The Shift to the American ____ This chart shows the percentage
of total population living in locales with a population of
twenty-five hundred or more. Note the slowing of the cityward trend
from 1970 on.
Slide 3
New Immigration The New Immigrants of the 1880s came from
Southern and Eastern ______. They came from countries with little
history of democratic government, where people had grown accustomed
to harsh living conditions.
Slide 4
Looking Backward Older immigrants, trying to keep their own
humble arrival in America in the shadows, sought to close the
bridge that had carried them and their ancestors across the
Atlantic.
Slide 5
Less Welcoming? Antiforeignism, or ________, arose in the 1880s
with intensity. Organized labor was quick to show its negative
attitude towards immigrants. Why? Immigrants were frequently used
as strike- breakers.
Slide 6
Tweed Ring New York City, run by William Marcy Boss Tweed
_______, graft, fraudulent elections Stole as much as $200 million
from the city Product of Tammany Hall Democratic political
machine
Slide 7
Can the Law Reach Him? 1872 Cartoonist Thomas Nast attacked
Boss Tweed in a series of cartoons like this one that appeared in
Harpers Weekly in 1872. Here Nast depicts the corrupt Tweed as a
powerful giant, towering over a puny law force.
Slide 8
Churches and the City __________ churches suffered
significantly from the population move to the cities, where many of
their traditional doctrines and pastoral approaches seemed
irrelevant. A new generation of urban revivalists stepped into this
spreading moral vacuum. Dwight Lyman Moody a Protestant evangelist,
proclaimed a gospel of kindness and _________. He contributed to
adapting the old-time religion to the facts of city life. The Moody
Bible Institute was founded in Chicago in 1889 to carry out his
work.
Slide 9
Booker T. Washington The South lagged far behind other regions
in public education, and African-Americans suffered the most. The
leading champion of black education was ex-slave Booker T.
Washington. He taught in 1881 at the black normal and industrial
school at Tuskegee, Alabama. His self-help approach to solving the
nation's racial problems was labeled ______________ because it
stopped short of directly challenging white supremacy. Washington
avoided the issue of social equality.
Slide 10
Booker T. Washington (18561915) In a famous speech in New
Orleans in 1895, Washington grudgingly acquiesced in social
separateness for blacks. On that occasion, he told his largely
white audience, In all things that are purely social, we can be as
separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things
essential to mutual progress.
Slide 11
W. E. B. Du Bois (18681963) In 1961, at the end of a long
lifetime of struggle for racial justice in the United States, Du
Bois renounced his American citizenship at the age of ninety-three
and took up residence in the newly independent African state of
Ghana.
Slide 12
The Press Any Journalists? Joseph Pulitzer was a leader in the
techniques of sensationalism in St. Louis.
Slide 13
Post-Civil War Literary Leaders Horatio Alger was a
Puritan-driven New Englander who wrote more than 100 volumes of
juvenile fiction involving New York newsboys in 1866.
Slide 14
Mark Twain (18351910) Born Samuel Langhorne Clemens, he was not
only Americas most popular author but also a renowned platform
lecturer. This photograph was taken at his house at Quarry Farm,
near Elmira, New York, where he wrote major portions of both The
Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry
Finn.
Slide 15
Families and Women in the City Urban life launched the era of
_______. People in the cities were having fewer children because
more children would mean more mouths to feed. In 1890, the National
American Woman ________Association was founded.
Slide 16
By Jacob A. Riis
Slide 17
Street children
Slide 18
Workers sleeping between shifts
Slide 19
Slide 20
Woman in New England Cotton Mill
Slide 21
Men in New England Cotton Mill
Slide 22
Firefighters cleaning up after a tenement fire
Slide 23
Jim Crow in the post- Reconstruction South Reconstruction ended
in the South, white Democrats resumed their political power in the
South and began to exercise their _________ upon blacks. Blacks
were forced into sharecropping and tenant farming. Through the
"crop-lien" system, small farmers who rented out land from the
plantation owners were kept in ____ and forced to continue to work
for the owners.
Slide 24
Jim Crow in the post- Reconstruction South Eventually,
state-level legal codes of segregation known as Jim Crow laws were
enacted. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the South's
segregation in the case of ______ v. ________ (1896), declaring
that separate but equal facilities for blacks were legal under the
14 th Amendment.
Slide 25
Federal Land Grants to Railroads The heavy red lines indicate
areas within which the railroads might be given specific parcels of
land. As shown in the inset, land was reserved in belts of various
widths on either side of a railroads right of way. Until the
railroad selected the individual mile-square sections it chose to
possess, all such sections within the belt were withdrawn from
eligibility for settlement. The time zones were introduced in 1883
(see p. 572), and their boundaries have since been adjusted.
Slide 26
Union Pacific and Central Pacific The _____ Pacific Railroad
was commissioned by Congress in 1862 to build a transcontinental
railroad starting in Omaha, Nebraska. Many railroad workers,
including Irish "Paddies", were forced to pick up their rifles and
fight when Indians attempted to defend their lands. Rail-lying at
the California end of the railroad was taken up by the _______
Pacific Railroad. The transcontinental railroad was completed in
1869, increasing trade with Asia and opening up the West for
expansion.
Slide 27
Snow Sheds on the Central Pacific Railroad in the Sierra Nevada
Mountains, by Joseph H. Becker, ca. 1869 Formidable obstacles of
climate and terrain confronted the builders of the Central Pacific
Railroad in the mountainous heights of California. Note the Chinese
laborers in the foreground.
