1 © Nokia 2015
Mobile Network EvolutionUniversity of Oulu 9th October 2017
Matti Keskinen
Internal Consultant
2 © Nokia 2015
• Mobile network evolution from 4G to 5G• 5G Standardization status and spectrum • 5G Radio and Core (comparative between 4G and 5G)• Architecture options
• Cellular IoT (Internet of Things)
3 © Nokia 2016
Standardization status - 3GPP Timelines
12/2017: Functional Freeze (L1/2)
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Rel15 (Phase 1)eMBB, FWALow Latency Communication (LLC) Apps.
Non StandaloneWith EPC(Option 3)
03/2018: Protocol (ASN.1) Freeze
06/2018: Functional Freeze, NG Core
09/2018: Protocol (ASN.1) Freeze
Rel16 (Phase 2)Massive IoTEnhanced LLC Apps
Rel17 Rel18Optimized StandardFull 5G vision> 52GHz
5GTF/KT SIGindustry specs
Pre-standards 5G start
Standards-based 5G mass rollout
First standards-based 5G deployments
Non Standalone& Standalone with 5GC(Options 2/4/5/7)
Expected NW Deployment Timelines
ASN = Abstract Syntax Notation
TF = Technical ForumKT = Korea Telecom
4 © Nokia 2016
Chipset and device ecosystem timeline
Public
2017 2018 2019
Pre-standard 5GTF / 5GSIG based
3GPP based
FPGA based CPE and antenna SOC based
solutionsPortable devices
Commercial CPE and antenna
3GPP R15 FPGA based CPE
SOC based solutions
Portable devices
3GPP R16 FPGA based CPE
5 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014
Stretching urban mobile data speeds
Stretching Hot Spot data speeds
700 MHz
3.6 GHz
eg 1-3 Gb/s over all towns and cities
(mobile Gb/s society)
eg 10 Gb/s at railway stations, airports, sporting events, Factories etc
26 GHz
eg 100% coverage of roads
Stretching reliable coverage (rural) RSPG “PIONEER” BANDSRSPG = Radio Spectrum Policy Group
5G Spectrum & Bands
High data rates up to 20 Gbps require bandwidth up to 1 GHz which is available at higher frequency bands. 5G is the first radio technology that is designed to operate on any frequency bands between 450 MHz and 90 GHz.
World Radio
Conference
2019
Capacity
Coverage
6 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014
Nokia engaged in all 5G target spectrum
10 GHz
2 GHz
6 GHz
30 GHz
1 GHz
60 GHz
20 GHz
LTE
100 GHz
802.11ad
802.11ax
802.11ax
Trials in US @39GHzPoC work with DoCoMo @73GHz
DominatesKorea Olympics andpre-standard US trials @28GHz
Japan @4.5 GHz commercialChina, Korea @3.5GHz commercialEurope @3.4-3.8GHz commercial,discussions @700MHz, 2600 Mhz andothers802.11ah
High Band
Low Band
NG “ac”
5GmmWave
(30-300GHz)
Low Rank MIMO, BF
5G cmWave
(3-30GHz)
Lower Rank MIMO,
BF
5G<6GHz
High Rank MIMO, BF
WLAN
(Wi-Fi)
7 © Nokia 2015
Going towards 5G……What LTE (4G) is giving to operators
8 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014
peak
Global subscription evolution per technology
Global LTE subscriber base maximizes benefit of LTE innovations
2G (GSM)4G (LTE)
3G (WCDMA)
CDMA
LTE• More subscriptions than 2G
and 3G combined in 2021
WCDMA• Expected to be surpassed
by LTE during 2017
GSM• Expected to be surpassed
by LTE during 2018
5G new radio• Massive subscriber take-up
expected during 2020speak
Subscriptions[Billions]
Source: OVUM, February 2017
Estimations:
1991
2001
2010
1993 5G
9 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014
From Vision to Reality – 1 GB per User per Day
Nokia vision from 2011 ”1 GB per user per day in 2020”
Mobile data in Finland 1 GB per day by end-2017
4800 TB/day (June) with 5.5M population = 0.9 GB/user/day
10 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014
Global Mobile Data Usage – Major Differences Between Markets
USA, Japan
UK, Poland
France, Germany
Finland
Korea
Latvia
Sweden, Austria
Mobile data usage per subscription per month
11 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014
Global Mobile Data – Correlation between Usage and Speed
The countries with the
highest mobile data usage
– Finland, Taiwan and
Latvia – are ‘just’ delivering
27 to 33 Mbit/s.
