UNITED NATIONSNew York and GenevaNATIONS UNIESNew York et GenveMANUEL DE ST DE STAATISTIQUES TISTIQUESDE LA CNUCED DE LA CNUCEDUNCT UNCTAD ADHANDBOOKOF ST OF STAATISTICS TISTICSUNI T ED NAT I ONS CONF ERENCE ON T RADE AND DEVEL OPMENTCONFERENCE DES NATIONS UNIES SUR LE COMMERCE ET LE DVELOPPEMENTiiNOTESymbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates areference to a United Nations document. General disclaimer The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Where the designations economy or country or area appear in tables, they cover countries, territories, cities and areas. The designations developing, transition and developed are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgement about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process. Material in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted, but acknowledgement is obligatory, together with a reference to the document number (TD/STAT.36). A copy of the publication containing the quotation or reprint should be sent to the UNCTAD secretariat. * * *La cote des documents de lOrganisation des Nations Unies se compose de lettres majuscules et de chiffres. La mention dune telle cote indique quil est fait rfrence un document de lOrganisation. Dni de responsabilit Les appellations employes dans cette publication et la prsentation des donnes qui y figurent nimpliquent, de la part du secrtariat de lOrganisation des Nations Unies, aucune prise de position quant au statut juridique des pays, territoires, villes ou zones, ou de leurs autorits, ni quant au trac de leurs frontires ou limites. Les appellations conomie ou pays ou zone figurant dans certaines rubriques des tableaux dsignent des pays, des territoires, des villes ou des zones. Les termes en dveloppement, en transition et dvelopps sont utiliss pour plus de commodit dans la prsentation des statistiques et nimpliquent pas ncessairement un jugement quant au stade de dveloppement atteint par un pays ou une zone donne. Le contenu de la prsente publication peut tre cit ou reproduit sans autorisation, sous rserve quil soit fait mention de ladite publication et de sa cote (TD/STAT.36) et quun justificatif soit adress au secrtariat de la CNUCED. To order the print version of the UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics, please contact: United Nations Publications 300East 42nd Street, Room IN-919 New York, NY 10017, USA Telephone: 1-212-963-8302 Toll free: 1-800-253-9646 Fax: 1-212-963-3489 Internet: https://unp.un.org Pour commander la version imprime du Manuel de Statistiques de la CNUCED, veuillez vous adresser : Publications des Nations Unies 300East 42nd Street, Bureau IN-919 New York, NY 10017, USA Tlphone : 1-212-963-8302 Numro vert : 1-800-253-9646 Fax : 1-212-963-3489 Internet : https://unp.un.org TD/STAT. 36UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION PUBLICATION DES NATIONS UNIES Sales number / Numro de vente : B.11.II.D.1 ISBN 978-92-1-112829-1 e-ISBN 978-92-1-054993-6 ISSN 0251-9461 Copyright United Nations, 2011 All rights reserved How to order the Handbook Comment commander le ManueliiiFOREWORD INTRODUCTIONThe UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics provides essential data for analysing and measuring world trade, investment, international financial flows and development. Reliable statistical information is often considered as the first step during the preparation of making recommendations or taking decisions that countries will commit for many years as they strive to integrate into the world economy and improve the living standards of their citizens. Whether it is for research, consultation or technical cooperation, UNCTAD requires comparable, often detailed economic, demographic and social data, over several decades and for as many countries as possible. In addition to facilitating the work of the secretariats economists, the UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics also enables other users, such as policymakers, research specialists, academics, officials from national governments or international organizations, executive managers or members of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) from developing, transition or developed countries to have access to this rich statistical information. The Handbook further offers journalists comprehensive information in a presentation that meets their needs. This publication is available in printed copy and DVD. Moreover, the underlying data of the Handbook are available online at UNCTADstat (http://unctadstat.unctad.org). Unlike the Handbook which captures statistics at one point of time, UNCTADstat is continuously updated, enriched and providing users with the latest available data. In this regard, users should use caution when comparing data between the Handbook and UNCTADstat, as the date of update may differ. User should be aware that, in this edition, the scope and definition of some country groups have changed compared to previous edition of Handbook. In addition, the presentation of tables 7.3 and 7.4 Remittances and table 7.1 Current account net was improved by the addition of all countries and country groups. Furthermore, the following tables prior to this edition - table 5.3 Tourism indicators, table 7.2 Balance of payments: capital and financial account summaries and table 8.5 Demographic indicators - are discontinued and no longer available. To provide better and more relevant statistics to users, you are invited to fill up the feedback questionnaire on the last page or you can send your comments directly to statistics@unctad.orgParticular acknowledgement is due to the Statistics Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations, as well as to other international organizations, for its help in preparing this publication. Le but du Manuel de statistiques de la CNUCED est de fournir les donnes statistiques essentielles lanalyse du commerce mondial, de linvestissement, des flux financiers internationaux et du dveloppement. Une information statistique fiable est souvent le pralable la formulation de recommandations et la prise de dcisions qui engageront les pays pour de longues annes dans leur processus dintgration dans lconomie mondiale et lamlioration des conditions de leurs peuples. Que ce soit pour la recherche, la concertation ou la coopration technique, la CNUCED a besoin de donnes conomiques, dmographiques et sociales comparables et souvent dtailles, disponibles si possible sur plusieurs dcennies et pour un maximum de pays. Au-del de la mobilisation et de la vrification des donnes, du calcul dindicateurs drivs qui alimentent les travaux des conomistes du secrtariat, le Manuel de statistiques de la CNUCED est loccasion de partager une base statistique riche avec les dcideurs et les chercheurs, quils soient universitaires, fonctionnaires dadministrations nationales ou dorganisations internationales, cadres dentreprises ou membres dorganisations non gouvernementales de pays en dveloppement, en transition ou dvelopps. Les journalistes trouvent aussi dans ce manuel une information synthtique dans une prsentation bien adapte leurs proccupations. Le Manuel est disponible en version imprime et DVD. Les donnes prsentes dans le Manuel sont disponibles en ligne, dans UNCTADstat (http://unctadstat.unctad.org). la diffrence du Manuel qui prsente des statistiques figes un moment donn, UNCTADstat est actualis et enrichi rgulirement pour mettre la disposition des utilisateurs les donnes les plus rcentes. cet gard, il est important de signaler que les donnes d'UNCTADstat et du Manuel ne pourront tre compares systmatiquement en raison de la diffrence de date de leur mise jour et de publication. La couverture et la dfinition des groupements prsents dans cette nouvelle dition du Manuel ont chang. Cette anne, la table des matires a galement t revue. En effet, les indicateurs du tourisme, le sommaire des comptes de capital et d'oprations financires de la balance des paiements ainsi que les indicateurs dmographiques (tableaux 5.3, 7.2 et 8.5 des prcdentes ditions) ont t retirs tandis que les tableaux de la balance du compte courant (7.1) et des envois de fonds des travailleurs (7.3 et 7.4 ) ont t amliors grce la prsentation des donnes pour tous les pays et groupements de pays. Pour mieux nous adapter aux besoins de nos utilisateurs et mettre leur disposition des statistiques pertinentes, nous vous invitons remplir le questionnaire qui se trouve en fin de publication. Vous pouvez galement nous faire part de vos commentaires en nous crivant statistics@unctad.orgLe secrtariat de la CNUCED tient remercier la Division de statistique du Dpartement des affaires conomiques et sociales de lONU et diverses organisations internationales du concours quelles ont apport la prparation de cette publication. ivTABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE DES MATIRESNote.................................................................................................. ii Note..................................................................................................... ii How to order the Handbook ............................................................. ii Comment commander le manuel ........................................................ ii Foreword ..........................................................................................iii Introduction......................................................................................... iii Table of contents............................................................................. iv Table des matires............................................................................. iv Explanation of symbols ...................................................................vii Signification des symboles ................................................................ vii General notes................................................................................. viii Notes gnrales .............................................................................. xxii Distribution of countries and territories............................................ xi Rpartition des pays et territoires.................................................... xxv Distribution by geographical region Rpartition par rgions gographiques - Developing economies.................................................................xii - conomies en dveloppement .................................................... xxvi - Transition economies ..................................................................xiv - conomies en transition.............................................................xxviii - Developed economies.................................................................xiv - conomies dveloppes ............................................................xxviii Distribution of developing economies by economic Rpartition des conomies en dveloppement par groupements grouping ......................................................................................... xv conomiques .................................................................................. xxix Distribution of economies by trade group..................................... xviii Rpartition des conomies par groupements commerciaux ..........xxxii Distribution of economies by interregional grouping ...................... xx Rpartition des conomies par groupements interrgionaux........xxxiv Abbreviations and acronyms ..........................................................xxi Abrviations et acronymes ............................................................ xxxv Product classification for international trade............................... xxxvi Classification des produits pour le commerce international ..........xxxvi PART ONE PREMIRE PARTIEInternational merchandise trade Commerce international des marchandises1.1.1 Exports and imports of countries and geographical 1.1.1 Exportations et importations des pays et des rgions regions gographiques - Value ................................................................................... 2 - Valeur ................................................................................. 2 - Share................................................................................. 10 - Part................................................................................... 10 1.1.2 Exports and imports of economic groupings 1.1.2 Exportations et importations des groupements conomiques - Value ................................................................................. 20 - Valeur ............................................................................... 20 - Share................................................................................. 22 - Part................................................................................... 22 1.1.3 Exports and imports of trade groups 1.1.3 Exportations et importations des groupements commerciaux - Value ................................................................................. 24 - Valeur ............................................................................... 24 - Share................................................................................. 26 - Part................................................................................... 26 1.2.1 Annual average growth rates of exports and imports 1.2.1 Taux dvolution annuels moyens des exportations et of countries and geographical regions................................. 28 importations des pays et des rgions gographiques........ 28 1.2.2 Annual average growth rates of exports and imports 1.2.2 Taux dvolution annuels moyens des exportations et of economic groupings......................................................... 38 importations des groupements conomiques..................... 38 1.2.3 Annual average growth rates of exports and imports 1.2.3 Taux dvolution annuels moyens des exportations et of trade groups..................................................................... 40 importations des groupements commerciaux.....................40 1.3.1 Value of trade balance, and as percentage of imports 1.3.1 Valeur de la balance commerciale et sa part dans les of countries and geographical regions................................. 42 importations des pays et des rgions gographiques........ 42 1.3.2 Value of trade balance, and as percentage of imports 1.3.2 Valeur de la balance commerciale et sa part dans les of economic groupings......................................................... 52 importations des groupements conomiques..................... 52 1.4 Intra-trade of trade groups................................................... 54 1.4 Commerce interne des groupements commerciaux........... 54 vTABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE DES MATIRESPART TWO DEUXIME PARTIEInternational merchandise trade by region Commerce international des marchandises par rgions2.1 Country trade structure by partner 2.1 Structure du commerce des pays par partenaires - Exports by main region of destination ............................... 58 - Exportations par principales rgions de destination......... 58 - Imports by main region of origin........................................ 70 - Importations par principales rgions dorigine.................. 70 2.2 Export and import structure by partner and product 2.2 Structure des exportations et importations par partenaires group et groupes de produits A. World.............................................................................. 82 A. Monde........................................................................... 82 B. Developing economies .................................................. 86 B. conomies en dveloppement ..................................... 86 C. Developing economies: Africa ....................................... 90 C. conomies en dveloppement : Afrique....................... 90 D. Developing economies: America ................................... 94 D. conomies en dveloppement : Amrique................... 94 E. Developing economies: Asia ......................................... 98 E. conomies en dveloppement : Asie ........................... 98 F Developing economies: Eastern, Southern F. conomies en dveloppement : Asie orientale and South-Eastern Asia............................................... 102 mridionale et du Sud-Est .......................................... 102 G. Developing economies: Western Asia......................... 106 G. conomies en dveloppement : Asie occidentale...... 106 H. Developing economies: Oceania................................. 110 H. conomies en dveloppement : Ocanie................... 110 I. Developing economies: Major petroleum and gas I. conomies en dveloppement : principaux exporters...................................................................... 114 exportateurs de ptrole et de gaz............................... 114 J. Developing economies: Major manufactured J. conomies en dveloppement : principaux goods exporters ........................................................... 118 exportateurs darticles manufacturs.......................... 118 K. Transition economies................................................... 122 K. conomies en transition.............................................. 122 L. Developed economies ................................................. 126 L. conomies dveloppes............................................. 126 PART THREE TROISIME PARTIEInternational merchandise trade by product Commerce international des marchandises par produits3.1 Country trade structure by product group 3.1 Structure du commerce des pays par groupes de produits - Exports ............................................................................ 132 - Exportations ................................................................... 132 - Imports............................................................................. 145 - Importations.................................................................... 145 3.2 Export structure by product 3.2 Structure des exportations par produits A. World............................................................................ 158 A. Monde......................................................................... 158 B. Developing economies ................................................ 163 B. conomies en dveloppement ................................... 163 C. Developed economies ................................................. 168 C. conomies dveloppes ............................................ 168 D. Individual countries and territories............................... 173 D. Pays et territoires individuels...................................... 173 E. Major exporters for leading products among E. Principaux exportateurs de produits majeurs parmi developing economies ................................................. 195 les conomies en dveloppement .............................. 195 3.3 Concentration and structural change indices of 3.3 Indices de concentration et de changement structurel product markets des marchs de produits - Exports ............................................................................ 204 - Exportations ................................................................... 204 - Imports............................................................................. 208 - Importations.................................................................... 208 PART FOUR QUATRIME PARTIEInternational merchandise trade indicators Indicateurs du commerce international des marchandises 4.1.1 Export and import concentration and 4.1.1 Indices de concentration et de diversification des diversification indices of countries and exportations et importations des pays et des geographical regions ......................................................... 214 rgions gographiques..................................................... 214 4.1.2 Export and import concentration and 4.1.2 Indices de concentration et de diversification des diversification indices of economic exportations et importations des groupements groupings........................................................................... 224 conomiques .................................................................... 224 4.2.1 International merchandise trade indices of 4.2.1 Indices du commerce international des marchandises countries and geographical regions des pays et des rgions gographiques - Volume indices of exports and imports ........................... 226 - Indices du volume des exportations et importations ...... 226 - Unit value indices of exports and - Indices de la valeur unitaire des exportations et imports............................................................................. 234 importations.................................................................... 234 - Terms of trade indices and purchasing - Indices des termes de lchange et du pouvoir power indices of exports.................................................. 242 dachat des exportations ................................................ 