Download - Transactional Analysis

SDTACourse Contents:

Module I: Transactional AnalysisTA and Self-Awareness, Concept of

Script, Life Positions, Transactions

Module II: Structural AnalysisWinners and Losers, Structural

Analysis

Module III: Games and Scripts

Games and Strokes, Life Scripts

Module IV: Application of TA

TA Applications in Motivation, Leadership and Teamwork

Module V: TA for Change

TA in Counseling. Contracting for Change.

Text & References

• Text:• Steiner M. Claude, Transactional Analysis of Life scripts,

Addison Wesley• References:• Berne M.D. Eric, Games people play, Addison Wesley• Indries Shah, Learning How to Learn• James Muriel, Its never too late to be happy, Addison

Wesley• Khandwalla, Social Development, Sage Publishers.• Thirwall, Growth and Development, Mac Millan Press

Evaluation Scheme

• Project ---10 Marks

• Role Play---5 marks

• Mid Term ---10 marks

• Total-----25 marks (internal)

• Attendance-----5 marks

• End Term Examination ----70 marks

It all begins with AWARENESS

Awareness is the first step in the creation process. As you grow in the self awareness process, you will better understand why you feel what you feel, and why you behave as you behave.

This understanding then gives you the opportunity and freedom to change those things you would like to change about yourself and create the life you want.

Without knowing yourself, self acceptance and change becomes impossible.

Who is the expert?

When we want good, solid information we turn to the experts. So who are you going to turn to for information about yourself.

Who is the expert?

Friend/ Doctor/ Therapist/ Philosopher/ Minister/ hero/ Guide/ Spouse/ Parent.

Know more about you? No the expert is YOU.

You live in your own skin, mind and soul.

24 hours a day 7 days a week 52 weeks a year Day in and day out

No one is closer to you than you. The answers are within. We need to do the soul searching.

Perhaps all you’ve needed to solve your riddles is a useful question, to probe deep within.

SELF AWARENESS

• Being aware of oneself would mean exploring and understanding oneself in the following areas.

• The way we behave and react in different situations and with different sets of people.

• The likes, interests, desires and needs that motive us towards our goals.

• The attitudes, mind-sets, beliefs and values that influence our thoughts and behaviour

• The feelings and emotions which arise from the primary experiences of our lives and have powerful influences.

• The way we view ourselves in terms of our opinion of our self and the way other’s view us.

• The way we perceive and experience ourselves, people around us and the larger world.

WAYS OF DEFINING THE SELF

A collection of behaviours, reflexes, habits and actions.

An intellect which gives rise to thoughts, attitudes, mental sets and tendencies.

A constellation of needs, desires and drives.

A set of psychological processes and functioning comprising of striving, deciding, judging, perception, learning, feeling and thinking.

All the above and in the inner core a knowing self.

Self is the sum of all these parts, but is an integrated and existential entity larger than the sum of the parts. It is dynamic and ever evolving.

Self-awareness : Emotional awareness, accurate self-assessment, self-confidence

Self-regulation: Self-control, trustworthiness, conscientiousness, adaptability, innovation.

Motivation: Achievement drive, commitment, initiative, and optimism.

Empathy: Understanding others, developing others, service orientation, leveraging diversity, political awareness.

Social Skills: Influence, communication, conflict management, leadership, change catalyst, building bonds, collaboration, and co-operation

Self-awareness: includes one’s ability to recognize and understand one’s own moods, emotions, and drives, and to accept one’s own self with one’s strengths and weakness.

Self-management: includes one’s ability to redirect and control one’s disruptive impulses and moods, judge how others might feel, before taking any action, and postpone gratification of immediate needs for long term goals.

Internality and optimism: include the orientation of taking charge of the situation, seeing failures as temporary and high hope and intense involvement (flow) as in contest with brooding over miseries (rumination)

CONT….• Motivation: involves the passion to work for reasons that go beyond

money or status resilience, that is, the ability to bounce back from disappointments and pursue goals with energy and persistence.

• Empathy: is the ability to understand the emotional make-up of other people. It also involves the skill to deal with people according to their emotional reaction. ‘At the very least, empathy requires being able to read another’s emotions, at a higher level it entails sensing and responding to a person’s unspoken concerns or feelings. At the highest level, empathy is understanding the issues or concerns that lie behind another’s feelings.” (Goleman,199,p.160)

• Social skills: refers to proficiency in managing relationships and building net works. It is reflected in building and leading teams.