To defend Finland, a
majority of the Finnish SIMs
have unlimited data
volumes, but most
customers have decided
not to pay for full speed
12 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014
DNA accelerating data usage in Finland…
<Change information classification in footer>
DNA Q1 2017
ELISA Q1 2017
Telia Finland
09/10/201713 © Nokia 2014
LTE Data Rate evolution - More Spectrum Means Higher Data Rates
20122013
150 Mbps
20 MHz2x2 MIMO
150 Mbps
10+10 MHz2x2 MIMO
2014
2015
300 Mbps
20+20 MHz2x2 MIMO
450 Mbps
3CA2x2 MIMO
1 Gbps
3-5CA MHz or4x4MIMO
2016
600 Mbps
3CA 256QAM
2017
• LTE started with 150 Mbps (Cat 4) with contiguous 20 MHz
• Latest devices support already 600 Mbps with 3 Carrier Aggregation
• Chip set capability allows 1 Gbps devices by 2017 which requires typically80-100 MHz of downlink spectrum.
xCA Carrier Aggregation, x=number of aggregated carriers
MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output
xQAMQadrature Amplitude Modulation,
x= number of modulation combinations
14/34 For internal use
©2017 Nokia All rights reserved.
5G Evolution Path
600 MbpsIoTPublic Safety
§
4.5G
1 Gbps LTEUnlicensed
4.5GPro
4.9GLow latencyBeamformingCloud radio
5G
10 Gbps / 1 ms
5G
Today
2017+
2018+
2019+
15
LTE Spectral Efficiency in Live NetworksLarge Number of Live Nokia Networks
We estimate the spectral efficiency
during busy hour in the busy areas
from >80 live networks from the
carried traffic per cell with a few
assumptions
• 20% of BTS makes 50% of traffic
• Busy hour is 7% of daily traffic
• Average busy hour load is 70% of
the maximum
• No voice impact considered
• Average LTE bandwidth 15 MHz
1.7
1.2
0.4
2.56
1.90
0.53
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Top Top-10% Median
bps/Hz/cell
HSPA LTE
Datarate (Bits/s)
Bandwidth (Hz)Spectral Efficiency =
16 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014
LTE-Advanced Pro boosts performance to extremes10x Performance for new services
LTE = Releases 8-9
LTE-Advanced = Releases 10-12
LTE-Advanced Pro = Release 13 and beyond
150 Mbps
10 ms latency
10x data rate (32 CA’s)
10x battery life
10x lower latency (2&7 Symb.)
10x larger coverage (NB-IoT)
- Massive IoT
- Massive MIMO
- Critical communications:
public safety, intelligent
traffic systems
LTE Release 8 LTE Advanced Pro
10x lower IoT cost
10x more network capacity
New service capabilities
17 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014
LTE-Advanced Pro Minimizes LatencyBelow 1 ms One-way Delay and Below 2 ms Round Trip Time
14 symbol TTI
7 symbol TTI
2 symbol TTI
1 ms
0.14 ms
10-20 ms
5-10 ms
<2 ms
Frame size Round trip time
3GPP
Release 8
LTE-Advanced
Pro
Shorter frame size minimizes latency and enables <2 ms round trip time.
Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) reduces latency by bringing content to the
radio network. MEC is being standardized in ETSI
TTI = Transmission
Time Interval
0.5 ms
18 © Nokia 2015
“….The permission to use the 3GPP 5G logo does not involve or imply any
certification by the Partners in 3GPP or the 3GPP community that the products or
services of manufacturers or service providers actually comply with the 3GPP
specifications. It is intended simply and only to provide a basis of reference for users,
network operators and other manufacturers and service providers….”
http://www.3gpp.org/about-3gpp/1824-logo_5g
19 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014
20 © Nokia 2017
New use case opportunities – extremely diverse requirements
Smart factories1 PB/day
Devices1.5 GB/day
Autonomous driving 1ms latency
Billions of sensors connected
Design and architecture principles:flexible | scalable | automated | cloud native software centric | dynamic network slicing
100 Mb/swhenever needed
10,000x more traffic
<1 msradio latency
Latency
ReliabilityConnectivity
Capacity<10 Gb/speak data rates
1,000,000devices per km2
Ultra low costfor massive machine coms.