242 4.2.2 International merchandise trade indices of 4.2.2 Indices du commerce international des marchandises economic groupings des groupements conomiques - Volume indices of exports and imports ........................... 250 - Indices du volume des exportations et importations ...... 250 - Unit value indices of exports and - Indices de la valeur unitaire des exportations et imports............................................................................. 252 importations.................................................................... 252 - Terms of trade indices and purchasing - Indices des termes de lchange et du pouvoir power indices of exports.................................................. 254 dachat des exportations ................................................ 254 4.3 Average applied import MFN tariff rates on 4.3 Droits de douane moyens NPF appliqus limportation non-agricultural and non-fuel products .............................. 256 des produits non-agricoles et non-ptroliers .................... 256 viTABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE DES MATIRESPART FIVE CINQUIME PARTIEInternational trade in services Commerce international des services 5.1.1 Value of exports and imports of services of 5.1.1 Valeur des exportations et importations de services countries and geographical regions................................... 278 des pays et des rgions gographiques........................... 278 5.1.2 Value of exports and imports of services of 5.1.2 Valeur des exportations et importations de services economic groupings ......................................................... 286 des groupements conomiques ........................................ 286 5.1.3 Value of exports and imports of services of 5.1.3 Valeur des exportations et importations de services trade groups....................................................................... 288 des groupements commerciaux ........................................ 288 5.2 Trade in services by category 5.2 Commerce des services par catgories - Leading exporters among developing - Principaux exportateurs parmi les conomies en economies ....................................................................... 290 dveloppement................................................................ 290 - Leading importers among developing - Principaux importateurs parmi les conomies en economies ....................................................................... 294 dveloppement................................................................ 2945.3 World merchant fleet by flag of registration and 5.3 Flotte marchande mondiale par pavillons dimmatriculation type of ship of countries and geographical et par types de navires des pays et des rgions regions............................................................................... 298 gographiques................................................................... 298PART SIX SIXIME PARTIE Commodities Produits de base 6.1 Annual and quarterly indices of free-market 6.1 Indices annuels et trimestriels des prix dune prices of selected primary commodities............................. 314 slection de produits de base sur le march libre............. 314 6.2 Instability indices and trends in free market 6.2 Indices dinstabilit et tendances des prix sur le prices for selected primary commodities ........................... 320 march libre dune slection de produits de base............. 320 PART SEVEN SEPTIME PARTIEInternational finance Finance internationale 7.1.1 Balance of payments: Current account net of countries 7.1.1 Balance des paiements : compte courant net des pays and geographical regions .................................................. 324 et des rgions gographiques........................................... 324 7.1.2 Balance of payments: Current account net of economic 7.1.2 Balance des paiements : compte courant net des groupings........................................................................... 332 groupements conomiques............................................... 332 7.1.3 Balance of payments: Current account net of trade 7.1.3 Balance des paiements : compte courant net des groups................................................................................ 334 groupements commerciaux............................................... 334 7.2.1 Foreign direct investment: Inward and outward 7.2.1 Investissement tranger direct : flux entrants et flows of countries and geographical regions ..................... 336 sortants des pays et des rgions gographiques.............. 336 7.2.2 Foreign direct investment: Inward and outward 7.2.2 Investissement tranger direct : flux entrants et flows of economic groupings ............................................. 344 sortants des groupements conomiques .......................... 344 7.2.3 Foreign direct investment: Inward and outward 7.2.3 Investissement tranger direct : flux entrants et flows of trade groups ......................................................... 346 sortants des groupements commerciaux .......................... 346 7.3.1 Migrants' remittances: Receipts of countries and 7.3.1 Envois de fonds des migrants : recettes des pays et des geographical regions ......................................................... 348 rgions gographiques...................................................... 348 7.3.2 Migrants' remittances: Receipts of economic 7.3.2 Envois de fonds des migrants : recettes des groupements groupings........................................................................... 356 conomiques..................................................................... 356 7.4.1 Migrants' remittances: Payments of countries and 7.4.1 Envois de fonds des migrants : paiements des pays et des geographical regions ......................................................... 358 rgions gographiques...................................................... 358 7.4.2 Migrants' remittances: Payments of economic 7.4.2 Envois de fonds des migrants : paiements des groupements groupings........................................................................... 366 conomiques..................................................................... 3667.5.1 International reserves of developing economies 7.5.1 Rserves internationales des conomies en by country and geographical region .................................. 368 dveloppement par pays et rgions gographiques ......... 368 7.5.2 International reserves of developing economies 7.5.2 Rserves internationales des conomies en by economic grouping........................................................ 374 dveloppement par groupements conomiques............... 374 viiTABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE DES MATIRES7.6.1 Official financial flows from bilateral and multilateral 7.6.1. Flux financiers publics bilatraux et multilatraux sources by country and geographical region.................... 376 par pays et rgions gographiques................................... 376 7.6.2 Official financial flows from bilateral and multilateral 7.6.2 Flux financiers publics bilatraux et multilatraux sources to developing economies by economic destination des conomies en dveloppement par grouping ............................................................................ 391 groupements conomiques............................................... 391 7.7 External long-term debt by lending source 7.7 Dette extrieure long terme par catgories de prt A. Developing economies ................................................ 395 A. conomies en dveloppement ................................... 395 B. Developing economies: Africa ..................................... 396 B. conomies en dveloppement : Afrique..................... 396 C. Developing economies: America ................................. 397 C. conomies en dveloppement : Amrique................. 397 D. Developing economies: Asia ....................................... 398 D. conomies en dveloppement : Asie ......................... 398 E. Developing economies: Oceania................................. 399 E. conomies en dveloppement : Ocanie................... 399 F. Developing economies: Major petroleum and gas F. conomies en dveloppement : principaux exporters...................................................................... 400 exportateurs de ptrole et de gaz............................... 400 G. Developing economies: Major manufactured G. conomies en dveloppement : principaux goods exporters ........................................................... 401 exportateurs darticles manufacturs.......................... 401 PART EIGHT HUITIME PARTIEDevelopment indicators Indicateurs du dveloppement8.1.1 Nominal gross domestic product: Total and per capita 8.1.1 Produit intrieur brut nominal : total et par habitantof countries and geographical regions............................... 404 des pays et des rgions gographiques ........................... 404 8.1.2 Nominal gross domestic product: Total and per capita 8.1.2 Produit intrieur brut nominal : total et par habitantof economic groupings....................................................... 412 des groupements conomiques ........................................ 412 8.2.1 Annual average growth rates of total and per capita 8.2.1 Taux de croissance annuels moyens du produit real gross domestic product of countries and intrieur brut rel total et par habitant des paysgeographical regions ......................................................... 414 et des rgions gographiques........................................... 414 8.2.2 Annual average growth rates of total and per capita 8.2.2 Taux de croissance annuels moyens du produit real gross domestic product of intrieur brut rel total et par habitant des economic groupings........................................................... 422 groupements conomiques............................................... 422 8.3.1 Nominal gross domestic product by type of 8.3.1 Produit intrieur brut nominal par catgories de expenditure and by kind of economic activity of dpenses et par branches dactivit conomique countries and geographical regions................................... 424 des pays et des rgions gographiques ........................... 424 8.3.2 Nominal gross domestic product by type of 8.3.2 Produit intrieur brut nominal par catgories de expenditure and by kind of economic activity of dpenses et par branches dactivit conomique economic groupings........................................................... 442 des groupements conomiques ........................................ 