i190 Spring 2014: Information and Communications Technology for Development (ICTD) in Practice
University of California Berkeley, School of Information
LECTURE 23: 23 Apr 2014
Instructor: San Ng (www.sanng.com)
Class Website: i190spring2014.sanng.com
Our Core Values Open, collaborative, inclusive, community
Share class resources (especially) with developing world
Ideas and innovation in learning AGILE method of teaching/learning Learning in all directions (not just instructor to
students) failure ok
Tech Curious Walk the talk- try technology and social networks,
see what sticks FUN and interesting WHAT ABOUT YOU?
Course Revisit: 190 Framework Conceptual
Week1: Introduction to Course W2: What is Development? W3: What is ICTDW4: Who Does What in Practice? Mapping the ICTD Landscape
i190ICTD in
Practice: Core Skills
Technical (eApplications)
W5: Overarching Issues of eApplications W6: Infrastructure, Telecenters, Agriculture,W7: Revisiting Agriculture,, W8 : e-Health, EducationW9: eGovernance Microfinance
Management
W10: BreakW11: Intro to Project Management Planning and Assessment W12: Budgeting, Scheduling, Fundraising W13: Implementation W14: Monitoring and Evaluation/ Next Cycle W15: Final Projects & Wrap Up
What Is International Development Especially watch the second (later in time)
TED Talk
•http://www.ted.com/talks/hans_rosling_shows_the_best_stats_you_ve_ever_seen.html
•http://www.ted.com/talks/hans_rosling_reveals_new_insights_on_poverty.html
Theories of International Development
Liberalism
Modernization
Neo-Liberalism
Dependency
Critics of Liberalism
Globalization
???!!!!!
Post-Modernization
Civil Society
Gender Based
Sustainable development
Rights Based ApproachesDevelopment as Freedom
Institution
Theories of International Development
Liberalism
Modernization
Neo-Liberalism Dependency
Critics of Liberalism
Globalization
Post-Modernization
Civil Society
Gender Based
Sustainable development
Rights Based Approaches
Development as Freedom
Institutions
A Very Simple FrameworkMARKET STATE/
PEOPLE
Measurement of International Development: See list of broad indicators listed in Wikipedia and read The Guardian, How would you measure development progress?
•http://www.ted.com/talks/hans_rosling_reveals_new_insights_on_poverty.html
•Some typical index/indicators:
•Well Being ? Happiness?
Measurement of International Development
GDP, GINI, Mortality Rate, Population, Education, Security, etc, etc, etc, etc…
Mortality vs Population?
Measurement of International Development
In Practice, mainly:
• Human Development Index (HDI)http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/hdi
• World Bank’s World Development Indicators (WDI)http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/all
Measurement of International Development
Does International Development Work?
Does International Development Work? Review books listed here by visiting links: http://blog.sanng.com/2010/08/does-international-development-aid-work.html
Careers in International Development
Development Career and Jobs:Sign up (for free) for www.devex.com, one of the major development and job hubs. Then read ABC of development jobs and Career transitions: How to figure out if an aid job is right for you
Theories of ICT4D (Some Distinctions First: Technology vs ICT)
Good Ol’ Development Theory from Development Studies, including new concepts such as Globalization & Knowledge Societies? (Unwin)
Theories of ICT4D
State of ICT4D Theories (Articles: Heeks? Unwin? Raita? Wikipedia?)
• From what disciplines? • Development Studies? Governance? Knowledge
Societies?
• Criticisms of current state of literature
• Relevance to us?
Theories of ICT4D
•From what disciplines?
History and Future ICT4D
-Origins?
-ICT4D 0.0-1.0-2.0
-ICT4D 2.0- Priorities?- Innovation Models?- Implementation Changes? - Theories/Worldviews?
-What would YOU recommend?
History and Future ICT4D
History and Future ICT4D- Teaching ICTD
From Heeks, 2009 From i190, 2014
ConceptualWeek1: Introduction to Course W2: What is Development?
W3: What is ICTDW4: Who Does What in Practice? Mapping the ICTD Landscape
ICTD in Practice: Core SkillsTechnical
(Applications)W5: Overarching Issues of Technical Applications W6: Infrastructure, Telecenters, Agriculture, W7: Health, Education, Microfinance W8: Governance and Law
ManagementW9: Intro to Project Management W10: BreakW11: Planning and Assessment W12: Budgeting, Scheduling, Fundraising W13: Implementation W14: Monitoring and Evaluation/ Next Cycle
Does ICT4D Work?
