Download - The Principles of Fiber-optic Cable Installation - Cabling Install

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  • 23.03.2015 TheprinciplesoffiberopticcableinstallationCablingInstall

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    TheprinciplesoffiberopticcableinstallationFebruary1,2012

    FromtheFebruary,2012IssueofCablingInstallation&MaintenanceMagazine

    Followingappropriatestepswillensureinstallersachievethefourgoalsofcableinstallation.

    ByEricR.Pearson,PearsonTechnologiesInc.

    Whenexaminingwhatmakesafiberopticnetworksuccessfulfromthestandpointsofinstallationandperformance,thecharacteristicscanbeorganizedintogroupsoffour.Asuccessfulfiberopticnetworkinstallationwillhavefourcharacteristics:1)lowopticalpowerloss,2)lowinstallationcost,3)lowtimeofinstallation,and4)highreliability.Likewise,therearefourgoalsoffiberopticcableinstallation:1)avoidbreakage,2)avoidreducedpoweratthereceiver,3)avoidreductionsinreliability,and4)proceedinasafemanner.Tomeetthesefourgoals,theinstallermustrecognizeandrespectcertainprinciples.Inthisarticle,Iorganizetheseprinciplesintofourgroups:1)environmentallimits,2)installationlimits,3)NationalElectricalCodecompliance,and4)endpreparation.

    Environmentallimits

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    Thenetworkdesignerisresponsibleforspecificationofacableproperfortheintendedenvironment.Withthisdefinitionofresponsibility,theinstallermightnotneedtobeconcernedwithenvironmentlimitations.However,networkdesignersmaynotrecognizeallrelevantenvironmentalconditions.Inorderthattheinstallerrecognizeandavoidcommonfieldproblems,weprovidethisfirstprinciple:Respectenvironmentallimits

    Theinstallerinstallsthecableinenvironmentalconditionsthatarewithinthelimits.Shouldthecablebeexposedtoconditionsinexcessofitslimits,thecablecanfailtoprotectthefibers.Suchfailurecanleadtofiberbreakageandexcessiveattenuationrate.

    Whilenotexhaustive,thislistoffiveenvironmentalconditionsrepresentsmostoftheconditionsthathaveresultedininstallationproblems:moisture,operatingtemperaturerange,bendradii,crushloadanduseloadalongwithverticalrisedistance.

    Moisture.Aninstallercaninstallacablethatisnotmoistureresistantinanenvironmentthatcontainsmoisture.Insuchacase,thecablecanchannelmoistureintoelectronics,developincreasedattenuationrateandfiberbreakageduetofrozenwater,and/orexperiencereducedfiberstrengthandbreakageduetoattackfromthechemicalsingroundwater.

    Operatingtemperaturerange.Ifaninstallerinstallscableinanenvironmentwithtemperaturesoutsideofthecablesoperatingrange,thecablecanexhibitincreasedattenuationand/ordegradationofcablematerials.Intheformercase,theremaybeinsufficientpoweratthereceiverforproperlinkoperation.Inthelattercase,thefibersmaybreak.

    Bendradii.Duringinstallation,theinstallercanbendacabletolessthaneithertheshorttermbendradius(20xcablediameter)orthelongtermbendradius(10xcablediameter).Inthesecases,thecablecandevelopanincreasedattenuationrate,fiberbreakageorreductioninfiberstrength.Suchasituationcanoccurinanundergroundconduitpath,inwhichtheconduitsweep,orelbow,hasaradiuslessthaneitherbendradius(20xor10x)ofthecable.Inthissituationthecablepathitsenvironmentisforcingaviolationofthebendradius.

    Crushloads.Ifaninstallerinstallsacableinanenvironmentthatimposeseitheralongorshorttermcrushloadinexcessofthecableslimit,thecablecanexperienceincreasedattenuationrateandfiberbreakage.Suchasituationcanoccurwhenanindoor,tighttubecableisdirectlyburied.

    Useload.Aninstallercaninstallacablewithlongterm,oruse,loadonthecableinexcessofthecablesrating.Suchaconditioncanoccurwhenthecableisinstalledbetweenwidelyspacedbuildings,widelyspacedtelephonepoles,widelyspacedpowertransmission

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    towers,andupalongverticalrise.Twoproblemscanoccurincreasedattenuationrateandfiberbreakage.

