Absolutism and Scientific Revolution
Chapters 5 and 6
Absolutism: Period when a series of European monarchs who ruled alone and increased the power of their central government
•Absolute Rulers:Centralization of powerMany believed in concept of divine right!
Fight for the throne—Wars of the Roses
Lancaster (Red) vs. York (White)
Henry Tudor (Red) wins = Henry VII
England was invaded by Philip II b/c he had grown impatient waiting for England to become Catholic again.
1588 Sp. Armada-”Prot. Wind”
Elizabeth was successful in defeating the Spanish Armada!
•Died with no heirs
•Cousins in Scotland – Stuart Dynasty—now begins
Tensions with Parliament – Divine Right
Remembered for giving the Puritans an English translation of the Bible (King James Version)
King John was forced to sign this document in 1215!
Limited the king’s power & protected the baron’s rights
Son of James I
Divine Right Dissolved Parliament for 11 years
Irritated the Puritans –Many left=Great Migration
Ireland Revolted, Scotland invaded-Charles needed Parliament
English Civil War—Charles led an army (Cavaliers) and invaded Parliament
Cromwell (Puritan) leader of the Roundheads (supporters of Parliament) defeated the royalists/Cavaliers twice
Royalists vs Puritans
Charles I vs Oliver Cromwell
Charles I tried for treason and beheaded!!
Tried to establish a Republic with a constitution (people would elect leader)
Eventually dissolves Parliament—ruled as military dictator
Restoration!!! Restored the Monarchy
Gave in to Parliament b/c of his Dad
Got New York from the Dutch
Catholic—remarries has a Catholic son
His daughter—Mary is Protestant
Wanted Absolute Authority
Eventually fled the country after invasion by William of Orange (son-in-law)
James II was not liked, but they could not execute him…they knew when he died Mary (daughter/Protestant) would inherit the thrown. His son would rule first (Catholic) Parliament decided to invite Mary and William (husband) to invade country 1688
Glorious Revolution 1688—no bloodshed—James II fled
First dual monarchy They work well with Parliament and accept limited power (Limited Constitutional Monarchy-monarchs power limited by a constitution)
Parliament will pass many laws—protecting the rights of individuals
Habeas Corpus—individual has the right to be seen by a judge w/in a reasonable amount of time either to be released or charged w/a crime
English Bill of Rights-monarch could not interfere in the elections or operations of Parliament …and some basic rights to citizens
Act of Toleration-Religious freedom to dissenters (not Anglican)
1707 Act of Union—England and Scotland join together
Act of Settlement—next ruler will have to be Protestant
Estab. A cabinet (group of advisors)
Leader of the Cabinet=Prime Minister
Act of Union (1707)
Joined Scotland and England into the United Kingdom
Last of the Stuart dynasty
Colonies French and Indian War American Revolution
Treaty of Paris
TREATY OF PARIS PROCLAMATION OF 1763 Ended the American
Revolutionary War King George III of
England forbid American settlers to go beyond the line along the Appalachians. (After England claimed the French lands from the French and Indian War)
Mid-1500s—France destroyed by religious conflicts btwn Huguenots and Catholics
King of France attempted to kill the leader’s of the Huguenots…once the killing started mobs of Catholic Parisians started to began a general massacre of Huguenots. (the king’s sister, Margaret, had just married Henry of Navarre—the leader of the Huguenots)
1589—Henry of Navarre became Henry IV (Bourbon) a Protestant wins the throne helps to resolve chaos in France
•Converts to Catholicism
•Edict of Nantes: Allowed the Huguenots to practice their own religion—Religious Toleration
1610—Louis XIII
9 years old Appointed Cardinal Richelieu as chief minister
Strengthened the gov’t•Destroyed power of the nobles & HuguenotsHand picked his own successor – Mazarin
(wanted to turn France into an absolute monarchy and make it the strongest European power)
1643—Louis XIV—72 years of rule
5 years old with Mazarin as chief minister until 1661 (23 yrs old then)
Rebellion broke out when he was a child and vowed to never let it happen again
Believed in divine right Never used the Estates-General (similar to Parliament)
Took the sun as his symbol—sun=center
SUN KING=center of French nation
Louis XIV•Strengthened the gov’tTax collections—intendants (middle class)
Army=strongest in EuropeDiversified economy: Home-taxes-wealthiest state in Europe
Colonies-Furs
Louis XIV•Extravagant Lifestyle•Palace of Versailles (p. 141)•Sponsored the Arts
Louis XIV—Setbacks•Costly wars—Esp. the War of the Spanish Succession 1700-1713 (France tried to unite France and Spain)
•Persecution of the Huguenots: revoked the Edict of Nantes—Huguenots fled and hurt the economy
•Louis XIV outlived his sons and grandsons died in 1715—his great grandson inherited the throne as Louis XV
Powerful German state and part of the Holy Roman Empire
Charles VI was king of Austria and leader of the Hapsburg Family and the H.R.E.