442 8.4.1 Population and labour force of countries and 8.4.1 Population et main-duvre des pays et des geographical regions ......................................................... 446 rgions gographiques...................................................... 446 8.4.2 Population and labour force of economic 8.4.2 Population et main-duvre des groupements groupings........................................................................... 465 conomiques..................................................................... 465 0 Zero means that the amount is nil or negligible. 0 Un zro signifie que le montant est nul ou ngligeable. _ The symbol underscore indicates that the item is not applicable _ Un tiret signifie que la rubrique est sans objet. .. Two dots indicate that the data are not available or are .. Deux points signifient que les donnes ne sont pasnot separately reported. disponibles ou ne sont pas communiques sparment. - The use of a hyphen on data area means that data is estimated - Le trait dunion dans le champ des donnes indique que and included in the aggregation but not to be shown. A hyphen le chiffre est estim et inclus dans l'agrgation mais n'est between years (e.g. 1985-1990) signifies the full period involved, pas publi. Le trait d'union entre deux millsimes (par exemple including the initial and final years. 1985-1990) indique quil sagit de la priode tout entire, ycompris la premire et la dernire anne mentionnes. (b) Break in the series (b) Interruption de la srie (e) Estimate (e) Estimation (f) Forecast (f) Prvision (p) Provisional data (p) Donne provisoire (r) Revised data (r) Donne rvise Some exceptions are indicated in footnotes. Les exceptions sont indiques dans les notes en bas de page. EXPLANATION OF SYMBOLS SIGNIFICATION DES SYMBOLESviiiGENERAL NOTESThese notes summarize the content of each part of theHandbook according to the revised Table of Contents of thepresent issue of the Handbook of Statistics. The tables included in this book represent analytical summaries of the full time series contained in the UNCTADHandbook of Statistics 2011 on DVD. PART ONEInternational merchandise trade Table 1.1 shows the value of total exports (f.o.b.) and imports(c.i.f.), expressed in millions of dollars and percentages of the world total, of individual countries and geographical regions (1.1.1), economic groupings (1.1.2), and trade groups (1.1.3).The trade flows shown in table 1.1.1 refer to the General Trade System except for the countries which employ the Special Trade System and which are marked with an asterisk. TheGeneral Trade System is used when the statistical territory of acompiling country coincides with its economic territory.Consequently, imports include all goods entering the economic territory of a compiling country and exports include all goods leaving the economic territory of the compiling country. TheSpecial Trade System is used when the statistical territorycomprises only a particular part of the economic territory withinwhich goods may be disposed of without customs restriction. In such a case, imports include all goods entering the free circulation area of the compiling country, which means cleared through customs for home use, and exports include all goods leaving the free circulation area of a compiling country. Average annual growth rates of international trade derivedfrom table 1.1 are presented in table 1.2. Table 1.3 contains trade balances (exports f.o.b. minus imports c.i.f.) and these balances, as a percentage of imports ofindividual countries, geographical regions and economic groupings. Table 1.4 shows the relative importance of trade amonggroup members as compared to the regional or total trade ofthat group. PART TWOInternational merchandise trade by region Table 2.1 shows the export and import structure of individual countries by main regions of origin and destination. Data arepresented for as many individual countries as possible, while trade partners are grouped in 14 major clusters. Table 2.2 (A to L) presents the structure of exports bydestination and imports by origin by major commodity groups for 12 selected country groups. The table provides detailedinformation on the world trade network for 19 regions of origin and destination and six commodity groups. Totals of international merchandise trade presented in the tables found in parts one and two are not strictly comparable due to complementary but different sources and remaining unallocated trade flows, despite efforts to distribute trade flowsby destination, origin and commodity group. Exports by destination may differ considerably in some cases from data on imports as reported by countries of destination for a variety of factors, among which the following may be ofparticular importance: - Most import data are reported on a c.i.f. rather than an f.o.b. basis; - There is a time lag between the date on which goods arerecorded as exports and their arrival at their destination; - There may be considerable differences between the recordeddestination of exports and the actual destination as shown in import statistics.PART THREE International merchandise trade by product Table 3.1 shows the export and import structure of individual economies by commodity groups for selected years for ninecommodity groups (total, all food items, agricultural rawmaterials, fuels, ores and metals, manufactured goods,including chemical products, machinery and transportequipment and other manufactured goods). Table 3.2 (A, B and C, respectively) presents the structureof exports for the world, for developing and developedeconomies, by product, at the SITC group (Revision 3, 3-digit) level. Each product share of world exports is calculated for eacheconomic grouping as well as the average annual growth rateand the latters deviation in relation to the world growth rate. Table 3.2D establishes for each economy the list of mainproducts exported (SITC group, Revision 3, 3-digit level). Each products share of total exports of individual countries, geographical regions and the world is also indicated. Table 3.2E lists major exporters of 70 leading products among developing economies at the SITC group (Revision 3,3-digit) level as well as corresponding shares in world trade. Table 3.3 provides concentration indices and structuralchange indices for exports and imports by product group at SITC (Revision 3, 3-digit) level. The first indicator shows how aproduct market is concentrated in a few countries or homogeneously distributed among several countries. Thestructural change indicator shows whether the market share fora given product among export countries has changedsignificantly when compared with a reference year.Totals of international merchandise trade presented in the tables of this third part may also differ from the data containedin the first and second parts for the above reasons, to which must be added margins of exports and imports not distributedby commodity group or the use of different productnomenclatures by the exporting and importing countries. PART FOURInternational merchandise trade indicatorsTable 4.1 includes calculation results of concentration anddiversification indices for individual countries, geographical regions and economic groupings. This concentration index specifically shows how exports and imports of individual countries or country groupings are concentrated on severalproducts or otherwise distributed in a more homogeneousmanner among a series of products. The diversificationindicator signals whether the structure of exports or imports byproduct of a given country or country grouping differs from thestructure by product shown for the world. Table 4.2 contains volume indices of exports and imports,rounding out trade value available in tables 1.1 and 1.2, unitvalue indices of exports and imports and derived terms of tradeand purchasing power of exports presented at the level ofindividual countries and geographical regions (4.2.1) andeconomic groupings (4.2.2). To improve data coverage, especially for the latest periods, thefollowing procedure was used in the calculation of unit value indices: - A set of average prices indices at SITC (Revision 3, 3-digit)group level was constructed using UNCTADstat CommodityPrice Statistics, international and national sources and UNCTAD secretariat estimates; - At the country level, unit value indices were calculated using current years trade values as weights at the SITC (Revision 3, 3-digit) level. Trade values are available in table 3.2. In some instances these indices may differ from the estimates published in official sources, since the main aim is to providetentative estimates for most developing countries on a comparable basis. Table 4.3 presents average applied import MFN tariff rates for major categories of non-agricultural and non-fuel productsby individual markets. ix GENERAL NOTESPART FIVE International trade in servicesTables 5.1.1, 5.1.2 and 5.1.3 present the value of total trade in services by individual country, geographical region, economic grouping and trade group. The tables show values of exports(credits) and imports (debits) of services that were derived from statistics on international service transactions as presented inthe International Monetary Funds (IMFs) Balance of PaymentsStatistics. Services are defined as the economic output of intangible commodities that may be produced, transferred andconsumed at the same time. However, services cover a heterogeneous range of intangible products and activities that are difficult to capture within a single definition and aresometimes hard to separate from goods. Services are outputs produced to order, and they typically include changes in thecondition of the consumers realized through the activities of the producers at the demand of customers. By the time production of a service is completed, it must have been provided to aconsumer. Services figures shown here comprise 11 principal servicescategories according to the concepts and definitions of the IMFBalance of Payments Manual (BPM5, 1993). These categories cover transport; travel; communications; construction;insurance; financial services; computer and informationservices; royalties and license fees; other business services; personal, cultural and recreational services; and governmentservices n.i.e. Given the general difficulties involved in statistically capturing certain aspects of the trade in services,the balance-of-payments figures presented here may besomewhat downward-biased as compared with the actual value of the international trade in services. The aggregate data fromtables 5.1 include the UNCTAD secretariats estimates of missing