    Aninstallershouldlimitthelongtermloadtoavaluelessthanorequaltothecablesrating.Todoso,theinstallerobtainstheuseloadfromthemanufacturer,typicallyfromadatasheetorfromthemanufacturerswebsite.

    Theinstalleralsoshouldlimitverticalrisedistance.Theuseloadandtheverticalrisedistancearedifferentstatementsofthesamecharacteristic.Theverticalrisedistanceisthedistancetowhichthecablecanbeinstalledverticallywithoutsupport.Theinstallerlimitsthecabletoaverticaldistancelessthantheverticalriselimit.Todoso,theinstallerobtainstheverticalriselimitfromadatasheet.Theinstallercanachieveatotalverticalrisedistanceinexcessofthislimitbysupportingthecableataseparationnogreaterthanthislimit.

    Indoorloosetubecablescanallowthefiberstoslideoutofthecable.Thustheinstallerinstallsserviceloopsinverticalloosetubecable.

    Installationlimits

    Therearetwotypesofcableinstallation:1)pullingthecableintoitspath,and2)placingthecableinitslocation.Theinstallerinstallsthecablewithconditionsthatarewithinthelimitsofthecable.Theoverallprincipleistorespectinstallationlimits.

    Duringthecablepull,theinstallerrespectsfiveinstallationlimits:1)notwisting,2)installationload,3)installationbendradius,4)installationtemperaturerange,5)storagetemperaturerange.

    Notwisting.Avoidanceoffiberbreakagerequiresthatfibercablesbeinstalledwithouttwisting.Inordertoavoidtwisting,theinstallerusesapullingswivelbetweenthepullingropeandthecable.Theinstallerattachesthepullropeandthecabletothepullingeye.

    Inordertocomplywiththeinstallationloadlimit,theinstallermustknowtheloadlimitandhaveamethodforlimitingtheloadappliedtothecable.Theinstallerwilllearnthelimitfromthedatasheetforthecable,creatingtwoprinciples:1)Knowtheinstallationloadlimit2)Limittheinstallationload.

    Therearethreemethodsbywhichaninstallercanlimittheshortterm,orinstallation,loadappliedtoacable.Inaddition,therearetwomethodsforreducingtheappliedinstallationload.

    Thethreemethodshavetheadvantageofprovidingconcreteevidencethattheinstallationloadhasnotbeenexceeded.Thesemethodsaretheuseof1)apullingeyewithaswivelwithashearpin,2)apullingdevicewithaslipclutch,and3)apullingdevicewithaload

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    gage.

    Theeyehasashearpin,whichisratedataloadlessthanthemaximuminstallationloadofthecable.Forexample,acablewitharatingof600poundsforcewouldrequireashearpinrated500500poundsforce.Iftheinstallerexceedstherating,theshearpin(notthecable)breaks.

    Theinstallercanuseapullingeyewithaswivelwithoutashearpiniftheinstallerhassomeothermethodoflimitingtheloadappliedtothecable.Pullershavetwomethodstoprovidesuchlimitation.Thesemethodsareaslipclutchandaloadgage.

    Aninstallercansettheslipclutchofapullertoalevellessthantheinstallationloadofthecable.Shouldtheappliedloadexceedthelevelset,theclutchclips,eliminatingfiberdamage.

    Aninstallercansettheloadgageofapullertoalevellessthantheinstallationloadofthecable.Shouldtheappliedloadexceedthelevelset,theloadgagestopsthepullingmotorwithoutfiberbreakageordamage.Theloadgagehasanadditionaladvantageitallowsattachmentofachartrecorder,whichprovidesproofthattheinstallerdidnotloadthecableinexcessofitsrating.

    Reducingtheload

    Thesethreemethodslimittheloadbutdonothingtoreducetheload.Therearetwomethodsforreducingtheloadappliedtothecable:lubricantandaFigure8installation.

    Theinstallerusesacablelubricanttoreducefrictionandloadonthecable.Whilecoppercablelubricantsexist,theinstallerusesafibercablelubricant,assuchalubricantismatchedtothejacketofthecable.

    Thesecondmethodforreducingtheloadispullingthecablebyhandinmultiple,reducedlengthpulls.Breakingalongpullintomultiplepullsofreducedlengthreducestheloadonthecable.Iftheinstallerinstallsthecableinmultiplepulls,heorshewillstorethecableatintermediatelocationsinaFigure8pattern.Theadvantageofthismethodisreducedload.Thedisadvantageisincreasedlaborcost.

