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Unit 7: Cells and Life

Name: _________________________________

Period: __________

Test Date: _______________________

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Table of Contents

Title of Page Page Number

Due Date

VIRUS vs CELLS CHECKLIST 3

Warm-ups 4-5

Virus Notes 6-7

Viral Reproduction Notes 8

Viruses VS Cells Notes 9-10

Cell Structure and Function Notes 11-13

Comparing Euk, Pro, and Viruses 14

Cell Match up 16

Cell Poster Activity 17-18

Endosymbiosis Notes 19-20

Cell Scenarios Activity 21-22

Cell and Factory Worksheet 23-24

Unit 7 Vocabulary 25-26

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Virus vs. Cells Check List

Viruses

Prokaryote

Eukaryote Living

Cell

Evolve over time

Contains genetic material (DNA/ RNA)

All store genetic information in the form of DNA

Can reproduce independently

Requires host for reproduction

Phospholipid Bilayer

Nucleus

Ribosomes

Membrane bound organelles

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UNIT 7 WARM-UPS

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Virus Notes

What is a Virus?

_______-living particle

WHY? Viruses are considered to be non-living because they do NOT:

o Carry out _____________________

o ___________ or develop

o ____________________ without the help of a living cell (host)

Characteristics of Viruses

Only pathogenic (causes _________________)

Viruses are ____________________ to certain kinds of cells

o Ex. HIV infects only Helper T cells

Before a virus can replicate, it must ___________________ to and infect a living cell, called the

______________ cell.

Virus Structure

A virus has simple structure consisting of an inner core of genetic material (_______ or RNA)

and an outer _______________ layer called a capsid.

This structure is known as a __________________.

The two parts of a virus are:

o __________________________________ – DNA & RNA – nucleic acids which play a

fundamental role in determining the structure and nature of all living things

o _________________ - protein shell that surrounds a virus

Label the capsid and genetic material in the following viruses

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Gylcoproteins – Projections on ouside of viruses to gain ________________ to interior of

___________________.

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Viral Replication Notes Viruses

If viruses are non-living, how do they replicate?? They need a ____________ cell! Before a virus can replicate, it must attach to and infect a _______________ _______.

What kinds of cells? A virus is _____________ to a specific kind of cell.

Viral Attachment Viruses are specific to certain host cells.

They will only attach to a cell if the protein (______________________) in its capsid or envelope matches the host cell’s protein.

Like an enzyme (___________ and key). If a virus can’t __________________, it can’t infect the cell.

What happens after attachment? Once a suitable host is found, the virus attaches and injects its _________ into the host. The host cell drives the production of new virus particles. The virus uses its host cell’s ________________ to make more copies of itself.

Viral Replication Once in a host, the virus can take one of two paths.

Two Types of Viral Life Cycles

Lytic cycle The rapid reproduction of the entire virus carried out by the host eventually

______________________ the host cell. Remember, when in the lytic cycle the virus is ________________ off so it destroys the

cell. LySogenic cycle - ______________ cycle

The viral DNA is integrated into a host and is replicated _______________ destroying the cell.

Eventually, the virus exists the lysogenic cycle and enters the _____________ cycle. Each time the cell divides, the provirus also divides. Each generation results in ___________ infected host cells. Does not destroy host cell _____________ provirus enters the lytic cycle.

2.___________________

Cycle 1.___________________

Cycle

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Viruses vs. Cells

Characteristics of cells - All cells contain…

_______ membrane

o Regulates what goes in and out of the cell (selective)

o Composed of ____________ and proteins

Cytoplasm

o _____________-like substance found on the inside of the cell

o Enclosed by cellular membrane

Ribosomes

o Site of _________________ production

o Located in cytoplasm

Genetic material (_______)

Two Basic Cell Types

All cells are either _______________________ or eukaryotic

What is the difference? The location of their ______

_______karyote = no nucleus present; DNA is in the cytoplasm

Eukaryote = nucleus present; DNA surrounded by _______________

Prokaryotes a.k.a. _________________

Simplest cellular organisms

_______cellular

Contain genetic material but no nucleus

______ membrane bound organelles – therefore, not many specialized functions.

Eukaryotes

Complex cellular organisms

Unicellular ________ multicellular

Cells Viruses

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Contain a _____________ and many membrane-bound organelles with specialized

functions.

Nucleus

Controls activities of the cell and holds the genetic information (DNA)

Only found in _____________________

Ribosomes, which are used in protein synthesis, are assembled in an area of the nucleus called

the nucleolus.