Self-Awareness : “To see ourselves as others see us”

Force = helps to DEVELOP and IMPROVE by inculcating important skills

SELF-AWARENESS

PERSONALL INTER-

- Capabilities PERSONALLY - Limitations - Relationship with - Decisions other people- Views held by

others

SELF-AWARENESSDEVELOPED BYOthers views:

- Observation

- Assumption

- Own interpretation

Conscious,

systematic

analysis of self

Transactional Analysis

• Eric Berne was born in 1910 in Montreal, Canada. His father was a doctor & his mother was an editor.

• His father died at age 38, when Eric was 9

• Earned an MD in 1935 from McGill Univ

• Became a US citizen and served in Utah during WWII, practicing group therapy


• Was denied membership in the Psychoanalytic Institute in 1956

• This brought about his rejection of psychoanalysis and was a turning point in his life

• Wrote the book Games People Play

• Died of a heart attack in 1970 at the age of 60


Four methods of understanding & predicting human behavior

• Structural analysis – within the person

• Transactional analysis – 2 or more people

• Game analysis – understanding transactions that lead to bad feelings

• Script analysis – understand a person’s life plan


Structural analysis –

• Natural child – spontaneous, impulsive, feeling oriented, self-centered & pleasure loving

• Adaptive child – compliant, conforms to the wishes & demands of parental figures


• After – a difficulty is expected after a certain event

• Open-ended – one does not know what to do after a given time

• Mini-scripts: Hurry up! Try harder! Be perfect! Be strong! Please someone! These drivers allow for temporary escape from life scripts


• Four basic life scripts:

• I’m OK, you’re OK – ideal

• I’m OK, you’re not OK – get away from me

• I’m not OK, you’re OK – I’ll never get anywhere

• I’m not OK, you’re not OK – get rid of each other


Other techniques –

• TX contract – agreed upon responsibilities

• Interrogation – speaking to the adult ego state until an adult response is given

• Specification – identification of the ego state that started the transaction

• Confrontation – pointing out inconsistencies in behavior & speech


• Explanation – teaching about TA

• Illustration – elaborates a point

• Confirmation – points out a recurrence of a previously modified behavior

• Interpretation – explains to the child ego state the reasons for a client’s behavior

• Crystallization – final step, the client gives up playing games

Transactional analysis is a comprehensive

conceptual framework to gain an

understanding of personality styles and

human behaviour

A transaction is the act of communication or interaction between two people.

A transaction starts with a stimulus and ends with a response to the stimulus.


• A model for explaining why and how:– People think like they do– People act like they do– People interact/communicate with others

• Based on published ‘psychological’ work such as:– Games People Play (Dr. Eric Berne)– I’m OK - - You’re OK (Dr. Tom Harris)– Born to Win (Dr. Dorothy Jongeward)

TA Is Concerned With Four Kinds Of Analysis:

Structure analysis – analysis of the individual personality

Transactional analysis proper – what people do and say to one another

Lie-position analysis – suggesting the four position individuals adopt in their transaction with the outside world.

Games analysis – discussing ulterior transactions leading to a pay-off.

Script analysis – detailing of specific life dramas that people compulsively play out.

Our Brain (according to Berne)

• Determines what we think and how we act• Acts like a tape recorder while recording

1) Events

2) Associated feelings• Has 3 distinct parts or ego states

1) Parent

2) Adult

3) Child

Parent Ego State

• Thoughts, feelings, attitudes, behavioral patterns based on messages or lessons learned from parents and other ‘parental’ or authoritarian sources

• Shoulds and should nots; oughts and ought nots; always and never

• Nurturing views (sympathetic, caring views)

• Critical views (fault finding, judgmental, condescending views)

Adult Ego State

• Thoughts, feelings, attitudes, behavioral patterns based on objective analysis of information (data, facts)

• Make decisions based on logic, computations, probabilities, etc. (not emotion)

Child Ego State

• Thoughts, feelings, attitudes, behavioral patterns based on child-like emotions, impulses, feelings we have experienced

• Child-like examples

ImpulsiveSelf-centeredAngryFearful

HappyPleasure seekingRebelliousHappy

CuriousEager to please

Ego Portraits

• People have favorite, preferred ego state, depicted by larger circle in a diagram

Parent Adult Child

P

A

C

P

A

C

P

A

C

Human Interaction Analysis

• A transaction = any interaction or communication between 2 people

• People send and receive messages out of and into their different ego states

• How people say something (what others hear?) just as important as what is said

• Types of communication, interactions1) Complementary2) Crossed3) Ulterior

Intonations: It’s the Way You Say It!Placement of the emphasis

Why don’t I take you to dinner tonight?