Courtesy of Inveneo: http://www.flickr.com/photos/inveneo/6252235953/in/photostream/
Heeks, 2002 (http://ictlogy.net/bibliography/reports/projects.php?idp=199)
Mapping the Stakeholders in ICT4D
Multilaterals and Governments:
Civil Society:
Private Sector:
Here is the final mapping from the spreadsheets: https://mapsengine.google.com/map/edit?mid=zaN1njwon8jM.kzggt23tlaow
i190 Framework Conceptual
Week1: Introduction to Course W2: What is Development? W3: What is ICTDW4: Who Does What in Practice? Mapping the ICTD Landscape
i190ICTD in
Practice: Core Skills
Technical (eApplications)
W5: Overarching Issues of eApplications W6: Infrastructure, Telecenters, Agriculture,W7: Revisiting Agriculture,, W8 : e-Health, EducationW9: eGovernance Microfinance
Management
W10: BreakW11: Intro to Project Management Planning and Assessment W12: Budgeting, Scheduling, Fundraising W13: Implementation W14: Monitoring and Evaluation/ Next Cycle W15: Final Projects & Wrap Up
Overarching Issues
Trends/Buzzwords in ICTD and e-Application
BOPRights Based Approaches
Digital Divide
ICTD Policies Innovation
Appropriate Technology
Open Everything (development, data, etc)
Web 3.0
Big Everything
Convergence
Mobile Mobile Mobile
Social enterprise
ICTD Policies
•Broad Categories of Policy APC, ICT Policy Handbook
•ICTD Policy in Practice Lessons Learnt in ICT4D Policy Making
• How is it done ? In content and institutionally?
• What are the lessons learned?
BOP
•What is the BOP concept? The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid (BOP)• •How is it like in practice? ICT4D: The Bottom of the Pyramid Model in Practice”.
• What is the project?
• What worked or didn’t work?
• What are recommendations?
Appropriate Technology and Innovation
•What are some of your suggestions/predictions for innovation and appropriate technology?: Heeks, The ICT4D 2.0 Manifesto: Where Next for ICTs and International Development?
Openness
•What is it?!
•What is good about it?
•What is not so good about it?
ICT in Agriculture •Skew of disciplinary research (econ, ethnographic, ENR, energy, geog…etc)
•Jensen work: - neat econ study:
• People:=only 2• Tech: = 1 function• Welfare= income
•Burrell et al. – making a mess: • Other players:/relationships
auctioneer, fish waste vendor, gender etc
• Tech: lots of other usage • Context: n/s, types of terrain, boards• Welfare= WAY more than income
•Can it be generalized then? •What to do in practice?
• Be cognizant of debates• Local context• Don’t start with tech • Same old foundational factors in
design and implementation• Usually dynamic, changing, needs,
messy, ‘it’s complicated’
Heeks, ICTD 2.0
ICT in Infrastructure
Inveneo.org
Eric Brewer, The Challenges of Technology Research for Developing Regions
Telecenters, Shared Access and Libraries
http://gurstein.wordpress.com/2013/11/16/beyond-access-libraries-as-the-new-telecentres/
ICTD and Education: Theories continued
Traditional Dev Theories (loosely: market, growth, top down)
Alternative Dev Theories(loosely: state, rights, bottom up)
Trends in i-, e-, m-, blended-. etc-Education
“leap frog e-learning through m-learning”.
•Differences within the field: ICT for education, distance learning, elearning, m-learning, blended learning
•A new fad? But a new fad that can make a difference?
E-Health
•What is it?
•eHealth solutions & strategic coordination
•What are some trends, in developed, transitioning and developing countries?
• Forever-pilot pattern and lessons learned?
Introductions, trends and lessons learned: Implementing e-Health in Developing Countries Pg7-14, 22-23, 27-28, 31-39Get an overview of how an actual e-health project design looks like: e-health portal in Dwesa, pg 7-15
eGovernance- what works and not?
•What is eGovernance?
•What is the Framework being used to measure?
•What are the results of this case study?
Success and Failure Factors for e-Government projects implementation in developing countries
eGovernance
Microfinance & Mobile Banking•What is Mobile Banking?
•Different trends/pace in different countries- regulations, technologies, leadership,
•Issues: Trust, Fraud/attacks, Motivation of savings/accumulation, Behavior change, cultural values about money,
•What works, and not? Reasonable Project Time, Building trust, managing expectations, values/behavior changing, needs assessment important
i190 Framework Conceptual
Week1: Introduction to Course W2: What is Development? W3: What is ICTDW4: Who Does What in Practice? Mapping the ICTD Landscape
i190ICTD in
Practice: Core Skills
Technical (eApplications)
W5: Overarching Issues of eApplications W6: Infrastructure, Telecenters, Agriculture,W7: Revisiting Agriculture,, W8 : e-Health, EducationW9: eGovernance Microfinance
Management
W10: BreakW11: Intro to Project Management Planning and Assessment W12: Budgeting, Scheduling, Fundraising W13: Implementation W14: Monitoring and Evaluation/ Next Cycle W15: Final Projects & Wrap Up
Introduction to Project Management•Review of Course (Conceptual, Technical- see slide pack from last class)What are some themes within the lessons learned?