Ultra reliability<10-5 E2E outage
Zeromobility interruption
10 yearson battery
Internal
𝑃 = 𝑝𝑒𝑡𝑎 = 1015
21 © Nokia 2017
5G early market use cases
Public
Structural 5G deployment area
5G use case
In-vehicle infotainment
Truck platooningHome
HotspotsHealthcare
Drones
Highwayuse cases
Dedicateduse cases
Dense city areause cases
Public transportuse cases
8K video streaming
Hotspots
EventsIndustry
VR/AR
22 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014
Nokia‘s 5G market view and derived engagement
20202018 2019 202120172016
5G Fixed Wireless
High capacity and coverage (3-6 GHz)
Ultra High Capacity (>6 GHz)
We will build solutions for all 3 Extreme Broadband markets
Fixed Wireless High Capacity & coverage
Machine communication
• Extension of fiber access
• cm/mmWave e.g. 1GHz BW
• Line of Sight (LOS)
• Megacity capacity densification
• 3 to 6GHz ~100MHz BW
• Dense urban grid
Ultra High Capacity
• Ultra dense use cases
• cm/mmWave e.g. 1 GHz
BW
• short range, LOS preferable
Markets to develop from 2022
– need for coverage layer and
cheap devices
– Verticals not expected to be early
adopters for 5G (low expertise)
23
#2 Massive MIMO
5G Key Technology Components - Radio
#1 New spectrum
300 MHz
3 GHz
30 GHz
10 GHz
90 GHz
10 cm
1m
1 cm
~3 mm
#3 Flexible frame design
User #3
User #2
User #5
User #2
User #4
Us
er #
1
User #5
Us
er #
1time
fre
qu
ency
User #3
One tile corresponds to the smallest user allocation
Dt
Df
#4 Multi-connectivity
#5 Distributed architecture
Gateway
• Lean carrier
• Flexible size,
control, TDD,
bandwidth etc
5G
LTE
Wi-Fi
3 cm
24
Key system components of flexible 5G deployment
<Change information classification in footer>
Flexible X-haul
Distributed Data
Center Capabilities
Enable Edge
Computing
Shared Data Layer
Micro-Services
Network and RAN Slicing
Cloud
Orchestration with NFV/SDN
Self-Optimizing
Networks (SON)
Big Data & analytics
Real-time ?
SON Cloud Automation
Network orchestration
Radio Core
Sessions
Customer Experience
SON
Coordination
Geo traceVNF Manager
& SDNTraffic
steering
Shared operability data plane
CID / Devops
plancode
build
test monitor
deploy
25 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014
Motivation for 5G New Radio
10x higher data rates 20 Gbps
3x better spectral efficiency:
10 bps/cell/Hz
5x energy efficiency at low load
10x lower IoT power consumption
10x lower latency <1 ms
• Bandwidth 1 GHz
• mm spectrum 24..90 GHz
• More capacity at low bands
• Less interference
• Lean design (Lean Carrier)
• <1 kWh/TB with small cells
• Protocol optimization
• Non-orthogonal uplink
• New radio design
• Distributed architecture
20 Gbps
1000x lower cost <1 EUR/TB• Lower cost per bit with more
bandwidth and small cells
1 ms
TechnologyPotential benefit
LTE 1 Gbps
5G
100 MHz
1000 MHz 4x4 MIMO
2000 MHz 2x2 MIMO
2 Gbps 4x4 MIMO
20 Gbps 4x4 MIMO
Lab demo:
26 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014
10 – 20x LTE Capacity with 5G 5x More Spectrum with 2 – 4x More Efficiency
100 MHz
3.5 GHz
4-8 bps / Hz
400-800 Mbps
cell throughput
5G 3500 with
massive MIMO
beamforming
2.6 GHz
20 MHz
2 bps / Hz
40 Mbps
cell throughputLTE2600 with
2x2 MIMO
LTE 5G
10-20 x
27 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014
Latency Evolution
• Strong evolution in latency
with new radios
• HSPA latency 20 ms
• LTE latency 10 ms
• 5G latency 1 ms
• Low 5G latency requires
new radio and also new
architecture with local
content
0
5
10
15
20
25
HSPA LTE 5G
ms
End-to-end latency
Transport + core
BTS processing
UE processing
Scheduling
Buffering
Uplink transmission
Downlink transmission
EPC/
NGCUE
Endpoint
Internet
∆𝑡
∆𝑡 represents the total latency
𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑜 𝑁𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
28 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014
Latency with LTE and 5G
Connected with
uplink resources
Connected without
uplink resources
Idle
10 ms
30 ms
100 ms
4G
2 ms
<10 ms
<50 ms
4.9G
1 ms
1 ms
1 ms
5G target
5G solutions for low latency
• Connected inactive state
• Contention based uplink
Preamble + data
Response
29 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014
5G Coverage Footprint
5G 700 /900
LTE800
LTE1800
