Unit 7Unit 7Chapter 10: Federal BureaucracyChapter 10: Federal Bureaucracy
Section 1Section 1
Bureaucratic OrganizationBureaucratic Organization
Mr. YoungMr. Young
Essential QuestionsEssential Questions
What is the What is the major major importance of importance of the Federal the Federal Bureaucracy?Bureaucracy?
I CAN:I CAN:
1.1. Define the concept of Bureaucracy and Define the concept of Bureaucracy and describe its characteristicsdescribe its characteristics
2.2. Explain the concept of a Bureaucrat and Explain the concept of a Bureaucrat and their function within the governmenttheir function within the government
3.3. Identify and Describe the structure and Identify and Describe the structure and function of the Federal Bureaucracyfunction of the Federal Bureaucracy
Group #1Group #1
Definitions of BureaucracyDefinitions of Bureaucracy
Bureaucracy - A professional
corps of unelected officials organized in a pyramid hierarchy, functioning under impersonal uniform rules and procedures.
BureaucracyBureaucracy
A A hierarchicalhierarchical organization in organization in which offices have which offices have specifiedspecified missions missions and employees are and employees are assignedassigned responsibility based responsibility based on on meritmerit, knowledge, , knowledge, and experience.and experience.
bureaucracybureaucracyDefinition: an administrative
system, especially in a government, that divides work into specific categories carried out by special departments of nonelected officials
bureaucracybureaucracy
• literally means “rule by desks”
• government by clerks
Duty of BureaucracyDuty of BureaucracyCabinet DepartmentsCabinet Departments Most Important Most Important
duty: Carry out duty: Carry out the the Day-to-DayDay-to-Day business of the business of the governmentgovernment
1515 cabinet cabinet departmentsdepartments
Group #2Group #2
What and Whom are What and Whom are “Bureaucrats?”“Bureaucrats?”
BureaucratsBureaucrats
A A CivilCivil servant servant
PermanentPermanent employee of the employee of the governmentgovernment
Who are the Who are the ““Bureaucrats?Bureaucrats?”” 97% are career government employees97% are career government employees Only 10% live in the D.C. areaOnly 10% live in the D.C. area 30% work for the D.O.D.30% work for the D.O.D. Less than 15% work for social welfare Less than 15% work for social welfare
agenciesagencies Most are white collar workers: Most are white collar workers:
secretaries, clerks, lawyers, inspectors secretaries, clerks, lawyers, inspectors & engineers& engineers
Civil employees more diverse Civil employees more diverse demographically than Congressdemographically than Congress
The Federal Bureaucracy is:The Federal Bureaucracy is:
4 million employees; 2.8 million are 4 million employees; 2.8 million are civilians or civilians or ““civil servantscivil servants””
President only appoints 3% (patronage or President only appoints 3% (patronage or political appointments)political appointments)
15 cabinet level departments15 cabinet level departments200+ independent agencies with 2,000+ 200+ independent agencies with 2,000+
bureaus, divisions, branches, etc. bureaus, divisions, branches, etc. Biggest - Dept. of Defense, U.S. Postal Biggest - Dept. of Defense, U.S. Postal
Service, Veterans AdministrationService, Veterans Administration
Bureaucratic StatisticsBureaucratic Statistics
2.92.9 million civilians million civilians 1.41.4 million military million military 4.24.2 million state million state 11.411.4 million local million local
Total: Total: 19.819.8 million million people work for people work for governmentgovernment
Where do Federal Where do Federal Employees Work?Employees Work?
Source: www.edmonds.wednet.edu/mths/ClassActivities/ Brzovic/policeymakersChapters12-16/
What Jobs Do Bureaucrats What Jobs Do Bureaucrats Do?Do?