Viruses Cells

DNA _______ RNA. Have no ________________ of their own. Must be parasitic!

DNA Can metabolize “food” to produce

_____________. Can live on their own and

______________ through binary fission.

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Cell Structure and Function Notes

Cell Structure

Sketch Prokaryotic, Eukaryotic

Function What to

Remember

Nucleus

Controls activities of the cell and

holds the genetic information (DNA). The nucleus is

surrounded by the nuclear membrane (also referred to as

the nuclear envelope).

DNA

Genetic material made up of

genes that are decoded to make proteins (traits).

Nucleolus

Located within the nucleus of

eukaryotic cells and is the location of ribosome assembly.

Plasma or Cell Membrane

Selectively regulates what enters and exits the cell.

Cytoplasm

A jelly-like substance found

outside of the nucleus and enclosed by cellular membrane.

Ribosomes

Located in the cytoplasm and on the rough ER and are the site of

protein production.

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Rough Endoplasmic

Reticulum (ER)

Transports proteins that are

made by ribosomes attached to

it.

Smooth Endoplasmic

Reticulum (ER)

Makes new lipids and helps to break down toxic substances.

Golgi Apparatus/Bo

dy

A series of flattened, membrane-

bound sacs that serve as the

packaging and distribution center

of the cell to modify the proteins that travel from the ER before

they are released to serve their function.

Mitochondria

Release energy from organic

compounds to make ATP (cellular

respiration).

Lysosomes

Specialized vesicles that contain digestive enzymes and function

to digest and recycle the cell’s used components.

Cytoskeleton

A network of protein structures

that determines cell shape and provides support for organelles

and pathways for cell movement.

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Cell Wall

Helps to support, protect and

maintain the shape of the cell.

Chloroplasts

Use light energy to make

carbohydrates from carbon

dioxide and water (photosynthesis) and are only

found in plant cells.

Large, central vacuole

In plant cells the large central vacuole, stores

water and contains many substances, including ions,

nutrients, and wastes.

Flagella and cillia

Tail-like structures that help

bacteria move.

Pili

Hair-like structures that help

bacteria stick to surfaces.

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Comparing Cells Practice

Directions: Compare and contrast animal, plant and bacterial cells. You must include, but are not limited to the

following words:

Nucleus

Nuclear membrane/envelope

Pili

Ribosomes

Mitochondria

Cytoplasm

Lysosome

Golgi bodies

Chloroplast

Cytoskeleton

Vacuole

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Central vacuole

Cell wall

Capsule

Genetic material

Animal Cell Plant Cell

Bacterial Cell

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Cell Match Up

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Cell Poster Activity

I. Identify the function.

1.______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

2.______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

3.______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

4.______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

II. Identify the structure.

5.__________________________

6.__________________________

7.__________________________

8.__________________________

III. Identify the function.

9.______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

10._____________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

11._____________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

12._____________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

IV. Which of the structures are found in plant cells only?

13.______________________________________________

V. Identify the structure.

14.__________________________

15.__________________________

16.__________________________

17.__________________________

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VI. Identify the function.

18._____________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

19._____________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

20._____________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

21._____________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

VII. Identify the structure.

22.__________________________

23.__________________________

24.__________________________

VIII. Identify the following cells:

25. Circle the correct answer.

A. Prokaryote or Eukaryote? Plant, Animal or Bacterial cell?

Explain your choices.

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

B. Prokaryote or Eukaryote? Plant, Animal or Bacterial cell?

Explain your choices.

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

C. Prokaryote or Eukaryote? Plant, Animal or Bacterial cell?

Explain your choices.

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

D. Prokaryote or Eukaryote? Plant, Animal or Bacterial cell?

Explain your choices.

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

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Endosymbiosis Notes

WHERE DID CELLS COME FROM?

History of Life on Earth

Most scientists hypothesize that life on Earth developed through natural _________________________

and _____________________________ processes.

Molecules of ___________-________________ matter reacted chemically during the first billion years of

Earth’s history.

These chemical reactions produced ___________________, organic molecules.

Energized by the sun and volcanic ______________, these simple molecules formed more-______________

molecules that eventually became the __________________________ blocks of the first cells.

This was simulated by the _____________________-___________

Experiment

Scientists hypothesize that RNA was the _______________-self-

replicating information-storage molecule.

RNA catalyzed the assembly of the first ______________________.

