Copyright – Hoërskool Birchleigh: Mrs Nieman Page 1
T O P I C 5
ANIMAL NUTRITION
[Mammals]
We will be looking at the following…
(1) Nutrition processes
(2) Nutrition and dentition in animals
(3) Human nutrition: (3.1 Macro-structure of the alimentary canal and 3.2 Functions
of each organ)
(4) Processes involved in human nutrition in comparison to alimentary canal
(5) Homeostatic control: (5.1 Hormonal control of blood sugar levels and 5.2
Diabetes mellitus)
__________________________________________________________________
DAY 1:
► Complete page 1 of your Workbook using the Teacher’s guidelines slide 3.
1. Nutrition processes
MY WORKBOOK
DATE:
Copyright – Hoërskool Birchleigh: Mrs Nieman Page 2
► Complete page 2 of your Workbook using the Teacher’s guidelines slides 4 -
6.
A:__________________: the taking in of food through mouth.
B:__________________: the breakdown of food, mechanically by the action of the
teeth, or chemically by the action of enzymes.
C:__________________: movement of digested food from the intestines to the
blood vessels and transported to the body cells.
D:__________________: process where the body cells use nutrients to make
energy during cellular respiration.
E:___________________: removal of undigested food from alimentary canal.
2. Nutrition and dentition in animals
Animals (heterotrophs – consumers) can be divided into three different categories
when looking at nutrition and dentition.
1. __________________
2. __________________
3. __________________
All three these categories have a different way in which their dentition is structured.
Copyright – Hoërskool Birchleigh: Mrs Nieman Page 3
► Complete page 3 of your Workbook using the Teacher’s guidelines slides 7
and 8.
Herbivores
Type of food
Examples
Dentition and ingestion
Carnivores
Type of food
Examples
Dentition and ingestion
Copyright – Hoërskool Birchleigh: Mrs Nieman Page 4
► Complete page 4 of your Workbook using the Teacher’s guidelines slide 9.
Omnivores
Type of food
Examples
Dentition and ingestion
END OF DAY 1
HOW DO YOU FEEL ABOUT THE WORK OF DAY 1? or
IF YOU DO NOT FEEL COMFORTABLE WITH THE WORK, CONSIDER TO
WORK THROUGH THE CONTENT AGAIN.
___________________________________________________________________
DAY 2:
► Complete page 5 (next page) of your Workbook using the Teacher’s
guidelines slide 10.
DATE:
Copyright – Hoërskool Birchleigh: Mrs Nieman Page 5
3. Human nutrition
3.1 Macro-structure of the alimentary canal
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► Complete page 6 of your Workbook using the Teacher’s guidelines slide 11
to 14.
3.2 Functions of each organ
A: Mouth:
Food is ____________
Partially broken down by means of _____________ and ______________
digestion.
Broken down food is changed into small soft mass, called a__________.
1: Pharynx:
Connects the _____________ to the respiratory system.
Bolus is _______________ and passes to the back of pharynx and
enters_______________________.
______________: flap that _________________off entrance to respiratory
tract during swallowing.
B: Oesophagus:
Muscular tube, about 25cm, connects the ________________to the stomach.
Food is carried down by means of________________:
C: Stomach:
Sac-like muscular organ which has the following functions:
✓ ______________________________________________________________
✓ ______________________________________________________________
✓ ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Copyright – Hoërskool Birchleigh: Mrs Nieman Page 7
► Complete page 7 of your Workbook using the Teacher’s guidelines slide 15
and 16.
2: Liver:
Largest ___________in the body
Secretes_____________________, which ___________________the chyme
and emulsifies fats.
3: Gall bladder:
Small, muscular sac that _____________________bile from the liver, and
release it into the ________________via the bile duct when require.
D: Small intestine:
Consists of three parts:
1. Duodenum: ___________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
2. Jejunum: _____________________________________________________
3. Ileum: ________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Copyright – Hoërskool Birchleigh: Mrs Nieman Page 8
► Complete page 8 of your Workbook using the Teacher’s guidelines slide 17
and 18.
