Under the Patronage of the Secretary-Generalof the Ministry of Water & Irrigation
Regional Workshop on“Water Resources Management:
Needs & Prospects”
April 22 – 23, 2013Amman, Jordan
Water Resources Management :
Needs & ProspectsApril 22, Amman 0 Jordan
Munir RusanJordan University of
Science and TechnologyApril 22, 2013 –
Amman - Jordan
Sustainable Management of Treated Wastewater Irrigation
Time
Supply
Qu
an
tity
Demand
* Scarcity of water* Scarcity of water* Rate of supply < Rate of demand* Rate of supply < Rate of demand* Needs for new water resources* Needs for new water resources
Major Challenge Facing Agriculture Sector
Jordan is the fourth water poorest country in the World
Water scarcity is a regional & international problem
Agriculture sector is the main consumer Strong competition for water Least priority for Agric. Agric. Need to use untraditional resources (TWW, BW, SW, GW) TWW= Raw WW treated to certain level to meet guidelines for further reuse
Users of Water Resources:
Treated Wastewater (Jordan/2011) ≈ 80 MCM Account for ≈ 15 % IW
Treated Wastewater (Jordan by 2020) ≈ 200 MCMWater Consumption 2009, %
64%
39%
5% 1%
Agriculture Domestic Industrial Tourism
Benefits:
Conserves potable water
Safe & cheap disposal method
Pollution abatement
Economically attractive
Source of nutrients
Health & Env. Concerns
хSurface water utrophication
хGround water ontamination
хHeavy and toxic metals
хQuality of products
хPathogens & health hazards
хSoil salinization & nutrient imbalance in the soil
So TW
W ca
n't be m
anag
ed
as a
trad
ition
al IW
TWW is a source ofTWW is a source of1.1. Pollutants: In-organics and organicsPollutants: In-organics and organics2.2. PathogensPathogens3.3. SaltsSalts
4.4. WaterWater5.5. Beneficial organic compoundsBeneficial organic compounds
6.6. NutrientsNutrients1.1. Nutrients commonly imbalanced in TWWNutrients commonly imbalanced in TWW2.2. Nutrients can be in different forms (organic, inorganic, reduced, oxidized )Nutrients can be in different forms (organic, inorganic, reduced, oxidized )3.3. Excess of Zn, Cu, Fe will be harmful to plant before being harmful to Excess of Zn, Cu, Fe will be harmful to plant before being harmful to
animals and humansanimals and humans4.4. Excess of Cd and Ld, will show no toxic symptoms to plant, yet toxic to Excess of Cd and Ld, will show no toxic symptoms to plant, yet toxic to
animals and humansanimals and humans
So, there are benefits and concerns with WW reuse So, there are benefits and concerns with WW reuse
So TW
W sh
ould
be m
anag
ed
based
on n
utrien
ts co
ntent
Questions to be asked:Questions to be asked: Are TWW nutrients balanced ?Are TWW nutrients balanced ?Does the ratio fits the plant removal ? Does the ratio fits the plant removal ? Does the total quantity applied replenishes the removal of nutrient ?Does the total quantity applied replenishes the removal of nutrient ?
250 150 175
Nutrients Uptake by Crops Compared
to Nutrients Applied with TWW
------Nutrient-----A: (Input = Output) sustainable system
balanced system
B: (Input > Output) soil fertility increase imbalanced system
C: (Input < Output) nutrient depletion nutrient mining” imbalanced system B + C Soil degradation
Different scenarios for nutrient balance with WW irrigation
So, with TWW , we can't control inputs and outputs, but this can be achieved only with
mineral fertilizer & using organic sources as supplements
Can TWW be used as a fertilizer and irrigation water ?Can TWW be used as a fertilizer and irrigation water ?
Corn
cb
a a
c c
ba
0123456
PW PWF WW1 WW2
T p
er h
a
Grain wt
Stover wt
Vetch shoot wt
c
b
a
b
01122334
PW PWF WW1 WW2
T p
er h
a
JUST ResearchRusan & Ayadi, 2004
Plant Nutrients Uptake (kg/ha), Rusan & Ayadi, 2004
(PW=potable water; PWF=PW+fertilizer; WW1 and WW2 rates of wastewater application)
TRTs PW PWF WW1 WW2
Corn:
N: Stover
Grain
P: Stover
Grain
K: Stover
Grain
19.8 c
41.9 b
3.30 b
6.07 b
25.5 b
5.0 b
20.2 c
43.3 b
4.92 b
6.10 b
30.0 b
6.1 b
35.30 b
69.30 a
10.85 a
14.23 a
110.9 a
11.9 a
46.1 a
76.9 a
14.3 a
15.7 a
123.8 a
15.2 a
Nutrient Balance+250 kg N with WW- 123 kg N crop uptake 127 kg accumulation
+150 kg P2O5- 30 kg P2O5 120 kg accumulation
+175 kg K2O- 139 kg K2O 36 kg accumulation
Crop Nutrient ImbalancesCrop Nutrient Imbalances
N P2O5 K 2ONitrogen Balance Corn/WW
N K 2OP2O5
Mismatch between WW nutrients and crop requirements
+P
+K
+K-N
=N
=P
Phosph. Balance Corn/WW
CdPb
Treatments
PW PWF WW1 WW2
Fe: Stover
Grain
Mn: Stover
Grain
Zn: Stover
Grain
Cu: Stover
Grain
386 b
136 b
259.1 b
18.18 b
211.1 b
67.58 b
21.32 b
24.32 b
470 b
156 b
283.1 b
18.29 b
250.3 b
73.17 b
25.27 b
27.17 b
1009 a
245 a
422.2 a
32.82 a
329.4 a
99.70 a
31.11 a
38.32 a
1081 a
254 a
451.5 a
35.70 a
324.3 a
110.0 a
31.48 a
40.74 a
Micronutrient uptake (g ha-1) by corn, Rusan et al., 2004(PW=potable water; PWF=PW+fertilizer; WW1 and WW2 rates of wastewater application
What is the source of the micronutrients/HMs ?Is it the SOIL or WW ?