•How is ICTD project management similar and different to traditional development project management? (theories)
•Life Cycle and Management Approaches
•How can we apply management tools to address the lessons learned?
Introduction to Project Management
•How is ICTD project management similar and different to traditional development project management? (theories)•Life Cycle and Management Approaches
Introduction to Project Management
Planning
Initiation
Implementation
Monitoring & Evaluation
Next Phase? Transformation?
•What are some themes within the lessons learned from last parts of course?•How can we apply management tools to address the lessons learned?
Introduction to Project Management: Planning
Introduction to Project Management: Planning (cont’d)
Initiation
Introduction to Project Management: Initiating
Implementation
Introduction to Project Management: Initiating (cont’d)
Introduction to Project Management: Implementation
Introduction to Project Management: Monitoring & Evaluation
Introduction to Project Management: Transformation
Introduction to Project Management
Planning
Initiation
Implementation
Monitoring & Evaluation
Next Phase? Transformation?
Planning- Needs Assessment•What are the general steps in Planning?
• Planning & Methodology Design• Data Collection• Analysis• Possible Solutions • Recommendations
• (then to Initiating Phase: Project Design etc.)
Planning- Needs AssessmentCase study: Agri-Supply Chain Project Proposal - help Ruchita plan her upcoming needs assessment (Goal a.). For background information about the issues, Read Pg 6-8 of Indian School of Business, Inefficiencies in agriculture supply chain in Punjab and opportunities for IT interventions and see especially Fig 3.1. Levels Question
sSources of Data
Collection Methods
Analysis Tools
Challenges/Solutions
Strategic
Tactical
Operational
Initiating- Proposal Development: Overview
Initiating- Proposal Development: Project Design
Initiating- Proposal Development: Project Design Case Study
Case:
A needs assessment to identify the reality of two rural school cases in South Africa: Potential for ICT4D or not? Also visit website generally: (http://siyakhulall.org/) Based on this Needs Assessment, we will be developing a mini-proposal for the next phase of this project, specifically for the Educational Resource component.
Proposed Logframe and Workplan
Initiating- Proposal Development: Project Design Case StudyProposed Logframe and Workplan
Initiating- Proposal Development: Project Design Case StudyIn Class Exercise to develop a Log Frame
Initiating- Proposal Development: Budgeting and Human Resource Case Study
Introduction to Project Management
Planning
Initiation
Implementation
Monitoring & Evaluation
Next Phase? Transformation?
Implementation- Best PracticesCase: ITC e-Choupal: What are the needs/problems that this ICTD project is trying to address?
Implementation- Best PracticesCase: ITC e-ChoupalWhat made implementation successful?•Trust: choice•Meets Needs: Clear Value•Appropriate Tech: Simplicity of technology, new and old tech•Local structures and systems•Incremental Roll out •Mission-based
Implementation-IT requirements/User Design
Case: ITC e-Choupal
Implementation-IT requirements/User Design
Case: ITC e-Choupal
Introduction to Project Management
Planning
Initiation
Implementation
Monitoring & Evaluation
Next Phase? Transformation?
Implementation- Complex Environments
Case: Competing for Development (A)Facts:
Implementation- Complex Environments
Case: Competing for Development (B1-6)
Role play exercise: Make the case within your role for the $65,000 investment
Implementation- Complex Environments
Case: Competing for Development (A)•If you were Ghazialam, would you go ahead with the $65,000 investment? What are the key tradeoffs? What would an ‘ideal’ outcome look like?
•(See next slide)
Implementation- Complex Environments
Case: Competing for Development (A)•If you were Ghazialam, would you go ahead with the $65,000 investment? What are the key tradeoffs? What would an ‘ideal’ outcome look like?
Introduction to Project Management
Planning
Initiation
Implementation
Monitoring & Evaluation
Next Phase? Transformation?