values that are not shown separately. Table 5.2 indicates 20 major exporters and importers,among developing economies, for each of the 10 principal services sectors as defined in the IMF Balance of Payments Manual (BPM5, 1993), which are transport; travel;communication; construction; computer and information services; insurance; financial services; royalties and licencefees; other business services; and personal, cultural andrecreational services. Government services n.i.e. are notincluded. Table 5.3 concerns international maritime transport. Itcontains data on the world merchant fleet by flag of registration and by type of ship by region and economy, highlighting the group of major open-registry countries. A ship owner who registers his or her vessel in an open-registry country does notneed to have any connection with a country of registry. The number of open-registry countries has varied over the years. The group in this table includes 10 countries. Table 5.3 contains consolidated time series from various issues of the UNCTADReview of Maritime Transport. The Review reports on the worldwide evolution of shipping, ports and multimodal transportrelated to the major traffics of liquid bulk, dry bulk and containers. PART SIX Commodities Table 6.1 includes aggregated price indices for primary commodity groups such as food, tropical beverages, vegetableoilseeds and oils, agricultural raw materials and minerals, ores and metals, as well as an all groups price index in currentUnited States dollars. Also included are the annual and quarterly free-market price indices for selected commodities exported by developing economies. The weight of price indices for the above mentioned commodity groups (2000=100) are based on the value of exports of developing countries from 1999 to 2001. Table 6.2 presents instability indices and trends in free-market prices for selected primary commodities that are ofparticular interest to developing economies. PART SEVEN International finance Tables 7.1.1, 7.1.2 and 7.1.3 present values of the currentaccount net in millions of dollars and as percentages of GDP for individual countries, geographical regions, and trade andeconomic groupings. Balance-of-payments current account data cover all transactions between residents and non-residentsof a reporting economy. In general, the current account balance describes the difference between current receipts andexpenditures for internationally traded goods, services and income payments. At the same time, from a national perspective, the current account balance would equal the gapbetween national savings and domestic investment. Tables 7.2.1, 7.2.2 and 7.2.3 contain information on foreigndirect investment (FDI) inflows and outflows by individual country, geographical region, economic grouping and tradegroup. These figures correspond to the Statistical Annexes ofthe UNCTAD World Investment Report 2011. FDI is defined as an investment involving a long-term relationship and reflecting a lasting interest in and control by a resident entity in one economy (foreign direct investor or parent enterprise) of anenterprise resident in a different economy (FDI enterprise oraffiliate enterprise or foreign affiliate). Such investment involvesboth the initial transaction between the two entities and all subsequent transactions between them and among foreignaffiliates. A direct investment enterprise is defined as an incorporated or unincorporated enterprise in which the direct investor, resident in another economy, owns 10 percent or moreof the ordinary shares or voting power (or the equivalent).Tables 7.3.1 and 7.3.2 present values of receipts (credits) oftotal migrants remittances, in millions of dollars, for individualeconomies and regional and economic groupings. They also show total remittances receipts as percentage of GDP andinternational trade. The Balance of Payments Manual (BPM5,1993) classifies workers remittances, compensation of employees and migrants transfers separately. In this table, their sum is given in order to present a clearer picture of the flows that enter economies via transactions by migrants and temporary or cross-border workers. BPM5 defines workersremittances as goods and financial instruments transferred bymigrants living and working (being residents) in a new economy to residents of the economy in which the migrants formerlyresided. A migrant must live and work in the new economy formore than one year to be considered a resident there. Compensation of employees includes wages, salaries and otherbenefits, in cash or in kind, earned by individuals ineconomies where they are not residents for work performedfor residents of those economies. It covers seasonal and othershort-term workers and border workers. Migrants transfers cover flows of goods and changes in financial items that arise from migration (change of residence for at least one year). Tables 7.4.1 and 7.4.2 include data on payments (debits) oftotal migrants remittances, based on the same approach usedfor tables 7.3.1 and 7.3.2. Tables 7.5.1 and 7.5.2 present statistics on total international reserves (including gold) of developing countriesby country, region and economic grouping, in millions of dollars.Other calculations included show months of imports that thesereserves could finance at current import levels, as well as the annual change in total reserves. According to the IMF definition, international reserves consist of the sum of the countrys foreignexchange, its reserve position in the IMF, the monetary goldreserves, and the United States dollar value of SDR holdings byits monetary authorities. Tables 7.6 give a summary of official financial flows by typeof flow, country, region and economic grouping. Flows frombilateral and multilateral sources are shown, as recorded by theOrganization for Economic Cooperation and Development(OECD) Development Assistance Committee (DAC). Tables 7.7 present time series on the external long-termindebtedness of developing economies. They also provide a detailed breakdown of public and publicly guaranteed debt bysource of lending. External debt data in this table are based onthe Debtor Reporting System (DRS) maintained by the WorldBank. x GENERAL NOTESPART EIGHTDevelopment indicators Table 8.1 provides information on total and per capita nominal gross domestic product (GDP) (in United States dollars) byindividual country, geographical region and economic grouping. The GDP figures in dollars are derived from GDP data providedin national currencies. The prevailing annual average market exchange rates, as reported by IMF, have been used for the conversion from national currencies to dollars. Table 8.2 contains annual average growth rates of total andper capita real GDP by individual country, geographical region and economic grouping. The growth rates are based on GDP in United States dollars at constant 2005 prices. Table 8.3 provides data on GDP by type of expenditure andkind of economic activity by country, geographical region andeconomic grouping. Tables 8.4.1 and 8.4.2 provide some estimates on population and labour force: total population, urban population(as a percentage of total population), total labour force, femalelabour force (as a percentage of total labour force), total agriculture labour force and female labour force (as a percentage of total agriculture labour force). The figures forcertain groups may be different from those published by thesources cited when the UNCTAD definitions for those groupsare different. OTHER NOTESUnless otherwise specified, country aggregates are the sums ofthe relevant country data by group. Calculations of aggregatesmay in some cases include data estimated by the UNCTADsecretariat that are not necessarily all reported separately. Because of rounding, details and percentages in tables do not necessarily add up to totals. Data were collected and checked to ensure that theymatched the geographical coverage of the countries, as described at the beginning of the Handbook. However, some gaps could not be avoided due to data unavailability and aredescribed in the notes at the end tables. Unless otherwise stated, dollars ($) refer to United Statesdollars and data in dollars are expressed in current UnitedStates dollars of the year to which they refer. Average annual growth rates are defined as the coefficient b in the exponential trend function y = aebtwhere t stands for time. This method takes all observations in a period into account.Therefore, the resulting growth rates reflect trends that are notunduly influenced by exceptional values. xi DISTRIBUTION OF COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIESThe country distributions presented are for statistical convenience only and follow those used by the Statistics Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA), of the United Nations. They are grouped by economic criteria or by adhesion to commercial agreements for the purpose of statistical analysis and research. The term economies, as used in this publication, refers to regions, countries and territories. Country-level data are included where statistics have been reported or where it was possible to make an estimate. The composition of country and product groups is evolving in order to provide relevant statistics for research and analysis. In this regard, UNCTAD reviews and updates the definition and composition of groups every year. User should be aware that the changes may impact significantly the figures from one given release to the other. The detailed changes in the groups are thoroughly outlined in the section Classifications at UNCTADstatwebsite. 1. Geographical regions There is no established convention for the designation of "developed" and "developing" countries or areas in the United Nations system. In common practice, Israel and Japan in Asia, Bermuda, Canada, Greenland, Saint Pierre et Miquelon, and the United States in North America, Australia and New Zealand in Oceania, and Europe are considered "developed" regions or areas. This section includes all countries and territories divided into three major categories: developing countries, transition economies and developed economies. Each category is further divided by geographical regions. 1) Developing economies:This category includes countries and territories in America, Africa, Asia and Oceania not specified below. The geographical regions are further subdivided into subregions in order to present more detailed statistics. Exceptions are specified in table footnotes. 2) Transition economies This group includes countries in transition from centrally planned to market economies. 