M = Mn, Fe, Cd, Pb etc
CHELATE WW
Possible WW Effect on Bioavailability
LSD.05=8.5*103
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time after incubation, hours
Total
colifo
rm, C
FU/g
x1
03
LSD.05=0.48*103
01234567
0 50 100
Time after incubation, hours
Fae
cal c
olifor
m, C
FU
/g
x103
a
b
c c
b a
b a a aab
0
1
2
3
4
5
PW WW1 WW2
Tot
al a
nd fae
cal c
olifor
m,
CFU
/g x
103
TC at 0-5cm TC at 5-15cmFC at 0-5cm FC at 5-15cm
Soil EC, dS/m
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
PW PWF WW1 WW2
Treatments
EC
00-30 cm
30-60 cm
Survival of microorganism in soil
Accumulation of microorganism in soil
Malkawi & Rusan, 2004
How TWW irrigation can be managed sustainably and to produce good quality feed ?
Answer : TWW-Best Management Practices (BMPs)
Sustainable and Efficient System
SourceRate
Time
Place
Following the principles of the “4 R Nutrient Stewardship” that is to apply the right source, right rate, right time, and right place of nutrient application (which is the foundation of the BMPs and the assurance of the sustainability and efficiency of the system
WW is closely associated with WW is closely associated with goals/pillars of sustainabilitygoals/pillars of sustainability
Sustainable management of TWW reuse must support cropping systems that contribute to all three pillars, that is being economically feasible, socially acceptable and environmentally friendly this can be achieved by application the right S+R+T+P
WW Irrigation
CONCLUSIONS: TWW irrigation should be managed based on nutrient content
TWW can be used as a supplement source of nutrient
Adopting 4R Nutrient Stewardship enhances benefits of TWW and minimizes potential risks associated with TWW reuse
Sustainable management of TWW irrigation should leads to a sustainable system that is economically feasible, environmental sound and meets the needs of the society
Thanks for Thanks for your attentionyour attention
Right Source Right Source
WW composition greatly variesWW composition greatly varies
WW must be treatedWW must be treated
WW should contain no toxic substancesWW should contain no toxic substances
WW should supply nutrient available formsWW should supply nutrient available forms
WW should suit soil physical and chemical propertiesWW should suit soil physical and chemical properties
With WW, Target Yield need to be defined : Economically Max vs. Environmentally Max
X
X
X1 X2 X3 X4 Rate of growth factor
Critical Level
No response
Cro
p R
esp
onse
Toxicity
X
Econ. Max yieldEnv. Max yield
Right Rate To define the right rate, one needs to assess:Water requirement Plant nutrient demand WW nutrient content ratioIW requirement & Irrigation frequency Consider the EC of WW and LFAdjust rate by the crop coefficient (Kc) Define the Target yield
Biol. Max yield
High Response
Right TimeRight Time Match timing of crop uptakeMatch timing of crop uptake Assess dynamics of soil nutrient supplyAssess dynamics of soil nutrient supply Consider nutrient mobility in the soil and plantConsider nutrient mobility in the soil and plant Consider possible accumulation of certain nutrients in products Consider possible accumulation of certain nutrients in products Frequency of WW irrigation Frequency of WW irrigation Consider Kc of each growing stage : Consider Kc of each growing stage :
Initial Dev
elop
men
t Midseason Late-season
Time of season (days)
Kc
ETC = KC ETo
Initial Dev
elop
men
t Midseason Late-season
Time of season (days)
Kc
Right Place Right Place Recognize root-soil dynamics.Recognize root-soil dynamics. Limit potential off-field transport of nutrientsLimit potential off-field transport of nutrients Method of irrigationMethod of irrigation Soil physical and chemical conditions:Soil physical and chemical conditions:
Texture, Structure, Soil Cracking CEC, Slope, distance from Urban .. etc Texture, Structure, Soil Cracking CEC, Slope, distance from Urban .. etc
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