Source: www.edmonds.wednet.edu/mths/ClassActivities/ Brzovic/policeymakersChapters12-16/
Demographics of Federal Employees
Race/Ethnicity
Native American2%
African American17%
Hispanic7%
Asian5%
Caucasian69%
Group #3Group #3
Functions and Structures of the Functions and Structures of the Federal BureaucracyFederal Bureaucracy
Functions of the Federal Functions of the Federal BureaucracyBureaucracyFunctions of the Federal Functions of the Federal BureaucracyBureaucracy
1.1. ImplementationImplementation - carry out laws of Congress, executive orders of the President
2.2. AdministrationAdministration - routine administrative work; provide services (ex: SSA sends social security checks to beneficiaries)
3.3. RegulationRegulation - issue rules and regulations that impact the public (ex: EPA sets clean air standards)
Source: http://www.pinkmonkey.com/studyguides/subjects/am_gov/chap6/a0606401.asp
1.1. ImplementationImplementation - carry out laws of Congress, executive orders of the President
2.2. AdministrationAdministration - routine administrative work; provide services (ex: SSA sends social security checks to beneficiaries)
3.3. RegulationRegulation - issue rules and regulations that impact the public (ex: EPA sets clean air standards)
Source: http://www.pinkmonkey.com/studyguides/subjects/am_gov/chap6/a0606401.asp
OrganizationOrganizationOrganizationOrganization
Departments, agencies, boards, commissions, corporations, and advisory committees
Article 2- President appoints heads of departments
Departments, agencies, boards, commissions, corporations, and advisory committees
Article 2- President appoints heads of departments
The Cabinet DepartmentsThe Cabinet DepartmentsThe Cabinet DepartmentsThe Cabinet Departments
• The 15 cabinet departments headed by a cabinet secretary appointed by the president and approved by the Senate
• Each department “expert” in specific policy area
• Each department has its own budget
• Department of Homeland Security, created in 2002, is newest department
Secretary----------------------------------
Deputy Secretary
Under SecretaryScience and Technology
Under Secretary Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection
Under SecretaryBorder & Transportation Security
Under Secretary Emergency Preparedness and Response
Under SecretaryManagement
Inspector General
Director of theSecret Service (1)
Commandant ofCoast Guard (1)
Director, Bureau of Citizenship & Immigration Services (1)
General Counsel
State and Local Coordination
Special Assistant to the Secretary(private sector)
National Capital Region Coordination
Shared Services
Citizenship & Immigration ServiceOmbudsman (1)
Legislative Affairs
Public Affairs
Civil Rights and Civil Liberties
Department of Homeland Security
Chief of StaffPrivacy Officer
Executive Secretary
International Affairs
Counter Narcotics
Small & Disadvantaged Business
Note (1): Effective March 1st, 2003
Independent Executive AgenciesIndependent Executive Agencies
Established by Congress with separate Established by Congress with separate status outside the executive branch status outside the executive branch
Given a specific mandate and generally Given a specific mandate and generally perform a service function, not a perform a service function, not a regulatory one. regulatory one.
Some examples include: Social Security Some examples include: Social Security Administration, CIA, NASA, EPA.Administration, CIA, NASA, EPA.
