Followed by infestation level of A.
bigutulla bigutulla, T.tabaci and B. tabaci in the 1st
week of the September where C. carnea eggs
released only. Maximum predator population of C.
carnea in the 4th
i-e (1.96±0.25) in the 3rd
(1.88±0.23)
in the 2nd
and (1.54±0.02) in the Ist week of
September in the treatment where C. carnea larvae
were released and minimum predator population i-e
(0.34±0.02) in the 1st week (0.35±0.02) in the 2
nd
(0.33±0.02) in the 3rd
and (0.36±0.03) in the 4th
week
of the September in untreated plot.
Table 1 Pre-treatment observation on the pest species
Treatments Infestation
Jassid Thrip White fly Egg 2.55±0.22a 12.95±0.17a 6.37±0.29a
Larva 2.40±0.21a 12.75±0.22a 6.57±0.31a
Control 2.75±0.26a 13.06±0.2a 7.17±0.30a
Table 2 Weekly observations on the infestations level of sucking pests and predator population of C.carnea in
July
a.
Treatments First week Second week
Jassid Thrip W.fly Predator Jassid Thrip W.fly Predator
Egg 0.70±0.22b 7.44±1.24b 2.00±1.13b 0.54±0.01b 0.81±0.17b 6.90±1.32b 5.12±0.36b 0.54±0.02b
Larva 0.45±0.24c 5.86±1.38c 1.03±1.17c 1.18±0.10a 0.55±0.2c 5.68±1.39c 1.62±1.20c 1.47±0.12a
Control 1.52±0.09a 12.07±0.21a 6.15±0.31a 0.12±0.011c 1.43±0.08a 11.77±0.36a 6.85±0.26a 0.12±0.02c
F.M. Chandio et al.
b.
Treatments Third week Fourth week
Jassid Thrip W.fly Predator Jassid Thrip W.fly Predator
Egg 0.80±0.20b 6.93±1.25b 5.60±0.47b 0.77±0.13b 0.61±0.24b 5.63±0.99b 3.30±0.97b 0.82±0.16b
Larva 0.54±0.22c 5.75±1.32c 1.62±1.14c 1.52±0.27a 0.45±0.24c 4.33±1.1c 1.07±1.23c 1.72±0.19a
Control 1.53±0.09a 11.60±0.16a 6.85±0.11a 0.14±0.01c 1.50±0.06a 9.15±0.42a 6.62±0.31a 0.16±0.08c
Table 3 Weekly observations on the infestations level of sucking pests and predator population of C.carnea in
August
a.
b.
Table 4 Weekly observations on the infestations level of sucking pests and predator population of C.carnea in
September
a.
b.
Treatments First week Second week
Jassid Thrip W.fly Predator Jassid Thrip W. fly Predator
Egg 0.67±0.21b 5.88±0.96b 2.35±1.08b 1.12±0.12b 0.67±0.23b 6.06±1.05b 2.56±1.05b 1.06±0.03b
Larva 0.39±0.23c 4.39±1.11c 1.52±1.11c 1.64±0.11a 0.47±0.24c 4.63±1.17c 1.56±1.11c 1.55±0.01a
Control 1.42±0.10a 9.37±0.23a 6.35±0.14a 0.32±0.01c 1.53±0.08a 9.85±0.43a 6.47±0.20a 0.37±0.01c
Treatments Third week Fourth week
Jassid Thrip W. fly Predator Jassid Thrip W. fly Predator
Egg 0.74±0.24b 5.72±1.42b 2.71±1.24b 1.15±0.11b 0.69±0.23b 5.22±1.33b 2.75±1.10b 1.30±0.09b
Larva 0.46±0.26c 4.57±1.46c 1.59±1.30c 2.07±0.20a 0.38±0.27c 3.72±1.50c 1.54±1.28c 2.16±0.21a
Control 1.64±0.07a 10.88±0.48a 7.32±0.26a 0.35±0.01c 1.65±0.27a 9.77±1.41a 6.92±1.24a 0.38±0.05c
Treatments First week Second week
Jassid Thrip W. fly Predator Jassid Thrip W. fly Predator
Egg 0.23±0.07b 2.34±0.55b 1.20±0.37b 1.23±0.01b 0.64±0.25b 2.75±0.52b 1.25±0.41b 1.23±0.10b
Larva 0.10±0.08c 1.18±0.69c 0.43±0.46c 1.54±0.02a 0.20±0.29c 1.35±0.72c 0.68±0.46c 1.88±0.23a
Control 0.48±0.03a 4.36±0.14a 2.48±0.20a 0.34±0.02c 1.48±0.17a 4.62±0.22a 2.75±0.11a 0.35±0.02c
Treatments
Third week
Fourth week
Jassid Thrip W. fly Predator Jassid Thrip W. fly Predator
Egg 0.27±0.08b 2.40±0.66b 1.25±0.40b 1.28±0.07b 0.27±0.12b 2.65±0.61b 1.38±0.35b 1.30±0.06b
Larva 0.13±0.10c 1.30±0.78c 0.56±0.47c 1.96±0.25a 0.13±0.13c 1.37±0.77c 0.65±0.43c 1.78±0.24a
Control 0.58±0.03a 4.83±0.08a 2.65±0.18a 0.33±0.02c 0.71±0.03a 4.91±0.05a 2.62±0.12a 0.36±0.03c
Effectiveness of Egg and Larval Stages of C. carnea
4. DISCUSSION
Cotton yield is reducing day by day because of many
factors among which the major factor is direct
damage caused by sucking insects i.e., Amrasca
bigutulla bigutulla, Thrip tabaci and Bemisia tabaci,
The present study was carried out to investigate the
comparative effectiveness of egg and larval stages of
Chrysoperla carnea in cotton field against jassid,
thrip and whitefly under field conditions. The data
point out that all the treatments were significantly
superior over control. The maximum infestation of
jassid , thrip and white fly was recorded in before
treatments were applied in experimental field while,
data was recorded on infestation level and predator
population rate after releasing of bio-control agent.
The minimum monthly mean infestation of A.
bigutulla bigutulla, T. tabaci and B.tabaci was
recorded and the maximum predator population of C.
carnea was also observed in the month of July in
biocontrol (larvae) plot whereas, the maximum
infestation of A. bigutulla bigutulla .T. tabaci B.
tabaci and minimum predator population was
examined in untreated (control) plot. Followed by
infestation level of A. bigutulla bigutulla T. tabaci B.
tabaci and the predator population of Chrysoperla
carnea in where eggs released alone. The minimum
monthly mean infestation of A. bigutulla bigutulla T.
tabaci and B.tabaci was recorded and the maximum
predator population of Because of its abundance and
broad habitat range it is extensively studied as an
effective bio-control agent for most of the crop pests
particularly. The effectiveness of laboratory reared C.
carnea as an important predator of sucking insect
pests in cotton fields [11]. C. carnea can be used as
an effective biological control agent for successful
implementation of integrated pest management
program to reduce the use of insecticides and save
foreign exchange spent on pesticides import. The
efficiency of lacewing to control pests can be
affected by many factors, including use of different
predator instars which may be a crucial factor in the
success of augmentative biological control. The
evaluation of C. carnea releases in the field showed
that the releases of its larvae had better survival
compared to the releases in egg form. For example,
releases of larvae have proven very successful for the
control of the sucking insect in the field crop [12].
5. CONCLUSION
It may concluded from the present investigation that; C. carnea (Stephens) is an effective biological
control against cotton sucking insect pest i.e.
Amrasca bigutulla bigutulla Thrip tabaci and
Bemisia tabaci. The approaches for bio-control C.
carnea eggs and larvae were found effective. The
predator population of C. carnea in cotton field was
also observed in August and September.
6. CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that there is no conflict of
interest regarding the publication of this article.
REFERENCES
[1] G., O. Barrera, Simon, L. Villamizar, T. Williams
and P. Caballero, “Spodoptera frugiperda
multiple nucleopolyhedro viruses as a potential
biological insecticide: genetic and phenotypic
comparison of field isolates from Colombia” Biol
Control. 58, 113-12, 2011
[2] Z, Ahmad “Insecticides Resistance Management
in Cotton,” Proc. ICAC-CCRI, Multan, Pakistan.
:5-20, 1999.
[3] U.S., Satpute, D.N. Sarnaik and P.D. Bhalero,
“Assessment of avoidable losses in cotton field
due to sucking pests and bollworms,” Ind. J. PI.
Prot, 16(1): 37-39, 1988.
[4] R, J. Isaacs Tuell, A. Fiedler, M. Gardiner and D.
Landis, “Maximizing arthropod mediated
ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes: the
role of native plants,” Frontiers in Ecology and
the Environment, 7:196-203, 2009.
[5] R.D. Gautam and A. Tesfaye, “Potential of green
lacewing Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) in crop
pest management,” New, Agric., 13: 147–58,
2002.
[6] M. Ahmed, Z.A. Zahir, N. Asghar and M. Asghar,
“Inducing salt tolerance in mung bean through
coinoculation with rhizobia and plant-growth-
promoting rhizobacteria containing 1-
aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase,”
Canadian Journal of Micribiol, vol. 57 (7), pp.
578-589, 2011.
[7] K., F Zia. Hafeez, R. R. Khan, M. Arshad and U.
Naeem-ullah, “Effectiveness of Chrysoperla
carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) on
the population of Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera:
Aleyrodidae) in different cotton genotypes,”
F.M. Chandio et al.
Journal of Agriculture and Social Sciences, 4:
112116, 2008.