Laboratory experiments have shown that, in water, short chains of amino

acids can gather into tiny droplets called

__________________________________.

Scientists think the formation of microspheres was the first step to

______________________ organization.

The first cells to form were ______________________________.

Simple cells with a single _________________ of DNA.

So how did complex eukaryotes come about?

Origins of the Eukaryotic Cell

Scientists seem to think they evolved through teamwork:

________________________

more specifically….

____________________________________ where one organism lives

inside another to the benefit of both

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Endosymbiotic Theory

Chloroplasts and mitochondria were originally independent ___________________________ that

now live inside eukaryotic cells.

Endosymbiotic Theory

Evidence supports that eukaryotes descended from ___________ prokaryotic cells that joined together

Evidence for the theory:

1. ______________ mitochondria

and chloroplasts contain their

own DNA.

2. Both mitochondria and

chloroplasts reproduce

_________________________ of

the rest of the cell.

3. Mitochondria and chloroplasts

are the same _________ as

bacteria.

4. Both mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own

________________________ and make their own proteins.

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Cell Scenarios Activity

Background: There are many structures that are vital to cells. These structures help them with the day-to-day “chores” inside a cell,

when it comes time to reproduce, and generally help them stay alive! Some structures are present in both prokaryotic cells and

eukaryotic cells, while the membrane-bound organelles are present only in animal and plant cells. Each structure or organelle has a

very specific job within the cell and, without them, things would definitely not work as they should.

Directions: Read the scenario at each station. Properly identify cell structures and organelles, including those that are “missing”

and hypothesis the consequences of removing these key organelles from a cell.

Scenario 1:

1. What is the organelle described? ___________________________________________

2. What is its function/ what does it do for the cell (and for you!)? ____________________

________________________________________________________________________

3. What would be the consequence of removing this organelle from the cell?

________________________________________________________________________

Scenario 2:

Use the images to complete the chart below.

Q# Cell Identify the Cell Type

Explain how you knew what type of cell it was….what features

belong only to that cell?

4 A

5 B

6 C

Scenario 3:

7. The missing organelle is _________________________________________.

8. Choose another organelle that is mentioned in the scenario. What would be the

consequence of removing this organelle from the cell? ___________________________

________________________________________________________________________

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Scenario 4:

9. What type of eukaryotic cell are you? ___________________________________

10. What affect would missing your chloroplasts have on you / what process would you no longer be able to carry

out? _________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

11. If all of the chloroplasts suddenly disappeared, how would that affect life on earth?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Scenario 5:

12. What cell organelle must be missing from your cell? ___________________________

13. What does this organelle contain that helps it do its job within the cell?_______________

14. Can your cell survive without this organelle? Explain why or why not.

________________________________________________________________________

Scenario 6:

15. Which cell structure is not working as it should?________________________________

16. Suppose that instead of this structure not working property, it disappears! What do you

think would happen to your cell?__________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Scenario 7: Use the illustrations to answer the questions below.

Q# Cell Type Location of DNA Characteristics of DNA (think shape)

17 Eukaryote

18 Prokaryote

19. Both of these cells have a feature that helps keep regulate what enters and exits the cell what is

it?__________________________________________________________________________

20. In addition, prokaryotes often have two more layers of protection that the animal cell does not. What are

they?_____________________________________________________________

21. What is one similarity between a eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell?_________________________________

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Cell and Factory Worksheet

Directions: Complete this worksheet by matching the jobs at a typical factory with the cell organelle and organelle

functions. Write the factory jobs in the blank spaces.

*Factory jobs are listed on the next page.

CELL ORGANELLE ORGANELLE FUNCTION FACTORY PART

Cell Membrane Regulates what enters

and leaves the cell; where cell

makes contact with the external

environment

Nucleus Controls all cell activity and

contains DNA

Endoplasmic Reticulum Makes lipids (fats), breaks down

drugs and harmful substances,

and packages up proteins for the

Golgi apparatus

Ribosomes Builds proteins

Golgi Apparatus Makes and transports proteins and

other materials out of the cell

Lysosomes Digests food particles, wastes,

cell parts, and foreign invaders

Mitochondria Breaks down food molecules to

make energy

Cytoplasm Contains all the organelles and

provides the space for cell

functions to occur

Vacuole Stores water and other materials

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Factory Parts and Descriptions

Shipping and Receiving

controls what comes in and what

goes out in the factory

Factory Floor

space within the factory

where products are made

and business is conducted

Finishing and Packaging

where products are processed and

shipped out

Main Office

the control center of the factory

The Assembly Line

where products are made and

packaged/substances are broken

down

Maintenance

where wastes and other unwanted

materials are collected and broken

down

The Power Plant

where the factory’s power comes

from

Employees

individuals who make the products

Warehouse

where materials are stored

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UNIT 7 VOCABULARY – CELLS

1. Animal Cell-typical of the eukaryotic cell, enclosed by a plasma membrane and containing a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.