5G 3500 mMIMO
5G mm-waves
• Extreme local capacity with mm waves
• Match LTE 2 GHz with 3.5 GHz massive MIMO
• Full coverage with 700 MHz or 900 MHz
Deep
indoor
High rates with
1800 MHz grid
Extreme local
data rates
100 Mbps
1 Gbps
10 Gbps
30 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014
Downlink Spectral Efficiency with LTE and 5G
10 MHz 2x2MIMO 3.0 2.0
20 MHz 4x4MIMO 4.53.0
<1 GHz
2 GHz
100 MHz mMIMO 64x4 13.57.53.5 GHz
5GLTEBandwidth AntennasSpectrum
bps/Hz/cell
20 MHz
Spectral usage
>19 MHz
Lean carrier
Massive MIMO, device antennas and 5G solutions
5G solutions for high efficiency
• Lean carrier
• Spectral usage
• Interference cancellation
31 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014
RRC
release
Inactivity
timer
5G Minimizes Signalling and Device Power Consumption
LTE
5G
Sync + RRC
setup
Data
transmission
<0.1 s
>10 s
• Major potential in improving IoT
device battery life time
• Major potential for minimizing
signalling
RRC = Radio Resource Control
32 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014
Frame structure: Multiple OFDM numerologies (1/3)
Scalable numerology: Why?
• OFDM numerology needs to be selected according to deployment scenario
- Adjust the CP length according to the cell type. Low subcarrier spacing allows to minimize
the CP overhead
- Higher subcarrier spacing is more robust against phase noise (important when operating at
high carrier frequencies)
• Maximum channel BW supported by certain implementation complexity (FFT size)
depends on the subcarrier spacing
How? Different options discussed in 3GPP:• 15 and 75 kHz, FFT size power of 2
• 15*2N kHz, FFT size power of 2 (Nokia preference)
• 17.5*2N kHz or 17.06*2N kHz, FFT size not power of two
3GPP outcome is based on Nokia proposal
Nokia: 15*2N
kHz scaling
especially
important for TD-
LTE coexistence
and multi-RAT
implementations
reusing
deployed
fronthauling and
potentially
existing RRHs
Time-frequency scaling of LTE with scaling factor 2N provides smooth implementation
and good coexistence with LTE - part of Nokia concept since early 2013
33 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014
• Numerology options based on sub-carrier spacing of 15*2N kHz
- 15 kHz similar to LTE, good for wide area on traditional cellular bands
- 30/60 kHz for dense-urban, lower latency and wider carrier BW
- 60 kHz or higher needed for >10 GHz bands to combat phase noise
Frame structure: Multiple OFDM numerologies (2/3)
Subcarrier spacing [kHz] 15 30 60 120 240*Symbol duration [us] 66.7 33.3 16.7 8.33 4.17
Nominal Normal CP [us] 4.7 2.3 1.2 0.59 0.29
Min scheduling interval (symbols) 14 14 14 14 -
Min scheduling interval (slots) 1 1 1 1 -
Min scheduling interval (ms) 1 0,5 0.25 0.125 -
Available OFDM numerologies for 5G New Radio, Normal CP length (NR Phase I)
LTE (15 kHz SCS, Normal CP length) is a subset of numerologies supported by NR
*Only used for synch-block
34 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014
• RAN4 agreements for subcarrier spacing (Rel-15)
- below 6 GHz: [15, 30, 60] kHz
- 6…52.6 GHz: [60, 120] kHz, 240 kHz can be considered if clear benefits are shown
• RAN4 agreements for minimum/maximum channel bandwith (Rel-15)
- below 6 GHz: 5 MHz / 100 MHz
- 6…52.6 GHz: 50 MHz / 400 MHz
Frame structure: Multiple OFDM numerologies (3/3)
Increased subcarrier spacing as well as larger FFT size increase the maximum
channel bandwidth from LTE’s 20 MHz to NR’s 400 MHz (20x)
Subcarrier spacing [kHz] 15 30 60 120 240
Maximum bandwidth, 2k FFT (MHz) 25 50 100 200 400
Maximum bandwidth, 4k FFT (MHz) 50 100 200 400 800
Maximum bandwidth, 8k FFT (MHz) 100 200 400 800 1600
Combinations with red colour are
(most likely) outside of Rel-15
LTEFFT size used already in LTE
RAN4: Feasible FFT size
RAN4: Feasibility of 8k FFT is FFS
Maximum channel bandwidth with different numerologies & FFT size (Rel-15):
• FFT size as such is an implementation issue
• 4k FFT needed to support a maximum channel BW on particular band
35 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014
Frame structure: Physical Resource Block [PRB]
<Change information classification in footer>
14 symbols (slot)
12 x
15 kHz
12 x
30 kHz
12 x
60 kHz
Freq.
