UN HABITATHuman Settlements Programme LVWATSANLake Victoria
Water and Sanitation Initiative James Murage - Senior
Infrastructure Consultant 1 of 12 > 15 TH I NTERNATIONAL A
FRICAN W ATER C ONGRESS AND E XHIBITION W ATER AND S ANITATION P
ERSPECTIVE AND C HALLENGES R ELATING TO E NERGY AND C LIMATE C
HANGE > A LTERNATIVE RENEWABLE E NERGY OPTIONS FOR WATER
PRODUCTION FOR S MALL TOWNS IN T HE L AKE V ICTORIA R EGION C
OMMONWEALTH R ESORT, M UNYONYO, K AMPALA, U GANDA : 15 TH 18 TH M
ARCH 2010> B Y J AMES M URAGE : I NFRASTRUCTURE C ONSULTANT
Slide 2
Some Key Towns under LVWATSAN in Kenya James Murage - Senior
Infrstructure Consultant 2
Slide 3
I NTRODUCTION 3 Energy challenge around Lake Victoria Virtually
all major towns around L. Victoria depend on pumping (mostly
electricity) for production of water. In Kenya, the main towns in
the LVWATSAN programme area near the shores of the lake are three,
namely: Kisumu (700,000) Homa Bay (100,000) Kisii (250,000 Out of
these, Kisii and Homa Bay have been supported by LVWATSAN and have
recorded enormous changes in terms of revenue generation and
profitability over a period of three years. Kisii monthly surplus
rose from (-ve) 2,500,000 to (+ve) 300,000 with 4 x increase in
revenue; Homa Bay monthly surplus rose from (-ve) 1,600,000 to (+)
0 with a 5 x increase in revenue. James Murage - Senior
Infrastructure Consultant
Slide 4
James Murage - Senior Infrstructure Consultant 4 Borehole
sources for Ukwala water supply Chemosit-Low lift raw water pumps
Ukwala-Borehole sources Sega-Borehole intakes Kendu Bay-Submersible
intake pump
Slide 5
W ATER SUPPLY DESIGN COMPONENTS 5 Typical water project
components: Intake works (river, lake or marsh, borehole/well,
spring) Treatment works (partial or full) Storage tanks (ground or
elevated) Pipe network (main and distribution) Distribution points
(house connections, communal water points, water kiosks) NOT
Non-Conventional Electricity production units James Murage - Senior
Infrastructure Consultant
Slide 6
R ELEVANT S ECTOR RELATED FUNDING AREAS (K ENYA ) 6 The main
areas of funding relating to energy options in Kenya are:
InfrastructureWater supply Healthwater and sanitation Energy James
Murage - Senior Infrastructure Consultant
Slide 7
C ONVENTIONAL E NERGY O PTIONS FOR WATER PRODUCTION 7
Diesel/Petrol-gasoline pumps and generators Direct water energy, as
in Hydrams (hydraulic rams) Electricity grid mains power Solar
Energy NOT micro-hydropower NOT biogas. James Murage - Senior
Infrastructure Consultant
Slide 8
E NERGY LEGISLATION AND F INANCING P RACTICE 8 Production of
electrical energy is permitted; Distribution is not permitted
outside the land parcel in which the energy is produced; Sale of
electrical energy to the grid, which is often not nearby such an
initiative, is usually difficult as a result of lack of the power
grid nearby. The Water legislation does not provide for production
of electricity away from the intake area, e.g. a GenSet or Hydram.
The latter two energy options have not been taken up for water
production (in the region), for several reasons, but these are
considered to be the key to lowering energy costs and provide
sanitation to the really urban poor. James Murage - Senior
Infrastructure Consultant
Slide 9
E NERGY C OST COMPARISON 9 One of the most cost effective
energy sources in Kenya is largely conventional hydropower, for
which investment cost currently stands at Kshs.250,000 (US$ 34,000)
per kw installed (using the cost of Sondu Miriu Hydropower plant
which is about to be completed). Micro-hydropower production by
communities started as a livelihood activity around 2002, with the
then ITDG (intermediate technology development group). This is
slowly catching up in the country, but is constrained by funding.
The sizes are largely in the range of 100300kw and the unit cost
being around Kshs. 100,000 (US$ 13,400) per kw 40% of a
conventional hydropower production plant). However, acceptance of
micro-hydropower by water supply utilities (service providers) or
by communities to run water supplies is far from being realized.
James Murage - Senior Infrastructure Consultant
Slide 10
James Murage - Senior Infrstructure Consultant 10 E XAMPLE OF C
OMMUNITY D EVELOPED AND MANAGED M ICRO - HYDROPOWER PLANT IN M T. K
ENYA
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I MPACT ON SUSTAINABILITY OF WATER UTILITIES : Micro-hydro
power for Kisii town 11 James Murage - Senior Infrastructure
Consultant
Slide 12
I MPACT ON SUSTAINABILITY OF WATER UTILITIES : Biogas
production for Homa Bay town 12 Production of 6,000m 3 /month for
1,000 daily users, which can produce 3,600kwH/month @ 0.6kwH/m 3,
(or 120kwH per day); Unit Cost with no user pay is Kshs.27/kwH or
Kshs.14/kwH if toilet paper is discounted; Unit cost with partial
user fee of Kshs.1 per use per adult for 3 uses per day with
children discounted, and income of Kshs.90,000, will be
Kshs.1.70/kwH or Kshs.1.00/kwH if toilet paper is discounted. (100
toilet papers = Kshs.1,500/day and 10m 3 /day = Kshs.500/day and 6
attendants = Kshs.1,200/day: Total = Kshs.3,200/day; or
Kshs.96,000/month reduced to Kshs.48,000 if toilet paper is
discounted) James Murage - Senior Infrastructure Consultant
Slide 13
I MPACT ON POVERTY ALLEVIATION James Murage - Senior
Infrstructure Consultant 13 Cost of water for low-income household
of 5 @ 20l/cap/day : Cost = 0.022 US$/hh/day (or 2.2% of income).
This will open the opportunity to have this lowered considerably.
The full cost to the user is Kshs.3 per use; which could be reduced
to Kshs.1 per use if only toilet paper is taken into account, while
the electricity produced pays for the other costs.
Slide 14
I MPACT ON THE ECONOMY James Murage - Senior Infrstructure
Consultant 14 The benefits of providing safe water and sanitation
to people is important to the health sector but much more to the
patients, and disproportionately high with regards to children
under (infant mortality), which is about 89% of all benefits.