[8] J., M. Iqbal Ashfaq and A. Ali, “Management of
aphids by augmentation of coccinellids and
Chrysoperla carnea under field conditions on
wheat,” Pak. J. Agri. Sci., Vol. 45(1), 2008.
[9] M.J. Tauber, C.A. Tauber, K.M. Daane and K.S.
Hagen, “Commercialization of predators: Recent
lesson from greenlacewing (Neuroptera:
Chrysopidae: Chrysoerla). American
Entomologist, 46: pp. 26–38, 2000.
[10] R.G.D. Steel, J.H. Torrie and D.A. Dickey,
“Principles and procedures of statistics: A
biometrical approach. 3rd
edition McGraw Hill
Book Co. Inc. New York: pp. 400-428, 1997.
[11] D. Bar, D. Gerling and Y. Rossler, “ Bionomics
of the principal natural enemies attacking
Heliothis armigera in cotton fields in Israel,”
Environmental Entomology, vol. 8, pp. 468-
474, 1979.
[12] N.D. Usman, I.I. Inuwa and A.I. Iro, “The
influence of unethical professional practices
on the Management of construction projects in
North-Eastern States of Nigeria,” International
Journal of Economic Development Research
and Investment, vol. 3(2), pp. 124-129, 2012.
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES
Email: [email protected]
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Study on the Infestation of
Abdul Aziz, Riffat Sultana
Department of Zoology, University of Sindh, 1Department of Entomology, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, Sindh, Pakistan
ARTICLE INFORMATION
Article History:
Received 24thAugust, 2017
Accepted: 2nd November 2017
Published online 16th November, 2017
Author’s contribution
AA observed the samples in field
noticed the infestation, RS designed the
experiment and supervised this work &
SK & IK compiled the data.
Key words:
Pest, sugarcane, varieties, Chilo,
infestation, quality, damage
Similar Index Report: 07 %
1. INTRODUCTION
he sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum
vital cash crop in the world including Pakistan.
It belongs to the family Gramineae
source of economy from the agriculture field. This
crop is mainly grown for the sugar and sugary
production. Sugarcane grows the worldwide
20.42 million ha and the production is 1333 million
metric tons [1]. In Pakistan, Sugarcane is occupying
about 1128.10 thousand hectors, yearly production
62.8 million tons. The Pakistan is suited
position among the top ten sugarcane growing
country. However, there are so many factors that
inherently low cane and sugar yielding varieties are
major constraint of cane and sugary
Pakistan. Almost 1500 species of insects feed on the
sugarcane throughout the world [2], about
from Indo-Pakistan subcontinent feed on crop
approximately a dozen of important insects pest have
been found from Pakistan [4] as well as including the
Sindh province [5] among them the borers, and
Corresponding Author: [email protected] 2017 University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences
T
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCESVol. 1, Issue 1, pp: (27-32), November, 2017
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© Published by University of Sindh, Jamshoro
Study on the Infestation of various Borers in Sugarcane from District Dadu
Sindh
Riffat Sultana, Santosh Kumar, Imran Khatri1
Department of Zoology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro
Department of Entomology, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, Sindh, Pakistan
ABSTRACT
During the present investigation weekly survey has been carried out
district Daud and the study area was divided into 05 different
where 04 varieties of sugarcane i-e: SPF-234, CPF-
BL4 are grown in 08 sectors. During the field survey
infestation of 05 borers viz: stem borer (Chilo tumidicostalis
borer (Chilo infuscatellus), Internode Borer (Chilo
indicus), top borer (Sciropophaga excerptalis)
(Emmalocera depressella) was reported on cane.
borers usually damage the cane and effect quantity, quality and reduce the
sucrose of cane. The infestation belongs to the Chilo
damage approximately 10 – 80% of cane and somewhere cau
heart “which low down the market value of crop.
Saccharum officinarum L.) is the
vital cash crop in the world including Pakistan.
and is a big
source of economy from the agriculture field. This
for the sugar and sugary
worldwide about
is 1333 million
. In Pakistan, Sugarcane is occupying
hectors, yearly production
is suited in 5th
position among the top ten sugarcane growing
r, there are so many factors that
inherently low cane and sugar yielding varieties are
production in
Pakistan. Almost 1500 species of insects feed on the
, about 48 species
Pakistan subcontinent feed on crop [3] and
approximately a dozen of important insects pest have
as well as including the
among them the borers, and
[email protected] Copyright 2017 University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences
production giving an average cane yield of 56 tons
per hectare in Sindh. The District Dadu is total
covered of area 7866 square kilometers, and there are
five insect pest borers in sugarcane crop i
stemborer (Chilo tumidicostalis),
(C.infuscatellus), internode borer
indicus),top borer (Sciropophaga excerptalis)
root borer (Emmalocera depressella).
serious Chilo species borers consequently reduce the
quality, quantity and sucrose of the cane.
species was appeared 1st time in 1933 the District
Rohtak and Damage the crop about 80% in India
Irshad et al., [7] reported that
joints of sugarcane were infested by borers and sugar
recovery was reduced about 0.55%
234, CPF-237, Thatta-10 and BL4 cane
grown in Dadu and significantly
of pest species including Chilo
responsible of huge reduction. 02 varieties
234 and CPF-237 are grown
growing field and Thatta-10 and
somewhere these verities have
against infestation of the borers. In district
there is a” Dadu sugar mill” that is
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES
ISSN(E): 2523-6067
ISSN(P): 2521-8328
© Published by University of Sindh, Jamshoro
arious Borers in Sugarcane from District Dadu
1
Department of Entomology, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, Sindh, Pakistan
During the present investigation weekly survey has been carried out in
and the study area was divided into 05 different sectors
-237, Thatta-10 and
uring the field survey maximum
tumidicostalis), shoot
Chilo sacchariphagus
and root borer
. It was noticed that
quantity, quality and reduce the
Chilo species is cause
somewhere causing “dead
giving an average cane yield of 56 tons
The District Dadu is total
covered of area 7866 square kilometers, and there are
five insect pest borers in sugarcane crop i-e:
(Chilo tumidicostalis), shoot borer
internode borer (C. sacchariphagus
(Sciropophaga excerptalis) and
Emmalocera depressella). Effects of these
species borers consequently reduce the
and sucrose of the cane. The Chilo
time in 1933 the District
about 80% in India [6].
that about 5.2% percent
joints of sugarcane were infested by borers and sugar
0.55%. Usually, SPF-
BL4 cane verities are
grown in Dadu and significantly affected by numbers
Chilo species which are
02 varieties i-e: SPF-
all sectors of the
10 and BL4 are grown
have different resistance
infestation of the borers. In district Dadu
there is a” Dadu sugar mill” that is big source for the
A. Aziz et al.,
farmers which established in 1977-78. But due to this
alarming situation yield per annum is reduce and
Sindh liable to contribute too much in economy of
Pakistan. Present attempt has been made to note the
infestation of borers of sugarcane in District Dadu.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Study Site
The weekly survey was conducted in sugarcane
growing areas in District Dadu, the survey was done
in order to determine incidence, extensive prevalence
and distribution of major sugarcane infecting pests
and it was conducted in different seasons.Main 08
sectors i-e: Payaro, Patt Shareef, Kakar, Phulji and
Sita were visted time to time these areas are near
about 25 – 30 km away from each other and
somewhere less or more.
2.2 Collection of samples
The weekly survey was conducted through extensive
visit throughout all growing sectors during December
2015 to November 2016 the cropping seasons of
borers infestated of sugarcane field were observed
early in the morning and afternoon, almost 15
random and 15 non–random samples were collected
from each areas by moving diagonally in the field
and the survey was conducted in District Dadu,
Sindh.
2.3 Identification of Samples
Sugarcane borer were identified by given protocol of
[8] and [9]. Further, for correct identification of
specific character of each sample was throughly
observed under Sterscopic Micrscope. Biside this
catterpillar (Larvae) characteristic was also
cencentred for confirmation of species.All collected
specimens were deposited in the Entomology Bio-
Control Research Lab (EBCRL), Department of
Zoology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro.
2.4 Quantitative deamage
The observation on the infestation of different borer
species was recorded at weekly intervals stating from
germination till harvest of the crop. During early
vegetative growth stage the infestation was recorded
on dead heart basis and later on internode basis.
3. RESULTS
It was observed that District Dadu production is
about 20 thousands ton of sugarcane. Sugarcane crop
continuously damages by different borers species
Present it was noticed that 05 pest borers i.e: Stem
Borer (Chilo tumidicostalis), Shoot Borer (Chilo
infuscatellus), Internode Borer (Chilo
sacchariphagus indicus), Top Borer (Sciropophaga
excerptalis) and Root Borer (Emmalocera
depressella) damage the cane and effect quantity,
quality and reduce the sucrose of cane. It is observed
that most dominate species belonging to genus
species Chilo on the cane and causing maximum
damage in all visited sectors (Table 1 a-d) Chilo
species damages about 10 – 80% of the cane and
reduces the yield quantity and somewhere “dead
heart”. It was also noted that the first time growing
sugarcane is less affected then the second time and
second time is less effected then the third time or
lope is more effected than the second lope such like
infestation increase lope by lope (Fig.1). It has been
seen from Table 2 that various species of borer show
fluctuated occurrence in difference seasons. This
infestation of stem borer were significantly highest
during this month of October to November in Kakar
and Phulji sectors while most of the borer were not
found in the Autumn season. In case of the spring
season in 03 sectors i.e: Payaro, Patt shareef and Sita
were occupied with borer’s population while
remaining sectors were free from this with exception
of few rare numbers of steam borer and root borer
seen in March. Beside this, Table 1 indicates that
there is great fluctuation in population density of
borer in various seasons of the year. During the
present study 08 sectors were visited but key
concentration was focused on 05 sectors (Fig. 2).