Different Types of Evaluation and Performance Measurement
Program Level Organization Level Community andSocietal level
WikipediaCase
Evaluation Purpose
Measuring program effectiveness
Determining if a program meets its objectives
TYPES
*baselinesFormative*ongoing
* feedback* changing
the program
Summative* look at final outcomes
*impacts* cut or keep
OTHER PURPOSES* compliance* legitimacy* certification* lessons learned* check for unintended consequences* benchmarking * more money* white wash and eye wash p* kill a project
* political attack
* new opportunities
* protection and self interest
* melt down indicators
EVALUATION CHECK LIST
WHEN IS EVALUATION WORTH DOING?
* Who Wants This and What Decision Do They Want to Make?(lessons learned)
* Are the Impediments Manageable?(resources, objectives, agreement, special issues)
* Is there Political Support?(general support)
THE REGULAR COMPONENTS OF THE EVALUATION PROCESS* Purpose and Objectives
* Indicators
* Design
* Data and Utilization
* Problems
EVALUATION ACTOR MAPPING
BOARDOR LEGISLATORS
OTHERSTAFFOR DEPTS.
TOP MGMT
PROGRAMPARTICIPANTS
PROGRAM STAFF
PRESS ORCOMMUNITY
DONORS
MIDDLEMGMT.
OUTSIDERSFOR TEACHINGPURPOSES
RANGE OF INDICATORS
FEELINGS DO YOU TRUST THESE
INPUTS PEOPLE/
PROCESS involvement/coordination
OUTCOMES(INTERMEDIATE) INCREASED INCOME(FINAL) X LEVEL OF CONTANIMATION
EFFICIENCY AND PRODUCTIVITY lbs. Of fish/$ $/lbs. Of fish
SPAN AND SCOPE OF COVERAGE % target population served
SATISFACTION customer satisfaction/ commercial
IMPACTS (sustainable) measurable change/ broader/ (PROGRAM CAUSED OUTCOME) longer term
* HOW WOULD YOU ASSURE THAT YOURRESULTS WERE VALID AND RELIABLE?
RELIABLITY-- DO YOU GET THE SAME RESULTTIME AFTER TIME.
VALIDITY-- UNBIASED COMPARED TO A STANDARD
Using Evaluation Results-- Style Differences
Academic Style* Slow
* Scientific Method
* Clear Objectives
* Careful Study
* Written Communication
* Precision
* Academic Reference Group
Managerial Style* Pressure to Decide
* Many Simultaneous +Fragmented Tasks
* Competing Objectives
* Action
* Verbal Communication
* Incomplete Date
* Managerial Reference Group
PROBLEMS
* TIME * VERY RIGOROUS * IRRELEVANT
* FORMAT * NOT RIGOROUS * COMMUNICATION
Some of the More Common Methods
* Balanced Score Cards and Other Overall General Assessments
* Goals vs. Performance and also Cost and Efficiency
* Outcome Assessment
* Benchmarking
* Best Practice
* Rapid Assessment Tools (quicker and dirtier rather than deeper)
* More based on sampling than 100% study
DATA COLLECTION METHODS* General Statistical Analysis
* Cost Benefit/ Rates of Return
* Simulations
* Content Analysis
* Record Reviews
* Unobtrusive Measures
* Group Observation
* Surveys and Testing
* Personal Interviews
* Participation Observation
* Case Studies
LESSINTRUSIVE
MOREINTRUSIVE
THE ETERNAL TRIANGLE
Precision
Cost Complexity
Measureable Indicators
Types of Data needed
Data Collection Methods/Frequency for M&E
Overriding Goal
Objectives (at least 4)
Instructions: Everyone was pleasantly shocked by these successful results. However, the founder Jimbo Wales intuitively knows that the number of articles per se does not measure Wikipedia's success completely, especially since Wikipedia began with a completely different set of goals/activities and became 'successful' only organically. He wants to hire you to determine a sound methodology to evaluate Wikipedia's success. He wants you to design a Logical Framework for Wikipedia (based on what we already learned in class), with indicators he can measure to determine Wikipedia progress and success. He has given us a sample template that we will discuss and brainstorm in class:
Course Wrap Up: 190 Framework Conceptual
Week1: Introduction to Course W2: What is Development? W3: What is ICTDW4: Who Does What in Practice? Mapping the ICTD Landscape
i190ICTD in
Practice: Core Skills
Technical (eApplications)
W5: Overarching Issues of eApplications W6: Infrastructure, Telecenters, Agriculture,W7: Revisiting Agriculture,, W8 : e-Health, EducationW9: eGovernance Microfinance
Management
W10: BreakW11: Intro to Project Management Planning and Assessment W12: Budgeting, Scheduling, Fundraising W13: Implementation W14: Monitoring and Evaluation/ Next Cycle W15: Final Projects & Wrap Up
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