2. Capsid-the protein shell of a virus. 3. Cells-the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism, typically microscopic and consisting of

cytoplasm and a nucleus enclosed in a nuclear membrane (if Eukaryotic), and without a nucleus if Prokaryotic. 4. Cell membrane – double-layer of phospholipids that forms a boundary between a cell and the surrounding

environment and controls the passage of materials into and out of a cell 5. Central vacuole – Largest organelle in a plant cell; stores water and may contain many substances, including

ions, nutrients, and wastes 6. Chloroplast – organelle composed of numerous membranes that are used to convert solar energy into chemical

energy; contains chlorophyll 7. Cilia – short hair-like structures that cover some or all of the cell surface and help the organism swim and

capture food 8. Cytoplasm – jellylike substance inside cells that contains molecules and is some cells organelles 9. Cytoskeleton – network of proteins, such as microtubules and microfilaments, inside a eukaryotic cell that

supports and shapes the cell 10. DNA-deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main

constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information. 11. Endoplasmic reticulum – interconnected network of thin, folded membranes that produce, process and

distribute proteins a. Rough ER – transports proteins that are made by ribosomes attached to it b. Smooth ER – helps make new lipids and helps break down toxic substances such as alcohol

12. Endosymbiosis – theory that eukaryotic cells formed from a symbiosis among several different prokaryotic organisms

13. Eukaryotic cell – cell that has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelle 14. Flagella (flagellum) – whiplike structure outside of a cell that is used for movement 15. Genetic Material-all of the DNA and RNA contained within the cell of a living being. 16. Glycoprotein- Glycoproteins on the viral envelope bind to specific receptor molecules on the host cell,

promoting viral entry into the host cell. 17. Golgi apparatus (golgi body) – stack of flat, membrane-enclosed spaces containing enzymes that process, sort

and deliver proteins 18. Host Cell- a living cell in which a virus multiplies. 19. Lysogenic cycle- Viral replication cycle in which the virus's nucleic acid is integrated into

the host cells chromosome; a provirus is formed and replicated each time the host cell reproduces; the host cell is not killed until the lytic cycle is activated.

20. Lysosome – organelle that contains enzymes; digests and recycles the cell’s components 21. Lytic Cycle-One of the two cycles of viral reproduction (the other being the lysogenic cycle), which is usually

considered as the main method of viral reproduction because it ends in the lysis of the infected cell releasing the progeny viruses that will in turn spread and infect other cells.

22. Membrane Bound Organelles-cells contain many membrane-bound organelles. An organelle is an organized and specialized structure within a living cell.

23. Mitochondria (mitochondrion) – bean-shaped organelle that supplies energy to the cell and has its own ribosomes and DNA

24. Nuclear Membrane- the phospholipid bilayer membrane which surrounds the genetic material and nucleolus in eukaryotic cells.

25. Nucleolus – area in the nucleus in which ribosomes are partially assembled 26. Nucleus – organelle composed of a double membrane that acts as a storehouse for most of a cell’s DNA 27. Pili – hair-like structure that helps bacteria stick to surfaces; also used for conjugation

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28. Plant Cell-a cell that is a structural and functional unit of a plant. 29. Prokaryotic cell – cell that does not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelle 30. Ribosome – organelle that links amino acids together to form proteins 31. Self-replicating life- any behavior of a dynamical system that yields construction of an identical copy of itself.

Biological cells, given suitable environments, reproduce by cell division. During cell division, DNA is replicated and can be transmitted to offspring during reproduction. https://goo.gl/cJwJua

32. Vacuole – organelle that is used to store materials, such as water, food or enzymes, that are needed by the cell 33. Viral Replication- the formation of viruses during the infection process in the target host cells. 34. Virion- a complete virus particle that consists of an RNA or DNA core with a protein coat sometimes

with external envelopes and that is the extracellular infective form of a virus 35. Virus- an infective agent that typically consists of a nucleic acid molecule in a protein coat, is too small to be seen

by light microscopy, and is able to multiply only within the living cells of a host.