Independent Independent AgenciesAgencies
Similar to cabinet Similar to cabinet departments but departments but usually have a usually have a narrowernarrower area of area of responsibilityresponsibility
Ex: Ex: NASANASA, , CIACIA Perform Perform servicesservices for for
the executive branchthe executive branch
Independent Regulatory CommissionsIndependent Regulatory Commissions
IRCs exist to regulate a specific economic IRCs exist to regulate a specific economic activity or interest such as the activity or interest such as the Federal Federal Communications CommissionCommunications Commission (public air (public air waves) or waves) or Federal Reserve BoardFederal Reserve Board (banking (banking system, money supply)system, money supply)
IRCs operate independently from Congress IRCs operate independently from Congress and the Presidentand the President
Once appointed and seated, members Once appointed and seated, members cannot be removed without causecannot be removed without cause
Regulatory Regulatory CommissionsCommissions
Administrative units that Administrative units that have responsibility for the have responsibility for the monitoringmonitoring and and regulationregulation of ongoing economic of ongoing economic activitiesactivities
Created to make Created to make rulesrules for for large industries and large industries and businesses that affect businesses that affect publicpublic interest interest
Under intense pressure Under intense pressure from from lobbyistslobbyists
Ex: EPA (environment), Ex: EPA (environment), SEC (stocks and bonds)SEC (stocks and bonds)
Government CorporationsGovernment Corporations
Government owned businesses Government owned businesses created by Congress created by Congress
May or may not be profitable, but May or may not be profitable, but serve a public needserve a public need
Ex: U.S. Postal Service, Amtrak, Ex: U.S. Postal Service, Amtrak, Tennessee Valley Authority, Tennessee Valley Authority, Corporation for Public BroadcastingCorporation for Public Broadcasting
Government Government CorporationsCorporations
Independent agencies, Independent agencies, are similar to are similar to privateprivate organizations in that organizations in that they can they can chargecharge for for their services but differ their services but differ in that they receive in that they receive federalfederal funding funding
Ex:Ex:TVATVA, , USPSUSPS, , AmtrakAmtrak
Organization of the Federal BureaucracyOrganization of the Federal Bureaucracy
Source: www.edmonds.wednet.edu/mths/ClassActivities/ Brzovic/policeymakersChapters12-16/
Group #4Group #4
Characteristics and CriticismsCharacteristics and Criticisms
Characteristics of a Characteristics of a BureaucracyBureaucracy
• administration of government through departments
• consists of unelected often highly trained professionals
• task specialization• hierarchical authority
Public PerceptionsPublic Perceptionsof Bureaucraciesof Bureaucracies
• impersonal
• inclined to follow rigid or complex procedures
• may stifle effectiveness and innovation
• “red tape”
Criticism of BureaucracyCriticism of Bureaucracy
I. RED TAPEtoo many rigid procedures >>> ex: all hiring must be done through OPMtoo many policies with no flexibility for special circumstancestoo many forms to fill out, lines to wait
II. INEFFICIENCYlack of incentive to be productive - no profit motive
III. DUPLICATION OF SERVICESbureaucracy is so complicated agencies are performing similar and sometimes the same functions Dept. of Commerce overlaps with Dept. of Agriculture, GSA overlaps with Dept. of Interior, etc.federalism makes this more complicated, many services are provided at the state and national level both
Criticisms ContinuedCriticisms Continued
IV. BUREAUCRACY IS LAW MAKERregulations end up having the effect of law.
V. BUREAUCRACY IS TOO BIGprivatization would be more effective
VI. BUREAUCRACY IS CORRUPTiron triangle - reveals the relationship between the Executive branch, Congress and private interest groups that can lead to decisions which benefit the private sector at the expense of the government.
Group #5Group #5
Oversight of the Federal Oversight of the Federal BureaucracyBureaucracy
The President Supervises The President Supervises the Bureaucracy the Bureaucracy
The President can:The President can:
• appoint & remove appoint & remove agency agency headsheads
• reorganize the reorganize the bureaucracybureaucracy
• issue executive ordersissue executive orders
• reduce an agency's reduce an agency's budgetbudget
President Bush speaks about his budget priorities for FY 2007
Congress Oversees the BureaucracyCongress Oversees the BureaucracyCongress can:Congress can:
create or abolish agencies create or abolish agencies & departments & departments
cut or reduce funding cut or reduce funding
investigate agency activitiesinvestigate agency activities
hold committee hearings hold committee hearings
pass legislation that alters an pass legislation that alters an agency's functionsagency's functions
influence or even fail to confirm influence or even fail to confirm presidential appointmentspresidential appointments
Former FEMA Chief Michael Brown testifies before
House committee investigating Hurricane Katrina
Federal Courts Check the BureaucracyFederal Courts Check the Bureaucracy
Federal courts can:Federal courts can:
through through judicial reviewjudicial review rule on whether the rule on whether the bureaucracy has acted bureaucracy has acted within the law and the within the law and the U.S. ConstitutionU.S. Constitution
provide due process for provide due process for individuals affected by individuals affected by a bureaucratic actiona bureaucratic action Supreme Court of the United States
QuestionQuestion
Why do you think that the Why do you think that the organization of organization of Bureaucracies are so Bureaucracies are so confusing?confusing?