3) Developed economies: This category is subdivided into four geographical regions: America, Asia, Europe and Oceania. World total represents the sum of the figures of the three above-mentioned groups plus the figures of a group of territories and partners not elsewhere classified, whose composition is detailed below. Data of these territories are included in the world total if they have been reported but are not presented individually or in any group, either by geography, economy or trade. The composition of the group "not elsewhere classified" is as follows: - Territories: Antarctica, Bouvet Island, British Antarctic Territory, British Indian Ocean Territory, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, French Southern Territories, Heard and McDonald Islands, Norfolk Island, Pitcairn, Saint Barthlemy, Saint Martin (French part), South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands, United States Minor Outlying Islands, and United States Miscellaneous Pacific Islands. - Partners: "Confidential information and differences", "Neutral zone", "Free zones", "Bunkers", and "Ship stores". These specific partners are only used in the merchandise trade tables. The total of each group presented in the Handbook is also completed, should the case arise, with data that have not been allocated to the different elements composing the group. 2. Economic groupings of developing countries The Handbook provides numerous and varied groups of countries and territories in order to provide easy access to the statistics necessary for socio-economic analysis and development research. Developing economies are presented at three levels of aggregation: the total group, the group excluding China (referring to continental China) and the group excluding the least developed countries. The category of heavily indebted poor countries includes those economies benefiting from the HIPC debt reduction initiative of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. LDCs and landlocked developing countries (LLDCs) are recognized by the United Nations as categories that require special attention from the international community. Since 1994, the United Nations has recognized the particular problems of the Small Island Developing States (SIDS), even though the criteria for drawing up an official list of SIDS have not yet been determined. The unofficial list is used by UNCTAD for analytical purposes only. The developing economies are also categorized into three subgroups according to their average 2004-2006 per capita GDP: high-income (above $4,500), middle-income (between $1,000 and $4,500) and low-income (below $1,000). The group of major petroleum and gas exporters consists of countries whose share of petroleum and gas (SITC code 33 plus 34) was not less than 50 per cent of their total exports, and whose exports of these products amounted to at least one per cent of petroleum and gas world share for the period 20042006. This group is divided into three geographical zones: Africa, America and Asia. The group of major manufactured goods exporters consists of economies whose share of manufactured products (SITC 5 to 8, excluding 667 and 68) was not less than 50 per cent of their total exports, and whose exports of these products amounted to at least one per cent of manufactured goods world share for the period 20042006.The group comprises countries in America and Asia. The composition of the groups of emerging economies (in America and Asia) and newly industrialized Asian economies (composed of first and second tier) corresponds to UNCTADs Trade and Development Report. The different geographical regions are also presented at various levels of aggregation: - Africa: Northern Africa excluding Sudan, sub-Saharan Africa, including Sudan, including and excluding South Africa. - America: Central America and Greater Caribbean Islands excluding Puerto Rico, including and excluding Mexico, South America and Central America, and South America excluding Brazil. - Asia: Eastern and South-Eastern Asia excluding China, and Southern Asia excluding India. 3. Trade groups and interregional groupings Statistics of trade groups with special analytic interest are presented according to their pertinence. These groupings include all relevant economies and are subclassified by geographical regions, with the exception of following interregional groups: African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States; AsiaPacific Economic Cooperation; Black Sea Economic Cooperation; and Commonwealth of Independent States. Two groups have been added in this edition: the East African Community and the Organization of American States. xii DISTRIBUTION BY GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONDEVELOPING ECONOMIESAFRICA Eastern Africa Burundi Malawi Uganda Comoros Mauritius United Republic of Tanzania Djibouti Mayotte Zambia Eritrea Mozambique Zimbabwe Ethiopia Rwanda Kenya Seychelles Madagascar Somalia Middle Africa Angola Congo Sao Tome and Principe Cameroon Democratic Republic of the Congo Central African Republic Equatorial Guinea Chad Gabon Northern Africa Algeria Morocco Western Sahara Egypt Sudan Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Tunisia Southern Africa Botswana Namibia Swaziland Lesotho South Africa Western Africa Benin Guinea Nigeria Burkina Faso Guinea-Bissau Saint Helena Cape Verde Liberia Senegal Cte dIvoire Mali Sierra Leone Gambia Mauritania Togo Ghana Niger AMERICA Caribbean islands Greater Caribbean Small Caribbean islands Cuba Anguilla Grenada Dominican Republic Antigua and Barbuda Montserrat Haiti Aruba Netherlands Antilles Jamaica Bahamas Saint Kitts and Nevis Barbados Saint Lucia British Virgin Islands Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Cayman Islands Trinidad and Tobago Dominica Turks and Caicos Islands Central America Belize Guatemala Nicaragua Costa Rica Honduras Panama El Salvador Mexico South America Argentina Ecuador Suriname Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Falkland Islands (Malvinas) Uruguay Brazil Guyana Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) Chile Paraguay Colombia Peru xiii DISTRIBUTION BY GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONDEVELOPING ECONOMIES (concluded)ASIA Eastern Asia China Macao, Special Administrative Democratic Peoples Republic Region of China of Korea Mongolia Hong Kong, Special Administrative Republic of Korea Region of China Taiwan Province of China Southern Asia Afghanistan India Nepal Bangladesh Iran (Islamic Republic of) Pakistan Bhutan Maldives Sri Lanka South-Eastern Asia Brunei Darussalam Malaysia Thailand Cambodia Myanmar Timor-Leste Indonesia Philippines Viet Nam Lao Peoples Democratic Republic Singapore Western Asia Bahrain Occupied Palestinian territory Turkey Iraq Oman United Arab Emirates Jordan Qatar Yemen Kuwait Saudi Arabia Lebanon Syrian Arab Republic OCEANIA American Samoa Micronesia (Federated States of) Samoa Cook Islands Nauru Solomon Islands Fiji New Caledonia Tokelau French Polynesia Niue Tonga Guam Northern Mariana Islands Tuvalu Kiribati Palau Vanuatu Marshall Islands Papua New Guinea Wallis and Futuna Islands xiv DISTRIBUTION BY GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONTRANSITION ECONOMIESAlbania Kyrgyzstan Turkmenistan Armenia Montenegro Ukraine Azerbaijan Republic of Moldova Uzbekistan Belarus Russian Federation Bosnia and Herzegovina Serbia Croatia Tajikistan Georgia The former Yugoslav Republic Kazakhstan of Macedonia DEVELOPED ECONOMIESAMERICA Bermuda United States of America Canada including Puerto Rico and Greenland United States Virgin Islands Saint Pierre and Miquelon ASIAIsrael Japan EUROPEAndorra Gibraltar Poland Austria Greece Portugal Belgium Holy See Romania Bulgaria Hungary San Marino Cyprus Iceland Slovakia Czech Republic Ireland Slovenia Denmark Italy Spain Estonia Latvia Sweden Faeroe Islands Lithuania Switzerland including Liechtenstein Finland including land Islands Luxembourg United Kingdom of Great Britain and France including French Guyana, Malta Northern Ireland including Channel Guadeloupe, Martinique, Netherlands Islands and Isle of Man Monaco and Runion Norway including Svalbard Germany and Jan Mayen OCEANIA Australia New Zealand xv DISTRIBUTION OF DEVELOPING ECONOMIES BY ECONOMIC GROUPINGHeavily indebted poor countries (40) Afghanistan Gambia Nicaragua Benin Ghana Niger Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Guinea Rwanda Burkina Faso Guinea-Bissau Sao Tome and Principe Burundi Guyana Senegal Cameroon Haiti Sierra Leone Central African Republic Honduras Somalia Chad Kyrgyzstan Sudan Comoros Liberia Togo Congo Madagascar Uganda Cte dIvoire Malawi United Republic of Tanzania Democratic Republic of the Congo Mali Zambia Eritrea Mauritania Ethiopia Mozambique Landlocked developing countries (31) Afghanistan Kazakhstan* Rwanda Armenia* Kyrgyzstan* Swaziland Azerbaijan* Lao Peoples Democratic Republic Tajikistan* Bhutan Lesotho The former Yugoslav Republic Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Malawi of Macedonia* Botswana Mali Turkmenistan* Burkina Faso Mongolia Uganda Burundi Nepal Uzbekistan* Central African Republic Niger Zambia Chad Paraguay Zimbabwe Ethiopia Republic of Moldova* * These countries are classified as economies in transition (neither developed nor developing). However, as they are landlocked States, they are also members of this group. Small island developing States (29) Antigua and Barbuda Maldives Samoa Bahamas Marshall Islands Sao Tome and Principe Barbados Mauritius Seychelles Cape Verde Micronesia (Federated States of) Solomon Islands Comoros Nauru Timor-Leste Dominica Palau Tonga Fiji Papua New Guinea Trinidad and Tobago Grenada Saint Kitts and Nevis Tuvalu Jamaica Saint Lucia Vanuatu Kiribati Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Least developed countries (48) Year of inclusion in the group Year of inclusion in the group Year of inclusion in the group Africa and Haiti Asia Angola 1994 Malawi 1971 Afghanistan 1971 Benin 1971 Mali 1971 Bangladesh 1975 Burkina Faso 1971 Mauritania 1986 Bhutan 1971 Burundi 1971 Mozambique 1988 Cambodia 1991 Central African Republic 1975 Niger 1971 Lao Peoples Democratic Republic 1971 Chad 1971 Rwanda 1971 Myanmar 1987 Democratic Republic of the Congo 1991 Senegal 2000 Nepal 1971 Djibouti 1982 Sierra Leone 1982 Yemen 1971 Equatorial Guinea 1982 Somalia 1971 Eritrea 1994 Sudan 1971 Islands Ethiopia 1971 Togo 1982 Comoros 1977 Gambia 1975 Uganda 1971 Kiribati 1986 Guinea 1971 United Republic of Tanzania 1971 Samoa 1971 