Slide 28
The Union Pacific and the Central Pacific Link at Promontory
Point, Utah, May 10, 1869 Railroad financiers, dignitaries,
spectators, and Chinese (Central Pacific) and Irish (Union Pacific)
work gangs witnessed the historic joining that created the nations
first transcontinental railroad. After the two locomotives chugged
within a few feet of each other, Central Pacific chief and former
California governor Leland Stanford tapped a golden spike into a
prepared hole on the last tie with a silver-plated maul. The golden
spike was whisked away to be preserved for posterity at the
Stanford University Museum, but the iron one that replaced it was
hardly ordinary
Slide 29
Railroad Corruption With great wealth and prosperity came much
_________. Railroaders, feeling they were above the law, abused the
public by bribing judges and legislatures.
Slide 30
Slide 31
Thomas Alva Edison Wizard of Menlo Park
Slide 32
The Light Bulb
Slide 33
The Motion Picture Camera
Slide 34
Alexander Graham Bell Telephone (1876)
Slide 35
Alternate Current George Westinghouse
Slide 36
The Airplane Wilbur Wright Orville Wright Kitty Hawk, NC
December 7, 1903
Slide 37
Model T Automobile Henry Ford I want to pay my workers so that
they can afford my product! Henry Ford I want to pay my workers so
that they can afford my product!
Slide 38
Social Darwinism Adapted Darwins ideas from the Origin of
Species to humans. Notion of Survival of the Fittest. Adapted
Darwins ideas from the Origin of Species to humans. Notion of
Survival of the Fittest. Herbert Spencer
Slide 39
Rockefeller and Carnegie __________: Owned Standard Oil
Employed horizontal integration ________: Owned US Steel Employed
vertical integration Gospel of Wealth
Slide 40
Standard Oil Co.
Slide 41
New Type of Business Entities 2. Trust: Horizontal Integration
John D. Rockefeller 2. Trust: Horizontal Integration John D.
Rockefeller Vertical Integration: o Gustavus Swift Meat-packing o
Andrew Carnegie U. S. Steel Vertical Integration: o Gustavus Swift
Meat-packing o Andrew Carnegie U. S. Steel
Slide 42
New Type of Business Entities
Slide 43
William Vanderbilt (and the railroads) $ The public be damned!
$ What do I care about the law? Haint I got the power? $ The public
be damned! $ What do I care about the law? Haint I got the
power?
Slide 44
The Gospel of ______: Religion in the Era of Industrialization
Russell H. Conwell $ Wealth is not bad. $ Viewed as a sign of Gods
approval. $ Christian duty to accumulate wealth. $ Should not help
the poor. $ Wealth is not bad. $ Viewed as a sign of Gods approval.
$ Christian duty to accumulate wealth. $ Should not help the
poor.
Haymarket Riot (1886) On May 4, 1886 in Haymarket Square,
_______ police advanced on a meeting called to protest alleged
brutalities by authorities. A dynamite bomb was thrown and killed
dozens of people. 8 anarchists were tried and convicted; 5 were
sentenced to death while the other 3 were sent to jail. In 1892,
the governor of Illinois, John P. Altgeld, pardoned the 3 who were
in prison.
Slide 47
Homestead Steel Strike (1892) The Amalgamated Association of
Iron & Steel Workers Homestead Steel Works
Slide 48
Big Bill Haywood of the IWW Violence was justified to overthrow
capitalism.
Slide 49
In Union there is Strength Corporations sometimes compelled
their workers to sign "ironclad oaths" or ______-___ contracts"
saying that the workers would not join a labor union. Some
corporations even owned the "company town," increasing the prices
of basic living so that the company could gain wealth.
Slide 50
Slide 51
Clash of Cultures on the Plains In the West, white soldiers
spread cholera, typhoid, and _______ to the Indians. The whites
also put pressure on the shrinking bison population by hunting and
grazing their own livestock on the prairie grasses.
Slide 52
Vanishing Lands Once masters of the continent, Native Americans
have been squeezed into just 2 percent of U.S. territory. Source:
Copyright 2000 by The New York Times. Reprinted by permission.
Slide 53
Cattle and the Long-Drive The problem of bringing cattle meat
to the East from Texas was solved with the introduction of the
transcontinental ________ and the newly perfected refrigerator
cars. The "Long Drive" consisted of Texas cowboys driving herds of
cattle over unfenced plains until they reached a railroad terminal
to where they could be sold.
Slide 54
Cattle Trails
Slide 55
Deflationbrutal for farmers The farmers of the West became
attached to the one-crop economy - wheat or corn - and were in the
same lot as the southern cotton farmers. In 1870, the lack of
currency in circulation forced the price of crops to go ____.
Thousands of farms had mortgages, with the mortgage rates rising
ever higher.
Slide 56
Unhappy Farmers The good soil of the West was becoming poor,
and floods added to the problem of erosion. Beginning in the summer
of 1887, a series of ________ forced many people to abandon their
farms and towns. Farmers were forced to sell their low-priced
products in an unprotected world market, while buying high- priced
manufactured goods in a tariff-protected home market. Farmers were
also controlled by corporations and processors.
Slide 57
________ on the Horizon Farmers formed the Farmers' Alliance in
Texas in the late 1870s in order to break the grip of the railroads
and manufacturers through cooperative buying and selling. Out of
the Farmers' Alliances the People's Party, also known as the
Populists, emerged. It called for nationalizing the railroads,
telephones, and telegraph, and instituting a graduated income tax.
Populists also wanted the free and unlimited coinage of
silver.