Table 2 indicates that infestation percentage of stem
borer was significantly higher i-e 28% in Payaro and
Phulji followed by 27% in Kakar. Opposing to this,
infestation of top borer was significantly low i-e 10%
in Phulji and there was no significant differences
were observed in infestation rate of shoot borer in all
visited sectors.
a
b
Fig 1.
Table 1. Seasonal occurrence of borers
a. October (Autumn) 2016
Borers
Payaro Patt Shareef
Stem Borer + + + + +
Internode Borer + ++ + +
Shoot Borer ++ +
Root Borer + + + +
Top Borer + + +
b. November (Autumn) 2016
Borers
Payaro Patt
Shareef
Stem Borer + + + +
Internode Borer + + + +
Shoot Borer + + +
Root Borer + + + +
Top Borer + + + +
c. February (Spring) 2017
Borers
Payaro Patt
Shareef
Stem Borer + + + +
Internode Borer + + + +
Shoot Borer + + + +
Root Borer + + + +
Top Borer + +
c
Infestation of Borers in Sugarcane
1. Infestation of different bores in sugarcane.
Seasonal occurrence of borers in various sectors in different month of the year 2016
Sectors
Patt Shareef Kakar Phulji Buriri Sade
Mosani
Makhdom
Bilawal
+ + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + -- +
++ ++ + ++
Sectors
Patt
Shareef Kakar Phulji Buriri
Sade
Mosani
Makhdom
Bilawal
+ + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + -- +
+ + + + + +
Sectors
Patt
Shareef Kakar Phulji Buriri
Sade
Mosani
Makhdo
Bilawal
+ + + -- +
+ + + -- --
+ + + + + --
+ + + -- --
+ + + -- --
d
erent month of the year 2016-17
Makhdom
Bilawal Sita
+ + + +
+ + + +
-- + +
-- +
-- ++
Makhdom
Bilawal Sita
+ + +
-- + +
-- + +
-- +
-- + +
Makhdo
Bilawal Sita
-- +
-- +
-- +
-- +
-- +
d. March (Spring) 2017
Borers
Payaro Patt Shareef
Stem Borer + +
Internode Borer _ _
Shoot Borer _ _
Root Borer + _
Top Borer --- ---
Table 2: Infestation percentage of
S. No Borers
1 Stem Borer
2 Internode Borer
3 Shoot Borer
4 Top Borer
5 Root Borer
Fig 2. Infestation rate of
4. DISCUSSION
Sugar is essential items in our daily life. It is cash
crop in Pakistan and contributes big portion in
economy of country. But due to attach of many pest
species its proper yield capacity is reducing day
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
PayaroPatt
shareef
A. Aziz et al.,
Sectors
Patt Shareef Kakar Phulji Buriri Sade
Mosani
Makhdom
Bilawal
-- + -- +
_ _ -- --
_ _ + --
_ _ -- --
--- --- --- ---
: Infestation percentage of Chilo species in five sectors in District Dadu
Payaro Patt shareef Kakar
26% 24% 25%
20% 21% 20%
14% 15% 16%
12% 14% 12%
28% 26% 27%
rate of the various borers in different localities in District Dadu
Sugar is essential items in our daily life. It is cash
big portion in
attach of many pest
species its proper yield capacity is reducing day-by-
day. The basic aim of this work was to note the
infestation rate of some borers in cane fields. During
field it was observed that Chilo
yield capacity. So it was essential to conduct a study
of prevalence of Chilo species in a
At present infestation of borers significant reduce the
Patt
shareefKakar
PhuljiSita
Makhdom
Bilawal Sita
-- --
-- _
-- _
-- _
--- ---
District Dadu
Phulji Sita
26% 22%
23% 20%
13% 18%
10% 16%
28% 24%
The basic aim of this work was to note the
infestation rate of some borers in cane fields. During
species reduces the
essential to conduct a study
species in a sugarcane sectors.
present infestation of borers significant reduce the
Stem Borer
Internode Borer
Shoot Borer
Top Borer
Root Borer
Infestation of Borers in Sugarcane
yield in various important growing sectors of Dadu.
Similar studies were conducted in other regions of
Sindh by Khan et al., [13]. They also reported that in
Sindh borer’s infestation is big thread for formers
present study agreed on this account. Further, there
are also some conflicting reports about cane stages
which suffer maximum borers infestation and there
are some factors affecting cane yield as well as
sugarcane recovery, several authors [2], [10], [11],
[12], [13] carried work on the different aspects of
sugarcane pests from different areas of the world
including Pakistan, but in the District Dadu there was
no such survey done before this. This atempt has
been conceded for first time and 08 sectors incuding
05 major sectors were incpected. Overall, it was
noticed that borers baddly effect the yield and after
infesation cane is no longer in any specific use except
we can used this as fuel resourec. Rehman et al., [9]
provide the identification and distribution pattern of
stem borers from Bangladesh they reported that
infestations of cane has been started in the month of
May after this it reduce. Present study suggests that it
might be due to climatic change in June. Ullah, [14]
noticed that C. sacchariphagus damage the crop an
internode formation take place and continuous its
activity till the harvestmen it was also observed that
juice quality deterioration occur when this infestation
is severe. A part from this, Khan et al., [13] worked
out on the population dynamics of C. infuscatellus,
they reported that it is very destructive pest damaging
crop when internode formation occurred. They
calculated overage percentage of C. infuscatellus was
9.08±3.97 in chamber followed by 8.44±5.69 in
Tando Allahyar. However they did not mentioned
any specific cane yield variety. During present study
we have visited 04 varieties and noticed considerable
damage of Chilo on cane verities.
5. CONCLUSION
During this study it is observed the chilo damage
almost 10 – 80% of cane and reduces the yield
quantity, quality and sucrose. Present study suggests
that 05 borer’s species significantly damage the 04
varieties, of sugarcane in field. However, there is no
significant morphological varieties were observed in
the emergence of adult moth. Further, during the field
survey it was also observed that this borer also had
attached other plant of cane under family graminae
poaceae. Present study recommends that Chilo
tumidicostalis was found major pest borer for all
grown sugarcane varieties which prevails in Dadu,
Sindh. This study will be very helpful to know the
major insect’s pests and their extent of damage so
that in future proper control measures can be used to
minimize the number of insecticides.
6. CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that there is no conflict of
interest regarding the publication of this article.
REFERENCES
[1] Food and Agriculture Organization of United
Nations, “Global network on integrated soil
management for sustainable use of salt-affected
soil,” Rome. Italy: FAO Land and Plant Nutr.
Manag. Service, 2003,
http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/agll/spush.
[2] H.F. Box, “List of Sugar Cane Insects,” London
common: Ins. pp. 101, 1953.
[3] K.A. Rehman and D. Singh, “Studies on dead
hearts caused by different species of sugarcane
borers in Punjab,” Indian Journal of Entmology,
vol. IV (I), pp. 78-85, 1942.
[4] N.A. Chaudhry and M. A. Ansari, “Insect Pests of
Sugar Cane in Pakistan,” Progressive Farming,
vol. 8(4), pp. 10-18, 1988.
[5] K.M. Naqvi, “Improvement insects pest of
sugarcane crop in Sindh,” Sugarcane crop
seminar, 1975.
[6] H.A. Qayum, “Important insect pests of
sugarcane in Punjab and their control,” Sugarcane
crop, Seminar Representation and
recommendations Ciba Giegy, pp. 59-66, 1975.
[7] M. Irshad, A.S.K. Ghouri, S. Mirza and I.
Khanzada, “Incidence and economic significance
of Chilo infuscatellus Snell. (Pyrilidae:
Lepidoptera) in Northern Pakistan,” Sarh. J.
Agric., vol. 6(1), pp. 35-38, 1990.
[8] D.K. Butani, “A key for identification of
sugarcane borers. Indian Journal of Entomology,
vol. 18, pp. 303-304, 1956.
[9] M.A. Rehman, M.S. Noman, M.A. Maleque,
M.Z. Alam, S. Afroz and M.K.A. Chowdhury,
“Identification and distribution of sugarcane
stem borer in Bangladesh,” SAARC J. Agri.,
vol. 11(2), pp. 103-116, 2013.
A. Aziz et al.,
[10] V.P. Rao, M.A. Ghani, and K.C. Mathur, “A
review of the biological control of insects in
South-East Asia and the Pacific Region,” Tech.
Commun. Commonw. Inst. Biol. Contr., vol. 6,
pp. 1-196, 1971.
[11] K.M. Harris, “Biology of Chilo species,” Insect
Science and Application, vol. 11(4), pp. 467-
477, 1990.
[12] L.S. Kuniata, “Borer damage and estimation of
losses caused by Sesamia grisescens Walker
(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in sugarcane Papua
New Guinea,” Int. J. Pest Managt, vol. 44, pp.
93-98, 1998.
[13] M. Khan, R. Sultana, B.A. Bughio, A. Ali, B.K.
Solangi and S. Kumar, “Studies on the
population dynamics of sugarcane stem borer,
Chilo infuscatellus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and
its parasitoid Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera:
Braconidae) in sugarcane in Hyderabad region of
Sindh,” Sindh Univ. Res. Jour. (Sci. Ser.) vol. 45
(3) pp. 542-545, 2013.
