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7/31/2019 Third Generation of Computers

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Third Generation

of Computers

Integrated Circuits

Prepared by: Cristobal, JersonFlores, Jason

Saringan, Sherwin KeithLeus, Hainah KarizaRecido, Jayrell


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History Transistors were a tremendous breakthrough in

advancing the computer. However no one could

predict that thousands even now millions oftransistors (circuits) could be compacted in such a

small space.

In 1958 and 1959, Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments and

Robert Noyce of Fairchild Camera, came up with asolution to the problem of large numbers of

components, and the integrated circuit was developed.


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History Instead of making transistors one-by-one, several

transistors could be made at the same time, on the

same piece of semiconductor. Not only transistors, but

other electric components such as resistors, capacitors

and diodes could be made by the same process with

the same materials.

Originally it was thought that integrated circuits would

be useful only in military applications, and many

microprocessor investors pulled out before the work

was completed. However time has proven the

integrated circuit to be greatly undervalued.


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What is it?Integrated circuit also known as chip, microchip

or IC, is a collection of miniaturized transistors

placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors,

which drastically increased the speed and efficiency

of computers while reducing its size and served as

the hallmark of third generation computers


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Advantages of IC Very small size: Hundred times smaller than the

discrete circuits.

Lesser weight: As large number of components can bepacked into a single chip, weight is reduced

Reduced cost: The mass production technique has

helped to reduce the price

High reliability: Due to absence of soldered connection,

few interconnections and small temperature rise failure

rate is low.


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Characteristics of IC Low power requirement: As the size is small power

consumption is less.

Easy replacement: In case of failure chip can easily be

replaced.

Users interacted with computers through keyboards

and mouse rather than traditional punched cards and

printers.

Extensive use of high-level language became possible in

Third Generation Computers.


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Types of ICBy number of component:

SSI (small-scale integration) - Up to 100 electronic components

per chip

MSI (medium-scale integration) - From 100 to 3,000 electronic

components per chip

LSI (large-scale integration) - From 3,000 to 100,000 electronic

components per chip

VLSI (very large-scale integration) - From 100,000 to 1,000,000electronic components per chip

ULSI (ultra large-scale integration) - More than 1 million

electronic components per chip


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Types of ICBy type of signal:

Analog / Linear- works by processing continuous signals

has continuously variable output (theoretically capable of

attaining an infinite number of states) that depends on the

input signal level

the output signal level is a linear function of the input signal

level

Digital - operates at only a few defined levels or states, usingbinary mathematics to process 0 and 1 signals, rather than

over a continuous range of signal amplitudes

Mixed Signal makes use of both analog and digital


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Types of ICBy type of signal:

Analog / Linear- works by processing continuous signals

has continuously variable output (theoretically capable of

attaining an infinite number of states) that depends on the

input signal level

the output signal level is a linear function of the input signal

level

Digital - operates at only a few defined levels or states, usingbinary mathematics to process 0 and 1 signals, rather than

over a continuous range of signal amplitudes

Mixed Signal makes use of both analog and digital


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Important EventsComputing Systems1955

Bell Labs introduced its first transistor computer.

Transistors made computers energy-efficient.

1958

Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) was

formed. This year also witnessed the making ofthe first silicon chip by Jack Kilby and Robert

Noyce.

1968DEC launched the first mini computer known as

PDP-8

1969

The US Department of Defense founded theAdvanced Research Projects Agency Network

(ARPANET). It was established with intent to

develop a computer network and is the

predecessor of the Internet.

1971Microcomputers came up with microprocessors

and Ted Hoff at Intel, introduced 4-bit 4004.


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Important EventsOperating Systems1954

MIT came up with their operating system for

UNIVAC 1103.

1964 Dartmouth timesharing operating system wasdeveloped.

1965Multics was announced. However, it was opened

for paying customers in October 1969.

1966 DOS/360 of IBM came up.

1969This year witnessed the development of the Unix

operating system by AT&T.

1976 CP/M was developed during this year.


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Important EventsProgramming Systems

1959

COBOL concept came up followed by its

implementation that was developed by the

Codasyl Committee in 1960. The LISP

implementation was developed in 1959. LISP's

successor, Common LISP, came up later in 1984.

1964

IBM came up with PL/I concept. PL/M followed

years later in 1972. 1964 also saw the

development of BASIC by Kemeny and Kurtz.

1969 Ken Thompson developed the B language.

1970 This was when Pascal was developed.

1972

It was during 1972 that Smalltalk and Prolog were

developed. One of the most important events in

the history of computing was the development of

C language. It was developed by Dennis Ritchie in

1972.


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A much better technology in terms of speed(much

faster), reliability(more stable, consumes less

power and generates less heat), size(smaller),

price(cheaper in terms of labor and cost, requiresless maintenance) and innovation(operating

system, language) compared to its predecessors:

the vacuum tube and the transistor.With the

development of the integrated circuit, a newgeneration of more advanced computers took

over its predecessors.


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With the introduction of the first processor by

Intel in 1971, the Intel 4004 which is a 4-bit

processor which had a speed of 740 kHz, a new

generation of computers was born: the fourthgeneration computers or the microprocessors. It

was made possible because of integrated circuit

technology. Thousands of integrated circuits were

built onto a single silicon chip and what in the firstgeneration filled an entire room could now fit in

the palm of the hand in the form of a

microprocessor.


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Sources http://icttrends.com/preparation/fundamentals/generations-of-

computers/third-generation-computers

http://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/definition/integrated-

circuit

http://www.techiwarehouse.com/engine/a046ee08/Generations-of-

Computer

http://www.buzzle.com/articles/computer-history-full-timeline.html

http://www.buzzle.com/articles/history-of-computer-processors.html

http://www.webopedia.com/DidYouKnow/Hardware_Software/2002/FiveGenerations.asp

http://armymedical.tpub.com/MD0057/MD00570034.htm
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