    DuringaFigure8pull,theinstallerpullsthecableintothefirstmanholeandoutofasubsequentmanhole.Thesubsequentmanholemaybethenextmanholealongthecablepath,ortheNthmanholealongthecablepath.Theinstallerdeterminesthismanholebytheloadtheinstalleriswillingtoimposeonthecable.

    Astheinstallerpullsthecablefromthemanhole,heorsheplacesthecableonthegroundinaFigure8pattern.Thispatterncanbe12feetlongand4to6feetwide.Forpractical

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    reasons,thepatternisrarelystackedmorethan24incheshigh.

    Whentheinstallerhaspulledthecableoutofthemanhole,theinstallerandseveralhelperspickuptheFigure8andflipitoversothecableendisontop.Theinstallerputsthecablebackintothesamemanholealongthecablepath.Atthismanhole,theinstallerrepeatstheFigure8patternontheground.Theinstallercanrepeatthisprocessasmanytimesasdesired,untilthecableisinstalledalongtheentirepath.

    TheinstallercanusetheFigure8methodforbothunidirectionalpulls,andmidpulls.Inamidpull,theinstallerpullsthecableinonedirection.TheinstallerplacestheremainingcableinaFigure8patternontheground.Finally,theinstallerpullsthecablefromtheFigure8patternintheoppositedirection.

    Someprofessionalinstallersuseafourthmethodforlimitingtheloadtheyapplyduringinstallation.Thismethodrequirespullinga600poundforcecablebyhand.Theassumptionisthatitisessentiallyimpossibletocreatea600poundloadbyhandpullinginahorizontalaxis.Thismethoddoesnothavetheadvantageofprovidingconcreteevidencethattheinstallershavenotexceededtheinstallationload.

    Allfourmethodsrequireattachmentofapullropetothecable.Theinstallerattachesapullropetoacablesothatthecablestrengthmemberssupporttheloadandnoloadisimposedonthefibers.

    Theinstallerhasatleastthefollowingfiveattachmentpossibilities.

    AttachmentofthepullropearoundtheoutsideofthecablejacketAttachmentofthepullropetoaKellemsgripthatgripsthecablethroughthejacketAttachmentofthepullropetocentralstrengthmembersAttachmentofthepullropetostrengthmembersoutsidetheloosebuffertubesAttachmentofthepullropetostrengthmembersbetweenmultiplejackets

    Withallthesepossibilities,theinstallerneedsanotherprinciple.Thebestmethodofattachmentisthemethodrecommendedbythecablemanufacturer.

    Themanufacturerhasdesignedthecablesothatitcanbeinstalledwithoutdamage,andhasdonesobyassumingthattheinstallerwillattachthepullropetospecificstrengthmembers.Attachmentofapullropetoanycablestructuralelementotherthanthesestrengthmembersmayresultinaloadimposedonthefibers.Suchaloadcanresultinfiberbreakage.

    Thereisonefinalmethodthatsomeinstallersfollow.Theinstallerusesaloosetubecable

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    designforinstallationsinwhichtheinstallationloadwillbehigh.Theexcessfiberinthistypeofcableallowsthefibertomovetoreducethestressonit.Thismovementcanbeforhundredsoffeetfromthehighstressarea.

    Bendradius.Inordertoavoidbreakage,theinstallerlimitsthebendradiusofthecabletoabovetheminimumvalue.Thislimitationmeansthateachdeviationfromastraightpathrequiressomeformofcontrol.Apulleyorsheaveprovidessuchcontrol.Toensurecompliancewiththeselimits,theinstallerobtainsthevaluesfromthecabledatasheet.AcablethatcomplieswithTIA/EIA568Cmeetstherequirementtolimitashorttermbendradiusto20xthecablediameter.Somecableswillwithstandbendradiitighterthan20x.

    Supplyreel.Theinstallermonitorsthesupplyreeltoavoidbendradiusviolationsduetoimproperwindingofcableonthereel,looseningofcable,cablewrappingaroundtheshaftthatsupportsthereel,orbackwrappingwhenthepullstops.Ifthecableisimproperlywoundonthereel,thecablewillattempttopullalowerlayerfromunderanupperlayer.Thissituationresultsinthecablemakingarightangleasitleavesthereelanobviousbendradiusviolation.