[14] M. Ullah, B.U. Butt, and M. Shah, “Assessment
of cane and internode damage in millable cane
by sugarcane pest complex,” Sarhad Journal of
Agriculture, vol. 22(2), pp. 202-217, 2006
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://sujo.usindh.edu.pk/index.php/USJAS
Impact of Natural Diets on the Development and Morphometric
Chrysoperla carnea
Fida Hussain Magsi1, Abid Ali Soomro
1Department of Entomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (GSCAAS) Beijing China
2Department of Entomology, Sindh Agriculture Unive
ARTICLE INFORMATION
Article History:
Received: 12th August, 2017 Accepted: 1st November 2017
Published online: 16th November, 2017
Authors Contribution:
FHM planned the study, AAS wrote the results, AB supervised the experiment &
compiled data with help to statistical
analysis, IAK noted the duration of developmental stages, and SMJ look
after the whole research experiment
maintained under laboratory condition.
Key words:
Chrysoperlacarnea,
Natural diets, Development,
Morphometric,
Laboratory condition.
Similar Index Report: 14 %
1. INTRODUCTION
hrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera:
Chrysopidae), is a Common green lacewing,
generallly predators, and very efficient and useful in
biological control agent. The chrysopidae lacewings
are very useful insects of agricultural ecosystem
An entomologist knows that target of biological
control programs and its family included more than
90 type and 1800 well-famous species and their
predating performance always paying attention and
reported thatin Iran 46 species are member of
Chrysopidae families and 193 lacewings species are
described [2]. The potential of feeding behaviour of
first-instar larva of C. carneaon unusual prey species
in the order of Aphis craccivora
melanogaster, Corcyra cephalonica.
Corresponding Author: [email protected] 2017 University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences
C
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCESVol. 1, Issue 1, pp: (33-37), November, 2017
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of Natural Diets on the Development and Morphometric
rnea (Stephens) under Laboratory Conditions
Abid Ali Soomro2, Aslam Bukero2, Imran Ali Kumbhar
Jaffery2
Department of Entomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (GSCAAS) Beijing China
Department of Entomology, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, Sindh, Pakistan
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted under laboratory conditions
Research Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Faculty of Crop
Protection, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam during 2015
determine better artificial diets for mass rearing of C. carnea.
natural diets Mustard, Akk, Cabbage aphid and Sitroga
were used. The results indicated that the maximum larval developmental
period was recorded 5.5±0.6 of 1st instar larvae of C. carnea
whereas the shortest development was 2.25±0.3 days in 2
cerellela and mustard aphid, while the results further revealed that the
highest development period of 3rd
instar larvae observed 4.25±1.3 on akk
aphid. The maximum pupal developmental time was recorded (7.0±1.1) on
S. cerellela eggs followed by cabbage aphid (6.25
(5.75±1.3), and mustard aphid (5.00±1.0) On the other hand the
morphometric measurement of C. carnea highest length and breadth was
at 1st instar 4.38±0.13 L/B 2.25±0.25mm 2
nd
2.13±0.13mm and 3rd
instar 6.88±0.31 2.88±0.13mm on
The analysis of variance indicated that there was highly significant
difference between the natural diets, and their larval, pupal,
developmental, and morphometric stages on different aphid species
(Stephens) (Neuroptera:
Chrysopidae), is a Common green lacewing,
generallly predators, and very efficient and useful in
biological control agent. The chrysopidae lacewings
are very useful insects of agricultural ecosystems [1].
An entomologist knows that target of biological
control programs and its family included more than
famous species and their
ing attention and
in Iran 46 species are member of
idae families and 193 lacewings species are
The potential of feeding behaviour of
on unusual prey species
Aphis craccivora, Drosophila
[email protected] Copyright 2017 University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences
Reliant on these studies, D. melanogaster
be capable for mass production of the predator in the
laboratory for mass rearing, no native aphids or other
natural hosts could be available throughout the year;
in this context experiments were conducted to
standardize an artificial diet instead of eggs of
Angoumois grain moth, to generate their some
numbers at a low cost [3].The number of methods has
been used for rearing lacewing with a cannibalistic
tendency. Term paper sheets covered with
Phthorimaea oprulella (Zeller) eggs as a kill
sprinkled on top in wooden tray sheltered with
muslin for rearing C.carnea larvae to keep away from
cannibalism. To divide larvae of
examine shape was used as rearing containers and
Sitrtroga cerealella eggs were provide as food to the
larvae independently. They are successful predators
of jassid, whiteflies, thrips, aphids and mites they
also nourish on the eggs and tiny larvae of the cotton
bollworms [4]. The Chrysoperla
Malladadesjardinsi are well widely described in
JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES
ISSN(E): 2523-6067
ISSN(P): 2521-8328
University of Sindh, Jamshoro
of Natural Diets on the Development and Morphometrics of
nder Laboratory Conditions
Kumbhar2, Syeda Maira
Department of Entomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (GSCAAS) Beijing China
rsity Tandojam, Sindh, Pakistan
under laboratory conditions, in Bio-control
Research Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Faculty of Crop
Protection, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam during 2015-2016 to
C. carnea. The four
troga cercellela eggs
were used. The results indicated that the maximum larval developmental
C. carnea on akk aphid,
whereas the shortest development was 2.25±0.3 days in 2nd
instar on S.
and mustard aphid, while the results further revealed that the
instar larvae observed 4.25±1.3 on akk
The maximum pupal developmental time was recorded (7.0±1.1) on
eggs followed by cabbage aphid (6.25±1.3), akk aphid
(5.75±1.3), and mustard aphid (5.00±1.0) On the other hand the
highest length and breadth was nd
instar 5.13±0.31
13mm on S.cerellela eggs.
The analysis of variance indicated that there was highly significant
difference between the natural diets, and their larval, pupal,
developmental, and morphometric stages on different aphid species.
D. melanogaster appeared to
be capable for mass production of the predator in the
ss rearing, no native aphids or other
natural hosts could be available throughout the year;
in this context experiments were conducted to
standardize an artificial diet instead of eggs of
Angoumois grain moth, to generate their some
The number of methods has
been used for rearing lacewing with a cannibalistic
Term paper sheets covered with
(Zeller) eggs as a kill
sprinkled on top in wooden tray sheltered with
larvae to keep away from
cannibalism. To divide larvae of Chrysoperla honey
examine shape was used as rearing containers and
were provide as food to the
hey are successful predators
hrips, aphids and mites they
also nourish on the eggs and tiny larvae of the cotton
Chrysoperla carnea and
are well widely described in
F.H. Magsi et al.,
Europe, USR, North Americaa, and Central Africa.
And some prey of green lacewings, Chrysoperlaspp.
(Chrysopidae) are international predators that come
to mind to control in a wide number range of
agricultural pests. The larvae of Chrysoperla is a very
active, and native predator of biological control agent
of a range of phytophagous arthropods like as aphids,
caterpillars, leafhoppers, thrips and eggs [5].The
highest biological agent of C. carnea was observed
when adult fed on a diet based on honey, yeast and
pollen there were significant difference between rate
of oviposition, larvae longevity, fertility and sex ratio
on different diets (female: male when larvae fed on
age of nymph Shizaphisgraminum, Bemisiatabaci
and artificial diet. Considering above parameters,
artificial diet can be a best choice for mass rearing C.
carnea[6].The Biological control programe is a
permanent, secure, and economically and
environmental important. The action of parasites has
been described and parasitoids prey and pathogenic
which are the key pest populations at a lowest typical
more economic damage level". Most of the natural
bio agents are host-specific to a small number of
strongly as compared to C. carnea. Thus the non-
target species are no affected. Capable natural
enemies frequently carry on having a supress have an
effect on insect pests [7].A larva of C. carnea is a
predator of uncovered eggs, small larvae of
biological agents and lepidopterist pests. It nourish
on time-consuming affecting, very elastic bodied
arthropods like as aphids, whitefly, scales, mealy
bugs and mites [8]. The rearing technique is provider
C. carnea culture and large numbers of eggs and
larvae which considered necessary for inundative
release in sort to start a natural programme with C.
carnea.
2. MATERIAL AND METHODS
2.1 Place of work
The experiment was conducted onimpact of natural
diets on the development and morphometric of
Chrysoperlacarnea (stephens) under laboratory conditions,
during 2015-2016, Department of Entomology,
Faculty of Crop Protection, Sindh Agriculture
university, Tandojam. The stock culture of
Chrysoperlacarnea and Sitotrogacerellela were
obtained from N.I.A laboratory.
2.2 Experimental design
The aphid species (Giant milk weed, Mustard and
Cabbage) were collected from respective crops. The
prey species were provided to the predator larvae to
determine the development period and
morphometrics of different larval instars of C. carnea
under laboratory conditions. The temperature
maintained between 26±2OC and Relative humidity
60±5%. The experimental design will be Complete
Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications.
2.3 Treatments
There was four treatments i.e. T1= Aphis nerii, T2=
Lipaphis erysimi, T3= Bervicoryne brassicae and T4
=S. cerealella eggs.
2.4 Data collection
First instar larvae of C. carnea was shifted in each
Petri dishes for experiment. The larvae feed on aphid
species and S. cereallela eggs.
The observation was taken daily to determine the
developmental time and morphometric measurement
of each life stage daily with help of magnifying glass
scale.
2.5 Statically Analysis
The collected data were subjected for statistical
analysis and statistical differences existed between
data sets (P<0.05), Fisher’s Least Significant
Differences (LSD) was used to separate the differing
means.