Guinea-Bissau 1981 Zambia 1991 Sao Tome and Principe 1982 Haiti 1971 Solomon Islands 1991 Lesotho 1971 Timor-Leste 2003 Liberia 1990 Tuvalu 1986 Madagascar 1991 Vanuatu 1985 xvi DISTRIBUTION OF DEVELOPING ECONOMIES BY ECONOMIC GROUPINGUNCTAD ECONOMIC GROUPINGS2004-2006 average per capita current GDP above $4,500: High-income (46) American Samoa Guam Qatar Anguilla Hong Kong, Special Administrative Republic of Korea Antigua and Barbuda Region of China Saint Kitts and Nevis Argentina Kuwait Saint Lucia Aruba Lebanon Saudi Arabia Bahamas Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Seychelles Bahrain Macao, Special Administrative Singapore Barbados Region of China Taiwan Province of China British Virgin Islands Malaysia Trinidad and Tobago Brunei Darussalam Mexico Turkey Cayman Islands Montserrat Turks and Caicos Islands Chile Netherlands Antilles United Arab Emirates Cook Islands New Caledonia Uruguay Costa Rica Niue Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) Equatorial Guinea Northern Mariana Islands Falkland Islands (Malvinas) Oman French Polynesia Palau 2004-2006 average per capita current GDP between $1,000 and $4,500: Middle-income (50) Algeria Grenada Philippines Belize Guatemala Saint Helena Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Honduras Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Botswana Iran (Islamic Republic of) Samoa Brazil Jamaica South Africa Cape Verde Jordan Sri Lanka China Maldives Suriname Colombia Marshall Islands Swaziland Congo Mauritius Syrian Arab Republic Cuba Micronesia (Federated States of) Thailand Dominica Morocco Tokelau Dominican Republic Namibia Tonga Ecuador Nauru Tunisia Egypt Occupied Palestinian territory Tuvalu El Salvador Panama Vanuatu Fiji Paraguay Wallis and Futuna Islands Gabon Peru 2004-2006 average per capita current GDP below $1,000: Low-income (60) Afghanistan Guinea-Bissau Nigeria Angola Guyana Pakistan Bangladesh Haiti Papua New Guinea Benin India Rwanda Bhutan Indonesia Sao Tome and Principe Burkina Faso Iraq Senegal Burundi Kenya Sierra Leone Cambodia Kiribati Solomon Islands Cameroon Lao Peoples Democratic Republic Somalia Central African Republic Lesotho Sudan Chad Liberia Timor-Leste Comoros Madagascar Togo Cte dIvoire Malawi Uganda Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea Mali United Republic of Tanzania Democratic Republic of the Congo Mauritania Viet Nam Djibouti Mongolia Yemen Eritrea Mozambique Zambia Ethiopia Myanmar Zimbabwe Gambia Nepal Ghana Nicaragua Guinea Niger xviiDISTRIBUTION OF DEVELOPING ECONOMIES BY ECONOMIC GROUPINGMajor petroleum and gas exporters (12)Africa America Asia Algeria Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) Iran (Islamic Republic of) Angola Iraq Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Kuwait Nigeria Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Major manufactured goods exporters (8)America Asia Mexico China Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of China Malaysia Republic of Korea Singapore Taiwan Province of China Thailand Emerging economies (10)America Asia Argentina Malaysia Brazil Republic of Korea Chile Singapore Mexico Taiwan Province of China Peru Thailand Newly industrialized Asian economies (8)First tier Second tier Hong Kong, Special Administrative Indonesia Region of China Malaysia Republic of Korea Philippines Singapore Thailand Taiwan Province of China xviiiDISTRIBUTION OF ECONOMIES BY TRADE GROUPAFRICA Year of accession Year of accession Year of accessionArab Maghreb Union UMA (5) Economic Community of Central Economic and Monetary Community Algeria 1989 African States (10) - ECCAS of Central Africa (6) - CEMAC Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 1989 Angola 1999 Cameroon 1994 Mauritania 1989 Burundi 1983 Central African Republic 1994 Morocco 1989 Cameroon 1983 Chad 1994 Tunisia 1989 Central African Republic 1983 Congo 1994 Chad 1983 Equatorial Guinea 1994 Common Market for Eastern and Congo 1983 Gabon 1994 Southern Africa (19) - COMESA Democratic Republic of the Burundi 1994 Congo 1983 Mano River Union (4) - MRU Comoros 1994 Equatorial Guinea 1983 Cte d'Ivoire 2008 Democratic Republic of the Gabon 1983 Guinea 1980 Congo 1994 Sao Tome and Principe 1983 Liberia 1973 Djibouti 1994 Sierra Leone 1973 Egypt 1994 Economic Community of the GreatEritrea 1994 Lakes Countries (3) - CEPGL Southern African Development Ethiopia 1994 Burundi 1976 Community (15) - SADCKenya 1994 Democratic Republic of the Angola 1992 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 2005 Congo 1976 Botswana 1992 Madagascar 1994 Rwanda 1976 Democratic Republic of the Malawi 1994 Congo 1992 Mauritius 1994 Economic Community of West Lesotho 1992 Rwanda 1994 African States (15) - ECOWAS Madagascar 2005 Seychelles 1994 Benin 1975 Malawi 1992 Sudan 1994 Burkina Faso 1975 Mauritius 1992 Swaziland 1994 Cape Verde 1977 Mozambique 1992 Uganda 1994 Cte dIvoire 1975 Namibia 1992 Zambia 1994 Gambia 1975 Seychelles 2007 Zimbabwe 1994 Ghana 1975 South Africa 1994 Guinea 1975 Swaziland 1992 East African Community (5) - EAC Guinea-Bissau 1975 United Republic of Tanzania 1992 Burundi 2007 Liberia 1975 Zambia 1992 Kenya 2001 Mali 1975 Zimbabwe 1992 Rwanda 2007 Niger 1975 Uganda 2001 Nigeria 1975 West African Economic and United Republic of Tanzania 2001 Senegal 1975 Monetary Union (8) - UEMOA Sierra Leone 1975 Benin 1994 Togo 1975 Burkina Faso 1994 Cte dIvoire 1994 Guinea-Bissau 1997 Mali 1994 Niger 1994 Senegal 1994 Togo 1994 AMERICA Year of accession Year of accession Year of accessionAndean Community (4) - ANCOM Central American Common Market (5) - Dominican Republic 1994 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 1996 CACM Ecuador 1994 Colombia 1996 Costa Rica 1962 El Salvador 1994 Ecuador 1996 El Salvador 1961 Grenada 1994 Peru 1996 Guatemala 1961 Guatemala 1994 Honduras 1961 Guyana 1994 Caribbean Community (15) - CARICOM Nicaragua 1961 Haiti 1994 Antigua and Barbuda 1974 Honduras 1994 Bahamas 1983 Free Trade Area of the Americas (34) - Jamaica 1994 Barbados 1973 FTAA Mexico 1994 Belize 1974 Antigua and Barbuda 1994 Nicaragua 1994 Dominica 1974 Argentina 1994 Panama 1994 Grenada 1974 Bahamas 1994 Paraguay 1994 Guyana 1973 Barbados 1994 Peru 1994 Haiti 2002 Belize 1994 Saint Kitts and Nevis 1994 Jamaica 1973 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 1994 Saint Lucia 1994 Montserrat 1974 Brazil 1994 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1994 Saint Kitts and Nevis 1974 Canada 1994 Suriname 1994 Saint Lucia 1974 Chile 1994 Trinidad and Tobago 1994 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1974 Colombia 1994 United States of America 1994 Suriname 1995 Costa Rica 1994 Uruguay 1994 Trinidad and Tobago 1973 Dominica 1994 Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 1994 xix DISTRIBUTION OF ECONOMIES BY TRADE GROUPAMERICA (concluded) Year of accession Year of accession Year of accessionLatin American Integration Organization of American States (34) - OAS Peru 1951 Association (12) - LAIA Antigua and Barbuda 1981 Saint Kitts and Nevis 1984 Argentina 1980 Argentina 1948 Saint Lucia 1979 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 1980 Bahamas 1982 Saint Vincent and the Brazil 1980 Barbados 1967 Grenadines 1981 Chile 1980 Belize 1991 Suriname 1977 Colombia 1980 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 1948 Trinidad and Tobago 1967 Cuba 1999 Brazil 1948 United States of America 1951 Ecuador 1980 Canada 1990 Uruguay 1951 Mexico 1980 Chile 1948 Venezuela (Bolivarian Paraguay 1980 Colombia 1948 Republic of) 1951 Peru 1980 Costa Rica 1948 Uruguay 1980 Cuba 2009 Organization of Eastern Caribbean Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 1980 Dominica 1979 States (7) - OECS Dominican Republic 1948 Antigua and Barbuda 1981 Mercado Comn del Sur (4) - MERCOSUR Ecuador 1948 Dominica 1981 Argentina 1994 El Salvador 1948 Grenada 1981 Brazil 1994 Grenada 1975 Montserrat 1981 Paraguay 1994 Guatemala 1948 Saint Kitts and Nevis 1981 Uruguay 1994 Guyana 1948 Saint Lucia 1981 Haiti 1948 Saint Vincent and the North American Free Trade Jamaica 1969 Grenadines 1981 Agreement (3) - NAFTA Mexico 1948 Canada 1994 Nicaragua 1948 Mexico 1994 Panama 1948 United States of America 1994 Paraguay 1948 ASIA Year of accession Year of accession Year of accessionAsiaPacific Trade Agreement (6) - APTA Philippines 1967 Gulf Cooperation Council (6) - GCC Bangladesh 1975 Singapore 1967 Bahrain 1981 China 2001 Thailand 1967 Kuwait 1981 India 1975 Viet Nam 1995 Oman 1981 Lao Peoples Democratic Qatar 1981 1975 Economic Cooperation Organization (10) - Saudi Arabia 1981 Republic of Korea 1975 ECO United Arab Emirates 1981 Sri Lanka 1975 Afghanistan 1992 Azerbaijan 1992 South Asian Association for Association of South-East Asian Iran (Islamic Republic of) 1985 Regional Cooperation (8) - SAARC Nations (10) - ASEAN Kazakhstan 1992 Afghanistan 2007 Brunei Darussalam 1984 Kyrgyzstan 1992 Bangladesh 1985 Cambodia 1999 Pakistan 1985 Bhutan 1985 Indonesia 1967 Tajikistan 1992 India 1985 Lao Peoples Democratic Turkey 1985 Maldives 1985 Republic 1997 Turkmenistan 1992 Nepal 1985 Malaysia 1967 Uzbekistan 1992 Pakistan 1985 Myanmar 1997 Sri Lanka 1985 EUROPE Year of accession Year of accession Year of accessionEuropean Free Trade Association (3) - Hungary 2004 Euro area (17) EFTA Ireland 1973 Austria 2002 Iceland 1970 Italy 1957 Belgium 2002 Norway 1960 Latvia 2004 Cyprus 2008 Switzerland 1960 Lithuania 2004 Estonia 2011 Luxembourg 1957 Finland 2002 European Union (27) - EU Malta 2004 France 2002 Austria 1995 Netherlands 1957 Germany 2002 Belgium 1957 Poland 2004 Greece 2002 Bulgaria 2008 Portugal 1986 Ireland 2002 Cyprus 2004 Romania 2008 Italy 2002 Czech Republic 2004 Slovakia 2004 Luxembourg 2002 Denmark 1973 Slovenia 2004 Malta 2008 Estonia 2004 Spain 1986 Netherlands 2002 Finland 1995 Sweden 1995 Portugal 2002 France 1957 United Kingdom 1973 Slovakia 2009 Germany 1957 Slovenia 2007 Greece 1981 Spain 2002 Republic xx DISTRIBUTION OF ECONOMIES BY TRADE GROUPOCEANIA Year of accessionMelanesia Spearhead Group (4) - MSG Fiji 1998 Papua New Guinea 1993 Solomon Islands 1993 Vanuatu 1993 African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States (79) - ACP Angola Gambia Rwanda Antigua and Barbuda Ghana Saint Kitts and Nevis Bahamas Grenada Saint Lucia Barbados Guinea Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Belize Guinea-Bissau Samoa Benin Guyana Sao Tome and Principe Botswana Haiti Senegal Burkina Faso Jamaica Seychelles Burundi Kenya Sierra Leone Cameroon Kiribati Solomon Islands Cape Verde Lesotho Somalia Central