Time
Resource Element
(RE), 168 per PRB
PRB = 14 x 12 REs
• Physical Resource Block (PRB) corresponds to a
scheduling unit in time (y) and frequency (z)
- Slot is a basic scheduling interval. Slot length is 14
symbols.
- The number of subcarriers per PRB (z) = 12
• The PRB size (y*12) is common for all
numerologies
- The number of REs equals to 14*12 = 168 (REs)
- The duration and bandwidth of one PRB varies
according to selected numerology (Time-frequency
scaling)
RB0 RB1 RB2 RB3 RB4 RB5 RB6 RB7
RB0 RB1
RB0 RB1 RB2 RB3
Freq.
60 kHz
30 kHz
15 kHz
Scalable PRB enables common Reference- and
control signal design for different numerologies.
PRB´s correlation in frequency domain:
1 ms0,5 ms0,250 ms0
36 © Nokia 2015
5G Core and Architecture options and more details of 5G
© 2017 Nokia37
5G Architecture options
Confidential
`
4G EPC
CP+UP
LTE eNB NR gNBXx
5G CN
CP+UP
eLTE eNB NR gNB
Xn
5G CN
CP+UP
eLTE eNBNR gNB Xn
5G CN
eLTE eNB
5G CN
NR gNB
Option 3/3a/3x(Difference is UP path)
Option 5
Option 2
Non Standalone ( Dual Connectivity 4G/5G )
CP
An
cho
red
in
LT
E/e
LT
EC
P A
nch
ore
d i
n N
R
Standalone
Option 7/7a/7x(Difference is UP path)
Option 4/4a(Difference is UP path)
© 2017 Nokia38
Initial 5G deployment options
Radio network view on 2 vs. 3X
• 2 allows deployment independent from LTE
• 3X provides robust coverage also in higher frequencies and
aggregated peak bitrate of LTE and 5G for lower frequencies
• 3X provides near zero interrupt time LTE-5G mobility
NGC
gNB
NG-UNG-C
EPC
LTE eNB gNB
S1-C S1-U
EPC
LTE eNB gNB
S1-C S1-US1-U
Opt 3A Opt 3X
Opt 3X
Opt3A
NGC
eLTE eNB gNB
NG-UNG-C
NGC
eLTE eNB gNB
NG-UNG-U NG-C
NGC
eLTE eNB
NG-UNG-C
NGC
eLTE eNB gNB
NG-UNG-C
NGC
eLTE eNB gNB
NG-UNG-UNG-C
(2) (3/3A/3X)
(4/4A)
(7/7A/
7X)
(5)
Non-standalone optionsStandalone options
Opt 7X
Opt 7X
Opt 7A Opt 7A
Core network view on 2 vs. 3X
• 2 provides benefits of 5G core
• 3X provides option to keep voice in LTE without
using RAT fallback
(3X)
4/4A requires eLTE upgrade at thestart and robust 5G coverage
7/7A/7X requires eLTE upgrade at the start
Most practical early 5G deployment Options are 2 and 3X, their co-existenceIs also required
Evolution from both 2 or 3X to either 7,4 is a topic for further study
3 requires routing 5G data through eNBs, 3A can’t support as dynamic switching between LTE and 5G
09/10/201739
Nokia Confidential
Option 3x OverviewDual Connectivity with EPC
SGW
VoLTE
PGW
eMBB
Bearer Splitting
• Used in scenario where LTE coverage reach is superior to that of NR and leverages EPC
• LTE eNB acts as Master and controls which S1-U bearers are handled by each radio( LTE/NR)
• Based on LTE eNB instructions MME informs S-GW where to establish S1-U bearers towards i.e. LTE or NR
• If NR radio quality becomes sub-optimal S1-U bearer towards NR may be either split at NR and sent entirely over Xx to LTE or alternatively a PATH SWITCH may be triggered where all S1-U’s go to LTE eNB
HSS
MME
Xx
S1-US1-MME
S11
S5S6a
Functional Overview
Path Switching
VoLTE BearereMBB BearerControl Plane
LTE
NR
EPC
CP+UP
LTE eNB
NR gNBXx
Option 3xPDCP
RLC RLC
MC
G b
eare
r
SC
G
sp
lit
be
are
r
LTE eNB
MAC MAC
NR PDCP
NR RLC
NR MAC
gNB
S-GWEPC
Xx
S1 UP
12
34
12
34
UE
RB1 RB2 RB3
2 4
eMBBVoLTE
User Plane Overview
4G LTE 5G
40 © Nokia 2016
Baseline architecture for new 5G core
Universal Adaptive Core for 3GPP and non-3GPP accesses
• Common subscriber management• Common authentication framework supporting AKA and non AKA based methods
