The Nervous System
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Central nervous system (CNS)
Brain and spinal cordIntegrative and control centers
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Cranial nerves and spinal nervesCommunication lines between theCNS and the rest of the body
Parasympatheticdivision
Conserves energyPromotes house-keeping functionsduring rest
Motor (efferent) division
Motor nerve fibersConducts impulses from the CNSto effectors (muscles and glands)
Sensory (afferent) divisionSomatic and visceral sensorynerve fibersConducts impulses fromreceptors to the CNS
Somatic nervousSystem (SNS)
Somatic motor(voluntary)Conducts impulsesfrom the CNS toskeletal muscles
Sympathetic divisionMobilizes bodysystems during activity; “fight or flight”
Autonomic nervoussystem (ANS)
Visceral motor(involuntary)Conducts impulsesfrom the CNS tocardiac muscles,smooth muscles,and glands
StructureFunctionSensory (afferent)division of PNS Motor (efferent) division of PNS
Somatic sensoryfiber
Visceral sensory fiber
Motor fiber of somatic nervous system
Skin
StomachSkeletalmuscle
Heart
BladderParasympathetic motor fiber of ANS
Sympathetic motor fiber of ANS
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Capillary
Neuron
Astrocyte
Astrocytes
Microglia
Neuron
Microglialcell
Ependymal Cells
Brain orspinal cordtissue
Ependymalcells
Fluid-filled cavity
Oligodendrocytes
Nervefibers
Myelin sheath
Process ofoligodendrocyte
Satellite Cells and Schwann Cells
Schwann cells(forming myelin sheath)
Cell body of neuronSatellitecells
Nerve fiber
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Dendrites(receptive regions)
Cell body(biosynthetic centerand receptive region)
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Nissl bodies
Axon(impulse generatingand conducting region)
Axon hillock
NeurilemmaTerminalbranches
Node of Ranvier
Impulsedirection
Schwann cell(one inter-node)
Axonterminals(secretoryregion)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 11.1 (1 of 3)
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Actionpotential
1 2 3
4
Resting state Depolarization Repolarization
Hyperpolarization
The big picture
1 1
2
3
4
Time (ms)
Threshold
Mem
bra
ne p
ote
nti
al (m
V)
Refractory Period
Generation of an Action Potential
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Neural Pools
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Neural Pools
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Neural Pools
The Brain and Spinal Cord
Skin of scalp
Periosteum
Falx cerebri(in longitudinalfissure only)
Blood vessel
Arachnoid villusPia Mater
Arachnoid Mater
Dura Mater MeningealPeriostealBone of skull
Superiorsagittal sinus
Subduralspace
Subarachnoidspace
Meninges
Cervicalenlargement
Dura andarachnoidmater
Lumbar enlargement
Conus medullaris
Cauda equina
Filumterminale
Cervicalspinal nerves
Lumbarspinal nerves
Sacralspinal nerves
Thoracicspinal nerves
The spinal cord and its nerve roots, with the bony vertebral arches removed. The dura mater and arachnoid mater are cut open and reflected laterally.