3. RESULTS
3.1 Development period of Chrysoperla carnea on
different natural diet
3.1.1 Larval period
The result showed in Table.1 indicated that the
maximum development period was observed 4.5±0.6
days in the 1st instar larvae of C. carnea fed with S.
cerellela eggs, whereas minimum development
period was recorded as 2.68±0.29, 2.95±0.72, and
3.5±0.58 on mustard, cabbage and akk aphid,
respectively. Similarly, the lowest development
period was recorded 3.10±0.38, days in 2nd
instar
larvae on both mustard aphid and akk aphid, followed
by 4.8±0.89 and 5.89±0.25 on cabbage and S.
cerellela eggs, respectively. The results further
revealed that the highest development period was
observed 6.92±1.05 in 3rd
instar on S. cerellela eggs
whereas lowest development period was 4.89±0.39
on both musrard aphid and akk aphid 5.31±1.20,
respectively. In the light of above results the
minimum development period was occurred on S.
cerellela eggs whereas maximum development time
was observed on mustard, cabbage and akk aphids.
The analysis of variance indicated that there was
highly significant difference between the larval
development on different aphid species (P<0.05).
Impact of Natural diets on Chrysoperlac arnea Development
3.1.2 Pupal stage
The result further depicted in table 1 that the
maximum developmental time was recorded
7.75±1.24a in pupa on S. cerellela eggs followed by
7.0±1.1a cabbage and 6.25±1.3, on akk, aphid, while
minimum 6.16±1.05, days on mustard aphids. The
analysis of variance indicated that there was highly
significant difference in the pupal development on
different host species (P<0.05).
Table 1. Mean Development Time (Days) of Chrysoperla carnea on different natural diets
Life stages Mustard Aphid
(T1)
Akk Aphid
(T4)
Cabbage Aphid
(T2)
S.cerella eggs
(T3)
1st instar 2.68±0.29c 2.95±0.72bc 3.5±0.58b 4.5±0.6a
2nd
instar 3.10±0.38c 3.98±0.78c 4.8±0.89b 5.89±0.25a
3rd
instar 4.89±0.39c 5.31±1.20b 5.41±0.28b 6.92±1.05a
Pupa 6.16±1.05b 6.25±1.3b 7.0±1.1a 7.75±1.24a
3.2 Morphometrics of Chrysoperla carnea on
different host species.
3.2.1 Larval stage
The results presented in Table 2 showed that the
highest length and breadth was measured 3.02±0.43
and 1.05±0.24mm in the 1st instar larvae of
Chrysoperla carnea on mustard aphid followed by
2.78±0.32; 0.92±0.13 and 2.41±0.13; 0.89±0.05b and
0.72±0.02mm reared on cabbage, akk aphids, and S.
cereallela eggs, respectively. Similarly, the
maximum length and breadth of 2nd
instar larvae was
recorded 4.45±0.52 and 1.62.±0.29mm on mustard
aphids whereas minimum was 2.98.±0.08 and
2.25±0.25; 4.75±0.25 and 2.25±0.25; 4.88±0.52 and
1.50±0.29mm on akk, cabbage and S. cereallela eggs,
respectively. The results further revealed that the
highest length and breadth of 3rd
instar larvae was
measured 5.89±0.24 and2.12±0.13mm on mustard
aphid followed by 5.35±0.20; 1.98±0.13mm and
5.01±0.38; 1.79±0.21 and 4.86±0.31; 1.49±0.13 on
akk, cabbage and S. cereallela eggs, respectively.
The analysis of variance indicated that there was
highly significant difference between the larval
morphometrics on different host species (P<0.05).
3.2.2 Adult Male and female
Similarly, the maximum length and breadth of female
adult of Chrysoperla carnea was recorded 6.78±0.78
and 1.62±0.41mm on mustard aphid whereas
minimum was 5.48±0.11; 1.10±0.06 on S. cereallela
eggs, followed by 6.01±0.71; 1.31±0.41 and
6.21±0.71; 1.43±0.61 on cabbage, akk aphids,
respectively. The analysis of variance indicated that
there was highly significant difference between the
adult female stages on different aphid species
(P<0.05).The results further revealed that the highest
length and breadth of adult male stage of
Chrysoperla carnea was measured 6.05±0.50 and
1.41±0.28mm on mustard aphids followed by
5.92±0.36; 1.18±0.23 and 5.86±0.43; 1.05±0.29 and
0.89±0.04mm on akk aphid, cabbage aphid and S.
cerellela eggs, respectively. The analysis of variance
indicated that there was highly significant difference
between the male adult stage on different host
species.
Table 2. Morphometric measurement of different life stages Chrysoperla carnea on different natural diets
Life stages
Mustard Aphid (T1) Akk Aphid (T4) Cabbage Aphid (T2) S.cerella Eggs (T4)
Length Breadth Length Breadth Length Breadth Length Breadth
1st Instar 3.02±0.43a 1.05±0.24a 2.78±0.32ab 0.92±0.13ab 2.41±0.13b 0.89±0.05b 2.04±0.11b 0.72±0.02b
2nd instar 4.45±0.52a 1.62.±0.29a 3.79±0.25ab 1.24±0.25ab 3.39±0.31b 1.05±0.09b 2.98.±0.08b 0.98±0.05b
3rd instar 5.89±0.24a 2.12±0.13a 5.35±0.20a 1.98±0.13ab 5.01±0.38a 1.79±0.21b 4.86±0.31b 1.49±0.13b
Female 6.78±0.78a 1.62±0.41a 6.21±0.71a 1.43±0.61a 6.01±0.71a 1.31±0.41a 5.48±0.11b 1.10±0.06a
Male 6.05±0.50a 1.41±0.28a 5.92±0.36a 1.18±0.23a 5.86±0.43a 1.05±0.29a 5.21±0,09a 0.89±0.04a
F.H. Magsi et al.,
4. DISCUSSION
The findings of present result indicated that the
maximum development period was observed 4.5±0.6
days in the 1st instar larvae of C. carnea fed with S.
cerellela eggs, whereas minimum development period
was recorded as 2.68±0.29, 2.95±0.72, and 3.5±0.58 on
mustard, cabbage and akk aphid, respectively. The
maximum developmental time was recorded
7.75±1.24a in pupa on S. cerellela eggs followed by
7.0±1.1a cabbage and 6.25±1.3, on akk, aphid, while
minimum 6.16±1.05, days on mustard aphids. . The
results further revealed that the highest length and
breadth of 3rd
instar larvae was measured 5.89±0.24
and2.12±0.13mm on mustard aphid followed by
5.35±0.20; 1.98±0.13mm and 5.01±0.38; 1.79±0.21
and 4.86±0.31; 1.49±0.13 on akk, cabbage and S.
cereallela eggs, respectively. Similarly, the maximum
length and breadth of female adult of Chrysoperla
carnea was recorded 6.78±0.78 and 1.62±0.41mm on
mustard aphid whereas minimum was 5.48±0.11;
1.10±0.06 on S. cereallela eggs. The findings of
present result have the conformity with report of [9]
reported the study on predator lacewing species
Chrysoperla comanche (Banks) and Chrysopa
nigricornis Burmeister, ovipositional favorite larval to
adult late presentation of 2 generalist. These both
predators are most plentiful in pecan trees Carya
illinoensis (Wagenh) K. Kock) in southern Arizon
specialist aphids Monellia caryella (Fitch) and
Melanocallis caryaefoliae (Davis) are obtained. The
experiment with seedlings of infested one of the 2
native aphid species some time without aphid’s Ovi-
positional preference was experienced in a three-way
choice. And the Female adults of both species of green
lacewing predator showed an important ovipositing
liking on plants bearing aphids, but simply C.
Comanche well-known among the two aphid species.
The both aphid species are suitable for larval
development but development period were not affected
by the specie of aphid treatment. C. nigricornis pupae
were significantly heavier as compared to larvae of M.
caryaefoliae, but no difference was found in C.
Comanche between pupal weights. The oviposition
time was significantly longer which feed a combination
of the two aphid species of C. nigricornis females that
compared with each aphid species larval development.
On the other hand, eggs laid by either species aphid
diet did not affect the amount of during the first five
days of oviposition.
5. CONCLUSION
The maximum larval developmental period of C.
carnea was recorded on akk aphid followed by S.
cereallela eggs, cabbage aphid and mustard aphid. The
pupal developmental period of C. carnea was
significantly different when larvae fed with natural
prey species. The highest length and breadth was
measured in the larval instars on mustard aphid
followed by cabbage aphid, S. cereallela eggs and akk
aphid. Similarly, the maximum length and breadth of
adults of C. carnea was measured on mustard aphid
followed by cabbage aphid, S. cereallela eggs and akk
aphid.
6. CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest
regarding the publication of this article.
REFERENCES
[1] M. Sattarand G.H. Abro. “Mass rearing of
Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera:
Chrysopidae adults for integrated pest management
programmes,”. Pakistan. J. Zool, vol. 43 no. 3, pp,
483-487, 2011.
[2] S.H. Farahi, Sadeghi and A. E. Whittington.
“Lacewings (Neu.: Chrysopidae: Hemerobiidae)
from north Eastern & East Provinces of
Iran,”Munis Entomology & Zoology. vol.4 no. 2,
pp, 501- 509, 2009.
[3] N.N. Singh and K. Manoj.“Potentiality of
Chrysoperla carnea in suppression of mustard
aphid population,” Indian J. Entomol.vol. 62, pp,
323-326, 2000.
[4] M.Ahmad, B. Fatima, G.Z. Khan, Nasrullah and
A. Salam. “Field managements of insect pests of
cotton through augmentation of parasitoids and
predators,” Asian J. Plant Sci, vol. 2, pp, 563-
565, 2003.
[5] S. S. Brook and P. C. Barnard. “The Green
Lacewing of World: A Generic Review (Neu.