Had no sons; wrote the Pragmatic Sanction to allow daughter, Maria Theresa, to inherit the throne
Sanction signed by other European nations and Pope honored it as well, but must marry and husband will be H.R.E.
Began over territory, religion & power over the ruling families
1618-1648
Ferdinand was Catholic so Protestants feared him & revolted
Ferdinand II paid his army to plunder/rob German villages
Destroyed everything!
Hapsburg Triumphs
1st 12 years H. armies from Austria & Spain crushed Protestant troops
Hapsburg Defeats:
Sweden drove Haps. Out of Northern Germany
Cardinal Richelieu & Mazarin feared Haps more so sent French troops to help!
Peace of Westphalia
1648 Weakened Hapsburg states of Spain & Austria
Strengthened France by giving it German territory
Made German princes independent of Holy Roman Emperor
Ended religious wars in Europe
Charles VI daughter
Heir to Hapsburg empire
Enemy was Prussia
Now part of the country of Germany Frederick William—the Great Elector—was founder of the Hohenzollern Family
Hohenzollerns ruling family in Prussia
H: had the best standing army
H: militaristic society
Frederick William I was the first king of Prussia
Started the military and Potsdam Guard, personal body guards, had to be 7 feet tall
Son’s friend is beheaded because Frederick II and friend tried to run away
Frederick II had to watch
Frederick II—known as the GREAT because he introduced culture to the country and expanded the borders of the country by using the army against Austria and Poland
He enabled Prussia to become a major European power—seized Austrian territory
Ivan the Terrible was an awful ruler and caused Russia to develop slower than the rest of Europe
After Ivan’s death and the death of his son, the leaders of the country elected Michael Romanov to take over
Romanov Dynasty: founded by Michael, and this dynasty will last until 1918 when Nicholas II and his family was assassinated (Anastasia). Longest running dynasty in European history—over 300 years
Peter the Great—studied in Europe in order to westernize Europe, created city of St. Petersburg “Window to the West”
changed diet, hygiene habits, and dress of Russians, expanded borders by acquiring Siberia, created modern army and won against Sweden to gain access to the Baltic Sea…never won a warm water port!!
Catherine The Great
Catherine the Great—German princess
Married Russian Czar…had her husband killed and took over
Took territory away from Poland Punished serfs Created schools for girls
Greatest accomplishment—gaining a warm water port by defeating the Ottoman Turks=access to Black Sea for trade w/Europe
Last of great absolute monarchs of the century
With its emphasis on reasoned observation and systematic measurement, the Scientific Revolution changed the way people viewed the world and their place in it!
Aristotle
Ptolemy
Geocentric Theory: earth center of universe
Supported this view
Scientific Revolution
Ppl were willing to question accepted beliefs
Heliocentric Theory: sun-center of universe
Continued Brahe’s work & discovered planetary movement
Proved this through math!
Copernicus was right!
Planets did revolve around the sun
Discovered law of the pendulum
Built his own telescope used it to support the heliocentric theory
Went aga church teaching & authority, warned not to but did it anyway!
Condemned!
Logical procedure for gathering & testing ideas
Developed from previous guys’ work!
Law of universal gravitation
Earth & heavens
Discovered circulation of the blood!
World’s 1st vaccination
Small pox vaccine!
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