• AKA = Authentication and Key Agreement Protocol
• Common access control procedures• Common session management• Common user plane function• Etc. -> common “everything”
UPF
5G
RAN
5G
UE 5G-Uu
UPF
5G core user plane
Xn
N9
N4
N1
AF
Data
Networ
k
N5
N6
IMS
Untrusted
non-3GPP
access
N3IW
F
Y2 N3
N25G Core CP
N1
EPC
AMF NEF
Namf
SMF
UDM
AUSF
Nnrf
PCF
NRF
Nnef Nudm
NsmfNausf Npcf
SMSF
Nsmsf
Shared Data Layer SDL (aka Data
Storage Function, DSF)
Operational Agility:Shared Data Layer• Unified session resiliency and geo-redundancy• Unified data exposure (including notifications)• Enables stateless NFService Based Architecture• Orthogonal network functions • Service based interaction to enable flexible addition
and extension of functions i.e. DevOps ready
AMF Access and Mobility management FunctionSMF Session Management FunctionAUSF Authentication Server FunctionSMSF SMS FunctionPCF Policy Control FunctionNEF Network Exposure FunctionUDM Unified Data Management functionDSF Data Storage FunctionSDL Shared Data LayerNRF Network Repository FunctionUPF User Plane Function
()
41 © Nokia 2017
Exponential growth in complexity over time
Adding or changing one component has a cascading effect
Data centric
From a message to a data centric network architecture – a paradigm shift
Message centric
Stateless = radically simplified
• Plug & play installation and integration
• Simplified SW upgrades
• Endless scalability
Shared DataLayer
Analytics, Customer Experience Management, …
VNFs
Multivendor API
Open export API
Subscriber PolicySession Other
HSS AAA EPC TAS CSCF 3rd Party
42 © Nokia 2017© Nokia 201742
Shared Data Layer enables stateless VNF machine architecture
Confidential
➢ Simplified network architecture with stateless VNFs
➢ Unmatched robustness
➢ Independent scaling of VNF and data storage
➢ Fast innovation cycles
➢ Support for data analytics
➢ Open APIs/ Eco System
Non-breakable, open, ultra-fast, service-logic agnostic, multi-tenant
capable
Stateless, scalable, self-organizing
VNF business logic
States & dataregistration – session – subscriber
43 © Nokia 2017
4G to 5G NetworksExpected evolution
Core User Plane Distribution
Apps/Contents
Edge Site Central Site
NW Slices
EPC Core
Multi Access
LTE RAN
5G Core
Access Site
RAN Functions Centralization
Apps/Contents Distribution/Local
Apps/Contents
4G Networks
5G Networks
• Centralized Architectures• VNF/SDN/MANO Adoption• NW Slices emerge( IoT)
• Functional Decomposition• RAN/Core/Apps move to Edge • VNF/SDN/MANO as a foundation• NW Slicing enabling new use cases• Multi Access( NR/eLTE, Non 3GPP,
Unlicenced, Fixed )
© 2017 Nokia44
Evolution to cloud optimized radio architectures (D-RAN, C-RAN)
On Radio HeadBottom of
TowerEdge Office Central Office
Ra
dio
S
ite
RF
Lower L1 L1’
Upper L1L1”
Lower L2 L2’, L2rt
Upper L2 L2”, L2nrt
L3
Legend
NRT
RT
Latency tolerant Enet
5G LTEFlexi Zone Metro (4G)
Latency tolerant Enet
Macro 4GCloudBTS
CPRI/OBSAI
eCPRI
Latency Sensitive Enet
Macro 4G/5GRoadmap
Latency Tolerant Enet
5G LTE
Cloud Enabled RAN Architectures
CPRI/OBSAI
All-In-One 4G/5G
Macro 4G (CPRI)
Macro 4G/5G (eCPRI)
eCPRI
Latency Sensitive Enet
To Core Network (Backhaul) Distributed RAN Architectures
Virtualized
NRT = Non Real Time
RT = Real Time
CPRI = Common Public Radio Interface eCPRI = evolved CPRI (for 5G)
OBSAI = Open BaseStation Architecture Initiative
© 2017 Nokia45
Boot Flash
Power Conv.1.2V 25x20
TC
XO
14x9
FPGA25x25
Power Mgr + CPLD 17x17
Pow
er
Conv.