African Republic Liberia South Africa Chad Madagascar Sudan Comoros Malawi Suriname Congo Mali Swaziland Cook Islands Marshall Islands Timor-Leste Cte dIvoire Mauritania Togo Cuba Mauritius Tonga Democratic Republic of the Congo Micronesia (Federated States of ) Trinidad and Tobago Djibouti Mozambique Uganda Dominica Namibia United Republic of Tanzania Dominican Republic Nauru Vanuatu Equatorial Guinea Niger Zambia Eritrea Nigeria Zimbabwe Ethiopia Niue Fiji Palau Gabon Papua New Guinea Year of accession Year of accession Year of accessionAsia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (21) - Black Sea Economic Cooperation (12) - Commonwealth of Independent APEC BSEC States (11) - CIS Australia 1989 Albania 1992 Armenia 1991 Brunei Darussalam 1989 Armenia 1992 Azerbaijan 1991 Canada 1989 Azerbaijan 1992 Belarus 1991 Chile 1994 Bulgaria 1992 Kazakhstan 1991 China 1991 Georgia 1992 Kyrgyzstan 1991 Hong Kong, Special Greece 1992 Republic of Moldova 1991 Administrative Region of China 1991 Republic of Moldova 1992 Russian Federation 1991 Indonesia 1989 Romania 1992 Tajikistan 1991 Japan 1989 Russian Federation 1992 Turkmenistan 1991 Malaysia 1989 Serbia 2004 Ukraine 1991 Mexico 1993 Turkey 1992 Uzbekistan 1991 New Zealand 1989 Ukraine 1992 Papua New Guinea 1993 Peru 1998 Philippines 1989 Republic of Korea 1989 Russian Federation 1998 Singapore 1989 Taiwan Province of China 1991 Thailand 1989 United States of America 1989 Viet Nam 1998 DISTRIBUTION OF ECONOMIES BY INTERREGIONAL GROUPINGxxi ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMSACP African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States ANCOM Andean Community APEC AsiaPacific Economic Cooperation APTA Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (former Bangkok Agreement) ASEAN Association of South-East Asian Nations BPM Balance of Payments Manual (IMF) BSEC Black Sea Economic Cooperation CACM Central American Common Market CARICOM Caribbean Community CCSA Committee for the Coordination of Statistical Activities CEMAC Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa CEPGL Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries c.i.f. cost, insurance and freight CIS Commonwealth of Independent States COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa DAC Development Assistance Committee (of OECD) DRS Debtor Reporting System EAC East African Community ECCAS Economic Community of Central African States ECE Economic Commission for Europe ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ECO Economic Cooperation Organization ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States EFTA European Free Trade Association EIU Economic Intelligence Unit ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia EU European Union excl. excluding FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FDI foreign direct investment f.o.b. free on board FTAA Free Trade Area of the Americas GATS General Agreement on Trade in Services GCC Gulf Cooperation Council GDP gross domestic product GFCF gross fixed capital formation GNP gross national product HIPC heavily indebted poor countries HS Harmonized System ILO International Labour Organization IMF International Monetary Fund LAIA Latin American Integration Association LDC least developed country MERCOSUR Mercado Comn del Sur MFN most favoured nation MRU Mano River Union MSG Melanesia Spearhead Group NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement n.e.s. not elsewhere specified NIE newly industrialized economies n.i.e. not included elsewhere NPISHs non-profit institutions serving households OA official aid OAS Organization of American States ODA official development assistance OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OECS Organization of Eastern Caribbean States OOF other official flows OPEC Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation SADC Southern African Development Community SAR Special Administrative Region SDR special drawing right SFR Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia (former) SIDS Small Island Developing States SITC Standard International Trade Classification TFYR The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia TNC transnational corporation TRAINS Trade Analysis and Information System UMA Arab Maghreb Union UN/DESA/SD United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistics Division UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNICEF United Nations Childrens Fund USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics WAEMU West African Economic and Monetary Union WITS World Integrated Trade Solution WTO World Trade Organization xxii NOTES GNRALESCes notes gnrales prsentent le contenu de chaque tableau du Manuel de statistiques ainsi que les modifications introduites dans cette nouvelle dition, sil y a lieu. Les tableaux inclus dans cette publication constituent un rsum analytique des sries chronologiques compltes publies dans le Manuel de statistiques 2011 de la CNUCED sur DVD. PREMIRE PARTIE Commerce international des marchandises Les tableaux 1.1 donnent la valeur des exportations (f.a.b.) et des importations (c.a.f.) totales de marchandises, exprime en millions de dollars et en pourcentage du monde, des pays et rgions gographiques (1.1.1), groupements conomiques (1.1.2) et groupements commerciaux (1.1.3). Les flux du commerce prsents dans le tableau 1.1.1 se rfrent au Systme du Commerce Gnral, lexception des pays et territoires qui utilisent le Systme du Commerce Spcial et qui sont munis dun astrisque. Le Systme du Commerce Gnral est utilis lorsque le territoire statistique dun pays concide avec son territoire conomique, et en consquence, les importations comprennent tous les biens admis sur le territoire du pays dclarant et les exportations tous les biens qui le quittent. Le Systme du Commerce Spcial est utilis lorsque le territoire statistique ne comprend quune partie du territoire conomique lintrieur de laquelle les biens peuvent tre couls librement sans restriction douanire . Dans ce cas, les importations comprennent tous les biens qui entrent dans la zone de libre circulation du pays dclarant, cest--dire qui ont t ddouans pour mise la consommation et les exportations comprennent tous les biens qui quittent la zone de libre circulation du pays dclarant. Les taux dvolution annuels moyens du commerce international des marchandises, calculs partir des valeurs des tableaux 1.1, figurent dans les tableaux 1. 2. Les tableaux 1.3 prsentent les balances commerciales (exportations f.a.b. moins importations c.a.f.), ainsi que ces mmes balances en pourcentage des importations des pays, rgions gographiques et groupements conomiques. Le tableau 1.4 indique limportance des changes entre pays membres de groupements commerciaux par rapport aux exportations rgionales et totales de ces groupements. DEUXIME PARTIE Commerce international des marchandises par rgions Le tableau 2.1 prsente la structure des exportations et des importations des pays par rgions de destination et dorigine. Le plus grand nombre possible de pays en dveloppement sont inclus tandis que les partenaires commerciaux sont regroups en 14 groupes considrs comme particulirement importants pour lanalyse du commerce international. Les tableaux 2.2 (A L) indiquent la structure des exportations par destination ainsi que des importations par origine et par groupes de produits pour le monde et une slection de 12 groupements de pays. Le tableau fournit une information dtaille sur le rseau du commerce international avec le monde, 19 rgions dorigine et de destination, et pour six diffrents groupes de produits. Les totaux du commerce international des marchandises prsents dans les tableaux des premire et deuxime parties ne sont pas strictement comparables en raison de sources complmentaires mais diffrentes et dune marge dexportations et dimportations non distribues, en dpit des efforts dploys pour rpartir les flux commerciaux par destinations et origines. Les exportations ventiles par destinations peuvent accuser un cart parfois considrable par rapport aux importations dclares par les pays destinataires en raison de divers facteurs dont les plus importants sont les suivants : - Les importations sont dclares en principe valeur c.a.f. plutt que valeur f.a.b.; - Les importations de marchandises peuvent arriver destination et tre enregistres longtemps aprs la date de leur enregistrement lexportation ; - Dimportantes diffrences peuvent exister entre la destination des exportations dclare par les pays exportateurs et la destination relle telle quindique dans les statistiques dimportation. TROISIME PARTIE Commerce international des marchandises par produits Le tableau 3.1 fournit la structure des exportations et des importations des pays par produits classs en 9 groupes (total, produits alimentaires, matires premires dorigine agricole, combustibles, minerais et mtaux, produits manufacturs, dont produits chimiques, machines et matriel de transport, articles manufacturs divers) pour plusieurs annes. Les tableaux 3.2A, B et C prsentent respectivement les exportations par produits du monde, des conomies en dveloppement et dveloppes, un niveau trs dtaill (CTCI rvision 3, position trois chiffres). Les parts que reprsente chaque produit dans les exportations du monde et de la rgion, sont calcules pour chaque groupe dconomies, ainsi que le taux annuel de croissance et lcart de ce dernier par rapport au taux de croissance mondial. Le tableau 3.2D tablit, pour chaque conomie, la liste des principaux produits quelle exporte (CTCI rvision 3, position trois chiffres). La part de chaque produit dans le total des exportations du pays, de la rgion et du monde est galement indique. Le tableau 3.2E liste les plus gros exportateurs de 70 produits parmi les produits les plus exports par les conomies en dveloppement (CTCI rvision 3, position trois chiffres), ainsi que les parts correspondantes dans le commerce mondial. Le tableau 3.3 fournit les indices de concentration et de changements structurels des exportations et des importations des produits au niveau de la CTCI (rvision 3, position trois chiffres). Le premier indicateur a vocation montrer comment le march dun produit est concentr sur quelques pays ou rparti de faon plus homogne entre les pays. Lindicateur de changement structurel indique si la rpartition du commerce dun produit entre les pays exportateurs ou importateurs a connu une volution importante par rapport une anne de rfrence. Les totaux du commerce international des marchandises prsents dans les tableaux de cette troisime partie peuvent aussi tre diffre