Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb
Chapter 1The Human Body:
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slides 1.1 – 1.39
The Human Body:An Orientation
Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook
The Human BodyThe Human Body –– An OrientationAn Orientation
• Anatomy – study of the structure andshape of the body and its parts
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• Physiology – study of how the body andits parts work or function – the study of(ology) nature (physio)
• Both are always related – structuredetermines function.
AnatomyAnatomy –– Levels of StudyLevels of Study
• Gross Anatomy
• Large structures
• Easily observable
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• Easily observable
• Anatomy means to cut(tomy) apart (ana).
Figure 1.1
AnatomyAnatomy –– Levels of StudyLevels of Study
• Microscopic Anatomy
• Very smallstructures
• Can only be
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• Can only beviewed witha microscope
Figure 14.4
Levels of Structural OrganizationLevels of Structural Organization
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Figure 1.1
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview• Integumentary
• Forms the external body covering -waterproof
• Cushions and protects deeper tissuefrom injury
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Figure 1.2a
• Excretes salts and urea in sweat
• Helps regulate temperature -homeostasis
• Synthesizes vitamin D
• Location of cutaneous nervereceptors
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
• Skeletal
• Protects and supportsbody organs
• Provides muscle
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• Provides muscleattachment formovement
• Site of blood cellformation
• Stores mineralsFigure 1.2b
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
• Muscular
• Only 1 function – tocontract or shorten
• Allows locomotion
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• Allows locomotion
• Maintains posture
• Produces heat
• Three main types –skeletal, smooth, cardiac
Figure 1.2c
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
• Nervous
• Fast-acting controlsystem
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system
• Responds tointernal and externalchange
• Activates musclesand glands
Figure 1.2d
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
• Endocrine
• Secretes regulatoryhormones into theblood that targetdistant organs
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distant organs
• Growth
• Reproduction
• Metabolism – fooduse by cells
Figure 1.2e
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
• Cardiovascular
• Transports materials inbody via blood pumped byheart
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Figure 1.2f
• Oxygen
• Carbon dioxide
• Hormones
• Nutrients
• Wastes
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
• Lymphatic
• Returns fluids to bloodvessels
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vessels
• Disposes of debris
• Houses cells involved inimmunity
Figure 1.2g
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
• Respiratory
• Keeps blood
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• Keeps bloodsupplied withoxygen
• Removes carbondioxide
Figure 1.2h
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
• Digestive
• Breaks down food beginning inthe mouth and ending in thesmall intestine
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Figure 1.2i
small intestine
• Allows for nutrient absorptioninto blood to be sent to thebody
• Eliminates indigestible material
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
• Urinary
• Eliminates harmfulnitrogenous wastes
• Maintains acid – base
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• Maintains acid – basebalance
• Regulation of materials
• Water
• Electrolytes - saltsFigure 1.2j
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
• Reproductive
• Production
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• Productionof offspring
Figure 1.2k
Necessary Life FunctionsNecessary Life Functions
• Organ systems do not work inisolation but work together to promote
the well-being of the entire bodythe well-being of the entire body
Slide 1.17
Necessary Life FunctionsNecessary Life Functions
• Maintain Boundaries
• Inside remains distinct from outside – skinand cell membranes
• Movement
Slide 1.18
• Locomotion
• Movement of substances within the body
• Responsiveness - irritability
• Ability to sense changes (stimuli) and react
Necessary Life FunctionsNecessary Life Functions
• Digestion
• Break-down and delivery of nutrients
• Metabolism – chemical reactions withinthe body
Slide 1.19Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
the body
• Breakdown of macromolecules
• Production of energy - ATP
• Making body structures
Necessary Life FunctionsNecessary Life Functions
• Excretion
• Elimination of waste from digestion andmetabolic reactions from the body
• Reproduction
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• Reproduction
• Production of future generation – cellular ororganismal level
• Growth
• Increasing of cell size and number
Survival NeedsSurvival Needs
• All must be in appropriate amounts –too little or too much is harmful
• Nutrients
• Chemicals for energy and cell building
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• Chemicals for energy and cell building
• Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids(fats), vitamins, and minerals
• Oxygen
• Required for chemical reactions such asmaking ATP
Survival NeedsSurvival Needs
• Water
• 60–80% of body weight
• Provides for metabolic reaction
• Most reactions take place only in an aqueous
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• Most reactions take place only in an aqueoussolution
• Stable body temperature
• Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate
• Breathing and gas exchange depends on
HomeostasisHomeostasis
• Maintenance of a stable internalenvironment = a dynamic state ofequilibrium
• Homeostasis must be maintained for
Slide 1.23Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Homeostasis must be maintained fornormal body functioning and to sustainlife
• Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbancein homeostasis resulting in disease
Maintaining HomeostasisMaintaining Homeostasis
• The body communicates through neural(nervous) and hormonal (endocrine)control systems
• Receptor
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• Type of sensor that responds to changes inthe environment (stimuli)
• Sends information (input) to control center
• Information flows along the afferentpathway to the control center
Maintaining HomeostasisMaintaining Homeostasis
• Control center
• Determines set point level
• Analyzes information received
• Determines appropriate response
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• Determines appropriate response
• Effector
• Provides a means for response (output) to thestimulus
• Information flows along the efferent pathwayfrom the control center
Feedback MechanismsFeedback Mechanisms
• Negative feedback
• Includes most homeostatic controlmechanisms
Slide 1.26Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
mechanisms
• Shuts off the original stimulus, or reducesits intensity
• Works like a household thermostat
Feedback MechanismsFeedback Mechanisms
• Positive feedback
• Increases the original stimulus to push thevariable farther
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variable farther
• In the body this only occurs in blood clottingand birth of a baby
The Language of AnatomyThe Language of Anatomy
• Special terminology is used to preventmisunderstanding
• Exact terms are used for:
• Position
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• Position
• Direction
• Regions
• Structures
• Anatomical Position
Orientation and Directional TermsOrientation and Directional Terms
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Table 1.1
Orientation and Directional TermsOrientation and Directional Terms
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Table 1.1 (cont)
Body LandmarksBody Landmarks
• Anterior –
• Ventral
• Front
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• Front
Figure 1.5a
Body LandmarksBody Landmarks
• Posterior –
• Dorsal
• Back
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• Back
Figure 1.5b
• Body Planes and Sections
• Plane – imaginary line through the body or organ
• Three types of planes
• Sagittal section – made lengthwise, longitudinal
• Midsagittal, median section – If cut made downmeridian planemeridian plane
• Frontal section – cut made lengthwise plane thatdivides into anterior and posterior – AKA coronalsection
• Transverse section – cut made along horizontal planethat divides into superior and inferior – AKA crosssection
Slide 1.33
Body PlanesBody Planes
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Figure 1.6
Body CavitiesBody Cavities
• Two subdivisions ofdorsal body cavity
• Cranial
• Spinal
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• Spinal
Figure 1.7
Body CavitiesBody Cavities• Ventral Body Cavity
• Superior thoracic cavityseparated by the inferiorabdominopelvic cavityby the diaphragm
• Abdominopelvic cavity
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• Abdominopelvic cavitysometimes divided intosuperior abdominalcavity and inferior pelviccavity
Figure 1.7
Abdominopelvic QuadrantsAbdominopelvic Quadrants
•The abdominopelviccavity can be divided
into four ~ equal
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Figure 1.8a
into four ~ equalquadrants namedaccording to theirrelative positions
Abdominopelvic RegionsAbdominopelvic Regions
• The abdominopelviccavity can also bedivided into nine
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Figure 1.8b
separate regions byfour planes