1.8
V
25x2
0
Power Conv.
Lionfish Core 40x30
Lionfish
42.5x42.5
DDR
A
DDR
A
DDR
A
DDR
VTT
DDR
B
DDR
B
DDR
B
DDR
VTT
DDR
C
DDR
C
DDR
C
DDR
VTT
DDRA
DDRB
DDRC
DDRD
DDR
D
DDR
D
DDR
D
DDR
VTT
Power Conv.3.3V 25x20 CPRI 9.8G SFP+
CPRI 9.8G SFP+
CPRI 9.8G SFP+ Expansion 10GSFP+
Backhaul 10GSFP+
Lionfish
42.5x42.5
DDR
A
DDR
A
DDR
A
DDR
VTT
DDR
B
DDR
B
DDR
B
DDR
VTT
DDR
C
DDR
C
DDR
C
DDR
VTT
DDRA
DDRB
DDRC
DDRD
DDR
D
DDR
D
DDR
D
DDR
VTT
Power Conv.
Lionfish Core 40x30
Boot Flash
Lionfish Emulator Header
Lionfish Emulator Header
Clock
Clock
Power Conv.0.85V 25x20
Cloud Centralized RAN: Potential Future Architectures
To Core Network (Backhaul)
Macro 4G (CPRI)CPRI/OBSAI
Macro 4G (eCPRI)Macro 5G (cCPRI, tight latency)
eCPRI over
Latency Sensitive EnetVirtualized
RF
Lower L1 L1’
Upper L1L1”
Lower L2 L2’, L2rt
Upper L2 L2”, L2nrt
L3
Legend
NRT
RT
Virtualized or
Accelerated
On Radio HeadBottom of
TowerEdge Office
Central OfficeR
ad
io
Sit
e
NRT = Non Real Time
RT = Real Time
CPRI = Common Public Radio Interface
eCPRI = evolved CPRI (for 5G)
OBSAI = Open BaseStation Architecture Initiative
46 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014
Network Slicing
With network slicing technology, a
single physical network can be
partitioned into multiple virtual
networks allowing the operator to
offer optimal support for different
types of services for different types
of customer segments.
The key benefit of network slicing
technology is it enables operators to
provide networks on an as-a-service
basis, which enhances operational
efficiency while reducing time-to-
market for new services.