Chrysopidae,”) Bulletin of British Museum
(Natural History), London, England, Vol
59.pp117-286 1990.
[6] M.Jokarand M. Zarabi.“Surveying effect kind of
food on Biological parameters on Chrysoper
lacarnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) under
laboratory Conditions,” Egypt. Acad. J. Biolog.
Sci., vol. 5, no. 1, pp, 99-106, 2012.
[7] P.DeBach.“Success, trend and future possibilities
in biological control of insect pest and weeds,”
Reinhold, New York, 1964.
Impact of Natural diets on Chrysoperlac arnea Development
[8] M. Canard and Y. Semeria. New.“Biology of
Chrysopidae.”D. R. W. Junk Publishers,
Management. Cambridge University Press, 564
pp, 1984.
[9] M.K Petersen, M.S Hunter. “Ovipositional
preference and larval-early adult performance of
two generalist lacewing predators of aphids in
pecans Biological Control,” vol. 25, pp. 101-109.
DOI: 10.1016/S1049-9644(02)00049-X. 2002
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES
Email: [email protected]
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Ovipositional Preference of
Bhai Khan Solangi1, Muhammad Haroon Hullio
Murtaza
1 Department of Entomology, Faculty of Crop Protection, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam
2 Department of Horticulture, Faculty
3 Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali B
ARTICLE INFORMATION
Article History:
Received: 24 August, 2017
Accepted: 29th October 2017 Published online 16th November, 2017
Author’s contribution
BKS writ up & supervised the
experiment, MHH maintained samples under laboratory condition, SAM help in
statistical analysis, GMB corrected the
manuscript and KKK helps in collection of data.
Key words: B. zonata, Jujube,
Preference, Varities,
Population, Sex ratio.
Similar Index Report: 10 %
1. INTRODUCTION
ephritidae flies belong to the order Diptera and
most economically important in all over the
world. The fruit flies are largest group
concerning 4600 species offered in different regions
[1]. More about 800 species are recorded from
orientated regions, as well as jointly with 400
from South Asia and south east [2]. In South East
Asia the B. zonata was notorious as one of the most
important agriculture pests, some fruits Guava,
Mango, Jujube, Sputa, are the most important hosts
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
Copyright 2017 University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences
T
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCESVol. 1, Issue 1, pp: (38-42), November, 2017
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© Published by University of Sindh, Jamshoro
Ovipositional Preference of Bactrocera zonata on Jujube Varieties under
Laboratory Conditions
, Muhammad Haroon Hullio3, Saba Ambreen Memon
Murtaza Bughio1, Kamil Kabir Khanzada
1
Entomology, Faculty of Crop Protection, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam
, Faculty of Crop Production, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam
Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Agriculture Colleges, Dokri
ABSTRACT
This particular study was conducted on Ovipositional preference of
Bactrocera zonata on jujube varieties under laboratory condition
2015-2016. The research was carried out on the host preference, maximum
adults’ emergence, and sex ratio and to observe the impact of different
jujube varieties The results showed that the highest adults emergence
percentage (56.74%), was recorded on late gola while lowest (41.96%), on
Kherol Mukhri, respectively. The data further described that
pupal period 7.85±0.07 days was observed on white gola, while minimum
on sufiimran 6.20±0.06, under free choice. However,
of male and female 1.36:1 was noted on Kherol Mukhri
was 1.13:1, on late gola. This experiment also indicated that female sex
ratio was higher compared to male adults in all varieties.
highest pupal weight was recorded (0.0118±0.003) on late gola, and
lowest was (0.0075±0.001), on Kherol Mukhri, respectively. The further
results determined under no choice, the highest males and females
emergence (79.02%), was recorded on Kherol Mukhri
(54.35%), on white gola, respectively. The data further revealed that
maximum pupal period 7.85±0.07 days was observed on white gola, while
minimum on sufiimran 6.20±0.06. On the other hand, the
emergence of female adult (132.54±29.20) was recorded on
Mukhri, this experiment also described that pupal weight is different on all
varieties and population of B. zonata highest on under no choice as
compared to under free choice. Such as, the better adults’ emergence
percentage as well as sex ratio was occurred Kherol Mukhri
to other varieties.
flies belong to the order Diptera and
cally important in all over the
ruit flies are largest group distributed
concerning 4600 species offered in different regions
More about 800 species are recorded from
orientated regions, as well as jointly with 400 species
. In South East
was notorious as one of the most
important agriculture pests, some fruits Guava,
Mango, Jujube, Sputa, are the most important hosts [email protected]
University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences
of fruit flies and also vegetables pest in
Pakistan. The Ber, Zizyphus (jujube) is grown in the
warm regions and it’s belong to family Rhamnaceae
this fruit recorded most of Sindh and Punjab [3]
is very delicious fruits and mostly used in making
candies as well as in cooking this is grown in 3018
area hectares, having 16745 tons regular yield in
Pakistan [4]. The Ber fruits are the main source of
vitamin A, calcium, protein, fat, carbohydrates
also phosphorus. In most of the area Sindh a graft
native jujube varieties are grown, the area of farming
ber fruits from Middle East counties under the jujube
increasing due to exported, and jujube trees are very
responsible to a wide variety of phyto
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES
ISSN(E): 2523-6067
ISSN(P): 2521-8328
© Published by University of Sindh, Jamshoro
on Jujube Varieties under
Saba Ambreen Memon2, Ghulam
Entomology, Faculty of Crop Protection, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam-Pakistan
of Crop Production, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam-Pakistan
Ovipositional preference of
on jujube varieties under laboratory condition during
host preference, maximum
he impact of different
highest adults emergence
(56.74%), was recorded on late gola while lowest (41.96%), on
, respectively. The data further described that the maximum
was observed on white gola, while minimum
the highest sex ratio
Kherol Mukhri, whereas lowest
This experiment also indicated that female sex
ratio was higher compared to male adults in all varieties. Such as, the
) on late gola, and
, respectively. The further
highest males and females
Kherol Mukhri while lowest
.35%), on white gola, respectively. The data further revealed that the
was observed on white gola, while
On the other hand, the maximum
) was recorded on Kherol
, this experiment also described that pupal weight is different on all
highest on under no choice as
the better adults’ emergence
Kherol Mukhri as compared
of fruit flies and also vegetables pest in India and
(jujube) is grown in the
belong to family Rhamnaceae
orded most of Sindh and Punjab [3]. This
is very delicious fruits and mostly used in making
cooking this is grown in 3018
area hectares, having 16745 tons regular yield in
. The Ber fruits are the main source of
vitamin A, calcium, protein, fat, carbohydrates and
also phosphorus. In most of the area Sindh a graft
native jujube varieties are grown, the area of farming
ber fruits from Middle East counties under the jujube
increasing due to exported, and jujube trees are very
responsible to a wide variety of phytophagous insect
B.K. Solangi et al.,
pests those attack a wide verities, and destroy which
including ber fruits fly such as C. vasuviana costa
and B. zonata [5]. The different type of jujube
varieties was damaged by fruit flies species From
Pakistan it reported 67 to 73 percent. On the other
hand, Carpomia vesuvana 3.75 to 19.5 percent
damage occurred by jujube fruit fly whereas there is
infestation of flies founded the damage could be even
higher, keeping the more importance of ber fruit fly,
it was decided that on managing of fly species on
different jujube to carry the experiment [6]. The
peach fruit fly, B. zonata was noted one of the most
critical fruit pests which increased in more than a few
regions of the world. It is also recorded in several
governorates in Egypt where it caused great problems
to many fruits. In Pakistan, this pest caused from 25
to 50% losses in guava fruits [7]. The Selection of the
egg laying site by the fruit fly depends upon host
quality. Female fruit flies decisions about fruit and
vegetable to oviposition their eggs based on aptness
regarding the performance of the off-springs Fruits
and vegetables may vary with respect to the quality
and quantity of nutrients available that can influence
the larval and pupal size, weight, developmental
time, adult eclosion rate, maturity time of adult bee
and their fecundity as well [8]. Fruit fly females use
visual and contact cues like shape, size, smell and
color of fruits and as well as olfaction to locate the
suitable larval host [9]. The little work on
inhabitant’s dynamics of fruit flies and their
parasitoids species in terms of identification on
different varieties of ber have been carried out so far.
The output of the present survey will be exploited for
managing the population densities of fruit flies
integrated pest management program for fruit flies in
Ber orchard. Hopefully, these findings will be helpful
in managing the population densities of fruit flies and
their Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programmes
in different orchards [5]. The main objective of
Present study was to observe the ovipositional
preference, and biology of B. zonata.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiment was conducted at Dipterian Research
Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Faculty of
Crop Protection, and Sindh Agriculture University
Tandojam during 2015-2016. Ovipositional
preference of B. zonata on different jujube varieties
under laboratory condition was observed at
temperature of 27oC with relative humidity of 67±5.
2.1 Experimental design The five jujube varieties i.e T1= Sufi Imran T2=
White gola, T3= Late gola, T4= Kherol Mukhri and
T5= Sufi gilli, were placed in one Cage for free
choice and five different cages were used for no
choice ovipositional preference for 2 hours, with
release 200 pairs of fruit flies in the cage. After 24
hours the jujube varieties were separated in five
different cages containing fine saw dust at the bottom
for pupation. The experiment was laid up in
Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with three
replications. The observation was recorded based on
parameters, as mentioned below Adult emergence,
pupal weight, pupal period and Sex ratio (male and
female).
2.2 Adult diet
B. zonata were reared on artificial diet making
solution of 30% honey and 70% water.
