Chapter 5:Chapter 5:

Terror From BelowTerror From BelowDissident TerrorismDissident Terrorism

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Revolutionary Dissident TerrorismRevolutionary Dissident Terrorism Nihilist Dissident TerrorismNihilist Dissident Terrorism Nationalist Dissident TerrorismNationalist Dissident Terrorism

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Revolutionary Dissident TerrorismRevolutionary Dissident Terrorism

A clear world vision.A clear world vision.

Goal: Destroy an existing order to build a well-Goal: Destroy an existing order to build a well-designed new society.designed new society.

Case: Marxist revolutionary movements in Case: Marxist revolutionary movements in Latin America.Latin America.

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Nihilist Dissident TerrorismNihilist Dissident Terrorism

““Revolution for the sake of revolution.”Revolution for the sake of revolution.”

Goal: Destroy an existing order with no clear Goal: Destroy an existing order with no clear alternative for the aftermath.alternative for the aftermath.

Victory is destruction of the old society.Victory is destruction of the old society.

Cases: Abu Nidal. Al Qa’ida network.Cases: Abu Nidal. Al Qa’ida network.Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Nationalist Dissident TerrorismNationalist Dissident Terrorism

Championing the national aspirations of Championing the national aspirations of groups of people.groups of people.

Goal: Mobilize a particular demographic group Goal: Mobilize a particular demographic group against another group or a government.against another group or a government.

Distinguished by their cultural, religious, Distinguished by their cultural, religious, ethnic, or racial heritage.ethnic, or racial heritage.

Cases: Kurds in Turkey and Iraq. Catholics in Cases: Kurds in Turkey and Iraq. Catholics in Northern Ireland.Northern Ireland.

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Antistate Terrorist EnvironmentsAntistate Terrorist Environments

Defined by idiosyncrasies of each country and Defined by idiosyncrasies of each country and movement.movement.

Histories that are unique to each society/Histories that are unique to each society/

The Terrorists’ Faith in VictoryThe Terrorists’ Faith in Victory

Defeat is unthinkable. Victory is inevitable.Defeat is unthinkable. Victory is inevitable.

Utopian visions justify their means and guarantee the Utopian visions justify their means and guarantee the triumph of their idealized ends.triumph of their idealized ends.

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Ethnonationalist Communal TerrorismEthnonationalist Communal Terrorism Religious Communal TerrorismReligious Communal Terrorism Ideological Communal TerrorismIdeological Communal Terrorism

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Ethnonationalist Communal TerrorismEthnonationalist Communal Terrorism

Terrorism directed against ethnic populations.Terrorism directed against ethnic populations.

Scale of violence varies considerably from region Scale of violence varies considerably from region to region.to region.

Case: Violence between Hutus and Tutsis in Case: Violence between Hutus and Tutsis in Rwanda and Burundi.Rwanda and Burundi.

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Religious Communal TerrorismReligious Communal Terrorism

Sectarian violence often combining religious and Sectarian violence often combining religious and ethnic cultural identity.ethnic cultural identity.

Case: Breakup of the former Yugoslavia.Case: Breakup of the former Yugoslavia.

Ideological Communal TerrorismIdeological Communal Terrorism

A pattern of post- World War II civil wars.A pattern of post- World War II civil wars.

Cases: Greece. Angola. Indonesia.Cases: Greece. Angola. Indonesia.Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

The New Dissident Terrorist MoralityThe New Dissident Terrorist Morality

Fewer moral scruples than previous generations.Fewer moral scruples than previous generations.

Broader definitions of “enemy” groups.Broader definitions of “enemy” groups.

Unrestricted use of modern weapons technologies.Unrestricted use of modern weapons technologies.

Terrorist Cells and Lone WolvesTerrorist Cells and Lone Wolves

Cells: Indistinct command & organizational Cells: Indistinct command & organizational configurations.configurations.

Lone Wolves: Single individuals.Lone Wolves: Single individuals.Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016