What it means

I was going to take someone else.

Instead of the guy you were going with.

I’m trying to find a reason why I shouldn’t take you.

Do you have a problem with me?

Instead of going on your own.

Instead of lunch tomorrow.

Not tomorrow night.

Complementary ‘Transactions’

• Interactions, responses, actions regarded as appropriate and expected from another person.

• Parallel communication arrows, communication continues.

Example 1: #1 What time do you have?

#2 I’ve got 11:15.

P

A

C

P

A

C

Complementary ‘Transactions’ cont’d

Example 2:

P

A

C

P

A

C

#1 You’re late again!

#2 I’m sorry. It won’t happen again.

Crossed ‘Transactions’

• Interactions, responses, actions NOT regarded as appropriate or expected from another person.

• Crossed communication arrows, communication breakdown.

Example 1 #1 What time do you have?

#2 There’s a clock on the wall, why don’t you figure it out yourself?

P

A

C

P

A

C

Crossed ‘Transactions’ cont’d

Example 2 #1 You’re late again!

#2 Yeah, I know, I had a flat tire.

P

A

C

P

A

C

Ulterior ‘Transactions’

• Interactions, responses, actions which are different from those explicitly statedExample #1 How about coming up to my room and

listening to some music?

P

A

C

P

A

C

Some Selling Implications of TA

• Develop an adaptive selling strategy for ‘parent’, ‘adult’, ‘child’ customers

• ‘Best’ communication exchange for selling?– Remember to respond in ‘complementary’ manner– Most effective selling involves adult to adult

• Strokes, or positive interactions, important– Verbal (e.g. hello, compliment)– Touch (handshake, pat on back)– A gift– Listening

Being a ‘Response Able’ Salesperson

• Recognize you cannot control another’s behavior, but you can affect their behavior by the way you respond to them.

• Remember you control your own behavior and thoughts.1) Keep things in perspective

Don’t sweat small stuff Give it test of time Ask if it’s happened before Distinguish what can be changed from what can’t Focus on haves vs. have nots

2) Have realistic expectations Life is not fair or perfect Bad (good) things happen, usually don’t last forever Things don’t always go according to plan People don’t always act as you’d like (remember ego state

explanations, people have ‘bad’ days, etc.)

Dealing with Difficult Customers

• Keep ‘adult’ ego state in control of yourself.• Don’t get defensive, argumentative, emotional.• Don’t take it personally.• Move cautiously, stay cool, remember

complementary transactions and strokes.• Do not need to take continued abuse.• If handled well (e.g. didn’t embarrass customer,

allowed them to take something out on you), can turn out to be positive later.

Sales Quotes: Transactional Analysis

• When a relationship is right, details are negotiable;

When tension is high, details become obstacles.

Sales Quotes: Transactional Analysis

• Rule #1:

The customer is never wrong.

• Rule #2:

If the customer is wrong, read rule #1.

Life Positions •Concept of understanding people in terms of whether they see themselves and others as either “OK” or “not OK”.

•“OK” : Feelings of Power, self-worth, being lovable and capable.

•“Not OK” : Feelings of weakness, incompetence, unworthiness, insignificance.

•Premise : Early in life People establish beliefs about self-worth and worth of others. ( Basic Life Positions ) : Dominant way of relating to people.

•Basic life position can be changed following a conscious decision.

I’m not OK , You are OK

•Feel Inferior

•Burdened with self-defeating attitudes.

•Feel unable to measure up to other people.

•Lack Confidence.

•submissive

I’m not OK , You are not OK

•Negative feelings towards themselves and others.

•Highly maladjusted personality.

•Believes he/ she is worthless and so is everyone else.

•Disconnected and alienated from their environments.

•Suspicious of others.

I’m OK , You are not OK

•Believe others are worthless, and may be enemies.

•Feel unable to depend on anyone but themselves.

• No matter what happens to them , they find fault in others.

•AGGRESSIVE

I’m OK , You are OK

•Healthiest approach.

•See themselves as interdependent with others and their environments.

•Confirming messages from others are appreciated , but are not an essential condition for their self-worth.

•ASSERTIVE

•Can be achieved through conscious re-evaluation of one’s self-concept.