© 2017 Nokia47
E2E service delivery platform (incl. Verticals)
SLICE 2(Reliability)
SLICE 1(Latency)
SLICE 3(Throughput)
Customer Confidential
48 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014
<Change information classification in footer>
49 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014
Estimation – IoT connections
50 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014
….and how IoT connections are divided by technologyShort Range techonologies dominates IoT connections
MAN = Metropolitan Area Network
Cellular
IoT
51 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014
Connected Devices – estimation made by Ericsson….Coarsely in line with the Machina Research estimation
Source: Ericsson Mobility report June 2016
IoT
52 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014
Estimation: Cellular IoT connections by biggest applications in year 2025
2025
53 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014
Many technologies are included in to ”Internet of Things” - ambrella
In this the word ”Internet” is abstract with or without connection to real
Internet
SMS
Mobile CS-DATA
LoRA
SCADA(real estate)
BlueTooth
WiFi
MulteFire
Fixed CS-DATA
(Modems)
Internet2G
3G 4G 5G
”IoT / M2M” umbrella(Just example – even more technologies included…)
…etc
NB-IoT (LTE)
eMTC (LTE-M) CatM1
EC-GSM -IoT(PS)
Year 2015: About 60 % of today's cellular IoT devices use second generation mobile
communications technologies, e.g. GPRS, CS-DATA and even SMS
54 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014
Connectivity for massive number of IoT devices
✓ Millions/billions of IoT devices
✓ Thousands of IoT use cases with varying requirements
Throughput
✓ Use cases withhigh throughput
✓ Use cases with(very) lowthroughput
Signalling storms
✓ Reduction of signalling traffic
✓ Prevention of overload
Efficient use of device/networkresources
✓ Resources (e.g. battery) in IoTdevices
✓ Resources owned byoperators
Connected
Safety
Connected
Automotive
Connected
Health & Home
Connected
Utilities
Connected
Cities
Varying requirements of IoT verticals
Requiring….
Mobility support
✓ Stationary
✓ Moving
55 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014
LPWA – Low Power Wide Area 3GPP TechnologiesDefinition in nutshell made by 3GPP
Due to the diversity of IoT application requirements, a single technology is not capable of addressing
all of the LPWA use cases. For this reason the mobile industry has focused on three complementary
licensed 3GPP standards:
• Extended Coverage GSM for the Internet of Things (EC-GSM-IoT)
• Long-Term Evolution for Machines (LTE-M or eMTC) (also VoLTE Voice supported)
• Narrow-Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT).
LPWA technologies in licensed spectrum can be deployed in a simplified manner, without sacrificing
key customer requirements, such as battery lifetime and security.
56 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014
Cellular IoT Technologies
(LTE-M)
57 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014
Just some examples about IoT connections…
Industry
modem
Industry
modem
Wireline or Wireless
Local Mesh Network
Modem function can be
also integrated to the
node of Mesh network
Aggregation
Cellular Network(2G or 3G or 4G or 5G)
Intranet
Internet
Service
Provider
Cellular device integrated
to each node.
Note! Lot of interest to see
NB-IoT in this!
Service
Buyer
For instance
Electricity or water
company
Big data analytic
and processing
58 © Nokia 2015
Thank You
59 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014
Benefit of OFDM vs. FDM
Frequency
Frequency
Conventional Frequency Division Multiplex (FDM) multicarrier modulation
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM) multicarrier modulation
Frequency Band needed for FDM
Frequency Band needed for OFDM Frequency Saving when using OFDM
Example when 7 multicarrier in use:
60 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014
LTE-Downlink OFDM ( Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex )
Dfn - f Dfn + f
Frequency [f]1/s
Gn(f)I I
Frequency [f]1/s
Gn(f)I I
f0 f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6 f7 f8 f9 f10 f11
G0(f)I I G11(f)I I
1 Subcarrier
LTE example:
12 Subcarriers
In LTE the Subcarrier Spacing,
is 15kHz Symbol length =
Period of Subc.Spacing =
1s/15000(1/) = 66,7us
D f
OFDM Benefits:
• Improved spectral efficiency
• Reduce ISI (Inter Symbol Interference) effect by
multipath
• Against frequency selective fading
T sf /1D
kHzf 15D
61 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM ) relation to LTE Subframe
0000 0100 1100 1000
0001 0101 1101 1001
0011 0111 1111 1011
0010 0110 1110 1010
Q
I
16-QAM Constellation
16-QAM 4x4 4 bits (Example above)
64-QAM 8x8 6 bits (In use today)
256-QAM 16x16 8 bits (Coming to use)
Modulation based on:
- Signal Phase
- Signal Amplitude
Allocation of physical
resource blocks (PRBs) is
handled by a scheduling
function at the 3GPP
base station (eNodeB)
FFT (Fast Fourier Transformation)
62 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014
62
LTE Physical layer’s Resource Grid
• One frame is 10ms including 10 subframes
• One subframe is 1ms including 2 slots (see fig.)
• One slot is 0.5ms N resource elements[ N = 12x7 = 84 in this example]
• One resource block is 0.5ms and contains 12 subcarriers and 6-7OFDM Symbols
• One OFDM symbol is generated from 12 subcarriers
10ms
0,5ms
time
freq
uen
cy
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