QuestionQuestion
What do the 15 departments What do the 15 departments help to make up, guaranteed by help to make up, guaranteed by the 25the 25thth amendment, that we amendment, that we talked about in the last unit.talked about in the last unit.
Answer:Answer:Presidential SuccessionPresidential Succession
Cabinet DepartmentsCabinet Departments
Serve as the major Serve as the major serviceservice organization organization for the federal for the federal governmentgovernment
Has Has broadbroad powers and powers and responsibilityresponsibility
1515 different cabinets different cabinets with different agendas with different agendas and dutiesand duties
Department of Department of StateState
Founded: Founded: 17891789 Overall Overall foreignforeign policy policy
of the United Statesof the United States EmbassiesEmbassies- office of - office of
ambassadors in ambassadors in foreign countriesforeign countries
Current Secretary: Current Secretary: Hillary ClintonHillary Clinton
Department of Department of DefenseDefense
Founded: Founded: 17891789 (Department of War)(Department of War)
Changed name in Changed name in 19491949 Protects the nationProtects the nation’’s s
securitysecurity JointJoint Chiefs of Staff Chiefs of Staff
(Army, Navy, Marines, (Army, Navy, Marines, and Air Force)and Air Force)
Current Secretary: Current Secretary: Leon Leon PanettaPanetta
Department of Department of TreasuryTreasury
Founded: Founded: 17891789 ManagingManaging the the
moneymoney of the US of the US Ex: IRS, Bureau of Ex: IRS, Bureau of
Mint, Bureau of Mint, Bureau of Public DebtPublic Debt
Current Secretary: Current Secretary: Timothy GeithnerTimothy Geithner
Department of Department of InteriorInterior
Founded: Founded: 18491849 Protect Protect publicpublic lands lands
and and naturalnatural resources throughout resources throughout the nationthe nation
Ex: Bureau of MinesEx: Bureau of Mines Current Secretary: Current Secretary:
Ken SalazarKen Salazar
QuestionQuestion
What Service, created by Teddy What Service, created by Teddy Roosevelt, would be found in Roosevelt, would be found in the Department of Interior?the Department of Interior? (hint, (hint, think of Old Faithful)think of Old Faithful)
Department of Department of AgricultureAgriculture
Founded: Founded: 18621862 Help Help farmersfarmers
improve their improve their incomeincome and expand their and expand their marketsmarkets
Ex: Food Safety and Ex: Food Safety and Inspection ServiceInspection Service
Current Secretary: Current Secretary: Tom VilsackTom Vilsack
Department of Department of JusticeJustice
Founded: Founded: 18701870 AttorneyAttorney General General
(1789)(1789) Oversee the nationOversee the nation’’s s
legallegal affairs affairs Ex: FBI, DEA, US Ex: FBI, DEA, US
MarshalsMarshals Current Secretary: Current Secretary:
Attorney General Attorney General Eric Eric HolderHolder
Department of Department of CommerceCommerce
Founded: Founded: 19031903 Promote and protect the Promote and protect the
industrialindustrial and and commercialcommercial segments of the American segments of the American economyeconomy
Ex: Bureau of Census, Ex: Bureau of Census, Patent and Trademark Patent and Trademark Office, National Institute of Office, National Institute of Standards and TechnologyStandards and Technology
Current Secretary: Current Secretary: John John BrysonBryson
Department of Department of LaborLabor
Founded: Founded: 19131913 Protects American Protects American
workersworkers; safe ; safe workingworking conditions, safeguards conditions, safeguards a minimum a minimum wagewage, and , and protects protects pensionpension rights rights
Ex: Office of American Ex: Office of American WorkplaceWorkplace
Current Secretary: Current Secretary: Hilda SolisHilda Solis
Housing and Urban Housing and Urban DevelopmentDevelopment