Spinal Cord
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Cerebralhemisphere
Brain stem• Midbrain• Pons• Medullaoblongata
The Major Regions of the Brain
Anterior horn
Interventricularforamen
Inferiorhorn
Lateralaperture
Left lateral view
Lateral ventricle
Septum pellucidum
Third ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
Anterior view
Fourth ventricleCentral canal
Inferior horn
Posteriorhorn
MedianapertureLateralaperture
Ventricles of the Brain
Postcentralgyrus
Centralsulcus
Precentral gyrus
Frontal lobe Parietal lobeParieto-occipital sulcus(on medial surfaceof hemisphere)Lateral sulcus
Transverse cerebral fissure
Occipital lobeTemporal lobe
CerebellumPons
Medulla oblongataSpinal cord
Cortex (gray matter)
Fissure(a deepsulcus)
Gyrus
SulcusWhite matter
Cerebral Hemispheres
CentralsulcusFrontal lobe
Temporal lobe(pulled down)
Gyri of insula
Cerebral Hemispheres
Parietallobe
Frontal lobe
Right cerebralhemisphere
Occipitallobe
Left cerebralhemisphere
Cerebral veinsand arteriescovered byarachnoidmater
Longitudinalfissure
Posterior
Anterior
Cerebral Hemispheres
Gustatory cortex(in insula)
Primary motor cortex
Premotor cortex
Frontal eye field
Working memoryfor spatial tasksExecutive area fortask managementWorking memory forobject-recall tasks
Broca’s area(outlined by dashes)
Solving complex,multitask problems
(a) Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere
Motor areas
Prefrontal cortex
Sensory areas and relatedassociation areas
Central sulcus
Primary somatosensorycortexSomatosensoryassociation cortex
Somaticsensation
Taste
Wernicke’s area(outlined by dashes)
Primary visualcortexVisualassociation area
Vision
Auditoryassociation areaPrimaryauditory cortex
Hearing
Primary motor cortex Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortex
Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex
Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex
Frontal eye field
Prefrontalcortex
Processes emotionsrelated to personaland social interactions
(b) Parasagittal view, right hemisphere
Olfactory bulbOrbitofrontalcortex
Olfactory tractFornix
Temporal lobe
Corpuscallosum
Premotor cortexPrimarymotor cortex
Cingulategyrus Central sulcus
Primary somatosensorycortex
Parietal lobe
Parieto-occipitalsulcus
Somatosensoryassociation cortex
OccipitallobeVisualassociationarea
Calcarine sulcusParahippocampalgyrus
UncusPrimaryolfactory cortex
Primaryvisual cortex
Primary motor cortex Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortex
Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex
Hemispheric Lateralization
Figure 12.12
Corpus callosum
Choroid plexusThalamus(encloses third ventricle)
Pineal gland(part of epithalamus)
Posterior commissure
CorporaquadrigeminaCerebralaqueductArbor vitae (ofcerebellum)Fourth ventricleChoroid plexusCerebellum
Septum pellucidum
Interthalamicadhesion(intermediatemass of thalamus)Interven-tricularforamenAnteriorcommissure
Hypothalamus
Optic chiasma
Pituitary gland
Cerebral hemisphere
Mammillary bodyPonsMedulla oblongata
Spinal cord
Mid-brain
Fornix
Diencephalon
Frontal lobeOlfactory bulb(synapse point ofcranial nerve I)Optic chiasmaOptic nerve (II)Optic tractMammillary body
Pons
MedullaoblongataCerebellum
Temporal lobe
Spinal cord
Midbrain
Brain Stem
Optic chiasmaView (a)
Optic nerve (II)
Mammillary body
Oculomotor nerve (III)
Crus cerebri ofcerebral peduncles (midbrain)
Trigeminal nerve (V)
Abducens nerve (VI)Facial nerve (VII)
Vagus nerve (X)
Accessory nerve (XI)
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Ventral root of firstcervical nerve
Trochlear nerve (IV)
PonsMiddle cerebellarpeduncle
Pyramid
Decussation of pyramids
Ventral view
Spinal cord
Vestibulocochlearnerve (VIII)
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Diencephalon• Thalamus• Hypothalamus
Diencephalon
Brainstem
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Midbrain
Pons
Medullaoblongata
Brain Stem
View (c)
Diencephalon
Brainstem
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Midbrain
Pons
Medullaoblongata
Pineal gland
Diencephalon
Anterior wall offourth ventricle
Dorsal view
Thalamus
Dorsal root offirst cervical nerve
Midbrain• Superior
colliculus• Inferior
colliculus• Trochlear nerve (IV)• Superior cerebellar peduncle
Corporaquadrigeminaof tectum
Medulla oblongata• Inferior cerebellar peduncle• Facial nerve (VII)• Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)• Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)• Vagus nerve (X)• Accessory nerve (XI)
Pons• Middle cerebellar peduncle
Dorsal median sulcus
Choroid plexus(fourth ventricle)
Brain Stem
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