4: Pancreas:
Secretes pancreatic juices into ________________ via the pancreatic duct.
Contains digestive juices and is _______________which _______________
acidic chyme from___________________.
Also secretes the hormones ________________and_________________to
help control blood glucose levels.
5: Spleen:
Endocrine gland and plays a role in the_____________________.
E: Large intestine (F: rectum and G: anus)
Consist of four parts:
1. Caecum: ______________________________________________________
2. Colon: ________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. Rectum: ______________________________________________________
4. Anus: ________________________________________________________
END OF DAY 2
HOW DO YOU FEEL ABOUT THE WORK OF DAY 2? or
IF YOU DO NOT FEEL COMFORTABLE WITH THE WORK, CONSIDER TO
WORK THROUGH THE CONTENT AGAIN.
Copyright – Hoërskool Birchleigh: Mrs Nieman Page 9
DAY 3:
► Complete page 9 of your Workbook using the Teacher’s guidelines slides 19
and 20
»Activity 1: Match the description with the term by writing the letter of the
description in the appropriate space.
DATE:
Copyright – Hoërskool Birchleigh: Mrs Nieman Page 10
► Complete page 10 of your Workbook using the Teacher’s guidelines slides
19 and 20.
4. Processes involved in human
nutrition in comparison to
alimentary canal
At number 1 you looked at 5 different processes of nutrition: ingestion, digestion,
absorption, assimilation and egestion. [varkie]
We will be looking at each one in more detail to link it with the alimentary canal.
A: INGESTION
Taking up__________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
B: DIGESTION
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Two types:
1. __________________________
2. __________________________
_
Copyright – Hoërskool Birchleigh: Mrs Nieman Page 11
► Complete page 11 of your Workbook using the Teacher’s guidelines slides
21 to 23
Mechanical digestion:
Occurs during:
________________(chewing): process of chewing to soften the food, mix it
with saliva, increase surface area for chemical digestion and form a bolus.
_________________: process whereby bolus moves along the alimentary
canal. Mucus in the saliva lubricates the bolus to help it move along smoothly
Chemical digestion:
During chemical digestion, _____________break down large molecules into smaller
more ______________________so that it can be___________________.
Enzymes occur in digestive juices secreted into the _____________(saliva),
___________(gastric juices) and __________________ (intestinal juices and
pancreatic juices)
Enzymes can be grouped as carbohydrases, proteases or lipases according to
whether they act on carbohydrates; proteins of lipids.
Please note:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
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► Complete page 12 of your Workbook using the Teacher’s guidelines slide
24.
Table showing different enzymes involved in chemical digestion:
Enzyme type Place
produced
Substrate pH End product
Carbohydrates
Proteases
Lipases
END OF DAY 3
HOW DO YOU FEEL ABOUT THE WORK OF DAY 3? or
IF YOU DO NOT FEEL COMFORTABLE WITH THE WORK, CONSIDER TO
WORK THROUGH THE CONTENT AGAIN.
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DAY 4:
► Complete page 13 of your Workbook using the Teacher’s guidelines slide 25
and 26.
C: ABSORPTION:
Proses _____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Most absorption happens in the small intestine:
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
»Activity 2: Draw a labelled diagram of the structure of a villus
DATE:
Copyright – Hoërskool Birchleigh: Mrs Nieman Page 14
► Complete page 14 of your Workbook using the Teacher’s guidelines slide 27
to 29.
Outer layer of villus is a single layer of columnar epithelial cells.
On each epithelial cell we find micro-villi – forms a brush like border which
greatly increases the surface area.
Goblet cells: secrete mucus to lubricate and protect surface
Inside each villus is a network of blood capillaries for the absorption of
nutrients.
A lacteal, which is a capillary of the lymphatic system, is present for the
absorption of the products formed during fat digestion.
Hepatic portal system:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
These are then transported to the liver via the hepatic portal system.