Founded: Founded: 19651965 Preserve the nationPreserve the nation’’s s
communitiescommunities and and ensure ensure equalequal housing housing opportunitiesopportunities
Ex: Government Ex: Government National Mortgage National Mortgage AssociationAssociation
Current Secretary: Current Secretary: Shaun DonovanShaun Donovan
Transportation Transportation DepartmentDepartment
Founded: Founded: 19661966 Regulate all aspects of Regulate all aspects of
transportationtransportation needs, needs, policypolicy development, development, and and planningplanning
Federal Aviation, Federal Aviation, Railroad, Highway, Railroad, Highway, and Transitand Transit
Secretary: Secretary: Ray LahoodRay Lahood
Energy DepartmentEnergy Department
Founded: Founded: 19771977 Plans Plans energyenergy
policy and policy and researches and researches and developsdevelops energy energy technologytechnology
Secretary: Secretary: Stephen ChuStephen Chu
QuestionQuestion
What are some new research What are some new research methods that the Energy methods that the Energy Department is trying to work on to Department is trying to work on to help the world with their help the world with their environment problem?environment problem?
Answer:Answer:Clean Energy, such as Wind, Solar, Clean Energy, such as Wind, Solar,
Clean Coal, Electric CarsClean Coal, Electric Cars
Health and Human Health and Human Services Services
DepartmentDepartment Founded: Founded: 19791979 HealthHealth and and socialsocial
services needs of services needs of peoplepeople
Medicare, Medicaid, Medicare, Medicaid, Social Security, FDASocial Security, FDA
Secretary: Secretary: Kathleen Kathleen SebeliuSebeliu
Education Education DepartmentDepartment
Founded: Founded: 19791979 Coordinate federal Coordinate federal
assistanceassistance programs programs for for publicpublic and private and private schoolsschools
Education is an Education is an essentialessential feature of feature of democracydemocracy
Secretary: Secretary: Arne Arne DuncanDuncan
Veterans Affairs Veterans Affairs DepartmentDepartment
Founded: Founded: 19891989 Administers several Administers several
hospitalshospitals, , educational, and educational, and other programs other programs designed to benefit designed to benefit veterans and veterans and familiesfamilies
Secretary: Secretary: Eric Eric ShinsekiShinseki
Homeland Security Homeland Security DepartmentDepartment
Founded: Founded: 20022002 Created after Created after
SeptemberSeptember 11 11thth to to help help protectprotect our our nation, nation, analyzesanalyzes information from FBI information from FBI and CIAand CIA
Secretary: Secretary: Janet Janet NapiltanoNapiltano
Organization Cont.Organization Cont.
Title: Title: The The Damages of the Damages of the
BureaucracyBureaucracy
Artist: unknown, La Artist: unknown, La Presna, PanamaPresna, Panama
Date: May, 2006Date: May, 2006
Source:Source: http://www.politicalcartoons.com
Title: Title: Federal Employees Self Esteem ClassFederal Employees Self Esteem Class
Artist: Chip Bok Date: unknownSource: http://www.reason.com/9602/bok.gif
Title: Title: Another Layer of BureaucracyAnother Layer of Bureaucracy
Artist: Bob Englehart, The Hartford CourantDate: February, 2006Source: : http://www.politicalcartoons.com
Title: Title: FEMAFEMA’’s Folliess Follies
Artist: Mike Keefe, The Denver PostDate: April, 2006Source: http://www.cagle.com/news/FEMASFollies/main.asp
Essential QuestionsEssential Questions
What is the What is the major major importance of importance of the Federal the Federal Bureaucracy?Bureaucracy?
Works Cited PageWorks Cited Page
http://www.federalbudget.com/chartinfo.html
www.youthleadership.net The Federal Bureaucracy: Examining the The Federal Bureaucracy: Examining the
Fourth BranchFourth Branch
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