2.3 Saw dust
It was purchased from saw machine and placed inside
the cages. The infested fruits were shifted in the saw
dust cage, after few days’ larvae pop out and drop
into the saw dust after pupation. The saw dust was
sieved to separate the pupae of fruit flies.
2.4 Statistical analysis
The collected data were subjected to statistical
analysis of variance to know the significance
differences and least significant difference (LSD) tested
was applied to compare different treatments.
3. RESULTS
3.1 Ovipositional preference under free choice
The results in Table 1 show that the highest males
and females adult emergence percentage i-e (56.74%)
was recorded on late gola while lowest (41.96%), on
Kherol Mukhri, respectively. The data further
described that the maximum pupal period 7.85±0.07
days was observed on white gola, while minimum on
sufiimran 6.20±0.06. On the other hand, maximum
preference of B. zonata female adult (92.45±28.74)
was recorded on white gola, followed by late gola
(90.45±34.88), sufiimran (82.00±30.46), sufigilli
(80.20±27.59), whereas the minimum was recorded
on Kherol Mukhri (72.70±38.91), under free choice.
However, the highest sex ratio of male and female
1.36:1 was noted on Kherol Mukhri, followed by
1.31:1, 1.30:1, 1.30:1, whereas lowest was 1.13:1, on
late gola. This experiment also indicated that female
sex ratio was higher compared to male adults in all
varieties. The results further reveled that maximum
No of male 79.79±26.05 was noted on late gola
whereas the minimum 53.20±23.19, on Kherol
Mukhri, respectively. During the research work it
was observed that sex ratio of B. zonata
comparatively higher on white gola variety than other
varieties. Such as, the highest pupal weight was
Ovipositional Preference of B. zonata
recorded (0.0118±0.003) on late gola, and lowest was
(0.0075±0.001), on Kherol Mukhri, respectively. The
fruit fly infests most of the Ziziphus species grown in
the world and cause severe yield loss up to 80% or
even more.
Table 1. Rearing of B. zonata under free choice on different jujube varieties
Treatments
Total
No. of
pupae
Pupal
weight (g)
Pupal
period
(days)
Total
No. of Male
Total
No. of Female
Total
Adult
emergence
Sex Ratio
Male &
Female
T1 Kherol Mukhri 3954 0.0075±0.001a 7.15±0.07a 53.20±23.19c 72.70±38.97b 41.96% 1.36:1
T2 Late Gola 6086 0.0118±0.003b 7.36±0.08b 79.79±26.05a 90.45±34.88ab 56.74% 1.13:1
T3 Sufi Gilli 4551 0.0095±0.001b 6.85±0.07b 61.37±21.33bc 80.20±27.59ab 47.19% 1.30:1
T4 Sufi Imran 4668 0.0105±0.001c 6.20±0.06c 62.95±23.84bc 82.00±0.46ab 48.31% 1.30:1
T5 White Gola 5255 0.0127±0.006c 7.85±0.07c 70.45±21.56ab 92.45±28.74a 54.3% 1.31:1
3.2 Ovipositional preference under no choice
The results of Table 2 determined that the highest
males and females adult emergence percentage
(79.02%) was recorded on Kherol Mukhri while
lowest (54.35%), on white gola, respectively. The
data further revealed that the maximum pupal period
7.85±0.07 days was observed on white gola, while
minimum on sufiimran 6.20±0.06. On the other hand,
the maximum emergence of female adult
(132.54±29.20) was recorded on Kherol Mukhri,
followed by (118.38±29.21, 105.21±28.99,
103.29±31.56, 91.33±30.37), such as late gola,
sufigilli, sufiimran and white gola. The fruit fly
larvae mostly feed inside the fruit, destroying the
pulp and allowing to the entry of secondary bacteria
and fungi that rot the fruit and humiliate the
excellence of the host., However the highest sex ratio
of male and female 1.29:1 was noted on late gola,
followed by 1.28:1, 1.27:1, 1.25:1, whereas lowest
was 1.26:1, on sufiimran. The results further reveled
that maximum no of male adult 104.54±26.19 was
noted on Kherol Mukhri, whereas the minimum
71.25±22.00, on white gola, respectively. This table
also described that pupal weight is different noted on
all varieties and population of B. zonata highest
recorded on under no choice as compared to under
free choice. Such as, the highest pupal weight was
recorded (0.0119±0.005) on late gola, and lowest was
(0.0095±0.002), on sufiimran, respectively. The
better adults’ emergence percentage as well as sex
ratio (males and females) was occurred Kherol
Mukhri as compared to other varieties.
Table 2. Rearing of B. zonata under no choice on different jujube varieties
Treatments
Total
No of
pupae
Pupal
weight (g)
Pupal
period
(days)
Total
No of Male
Total
No of Female
Total
Adult
emergence
Sex Ratio
Male &
Female
T1 Kherol Mukhri 5284 0.0111±0.002a 7.15±0.07a 104.54±26.19a 132.54±29.20a 79.02% 1.26:1
T2 Late Gola 7538 0.0119±0.005b 7.36±0.08b 91.25±22.86ab 118.38±29.21ab 69.87% 1.29:1
T3 Sufi Gilli 5979 0.0105±0.002ab 6.85±0.07ab 80.83±22.58bc 105.21±28.99bc 62.01% 1.27:1
T4 Sufi Imran 5952 0.0095±0.002bc 6.20±0.06bc 79.20±24.63bc 103.29±31.56bc 60.83% 1.25:1
T5 White Gola 6663 0.0125±0.007c 7.85±0.07c 71.25±22.00c 91.33±30.37c 54.35% 1.28:1
4. Discussion
The fruit flies are principal group distributed
concerning 4600 species offered in different regions
[1]. During this study highest males and females
adult emergence percentage was recorded on late
gola while lowest on Kherol Mukhri same
observation was also noticed by Imtiaz et al., [10]
who recorded that the jujube, mauritiana L. is the
king most of the arid zone fruits area, and the highest
emergence % age was obtained on late gola as
compared to Kherol Mukhri, and Golden gola
respectively. Another investigation noted by
Muhammad et al., [11] stated that fruit flies are the
destructive polyphagous insect which transmits pests;
the effect of B. zonata fly preference was considered
on jujube, peach fruits in field conditions. The jujube
fruit was noted as more preferring host followed by
apple, the highest number of pupae was recorded
B.K. Solangi et al.,
(175.17), pupae weight (6.50 mg) observed and
emergence percentage of adult male and female was
founded (85.55%). In the present study results
showed that the pupal period was high on white gola,
while minimum on sufiimran 6.20±0.06gm. On the
other hand, maximum emergence of female adult was
recorded on Kherol Mukhri. Our results are co-
related with Mari et al., [12] who studied that organic
management in jujube the host recorded for fruit fly
species in the ecosystem. The highest was recorded
8.15, 20.8 and 55.72 % infestation on sufiimran and
sufi during treated fruits used by Neem powder,
tobacco extract and control, however on 22st
November. The infestation percentage also decreased
and it was reached on 0.72, 3.15 and 10.70 %
correspondingly. However the results of Table 1
reveled that highest sex ratio of male and female was
noted on late gola, followed by whereas lowest was
on sufiimran. The results further reveled that
maximum number of male adult was noted on
Kherol Mukhri, whereas the minimum on white gola,
respectively. Nehal, et al., [13] reported that the
population fruit fly and their parasitoids on the
different type varieties of Jujube were determined ten
methyl eugnol baited traps were installed for 24
hours in the orchard of ber, that weekly and after
these experiment were bring back to the laboratory
conditions for the identification and demo fruit flies.
The collected fruit was observed that 90 % of
infestation is inflicted the slowly by the B. zonata
which followed by the C. vesuviana and also B.
dorsalis recorded two species were dupicated from
infested fruits. In present study population of B.
zonata highest was recorded on under no choice as
compared to under free choice.
5. CONCLUSIONS
It is concluded the highest sex ratio of (males and
females) was recorded on Kherol Mukhri and late
gola under free and no choice, the females adult were
higher emerged on all verities as compared to males.
It is suggested that the white gola, late gola and
Kherol Mukhri are more suitable for B. zonata mass
rearing in public and private sector and bio- control
laboratories for mass production. It is also suggested
that these both varieties should be grown in Guava
orchards to control the fruit flies.
6. CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that there is no conflict of
interest regarding the publication of this article.
REFERENCES
[1] D.E. Hardy, “Contribution of Taxonomic Studies
to the Integrated Pest Management of Fruit Flies,
with Emphasis on the Asia-pacific Region:
Editors, S. Vijay segaran and A. G. Ibrahim”,
Proceedings first international symposium on fruit
flies in the tropics, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 14-
16 March: pp. 44-48, 1988.
[2] B.R. Singh, “Significance of fruit flies in fruit and
vegetable production in the Asia Pacific region”,
Proceedings of First International Symposium on
Fruit Flies in the Tropics: Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia, 14-16 March: pp. 11-2, 1988.
[3] D.F. Waterhouse, “The major arthropod pests and
weeds of agriculture in Southeast Asia:
Distribution, importance and origin”, ACIAR,
Canberra, Australia, pp. 141, 1993.
[4] Anonymous, “Fruits vegetables and condiments
statistics of Pakistan,” Govt. of Pakistan, Finance
Division, Economic Adviser's wing, Islamabad,
pp. 1-2, 2004.
[5] Z.A. Qureshi, T. Hussain, and Q.H. Siddiqui,
“Population dynamics of fruit flies and their
parasitoids species in terms of identification on
different varieties of ber,” Pakistan Journal of
Zoology, vol. 23: pp. 85-87, 1991.
