Kunio AKATSU JICA Advisor , JICA H/Q (Meteorology)
19 February 2013
The Status of Meteorological Observation in the Asian Countries
Self-Introduction
Red Colored Country : Stayed over 2 years
Mongolia (4 times)Bangladesh (3 times)Myanmar (5 times)
Viet Nam (3 times)Laos (twice)Thailand (3 times)Cambodia (twice)Philippines ( 5 times)Indonesia (once)
Sri Lanka(once)
Dominican Republic (once)
Countries visited or stayed as ODA Projects, mainly
Myanmar (over 2 years)
(over 2 years)
(2 years)
Pakistan Bhutan
Mozambique
Content of the Lecture
(1) Current status of Meteorological Instrument and its Maintenance
(2) Unreasonable Results of Analysis by using Observation Data from the Instrument which is not well Maintained or Calibrated
(3) Simple Calibration System at the Local Observatory
(4) Summary of the Current Status of Meteorological Instrument
(5) Points to be Taken Care in case of AWS.
Situation of surroundings of Observation Field (1/4)
Situation of surroundings of Observation Field (2/4)
Situation of surroundings of Observation Field (3/4)
Situation of surroundings of Observation Field (4/4)
Wind pressure type Some NMHSCs still use it
(1) Current Status of Meteorological Instrument (wind vane / anemometer) (1/2)
Wind mill type wind vane and anemometer
Wind vane and Anemometer
Robinson’s Anemometer Observers watch the counter of run-of-wind meter. This is still poplar in many NMHSCs
Conventional Wind vane Observers have to observe Wind direction by his/her visual
(1) Current Status of Meteorological Instrument (wind vane / anemometer) (2/2)
(1) Current Status of Meteorological Instrument (rain gauge) (1/2)
Tipping bucket type It become to be popular
Reserve pot type It is very popular at almost all NMHSCs
Pluviograph type Few countries use it for actual usage and at many NMHSCs, Recording Chart is not set up
(1) Current Status of Meteorological Instrument (rain gauge) (2/2)
(1) Current Status of Meteorological Instrument (Thermometer / Hygrometer) (1/2)
Natural ventilation shelter type Almost all AWS has a same type shelter
Mercury thermometer and wet-bulb in a Screen It is used at every NMHSCs
(1) Current Status of Meteorological Instrument (Thermometer / Hygrometer) (2/2)
Thermo-hygrograph and ventilated psychrometer Very few NMHSCs used it, for actual usage
(1) Current Status of Meteorological Instrument (Actinometer / Sunshine recorder) (1/2)
Thermopile type
Cambell-Stokes type It is very popular at almost all NMHSCs
(1) Current Status of Meteorological Instrument (Actinometer / Sunshine recorder) (2/2)
Recording Actinometer Instrument has installed, however, almost all Recorder doesn’t work
(1) Current Status of Meteorological Instrument (Barometer) (1/1)
Fortin type Barometer It is installed almost all NMHSC including Local Observatories
Aneroid Barograph Only few NMHSCs used it actually
Digital Barometer Few NMHSCs used it as the standard Instrument
Limitation of Observation for more accurate Wind Velocity
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
StationA
Station B
Frequency of Wind Velocity on each Rank (%)
Over half of year, wind velocity is under 0.5 m/s
Station A and B is only 5km far with same condition, approximately
(2) Maintenance of Meteorological Instrument (wind vane / anemometer) (1/2)
A shaft of Anemometer bends at this point It become rusty
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
N NNE
NE
ENE
E
ESE
SE
SSE S
SSW
SW
WSW
W
WNW
NW
NNW
Windrose (Annual) ( by 6 hourly Synoptic Observation Data)
16 points of
Direction 0
10
20
30
N
NNE
NE
ENE
E
ESE
SE
SSE
S
SSW
SW
WSW
W
WNW
NW
NNW
16 points of
Direction
Country A Country B
(2) Maintenance of Meteorological Instrument (wind vane / anemometer) (2/2)
Limitation of Observation of wind direction Limitation of Observation of wind direction
(2) Maintenance of Meteorological Instrument (Rain gauge)
It needs a more detailed maintenance
This type is made with low cost, however it may includes some observation error
-4.0
-3.0
-2.0
-1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
27.1
2.20
11
28.1
2.20
11
29.1
2.20
11
30.1
2.20
11
31.1
2.20
11
1.1.
2012
2.1.
2012
3.1.
2012
4.1.
2012
5.1.
2012
6.1.
2012
7.1.
2012
8.1.
2012
9.1.
2012
10.1
.201
2
11.1
.201
2
12.1
.201
2
13.1
.201
2
Current-Asman AWS-Asman
17.5 days
⊿T℃
Comparison Comparison
Assmann aspiration psychrometer (as Standard Instrument)
(2) Maintenance of Meteorological Instrument (Thermometer)
(2) Maintenance of Meteorological Instrument (Hygrometer) (1/2)
Cotton textile has not exchanged for a long time
0
20
40
60
80
100
6:30
15
:30
6:30
15
:30
6:30
15
:30
6:30
15
:30
6:30
15
:30
6:30
15
:30
6:30
15
:30
6:30
15
:30
6:30
15
:30
6:30
15
:30
6:30
15
:30
6:30
15
:30
6:30
15
:30 Conventional
Assman
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
100
6:30
15
:30
6:30
15
:30
6:30
15
:30
6:30
15
:30
6:30
15
:30
6:30
15
:30
6:30
15
:30
6:30
15
:30
6:30
15
:30
6:30
15
:30
6:30
15
:30
6:30
15
:30
6:30
15
:30
6:30
15
:30
6:30
15
:30
6:30
15
:30
6:30
15
:30
6:30
15
:30 Conventional
Assman
(2) Maintenance of Meteorological Instrument (Hygrometer) (2/2)
Before exchange of Cotton textile
After exchanging of Cotton textile and cleaning up the wet bulb
(2) Maintenance of Meteorological Instrument (Barometer) (1/2)
Over 30 years has passed since its installation Its accuracy is concerned
Distance Between 2 sensors : 40 m Height difference : Digital type is 3 m lower than Current barometer)
(2) Maintenance of Meteorological Instrument (Barometer) (2/2)
(3) Simple Mobile Type AWS for Site Calibration Calibrated by JMA, Battery driven, can be stored in car Trunk (Designed by AKATSU Kunio)
Data Logger Anemometer & wind vane Thermometer Hygrometer Actinometer Digital Barometer Container
Assmann
(1) On the Management of Quality Control of Meteorological Instruments Only few NMHSCs carry out the Regular Maintenance and
Repair Only few NMHSCs have a system of traceability However, almost all NMHSCs have some concern on the
quality of observation data
(2) (In future) Necessity of preparation of National Standard Instruments at each NMHSC
(4) Summary of the Current Status of Meteorological Instrument
1. General condition of AWS in many NMHSCs There are a lot of AWSs which doesn’t work or out of order in
many NMHSCs
2. Points to be taken care in case of AWS (1) AWS requires a high technology for maintenance Maintenance staff have to master AWS by reading its
technical manual (2) Concerning Data Processing Units Keep away from small insects and dust Keep away from very hot and high humid condition as
possible as Protect from long time power cut off Utilize a OVP and AVR device and UPS
3. Carry out the comparative analysis between Conventional and AWS data
(5) Points to be Taken Care in case of AWS.
Kunio AKATSU
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