    Ifthecableloosensduringthepullingprocess,itcanrideoverthetopoftheflangeofthereelandwraparoundtheshaftthatsupportsthereel.Thissituationisanotherexampleofabendradiusviolation.

    Iftheinstallerdoesnotstopthereelfromrotatingattheendofthepull,thecablecanwrapbackwardsaroundthereel.Backwrappingprovidesathirdexampleofabendradiusviolation.

    Communicationduringthepullingprocessisessential.Theinstallercommunicatesandcoordinatesthepullingactions.Inadvanceofastop,theinstallerinchargeofthepullingequipmentinformstheinstalleratthesupplyreelofhisorherintent.Withthisadvancenotice,theinstalleratthesupplyreelcandontheheavyworkglovesneededtoavoidsplinterswhilegrabbingtherapidlyspinningsupplyreelflangeinordertostopthereel.

    Theinstallerinchargeofthepullingequipmentmayforgettoalerttheinstalleratthecablesupplyreel.Becauseofthispossibility,eachinstallationrequiresatleastthreeinstallers.Thethirdinstallercoordinatestheactivityoftheothertwo.

    Aninstallermonitorseachpulleylocation.Thismonitorensuresthatthecabledoesnotcablejumpfromthepulley.Shouldthecablejump,theinstallercanhavetwoproblems:fiberdamageandstrengthmemberdamage.Shouldthecablejumpfromapulley,thebendradiusisnolongerundercontrol.Inaddition,thecablemayscrapeagainstasharpedgeattheentranceoftheconduit.Shouldthissharpedgecutthroughthejacket,itmaydamagestrengthmembersunderthejacket.Suchdamagewillreducetheinstallationloadcapability

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    ofthecable,increasingthelikelihoodoffiberdamage.

    Duringinstallation,theinstallerpulls,doesnotpush,thecable.Pushingcancauseaviolationofthebendradius.

    Theinstallerinstallsthecableatatemperaturewithintherangespecifiedonthedatasheet.Atexcessivelylowtemperatures,thecablematerialsmaybebrittleenoughtocrack.Atexcessivelyhightemperatures,thecablematerialsmaystretchexcessively,resultinginnumerousproblems.

    Theinstallerstoresthecableatatemperaturewithinthestoragetemperaturerangespecifiedonthedatasheet.Storageofacableatatemperatureoutsideofitsstoragerangewillcausethematerialproblems.

    Cableplacement

    Thetermcableplacement,asusedinthisarticle,meanscableinstallationwithoutpulling.Suchplacementoccursincabletrays,troughsandraceways.Onceagain,bendradiuscomesintoplay.Onceapulliscompleted,theinstallerlimitsthelongtermbendradiustoatorabovetheminimumvalueof10xthecablediameter.

    Theinstallerbundlescablesthatrunalongthesamepath.Bundlingreducestheriskofbendradiusviolation.Additionally,bundlingsimplifiescircuittracing.

    Cableties,iftheyareused,aretightenedbyhand,notwithacabletietool.Excessivelytightcabletiescandeformthecablejacket,resultinginalocalizedbendradiusviolationandexcesspowerloss.Theuseofhookandloopbandstobundlecablesminimizestheriskofbendradiusviolation.

    Segregatefibercables.Whenevercopperandfibercablesresideinthesametray,theinstallerplacesthefibercablesininnerduct.Bysegregatingthetwotypesofcables,theinstallerreducestheriskofbendradiusandcrushloadviolationsofthefibercables.

    Suchsegregationavoidsabendradiusviolationduringinstallationofadditionalcablesinthetray.Ifaninstallerisnotawareofbendradiusconcerns,heorshemayusecablestiestoattachnewcablestothoseinplace.Inthissituation,aviolationofbendradiusmayresult.

    Segregationavoidsacrushloadviolationthatcanoccurwhenheavycoppercablesareinstalledontopoffibercablesinladdertrays.Inthissituation,thefibercablescanexperiencelocalizedbendradiusviolations.

    Serviceloops.Theinstallerleavesserviceloopsthroughoutthelink.Serviceloopsarelengthsofexcesscablethatcanbepulledintoproblemareas.Serviceloopsare

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    inexpensiveinsurancetheycertainlyarelessexpensivethanreplacingtheentiresegment.

    Forindoorlinks,acommonpracticeisa10to12footserviceloopnearbothendsofeachlink.Thisserviceloopcoilmaybeinthebackofanenclosure,onacabletray,oraboveasuspendedceiling.