The hepatic portal system _________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
The nutrients are processed in the liver and then transported via the hepatic vein
from the liver via the inferior vena cava to the heart and then around the body
D: ASSIMILATION:
The word assimilation means “_____________________________________”.
The absorbed nutrients are taken form the blood and incorporated into cells to be
used for various functions.
________________: the main ‘fuel’ for cellular respiration (our main energy
source): excess glucose is stored in the liver a glycogen.
________________: used for the synthesis of proteins: excess amino acids
are not stored but are deaminated by the liver to form urea.
_________________: energy source, used as phospholipids in cell
membranes: excess is stored in adipose tissue under skin.
Copyright – Hoërskool Birchleigh: Mrs Nieman Page 15
► Complete page 15 of your Workbook using the Teacher’s guidelines slide
30.
E: EGESTION:
Process __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Faeces also contain water, mucus, bile pigments, bacteria and cells from the
intestinal wall.
END OF DAY 4
HOW DO YOU FEEL ABOUT THE WORK OF DAY 4? or
IF YOU DO NOT FEEL COMFORTABLE WITH THE WORK, CONSIDER TO
WORK THROUGH THE CONTENT AGAIN.
___________________________________________________________________
DAY 5:
► Complete page 15 of your Workbook using the Teacher’s guidelines slide
31.
5. Homeostatic control
5.1 Hormonal control of blood sugar levels
Blood glucose levels are controlled by two hormones: insulin and glucagon.
These hormones are secreted by the islets of Langerhans, which is found in
the pancreas.
A negative feedback mechanism ___________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
DATE:
Copyright – Hoërskool Birchleigh: Mrs Nieman Page 16
► Complete page 16 of your Workbook using the Teacher’s guidelines slides
32 and 33.
5.2 Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus is a condition where the pancreas does not secrete sufficient
insulin, resulting in blood glucose level being too high.
There are two types of diabetes mellitus:
Type 1: usually develops in a child of adolescent. It occurs when the pancreas stops
producing insulin. It is usually caused by genetic factors, and is not related to diet.
Type 2: is more common in adults. It occurs when the pancreas does not produce
sufficient insulin for the body’s needs. Possible causes include an inactive lifestyle,
bad eating habits, lack of exercise and obesity related to diet.
Copyright – Hoërskool Birchleigh: Mrs Nieman Page 17
► Complete page 17 of your Workbook using the Teacher’s guidelines slide
34.
Symptoms:
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
If the level of glucose in the blood is high over a long period this may lead to brain
and/or kidney damage and failure, blindness. Blood circulation in the hand and feet
are poor. A patient may go into a coma and even die.
END OF DAY 5
HOW DO YOU FEEL ABOUT THE WORK OF DAY 5? or
IF YOU DO NOT FEEL COMFORTABLE WITH THE WORK, CONSIDER TO
WORK THROUGH THE CONTENT AGAIN.
Copyright – Hoërskool Birchleigh: Mrs Nieman Page 18
DAY 6:
» Activity 3: Test yourself: Human nutrition: organs and their functions.
DATE:
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» Activity 4: Test yourself: Processes involved in human nutrition
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Activity 3: My mark ______ out of 20
Activity 4: My mark ______ out of 65
END OF DAY 6
HOW DO YOU FEEL ABOUT THE WORK OF DAY 6? or
IF YOU DID NOT RECEIVE 50% FOR ACTIVITY 3 and 4 CONSIDER WORKING
THROUGH THE CONTENT AGAIN.
Copyright – Hoërskool Birchleigh: Mrs Nieman Page 21
DAY 7:
»Use the completed “My workbook”, the Teacher’s guidelines and page 162 -
193 in your textbook to complete the terminology list below.
DATE:
Copyright – Hoërskool Birchleigh: Mrs Nieman Page 22
Terminology: My mark ______ out of 43
END OF DAY 7
HOW DO YOU FEEL ABOUT THE WORK OF DAY 7? or
IF YOU DID NOT RECEIVE 50% FOR THE TERMINOLOGY, CONSIDER
WORKING THROUGH THE CONTENT AGAIN.
END OF TOPIC 5
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