[6] M. Sohail, M.A Aqueel, F. Rehman, M. Afzal,
A.M. Raza, M. Kamran, and M.S. Khalil,
"Biochemical studies on the amylase of Mango
Mealybug (DrosichaStebbingi Green)." Turkiye
Entomoloji Dergisi-Turkish Journal of
Entomology vol. 38 (3): pp. 307-321, 2014.
[7] N.F. Shehata, M.W.F. Younes and Y.A.
Mahmoud, “Biological studies on the peach fruit
fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) in Egypt,”
Journal of Applied Sciences Res, vol. 4: pp. 1103-
1106, 2008.
[8] C.T. Hing, "Effects of host fruit and larval density
on development and survival of Bactocera sp.
(Malaysian B). (Diptera: Tephritidae)." Pertanika
(Malaysia), 1991.
[9] A.V. Alyokhin, H.M. Russell and J.J. Duan,
“Visual and olfactory stimuli and fruit maturity
affect trap captures of oriental fruit flies (Diptera:
Tephritidae),” Journal of Economic Entomology
vol. 93(3): pp. 644-649, 2000.
Ovipositional Preference of B. zonata
[10] A.N. Imtiaz, M.A. Rustamani, S.M. Nizamani, S.
A. Nizamani and M. I. Khaskheli, “Population
Density of Foliage Insect Pest on Jujube,
Ziziphusmauritiana Lam. EcosystemDept of
Plant Protection, Sindh Agriculture University,
Tando Jam,” Pakistan Journal of Basic &
Applied Sciences, vol. 11, pp. 304-313, 2015.
[11] S.Muhammad, M. Hamed, B. Rasool, M.
Yousaf, and M. Hussain, “Host Preference and
Performance of Fruit Flies Bactrocera zonata
(Saunders) and Bactrocera cucurbitae
(Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae) For Various
Fruits and Vegetables,” International Journal of
Scientific Research in Environmental Sciences
(IJSRES), vol. 1(8), pp. 188-194, 2013.
[12] J.M. Mari and Q.I. Chachar, “Organic
management of fruit fly in jujube ecosystem,”
Journal of Agricultural Technology vol. 9, pp.
125-133, 2013.
[13] K.B Nehal, W. Bashir, A.Q. Baloch, A. Sattar,
M. Ahmed, H. Noor, M.T. Reki, R. Kethran, S.
Ahmed, A.R. Shawani and A.S. Ruk,
“Population Dynamics of Fruit Flies on Different
Varieties of Jujube,” Journal of Biology,
Agriculture and Health care, vol. 5(21), pp.
2224-3208 2015.
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[1] M. M. Khalid, “A Preliminary Checklist of the Spider Fauna of Sargodha (Punjab), Pakistan,” Pakistan J.
Zool, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 1245–1254, 2012.
[2] C.P. Malick, and M.B. Singh, “Plant Enzymology and Histoenzymology,
[3] J. D. Ehlers, and A. E. Hall, “Cowpea (
187-204, 1997.
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IEEE Referencing Style should be followed.
[1] M. M. Khalid, “A Preliminary Checklist of the Spider Fauna of Sargodha (Punjab), Pakistan,” Pakistan J.
1254, 2012.
C.P. Malick, and M.B. Singh, “Plant Enzymology and Histoenzymology, Kalyani Publication, pp. 286, 1980.
[3] J. D. Ehlers, and A. E. Hall, “Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L Walp),” Field Crops Research, vol. 53, no. 1
List and number all bibliographical references in 9-points Times, single spaced, at the end
of your paper. When referenced in the text, enclose the citation number in square brackets,
for example [1]. The sentence punctuation follows the bracket [2]. Refer simply to the
reference number, as in [3]do not use “Ref. [3]” or “reference [3]” except at the beginning of
a sentence: “Reference [3] was the first . . .”
Unless there are six authors or more give all authors’ names; do not use “et al.” . Papers that
have not been published, even if they have been submitted for publication, should be cited
as “unpublished” [4]. Papers that have been accepted for publication should be cited as “in
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES ISSN(E): 2523-6067
ISSN(P): 2521-8328
© Published by University of Sindh, Jamshoro
[1] M. M. Khalid, “A Preliminary Checklist of the Spider Fauna of Sargodha (Punjab), Pakistan,” Pakistan J.
Kalyani Publication, pp. 286, 1980.
L Walp),” Field Crops Research, vol. 53, no. 1-3, pp.
ngle spaced, at the end
of your paper. When referenced in the text, enclose the citation number in square brackets,
for example [1]. The sentence punctuation follows the bracket [2]. Refer simply to the
reference [3]” except at the beginning of
Unless there are six authors or more give all authors’ names; do not use “et al.” . Papers that
tion, should be cited
as “unpublished” [4]. Papers that have been accepted for publication should be cited as “in
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES Email: [email protected]
Website: http://sujo.usindh.edu.pk/index.php/USJAS
Registered and will be indexed in:
� Google Scholar,
� ArXiv Cornell University,
� University of Illinois - uiucoai registry,
� BASE (Bielefeld Academic Search Engine),
� Academia.org,
� Research Gate,
� Scribd, DOAJ,
� Scientific Indexing Services(SIS),
� EMBASE,
� Ulrich's Knowledgebase,
� Index Copernicus, and many more.
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCESEmail: [email protected] ISSN(E): 2523
http://sujo.usindh.edu.pk/index.php/USJAS ISSN(P): 2521
© Published by University of Sindh, Jamshoro
Registered and will be indexed in:
ArXiv Cornell University,
uiucoai registry,
BASE (Bielefeld Academic Search Engine),
Scientific Indexing Services(SIS),
Ulrich's Knowledgebase,
Index Copernicus, and many more.
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES ISSN(E): 2523-6067
ISSN(P): 2521-8328
© Published by University of Sindh, Jamshoro
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES Email: [email protected]
Website: http://sujo.usindh.edu.pk/index.php/USJAS
Dear Researchers
University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS)
reviewed research journal, published quarterly by University of Sindh, Jamshoro. The
journal covers a full spectrum of specialized domains in
Pest control, Molecular biology,
Animal’s diversity and Systematic
case reports and scientific findings. The journal strictly follows the guidelines proposed by
Higher Education Commission (HEC)
The Editorial team of (USJAS) invites you to submit your quality paper in
January 2018.
Last date for Submission for January Issue: 15
Salient Features
• International Quality and Standards
• Open Access – Free to All
• Quick Review Process
• Double-Blind Peer Reviewed policy for high quality and transparency
• Publication within a Reasonable Short Period
• Effective Editorial Standards
• Both Online and Print Version
• Prompt Email Notification
• No APC and Publication Charges
• Online Submission and processing
• Officially published by University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan.
Visit the official website for furthers detail regarding scope and submission guidelines.
http://sujo.usindh.edu.pk/index.php/USJAS
ISSN (E) :
ISSN (P) :
Forthcoming Issue :
Submission By :
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCESEmail: [email protected] ISSN(E): 2523
http://sujo.usindh.edu.pk/index.php/USJAS ISSN(P): 2521
© Published by University of Sindh, Jamshoro
CALL FOR PAPERS
Animal Sciences (USJAS) is an open-access, double blind peer
reviewed research journal, published quarterly by University of Sindh, Jamshoro. The
a full spectrum of specialized domains in Entomology, Endocrino
Pest control, Molecular biology, Parasitology, Wildlife Management and
Systematic etc. It includes original research articles, review articles,
case reports and scientific findings. The journal strictly follows the guidelines proposed by
Higher Education Commission (HEC) Islamabad, Pakistan.
invites you to submit your quality paper in its
Last date for Submission for January Issue: 15th December 2017
International Quality and Standards
eer Reviewed policy for high quality and transparency
Publication within a Reasonable Short Period
No APC and Publication Charges
Online Submission and processing
lly published by University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan.
Visit the official website for furthers detail regarding scope and submission guidelines.
http://sujo.usindh.edu.pk/index.php/USJAS
2523-6067
2521-8328
Volume 2, Number 1, 2018
December 15, 2017
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES ISSN(E): 2523-6067
ISSN(P): 2521-8328
© Published by University of Sindh, Jamshoro
access, double blind peer
reviewed research journal, published quarterly by University of Sindh, Jamshoro. The
Entomology, Endocrinology, Pest &
and Conservation
original research articles, review articles,
case reports and scientific findings. The journal strictly follows the guidelines proposed by
its Second issue in
December 2017
Visit the official website for furthers detail regarding scope and submission guidelines.
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES Email: [email protected]
Website: http://sujo.usindh.edu.pk/index.php/USJAS
CALL FOR REVIEWERS
Interested to join Journal Reviewer Boards, Kindly Email Your CV or Scholars Profile to
Looking forwards to receiving your feedback and research manuscript
With Best Wishes,
Dr. Riffat Sultana
Editor of USJAS
Department of Zoology,
University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
URL: http://sujo.usindh.edu.pk/index.php/USJAS
Email: [email protected]
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCESEmail: [email protected] ISSN(E): 2523
http://sujo.usindh.edu.pk/index.php/USJAS ISSN(P): 2521
© Published by University of Sindh, Jamshoro
CALL FOR REVIEWERS
Interested to join Journal Reviewer Boards, Kindly Email Your CV or Scholars Profile to
Looking forwards to receiving your feedback and research manuscript
Jamshoro, Pakistan
http://sujo.usindh.edu.pk/index.php/USJAS
[email protected] or [email protected]
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES ISSN(E): 2523-6067
ISSN(P): 2521-8328
© Published by University of Sindh, Jamshoro
Interested to join Journal Reviewer Boards, Kindly Email Your CV or Scholars Profile to
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