    Foroutdoorlinks,acommonservicelooppracticehasthefollowingthreeparts.

    1. A100footserviceloopforeach1000feetofcable2. A100footserviceloopforeachstreetcrossing3. Nomorethan200feetofserviceloopper1000feetofcable

    Finally,therewillbeaserviceloopofatleast10to12feetateachcableend.Oftenthisserviceloopis50feet,andisinadditiontothelengthofcablethatwillbestrippedfortermination.Foraerialcablesystems,serviceloopholdersholdtheserviceloop.

    Inanylocationinwhichthecablecanbeaccess,theinstallermarksitasFiberOpticCable.Therearetworeasonsforsuchmarking.First,whenthecablesaresomarked,electricianswillnotbetemptedtocut,rerouteandsplicethemwithblacktape.Second,installerswillnotbetemptedtousesuchmarkedcablesinamanholeasaladder.

    Installersinstalloutdoorcableswithsagtoallowforthermalexpansionandcontraction.A2.5footsagfor150footspanisacommonpractice.

    NECcompliance.IndoorcablesmustcomplywiththeNationalElectricalCode(NEC)andlocalelectricalcodes.HorizontalcablerunsrequireOFNorOFCratedcables.CablerunsbetweenfloorsrequireOFNRorOFNCratedcables.CablerunsinairhandlingplenumsrequireOFNPorOFCPratedcables.Inaddition,firewallpenetrationsmustmeettherequirementsoftheapplicablefirecode.Todeterminecompliance,theinstallerreadstheprintedinformationonthecable,becausetheNECrequiresthatallcablesbeprintedwiththeirratingandtestnumber.

    Endpreparation

    Afterpullingandplacingthecable,theinstallerpreparesthecableendsforsplicingorconnectorinstallation.Theinstallerprotectsbuffertubesandfibers.Thisprinciplemeansthatthejacketendsinsidetheenclosure,notoutsidetheenclosure.Thebuffertubesandfibersarenotdesignedtowithstandexposuretotheworkingenvironment.

    Theinstallersealstheendsofgreasefilled,gelblockedcableswithafiberopticcablesealant.Waterblockingcompoundscanandwillflowfromevenasmallverticaldrop.Suchflowwillcausemaintenanceproblems.Animpropersealantcanattackprimarycoatingof

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    thefiber.

    Itisthisauthorsunderstandingthatsomesiliconesealantscuretoproduceaceticacidwhileotherscuretoproducewater.Aceticacidcanattacktheprimarycoatingofthefiber.Thus,theinstallershoulduseafiberopticcablesealant.

    Someinstallersputheatshrinktubingovertheendofthejacket.Thisconcealsanyunevenjacketpreparation,sealant,andcablematerialsnottrimmedflushwiththejacket.

    EricR.Pearson,CFOSisprincipalofPearsonTechnologiesInc.(www.ptnowire.com).ThisarticleisexcerptedfromPearsonsrecentlypublishedbookentitledProfessionalFiberOpticInstallationTheEssentialsForSuccess,Version8.0.ThearticleisaderivationofthebooksChapter11,CableInstallationPrinciples.Thebookcontainsatotalof26chaptersplusappendices.Eachchapterconcludeswithasetofreviewquestions.ThebookcanbeorderedfromthePearsonwebsite.

    Textbookgoesintogreatdetailonfiberopticinstallation

    ThisarticleisderivedfromChapter11ofEricR.PearsonsbookentitledProfessionalFiberOpticInstallationTheEssentialsforSuccess,Version8.0.ThechapterisentitledCableInstallationPrinciples.

    Eachchapterofthebookendswithasetofreviewquestions.Chapter11includes9suchquestions.Thefirstquestionreadsasfollows:Aninstallationteamisplanningtopullacablethroughanundergroundconduitsystem.Thesystemconsistsofconduitsbetweenmanholes.Therearenosweepsatlocationsatwhichthecablepathchangesdirectionsoratwhichtheconduitchangeselevation.Whatmusttheinstallerdoatthesechangesofdirection?Anotherquestionis:Priortopreparingtheendofafilledandblockedcable,aninstallerstopsatHomeDepotforsiliconesealant.Whatshouldyousaytohim?

    Thebookincludesatotalof26chaptersplusappendices.AmongchaptertitlesareInsertionLossPrinciplesandMethods,ConnectorInspection,andCableEndPreparation.

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