TABLE OF COTENT MEANING EPIDIOMOLOGY CAUSES SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
EFFECTS OR IMPLICATIONS DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT REFERENCES
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What Is Depression? Depression is a chronic mental disorder
characteriszed by feeling of sadness, loneliness, despair, low
self-esteem, and self-reproach; accompanieng sings include
psychomotor retardation (or less frequently agitation), withdrawal
from social contact, and vegetative states such as loss of appetite
and insomnia - MediLexicons Medical Dictionary
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What Is Depression? Everyone occasionally feels blue or sad.
But these feelings are usually short-lived and pass within a couple
of days. When you have depression, it interferes with daily life
and causes pain for both you and those who care about you.
Depression is a common but serious illness. Many people with a
depressive illness never seek treatment. But the majority, even
those with the most severe depression, can get better with
treatment.
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There are several forms of depressive disorders. Major
depression,severe symptoms that interfere with your ability to
work, sleep, study, eat, and enjoy life. An episode can occur only
once in a persons lifetime, but more often, a person has several
episodes. Persistent depressive disorderdepressed mood that lasts
for at least 2 years. A person diagnosed with persistent depressive
disorder may have episodes of major depression along with periods
of less severe symptoms, but symptoms must last for 2 years. Other
forms of depression are;1)psychotic depression 2)Postpartum
depression 3)Seasonal affective disorder.
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Bipolar disorderBipolar disorder, also called manic-depressive
illness, is not as common as major depression or persistent
depressive disorder. Bipolar disorder is characterized by cycling
mood changesfrom extreme highs (e.g., mania) to extreme lows (e.g.,
depression).
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EPIDEMIOLOGY Depression is a major cause of morbidity
worldwide.It is believed to currently affect approximately 298
million people as of 2010 (4.3% of the global population).morbidity
People are most likely to suffer their first depressive episode
between the ages of 30 and 40, and there is a second, smaller peak
of incidence between ages 50 and 60. The risk of major depression
is increased with neurological conditions such as stroke,
Parkinson's disease, or multiple sclerosis, and during the first
year after childbirth. It is also more common after cardiovascular
illnesses, and is related more to a poor outcome than to a better
one. Studies conflict on the prevalence of depression in the
elderly, but most data suggest there is a reduction in this age
group. Depressive disorders are more common to observe in urban
than in rural population and the prevalence is in groups with
stronger socioeconomic factors i.e. homelessnessstrokeParkinson's
disease
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Theories of Depression There are many theories about the causes
of depression. The social learning theory suggests that lack of
positive reinforcement from others may lead to negative
self-evaluation and a poor outlook for the future. The
psychoanalytic theory suggests that a significant loss (such as of
a parent) or a withdrawal of affection in childhood (whether real
or perceived) may lead to depression in later life. Interpersonal
theory emphasizes the importance of social connections for good
mental health. Other theories suggest that unrealistic expectations
of oneself and others and loss of self-esteem are essential
components leading to depression.
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Abuse. Past physical, sexual, or emotional abuse can cause
depression later in life. Certain medications. Some drugs, such as
Accutane (used to treat acne), the antiviral drug interferon-alpha,
and corticosteroids, can increase your risk of depression.
Conflict. Depression in someone who has the biological
vulnerability to develop depression may result from personal
conflicts or disputes with family members or friends. Death or a
loss. Sadness or grief from the death or loss of a loved one,
though natural, may increase the risk of depression. Genetics. A
family history of depression may increase the risk. It's thought
that depression is a complex trait that may be inherited across
generations, although the genetics of psychiatric disorders are not
as simple or straightforward as in purely genetic diseases such as
Huntington's chorea or cystic fibrosis. CAUSES
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Major events. Even good events such as starting a new job,
graduating, or getting married can lead to depression. So can
moving, losing a job or income, getting divorced, or retiring.
Other personal problems. Problems such as social isolation due to
other mental illnesses or being cast out of a family or social
group can lead to depression. Serious illnesses. Sometimes
depression co-exists with a major illness or is a reaction to the
illness. Substance abuse. Nearly 30% of people with substance abuse
problems also have major or clinical depression.
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SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Persistent sad, anxious, or "empty" feelings
Feelings of hopelessness or pessimism Feelings of guilt,
worthlessness, or helplessness Irritability, restlessness Loss of
interest in activities or hobbies once pleasurable, including sex
Fatigue and decreased energy Difficulty concentrating, remembering
details, and making decisions Insomnia, early-morning wakefulness,
or excessive sleeping Overeating, or appetite loss Thoughts of
suicide, suicide attempts Aches or pains, headaches, cramps, or
digestive problems that do not ease even with treatment.
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EFFECTS OR IMPLICATIONS Weight gain Fatigue Pain Self-pity
Insomia Unexplained memory loss Tremors Suicidal thoughts
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People with depressive illnesses do not all experience the same
symptoms. The severity, frequency, and duration of symptoms vary
depending on the individual and his or her particular illness.
NOTE
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DIAGNOSIS BIOLOGICALLY; Medication or medical conditions, such
as viruses and thyroid disorder can cause depression FAMILY
HISTORY; getting the families past history on depression if it is
heriditary PATIENTS HISTORY; Discuss history on patients signs and
symptoms ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE; Ask patients if he has been abusing
alcohol and drugs lately SEVERE MEDICAL CONDITIONS; MEDICAL
CONDITIONS LIKE HIV/AIDS, diabetes,heart disease can all cause
depression.
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TREATMENT ANTIDEPRESSANT; They work on brain chemicals called
neurotransmitters, on the Serotonin or norepinephrine and dopamine
Examples are ; serotonin uptake inhibitors venlafaxine (
effexor),duoloxitine (cymbalta) Trycyclics is an old antidepressant
PSYCHOTHERAPY ;simply talk therapy ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY BRAIN
STIMULATION THERAPY
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VIDEO http://www.webmd.com/depres
sion/depression-tv/default.htm